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Brožová ZR, Dušek J, Palša N, Maixnerová J, Kamaraj R, Smutná L, Matouš P, Braeuning A, Pávek P, Kuneš J, Gathergood N, Špulák M, Pour M, Carazo A. 2-Substituted quinazolines: Partial agonistic and antagonistic ligands of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115631. [PMID: 37473690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Following the discovery of 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydroquinazoline-4-one and 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)quinazoline-4-thione as potent, but non-specific activators of the human Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR, NR1I3), a series of quinazolinones substituted at the C2 phenyl ring was prepared to examine their ability to selectively modulate human CAR activity. Employing cellular and in vitro TR-FRET assays with wild-type CAR or its variant 3 (CAR3) ligand binding domains (LBD), several novel partial human CAR agonists and antagonists were identified. 2-(3-Methylphenyl) quinazolinone derivatives 7d and 8d acted as partial agonists with the recombinant CAR LBD, the former in nanomolar units (EC50 = 0.055 μM and 10.6 μM, respectively). Moreover, 7d did not activate PXR, and did not show any signs of cytotoxicity. On the other hand, 2-(4-bromophenyl)quinazoline-4-thione 7l possessed significant CAR antagonistic activity, although the compound displayed no agonistic or inverse agonistic activities. A compound possessing purely antagonistic effect was thus identified for the first time. These and related compounds may serve as a remedy in xenobiotic intoxication or, conversely, in suppression of undesirable hepatic CAR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Rania Brožová
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dušek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Šimkova 870, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Palša
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Maixnerová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Rajamanikkam Kamaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Smutná
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Matouš
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kuneš
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas Gathergood
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN6 7DL, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Špulák
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Pour
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Mejdrová I, Dušek J, Škach K, Stefela A, Skoda J, Chalupský K, Dohnalová K, Pavkova I, Kronenberger T, Rashidian A, Smutná L, Duchoslav V, Smutny T, Pávek P, Nencka R. Discovery of Novel Human Constitutive Androstane Receptor Agonists with the Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine Structure. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2422-2456. [PMID: 36756805 PMCID: PMC10017030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) plays significant roles in many hepatic functions, such as fatty acid oxidation, biotransformation, liver regeneration, as well as clearance of steroid hormones, cholesterol, and bilirubin. CAR has been proposed as a hypothetical target receptor for metabolic or liver disease therapy. Currently known prototype high-affinity human CAR agonists such as CITCO (6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde-O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime) have limited selectivity, activating the pregnane X receptor (PXR) receptor, a related receptor of the NR1I subfamily. We have discovered several derivatives of 3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine that directly activate human CAR in nanomolar concentrations. While compound 39 regulates CAR target genes in humanized CAR mice as well as human hepatocytes, it does not activate other nuclear receptors and is nontoxic in cellular and genotoxic assays as well as in rodent toxicity studies. Our findings concerning potent human CAR agonists with in vivo activity reinforce the role of CAR as a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mejdrová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dušek
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kryštof Škach
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alžbeta Stefela
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Skoda
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupský
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Czech
Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular
Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Dohnalová
- Czech
Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular
Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- 1st
Medical Faculty, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 112 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivona Pavkova
- Faculty
of Military Health Sciences, University
of Defense, Trebeska
1575, 500 01 Hradec
Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Department
of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital
of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Azam Rashidian
- Department
of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital
of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lucie Smutná
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Duchoslav
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Smutny
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Zhang YF, Gao Y, Yang J, Jiang YM, Huang M, Fan SC, Bi HC. Long-term treatment with the mPXR agonist PCN promotes hepatomegaly and lipid accumulation without hepatocyte proliferation in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:169-177. [PMID: 35773338 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is highly expressed in the liver and plays a pivotal role in xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism. We previously reported that PXR activation by its specific mouse agonist pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) significantly induces liver enlargement and lipid accumulation. However, the effect of long-term PCN treatment on PXR and mouse liver is still unknown. This study aimed to explore the influence of long-term administration of PCN on mouse liver and hepatic lipid homeostasis. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with PCN (100 mg/kg once a week) for 42 weeks. Serum and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. PXR activation was investigated by Western blot. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-HRMS)-based lipidomics analysis was performed to explore the change in different lipid categories. The results showed that long-term treatment with PCN significantly promoted hepatomegaly without hepatocyte proliferation and enlargement. Long-term treatment with PCN did not upregulate PXR target proteins in mice, and there was no significant upregulation of CYP3A11, CYP2B10, UGT1A1, MRP2, or MRP4. Lipidomics analysis showed obvious hepatic lipid accumulation in the PCN-treated mice, and the most significant change was found in triglycerides (TGs). Additionally, long-term treatment with PCN had no risk for carcinogenesis. These findings demonstrated that long-term PCN treatment induces hepatomegaly and lipid accumulation without hepatocyte proliferation or enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi-Ming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Shi-Cheng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Hui-Chang Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Sui Y, Meng Z, Chen J, Liu J, Hernandez R, Gonzales MB, Gwag T, Morris AJ, Zhou C. Effects of Dicyclohexyl Phthalate Exposure on PXR Activation and Lipid Homeostasis in Mice. Environ Health Perspect 2021; 129:127001. [PMID: 34851150 PMCID: PMC8634903 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to plastic-associated endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in humans. However, the underlying mechanisms for this association are unclear. Many EDCs have been shown to function as ligands of the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR), which functions as xenobiotic sensor but also has pro-atherogenic effects in vivo. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the contribution of PXR to the adverse effects dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), a widely used phthalate plasticizer, on lipid homeostasis and CVD risk factors. METHODS Cell-based assays, primary organoid cultures, and PXR conditional knockout and PXR-humanized mouse models were used to investigate the impact of DCHP exposure on PXR activation and lipid homeostasis in vitro and in vivo. Targeted lipidomics were performed to measure circulating ceramides, novel predictors for CVD. RESULTS DCHP was identified as a potent PXR-selective agonist that led to higher plasma cholesterol levels in wild-type mice. DCHP was then demonstrated to activate intestinal PXR to elicit hyperlipidemia by using tissue-specific PXR-deficient mice. Interestingly, DCHP exposure also led to higher circulating ceramides in a PXR-dependent manner. DCHP-mediated PXR activation stimulated the expression of intestinal genes mediating lipogenesis and ceramide synthesis. Given that PXR exhibits considerable species-specific differences in receptor pharmacology, PXR-humanized mice were also used to replicate these findings. DISCUSSION Although the adverse health effects of several well-known phthalates have attracted considerable attention, little is known about the potential impact of DCHP on human health. Our studies demonstrate that DCHP activated PXR to induce hypercholesterolemia and ceramide production in mice. These results indicate a potentially important role of PXR in contributing to the deleterious effects of plastic-associated EDCs on cardiovascular health in humans. Testing PXR activation should be considered for risk assessment of phthalates and other EDCs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9262.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Sui
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Zhaojie Meng
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine and Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Rebecca Hernandez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Miko B. Gonzales
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Taesik Gwag
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine and Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
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Chan YH, Chu KH, Chan KM. Ecdysteroid-mimicking compounds act as both agonists and antagonists to the crustacean ecdysone receptor. Chemosphere 2019; 237:124551. [PMID: 31549662 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment that interact with the crustacean ecdysone receptor (EcR), we established a method involving in silico modeling/molecular docking and in vitro reporter gene assay. Cherry shrimp (Neocaridina davidi) EcR (NdEcR) and retinoid X receptor (NdRxR) were identified and cloned for use in this method. A theoretical 3D model of NdEcR ligand-binding domain (LBD) was built in silico based on sequence homology with the established X-ray structure of insect EcR. The interaction of the NdEcR LBD with ecdysteroids, diacylhydrazine (DAH) pesticides, and other potential EDCs was evaluated using molecular docking programs. The results revealed that the ligand-binding pocket in the NdEcR LBD was flexible and adaptive for accommodating ligands of different shapes. The agonistic and antagonistic activities of the candidate compounds were further assessed by in vitro reporter gene assay using human cell lines transiently transfected with NdEcR and NdRxR expression plasmids and a reporter plasmid containing synthesized ecdysone response element. The assay was validated by the dose-dependent responses of EcR-mediated gene transcription after treating the transfected cell lines with ecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, and ponasterone A. Examination of the candidate compounds using the reporter gene assay revealed restricted functional specificity to ecdysteroids and DAHs. Three of the tested DAH pesticides originally targeting the insect EcR were found to be weak agonists and strong antagonists of NdEcR. These results suggest that DAHs are potential EDCs for crustaceans that disrupt their ecdysteroid signals by functioning as EcR agonists or antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk Hang Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Hou Chu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - King Ming Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.
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Yan L, Chen Z, Wu L, Su Y, Wang X, Tang N. Inhibitory effect of PXR on ammonia-induced hepatocyte autophagy via P53. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:153-161. [PMID: 29908302 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor transcription factor, participates in a wide range of physiological activities, but the regulation of ammonia-induced hepatocyte autophagy by PXR is not yet clear. In this study, the levels of down-regulated LC3B-II and up-regulated SQSTM1 were found in ammonia-induced PXR-overexpressing (PXR+) liver cells, but the opposite appeared in PXR-knockdown (PXR-) liver cells. Rifampicin, a PXR-activating agent, elicits a similar effect as PXR+ cells. The mechanism analysis reveals that the levels of the energy-sensitive molecule AMPKβ1 and phosphorylated AMPKβ1 (p-AMPKβ1) in PXR- cells are higher than those in control cells, whereas the levels of this molecule in PXR+ cells are lower than those in control cells. Two active sites that bind to P53 exist in -253 to -19 at the promoter region of AMPKβ1, and their mutation can reduce the transactivating effect of AMPKβ1 that P53 relies on. A protein interaction also exists between PXR and P53. These findings indicate that PXR is a factor interfering the formation of ammonia-induced hepatocyte autophagy, and its inhibitory effect is achieved when P53 downregulates the expression and activity of AMPKβ1. This conclusion provides an appropriate clinical explanation for hepatotoxicity caused by the inhibitory effect of PXR-activating agent on hepatocyte autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yan
- Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhanfei Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Luxi Wu
- Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongfa Su
- Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nanhong Tang
- Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Zhang J, Liu R, Niu L, Zhu S, Zhang Q, Zhao M, Liu W, Liu J. Determination of endocrine-disrupting potencies of agricultural soils in China via a battery of steroid receptor bioassays. Environ Pollut 2018; 234:846-854. [PMID: 29248852 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of agricultural soils by pesticides, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), can be a significant issue since high detection rates of these compounds were reported in our previous studies. However, more uncertain kinds, quantities and density of pollutants remained in soil samples were unidentified. In this study, the total hormonal activities of complex mixtures of both known and unknown contaminants in agricultural soils in mainland China were measured by applying highly sensitive reporter gene assays for detecting agonists/antagonists for estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). High detection rates of estrogenic activities and anti-progestogenic activities were observed among the 123 soil samples, reaching 79% and 73%, respectively. More than half of the soil samples showed obvious antagonistic effects against AR and GR. Approximately a third of tested samples exhibited androgenic, progestogenic and glucocorticoidic effects. A total of 72% and 78% soil extracts had mineralocorticoid-like and anti-mineralocorticoid activities, respectively. Significant positive correlations were observed between estrogenic activity and the concentrations of Σdichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), Σendosulfans, Σchlordanes, heptachlor and Σdrins, respectively, but not other receptors. As a rapid and convenient pre-caution method, determination of endocrine-disrupting potencies of contaminated soils via bioassay could help to identify and define sites that required further attention for ecological risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rui Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lili Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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8
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Gong H, Weinstein DS, Lu Z, Duan JJW, Stachura S, Haque L, Karmakar A, Hemagiri H, Raut DK, Gupta AK, Khan J, Camac D, Sack JS, Pudzianowski A, Wu DR, Yarde M, Shen DR, Borowski V, Xie JH, Sun H, D'Arienzo C, Dabros M, Galella MA, Wang F, Weigelt CA, Zhao Q, Foster W, Somerville JE, Salter-Cid LM, Barrish JC, Carter PH, Dhar TGM. Identification of bicyclic hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol sulfonamides as retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ/RORc) inverse agonists. Employing structure-based drug design to improve pregnane X receptor (PXR) selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:85-93. [PMID: 29233651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We disclose the optimization of a high throughput screening hit to yield benzothiazine and tetrahydroquinoline sulfonamides as potent RORγt inverse agonists. However, a majority of these compounds showed potent activity against pregnane X receptor (PXR) and modest activity against liver X receptor α (LXRα). Structure-based drug design (SBDD) led to the identification of benzothiazine and tetrahydroquinoline sulfonamide analogs which completely dialed out LXRα activity and were less potent at PXR. Pharmacodynamic (PD) data for compound 35 in an IL-23 induced IL-17 mouse model is discussed along with the implications of a high Ymax in the PXR assay for long term preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Gong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - David S Weinstein
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Zhonghui Lu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - James J-W Duan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Sylwia Stachura
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lauren Haque
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Ananta Karmakar
- Bristol-Myers Squibb-Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | - Javed Khan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Dan Camac
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - John S Sack
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Andrew Pudzianowski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Melissa Yarde
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Ding-Ren Shen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Virna Borowski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jenny H Xie
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Huadong Sun
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Celia D'Arienzo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Marta Dabros
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Michael A Galella
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Faye Wang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Carolyn A Weigelt
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Qihong Zhao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - William Foster
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - John E Somerville
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Luisa M Salter-Cid
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joel C Barrish
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Percy H Carter
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - T G Murali Dhar
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States.
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9
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Dolezelova E, Prasnicka A, Cermanova J, Carazo A, Hyrsova L, Hroch M, Mokry J, Adamcova M, Mrkvicova A, Pavek P, Micuda S. Resveratrol modifies biliary secretion of cholephilic compounds in sham-operated and cholestatic rats. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7678-7692. [PMID: 29209109 PMCID: PMC5703928 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i43.7678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of resveratrol on biliary secretion of cholephilic compounds in healthy and bile duct-obstructed rats.
METHODS Resveratrol (RSV) or saline were administered to rats by daily oral gavage for 28 d after sham operation or reversible bile duct obstruction (BDO). Bile was collected 24 h after the last gavage during an intravenous bolus dose of the Mdr1/Mrp2 substrate azithromycin. Bile acids, glutathione and azithromycin were measured in bile to quantify their level of biliary secretion. Liver expression of enzymes and transporters relevant for bile production and biliary secretion of major bile constituents and drugs were analyzed at the mRNA and protein levels using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The TR-FRET PXR Competitive Binding Assay kit was used to determine the agonism of RSV at the pregnane X receptor.
RESULTS RSV increased bile flow in sham-operated rats due to increased biliary secretion of bile acids (BA) and glutathione. This effect was accompanied by the induction of the hepatic rate-limiting transporters for bile acids and glutathione, Bsep and Mrp2, respectively. RSV also induced Cyp7a1, an enzyme that is crucial for bile acid synthesis; Mrp4, a transporter important for BA secretion from hepatocytes to blood; and Mdr1, the major apical transporter for xenobiotics. The findings were supported by increased biliary secretion of azithromycin. The TR-FRET PXR competitive binding assay confirmed RSV as a weak agonist of the human nuclear receptor PXR, which is a transcriptional regulator of Mdr1/Mrp2. RSV demonstrated significant hepatoprotective properties against BDO-induced cirrhosis. RSV also reduced bile flow in BDO rats without any corresponding change in the levels of the transporters and enzymes involved in RSV-mediated hepatoprotection.
CONCLUSION Resveratrol administration for 28 d has a distinct effect on bile flow and biliary secretion of cholephilic compounds in healthy and bile duct-obstructed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dolezelova
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Prasnicka
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jolana Cermanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Hyrsova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Hroch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mokry
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Adamcova
- Department of Physiology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Mrkvicova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Micuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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10
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Song Y, Evenseth LM, Iguchi T, Tollefsen KE. Release of chitobiase as an indicator of potential molting disruption in juvenile Daphnia magna exposed to the ecdysone receptor agonist 20-hydroxyecdysone. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2017; 80:954-962. [PMID: 28849998 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During arthropod molting, the old exoskeleton is degraded and recycled by the molting fluid. Chitobiase, a major chitinolytic enzyme in the molting fluid, has been widely used as a biomarker to indicate endocrine disruption of molting in arthropods under environmental stress. Although release of chitobiase was extensively studied in organisms exposed to molting-inhibiting chemicals, enzymic association with molting and response of the molting hormone receptor, ecdysone receptor (EcR), is not well understood. The present study was therefore conducted to identify potential linkages between release of chitobiase, molting frequency, and EcR activation in a freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna after short-term (96 hr) exposure to endogenous molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). A suite of bioassays was used for this purpose, including the chitobiase activity, molting frequency, viability, and in vitro EcR activation. Effect concentrations were compared between different assays analyzed. Results showed that exposure to 20E reduced chitobiase release and molting frequency in a concentration-dependent manner. Exposure to as low as 250 nM 20E significantly decreased release of chitobiase after 72 hr exposure, whereas adverse effects on molting frequency and incomplete molting-associated mortality required higher 20E exposure concentrations. The EcR reporter assay further demonstrated that as low as 100 nM 20E may activate EcR in vitro. Data suggest that release of chitobiase may be employed as a sensitive indicator of potential molting disruption in crustaceans after exposure to EcR agonists such as 20E.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Song
- a Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Gaustadalléen , Oslo , Norway
| | - Linn Mari Evenseth
- b Department of Medical Biology , Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- c Department of Basic Biology , Faculty of Life Science, SOKENDAI, (Graduate University for Advanced Studies) , Okazaki , Aichi , Japan
- d Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), National Institutes of Natural Sciences , Okazaki , Aichi , Japan
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- a Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Gaustadalléen , Oslo , Norway
- e Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) , Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD) , Ås , Norway
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11
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Fay KA, Villeneuve DL, LaLone CA, Song Y, Tollefsen KE, Ankley GT. Practical approaches to adverse outcome pathway development and weight-of-evidence evaluation as illustrated by ecotoxicological case studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:1429-1449. [PMID: 28198554 PMCID: PMC6058314 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) describe toxicant effects as a sequential chain of causally linked events beginning with a molecular perturbation and culminating in an adverse outcome at an individual or population level. Strategies for developing AOPs are still evolving and depend largely on the intended use or motivation for development and data availability. The present review describes 4 ecotoxicological AOP case studies, developed for different purposes. In each situation, creation of the AOP began in a manner determined by the initial motivation for its creation and expanded either to include additional components of the pathway or to address the domains of applicability in terms of chemical initiators, susceptible species, life stages, and so forth. Some general strategies can be gleaned from these case studies, which a developer may find to be useful for supporting an existing AOP or creating a new one. Several web-based tools that can aid in AOP assembly and evaluation of weight of evidence for scientific robustness of AOP components are highlighted. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1429-1449. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A. Fay
- Mid Continent Ecology Division, U.S. EPA, Duluth, Minnesota
- University of Minnesota – Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
- Address correspondence to
| | | | | | - You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
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12
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Seow CL, Lau AJ. Differential activation of pregnane X receptor by carnosic acid, carnosol, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:23-33. [PMID: 28288941 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates the expression of many genes, including those involved in drug metabolism and transport, and has been linked to various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, we determined whether carnosic acid and other chemicals in rosemary extract (carnosol, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid) are PXR activators. As assessed in dual-luciferase reporter gene assays, carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid, but not rosmarinic acid, activated human PXR (hPXR) and mouse PXR (mPXR), whereas carnosol and ursolic acid, but not carnosic acid or rosmarinic acid, activated rat PXR (rPXR). Dose-response experiments indicated that carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid activated hPXR with EC50 values of 0.79, 2.22, and 10.77μM, respectively. Carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid, but not rosmarinic acid, transactivated the ligand-binding domain of hPXR and recruited steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1), SRC-2, and SRC-3 to the ligand-binding domain of hPXR. Carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid, but not rosmarinic acid, increased hPXR target gene expression, as shown by an increase in CYP3A4, UGT1A3, and ABCB1 mRNA expression in LS180 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Rosmarinic acid did not attenuate the extent of hPXR activation by rifampicin, suggesting it is not an antagonist of hPXR. Overall, carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid, but not rosmarinic acid, are hPXR agonists, and carnosic acid shows species-dependent activation of hPXR and mPXR, but not rPXR. The findings provide new mechanistic insight on the effects of carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid on PXR-mediated biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ling Seow
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aik Jiang Lau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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13
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Kanno Y, Yatsu T, Yamashita N, Zhao S, Li W, Imai M, Kashima M, Inouye Y, Nemoto K, Koike K. Alisol B 23-acetate from the rhizomes of Alisma orientale is a natural agonist of the human pregnane X receptor. Phytomedicine 2017; 26:22-27. [PMID: 28257661 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a key regulator of the induction of drug metabolizing enzymes. PXR has been studied for its importance in drug-drug or herb-drug interactions, and it is also a molecular target for the treatment of inflammatory and metabolic diseases. PURPOSE This study aims to determine new natural PXR-ligands from traditional plant medicines. METHODS The PXR activation activity was measured by a mammalian one hybrid assay of PXR. Identification of the active compound from Alisma rhizome (the rhizomes of Alisma orientale) was carried out by bioassay-guided fractionation method. The transcriptional activity of the liver-enriched nuclear receptors was measured by the luciferase reporter assay. The interaction between the SRC-1 and PXR was measured by a mammalian 2-hybrid assay. The expression of endogenous CYP3A4 mRNA in both cultured hPXR-overexpressing hepatoma cells and human primary hepatocytes were measured by quantitative RT-PCR method. RESULTS The extract of Alisma rhizome showed the most potent activation activity by screening of a library of medicinal plant extracts. Alisol B 23-acetate (ABA) was identified to be the active compound of Alisma rhizome. ABA caused a concentration-dependent increase on the PXR-dependent transactivation of a luciferase reporter gene, but did not affect the ligand binding activity of the liver-enriched nuclear receptors, such as CAR, LXR, FXR, PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ, emphasizing that ABA is a potent and specific agonist of PXR. With ABA treatment, the direct interaction between the ligand-binding domain of PXR and the receptor interaction domain of SRC1 was observed. ABA also induced the expression of endogenous CYP3A4 mRNA in both cultured hPXR-overexpressing hepatoma cells and human primary hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Since the rhizomes of Alisma orientale are used for a wide range of ailments in traditional Chinese medicine and Japanese Kampo medicine, this study could possibly extend into the clinical usage of these medicines via the mechanism of PXR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kanno
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Tomofumi Yatsu
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Naoya Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Imai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Manami Kashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshio Inouye
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kiyomitsu Nemoto
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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14
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Doricakova A, Theile D, Weiss J, Vrzal R. Differential effects of the enantiomers of tamsulosin and tolterodine on P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:49-59. [PMID: 27678410 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a transcription factor regulating P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1)-mediated transport and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)-mediated metabolism of xenobiotics thereby affecting the pharmacokinetics of many drugs and potentially modulating clinical efficacy. Thus, pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions can arise from PXR activation. Here, we examined whether the selective α1-adrenoreceptor blocker tamsulosin or the antagonist of muscarinic receptors tolterodine affect PXR-mediated regulation of CYP3A4 and of P-gp at the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein level in an enantiomer-specific way. In addition, the effect of tamsulosin and tolterodine on P-gp activity was evaluated. We used quantitative real-time PCR, gene reporter assay, western blotting, rhodamine efflux assay, and calcein assay for determination of expression, activity, and inhibition of P-glycoprotein. The studied compounds significantly and concentration-dependently increased PXR activity in the ABCB1-driven luciferase-based reporter gene assay. We observed much stronger induction of ABCB1 mRNA by S-tamsulosin as compared to the R or racemic form. R or racemic form of tolterodine and R-tamsulosin concentration-dependently increased P-gp protein expression; the latter also enhanced P-gp efflux function in a rhodamine-based efflux assay. R-tamsulosin and all forms of tolderodine slightly inhibited P-gp. The effect on CYP3A4 expression followed the same pattern but was much weaker. Taken together, tamsulosin and tolterodine are demonstrated to interfere with P-gp and CYP3A4 regulation in an enantiomer-specific way.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Humans
- Isomerism
- LLC-PK1 Cells
- Mice
- Pregnane X Receptor
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/agonists
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Sulfonamides/chemistry
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Swine
- Tamsulosin
- Tolterodine Tartrate/chemistry
- Tolterodine Tartrate/pharmacology
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Doricakova
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dirk Theile
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Radim Vrzal
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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15
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Chai SC, Cherian MT, Wang YM, Chen T. Small-molecule modulators of PXR and CAR. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1859:1141-1154. [PMID: 26921498 PMCID: PMC4975625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two nuclear receptors, the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), participate in the xenobiotic detoxification system by regulating the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in order to degrade and excrete foreign chemicals or endogenous metabolites. This review aims to expand the perceived relevance of PXR and CAR beyond their established role as master xenosensors to disease-oriented areas, emphasizing their modulation by small molecules. Structural studies of these receptors have provided much-needed insight into the nature of their binding promiscuity and the important elements that lead to ligand binding. Reports of species- and isoform-selective activation highlight the need for further scrutiny when extrapolating from animal data to humans, as animal models are at the forefront of early drug discovery. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Milu T Cherian
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Cholestatic itch is a feature of numerous hepatobiliary disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, the inherited form of cholestasis, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Although undervalued by physicians, cholestatic itch can be a source of great discomfort to the patient and significantly affects quality of life. Many pruritogens such as bile salts, opioids, serotonin, and histamine have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cholestatic itch, but no causative link has ever been established. Recent findings indicate that the potent neuronal activator lysophosphatidic acid and autotaxin, the enzyme forming lysophosphatidic acid, may be key elements in its pathogenesis. Treatment options for patients with cholestatic itch include the anion exchange resin cholestyramine, bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid, PXR agonist rifampicin, opioid antagonist naltrexone, and the serotonin inhibitor sertraline. These drugs can be used as a stepwise therapeutic approach. The body of evidence for many of these options, however, is not very robust. Patients who do not respond to medical therapy can be candidates for interventional measures, such as albumin dialysis, plasmapheresis, or nasobiliary drainage, or certain experimental approaches such as UVB phototherapy. Research over the past decade has elucidated many of the receptors and neuropeptides involved in itch sensation and transmission; it is hoped that in the future this will lead to the development of novel antipruritic medication for cholestatic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Mittal
- Department of Dermatology, RNT Medical College and Associate Hospitals, Udaipur, India
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17
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Mhashilkar AS, Vankayala SL, Liu C, Kearns F, Mehrotra P, Tzertzinis G, Palli SR, Woodcock HL, Unnasch TR. Identification of Ecdysone Hormone Receptor Agonists as a Therapeutic Approach for Treating Filarial Infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004772. [PMID: 27300294 PMCID: PMC4907521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A homologue of the ecdysone receptor has previously been identified in human filarial parasites. As the ecdysone receptor is not found in vertebrates, it and the regulatory pathways it controls represent attractive potential chemotherapeutic targets. Methodology/ Principal Findings Administration of 20-hydroxyecdysone to gerbils infected with B. malayi infective larvae disrupted their development to adult stage parasites. A stable mammalian cell line was created incorporating the B. malayi ecdysone receptor ligand-binding domain, its heterodimer partner and a secreted luciferase reporter in HEK293 cells. This was employed to screen a series of ecdysone agonist, identifying seven agonists active at sub-micromolar concentrations. A B. malayi ecdysone receptor ligand-binding domain was developed and used to study the ligand-receptor interactions of these agonists. An excellent correlation between the virtual screening results and the screening assay was observed. Based on both of these approaches, steroidal ecdysone agonists and the diacylhydrazine family of compounds were identified as a fruitful source of potential receptor agonists. In further confirmation of the modeling and screening results, Ponasterone A and Muristerone A, two compounds predicted to be strong ecdysone agonists stimulated expulsion of microfilaria and immature stages from adult parasites. Conclusions The studies validate the potential of the B. malayi ecdysone receptor as a drug target and provide a means to rapidly evaluate compounds for development of a new class of drugs against the human filarial parasites. The human filarial parasites are the causative agents of two neglected tropical diseases targeted for elimination by the international community. The current elimination programs rely upon the mass distribution of a limited number of drugs, leaving the programs open to failure in the event that resistance develops. Thus, there is a critical need for novel chemotherapeutic agents to supplement the current arsenal. The filarial parasites are ecdysozoans, whose developmental processes are controlled by a master regulator, the ecdysone receptor. Here we validate the potential of the filarial ecdysone receptor as a chemotherapeutic target and report the development of high throughput and virtual screening assays that may be used to compounds that target it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta S. Mhashilkar
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sai L. Vankayala
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Canhui Liu
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fiona Kearns
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Priyanka Mehrotra
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - George Tzertzinis
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Subba R. Palli
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - H. Lee Woodcock
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Unnasch
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Creusot N, Dévier MH, Budzinski H, Aït-Aïssa S. Evaluation of an extraction method for a mixture of endocrine disrupters in sediment using chemical and in vitro biological analyses. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:10349-10360. [PMID: 26832862 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic sediments are contaminated by a wide diversity of organic pollutants such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) which encompass a broad range of chemical classes having natural and anthropogenic origins. The use of in vitro bioassays is now widely accepted as an alternative method for their detection in complex samples. However, based on the diversity of EDC chemical properties, their common extraction is difficult and comprehensive validation of extraction methods for a bioanalysis purpose is still weakly documented. In this study, we compared the performance of several organic solvents, i.e., acetone, methanol, dichloromethane, heptane, dichloromethane/acetone (50:50, v/v), dichloromethane/methanol (50:50, v/v), heptane/acetone (50:50, v/v), and heptane/methanol (50:50, v/v), to extract a diversity of active chemicals from a spiked sediment matrix using pressurized liquid extraction. For this purpose, we defined a mixture of 12 EDCs with a wide range of polarity (2 < log Kow < 8) (i.e., estrone, 17β-estradiol, bisphenol A, o,p'DDT, 4-tert-octylphenol, fenofibrate, triphenyl phosphate, clotrimazole, PCB-126, 2,3,7,8 TCDD, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene). Working concentrations of each individual compound in the mixture were determined as equipotent concentrations on the basis of the concentration-addition (CA) model applied to in vitro estrogenic, dioxin-like, and pregnane X receptor (PXR)-like activities. Extraction efficiencies based on both chemical and biological analyses were assessed in triplicate in artificial blank sediment spiked with this mixture and in natural sediment contaminated by native EDCs. In both spiked and natural sediment, MeOH/DCM yields the best recovery while heptane was the least efficient solvent. Our study provided the validation of a sediment extraction methodology for EDC bioanalysis purposes, which can be used for comprehensive environmental contamination characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Creusot
- INERIS, Unité Écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, Parc ALATA, BP2, f-60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, f-33405, Talence, France.
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, f-33405, Talence, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Dévier
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, f-33405, Talence, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, f-33405, Talence, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, f-33405, Talence, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, f-33405, Talence, France
| | - Selim Aït-Aïssa
- INERIS, Unité Écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, Parc ALATA, BP2, f-60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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Banerjee M, Chai SC, Wu J, Robbins D, Chen T. Tryptophan 299 is a conserved residue of human pregnane X receptor critical for the functional consequence of ligand binding. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 104:131-8. [PMID: 26902414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PXR is a xenobiotic receptor that regulates drug metabolism by regulating the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes including CYP3A4. It can be modulated by chemicals with different structures, functional groups and sizes. X-ray crystal structures of the ligand binding domain of human PXR (hPXR) alone or bound with agonists reveal a highly hydrophobic ligand binding pocket where the aromatic amino acid residue W299 appears to play a critical role in ligand binding. Here, we have investigated the role of W299 on the functional consequence of hPXR ligand binding. We first found that substitution of W299 with a hydrophobic residue retained its response to rifampicin, but substitution with a charged residue altered such agonist response in activating the transcription of CYP3A4. The activity of hPXR mutants on CYP3A4 expression correlates with the ability of hPXR mutants to interact with co-activator SRC-1. We further demonstrated that the effect of replacing W299 by residues with different side chains on hPXR's function varied depending on the specific agonist used. Finally we interpreted the cellular activity of the hPXR mutants by analyzing reported crystallographic data and proposing a model. Our findings reveal the essential role of W299 in the transactivation of hPXR in response to agonist binding, and provide useful information for designing modulators of hPXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monimoy Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sergio C Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Delira Robbins
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Ruka KA, Burger LL, Moenter SM. Both Estrogen and Androgen Modify the Response to Activation of Neurokinin-3 and κ-Opioid Receptors in Arcuate Kisspeptin Neurons From Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:752-63. [PMID: 26562263 PMCID: PMC4733114 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gonadal steroids regulate the pattern of GnRH secretion. Arcuate kisspeptin (kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin [KNDy]) neurons may convey steroid feedback to GnRH neurons. KNDy neurons increase action potential firing upon the activation of neurokinin B receptors (neurokinin-3 receptor [NK3R]) and decrease firing upon the activation of dynorphin receptors (κ-opioid receptor [KOR]). In KNDy neurons from intact vs castrated male mice, NK3R-mediated stimulation is attenuated and KOR-mediated inhibition enhanced, suggesting gonadal secretions are involved. Estradiol suppresses spontaneous GnRH neuron firing in male mice, but the mediators of the effects on firing in KNDy neurons are unknown. We hypothesized the same gonadal steroids affecting GnRH firing pattern would regulate KNDy neuron response to NK3R and KOR agonists. To test this possibility, extracellular recordings were made from KNDy neurons in brain slices from intact, untreated castrated or castrated adult male mice treated in vivo with steroid receptor agonists. As observed previously, the stimulation of KNDy neurons by the NK3R agonist senktide was attenuated in intact vs castrated mice and suppression by dynorphin was enhanced. In contrast to observations of steroid effects on the GnRH neuron firing pattern, both estradiol and DHT suppressed senktide-induced KNDy neuron firing and enhanced the inhibition caused by dynorphin. An estrogen receptor-α agonist but not an estrogen receptor-β agonist mimicked the effects of estradiol on NK3R activation. These observations suggest the steroid modulation of responses to activation of NK3R and KOR as mechanisms for negative feedback in KNDy neurons and support the contribution of these neurons to steroid-sensitive elements of a GnRH pulse generator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Ruka
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (K.A.R., L.L.B., S.M.M.), Internal Medicine (S.M.M.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.M.M.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Laura L Burger
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (K.A.R., L.L.B., S.M.M.), Internal Medicine (S.M.M.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.M.M.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Suzanne M Moenter
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (K.A.R., L.L.B., S.M.M.), Internal Medicine (S.M.M.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.M.M.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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21
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Hukkanen J, Rysa J, Makela KA, Herzig KH, Hakkola J, Savolainen MJ. The effect of pregnane X receptor agonists on postprandial incretin hormone secretion in rats and humans. J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 66:831-839. [PMID: 26769831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We recently showed that pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonists cause hyperglycaemia during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in rats and healthy volunteers (Rifa-1 study). We now aimed to determine if the secretion of incretin hormones, especially glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), are affected by PXR agonists since these gut-secreted hormones are major regulators of postprandial glucose metabolism. The Rifa-2 study had a one-phase, open-label design. Twelve subjects were given 600 mg of rifampicin a day for a week. OGTT with glucose, insulin, and incretin hormone measurements was performed before and after the rifampicin dosing. Incretins and insulin were analysed in previously collected rat OGTT samples after pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) or control treatment for 4 days. Rifampicin treatment did not affect glucose, insulin, GLP-1, GIP, glucagon, and peptide YY levels statistically significantly. Incremental AUCs (AUCincr) of glucose and insulin tended to increase (41% increase in glucose AUCincr, P = 0.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference -47, 187; 24% increase in insulin AUCincr, P = 0.084, CI of the difference -110, 1493). Glucagon AUC was increased in women (53% increase, P = 0.028) and decreased in men (19% decrease, P < 0.001) after rifampicin dosing. In combined analysis of human Rifa-1 and Rifa-2 studies, glucose AUCincr was elevated by 63% (P = 0.010) and insulin AUCincr by 37% (P = 0.011). PCN increased rat insulin level at 60 min time point but did not affect incretin and insulin AUCs statistically significantly. In conclusion, PXR agonists do not affect the secretion of incretin hormones. The regulation of glucagon secretion by PXR may be sexually dimorphic in humans. The mechanism of disrupted glucose metabolism induced by PXR activation requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hukkanen
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Rysa
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - K A Makela
- Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - K-H Herzig
- Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Hakkola
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M J Savolainen
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Szwarc MM, Lydon JP, O'Malley BW. Steroid receptor coactivators as therapeutic targets in the female reproductive system. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:32-8. [PMID: 26151740 PMCID: PMC5201167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs/p160/NCOA) are a family of three transcriptional coregulators initially discovered to transactivate the transcriptional potency of steroid hormone receptors. Even though SRCs were also found to modulate the activity of multiple other transcription factors, their function is still strongly associated with regulation of steroid hormone action and many studies have found that they are critical for the regulation of reproductive biology. In the case of the female reproductive tract, SRCs have been found to play crucial roles in its physiology, ranging from ovulation, implantation, to parturition. Not surprisingly, SRCs' action has been linked to numerous abnormalities and debilitating disorders of female reproductive tissues, including infertility, cancer, and endometriosis. Many of these pathologies are still in critical need of therapeutic intervention and "proof-of-principle" studies have found that SRCs are excellent targets in pathological states. Therefore, small molecule modulators of SRCs' activity could be applied in the future in the treatment of many diseases of the female reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Szwarc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA.
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MacLeod AK, McLaughlin LA, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Activation status of the pregnane X receptor influences vemurafenib availability in humanized mouse models. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4573-81. [PMID: 26363009 PMCID: PMC4634205 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vemurafenib is a revolutionary treatment for melanoma, but the magnitude of therapeutic response is highly variable, and the rapid acquisition of resistance is frequent. Here, we examine how vemurafenib disposition, particularly through cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation pathways, could potentially influence these outcomes using a panel of knockout and transgenic humanized mouse models. We identified CYP3A4 as the major enzyme involved in the metabolism of vemurafenib in in vitro assays with human liver microsomes. However, mice expressing human CYP3A4 did not process vemurafenib to a greater extent than CYP3A4-null animals, suggesting that other pregnane X receptor (PXR)-regulated pathways may contribute more significantly to vemurafenib metabolism in vivo. Activation of PXR, but not of the closely related constitutive androstane receptor, profoundly reduced circulating levels of vemurafenib in humanized mice. This effect was independent of CYP3A4 and was negated by cotreatment with the drug efflux transporter inhibitor elacridar. Finally, vemurafenib strongly induced PXR activity in vitro, but only weakly induced PXR in vivo. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that vemurafenib is unlikely to exhibit a clinically significant interaction with CYP3A4, but that modulation of bioavailability through PXR-mediated regulation of drug transporters (e.g., by other drugs) has the potential to markedly influence systemic exposure and thereby therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kenneth MacLeod
- Division of Cancer, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A McLaughlin
- Division of Cancer, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom.
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24
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Hodnik Ž, Tomašič T, Smodiš D, D'Amore C, Mašič LP, Fiorucci S, Kikelj D. Diethylstilbestrol-scaffold-based pregnane X receptor modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:551-62. [PMID: 26408814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to its function as a regulator of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, pregnane X receptor (PXR) represents an important factor involved in drug metabolism. In this work, we describe the discovery of diethylstilbestrol-based PXR modulators, which were designed from marine sulfated steroids with PXR agonistic activity, solomonsterols A and B, and our recently reported bazedoxifene scaffold-derived PXR antagonists. The methylated diethylstilbestrol derivative 1 displayed potent PXR agonistic activity with an EC50 value of 10.5 μM, whereas compounds 3, 4 and 6 (IC50 for 6 = 27.4 μM) and diethylstilbestrol (2) itself (IC50 = 14.6 μM) exhibited PXR antagonistic effects in HepG2 cells. The PXR modulatory effects of the synthesized diethylstilbestrol derivatives were further confirmed by the induction of PXR-regulated CYP3A4 expression with compound 1, as well as by the inhibition of the rifaximin-promoted up-regulation of CYP3A4 expression with 2 and its derivative 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Hodnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Domen Smodiš
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Claudio D'Amore
- University of Perugia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facultàdi Medicina e Chirurgia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- University of Perugia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facultàdi Medicina e Chirurgia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Danijel Kikelj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Hu D, Wang Y, Chen Z, Ma Z, You Q, Zhang X, Liang Q, Tan H, Xiao C, Tang X, Gao Y. The protective effect of piperine on dextran sulfate sodium induced inflammatory bowel disease and its relation with pregnane X receptor activation. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 169:109-123. [PMID: 25907981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. Piperine (1-peperoylpiperidine), the primary lipophilic component in black pepper (Piper nigrum) and long pepper (Piper longum), has been reported to be effective for anti-inflammatory. Rencently, several ethnopharmacological purity compounds, such as baicalin and artemisinin, are reported to have potentially therapeutic role in treating IBD. In the present study, the effects of piperine on pregnane X receptor (PXR)-mediated CYP3A expression and its therapeutic role in IBD were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS LS174T cells and C57BL/6J mice were treated by the piperine. Gene expressions were analyzed by real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, transient transfections assay and histological analysis. RESULTS Data indicated that treatment of LS174T cells with piperine markedly increased both CYP3A4 and PXR mRNA and protein. Transient transfection experiments indicated that transcriptional activation of the CYP3A4 gene via piperine was PXR-dependent. Data show that pre-administration of piperine decreased clinical hallmarks of colitis in DSS-treated PXR mice as measured by body weight loss and assessment of diarrhea, rectal bleeding, colon length, and histology. Inflammatory mediators (CCR2, ICAM-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, iNOS, MCP-1, and TNFα) after DSS treatment were significantly decreased in mice pretreated with piperine but corresponding conditions did not occur in mice with down-regulation of PXR by small interfering RNA (siRNA). CONCLUSION Piperine is a potential agonist of PXR and an inducer of PXR, which may induce CYP3A4 gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels. These results establish that piperine may contribute to prevention or reduction of colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zengchun Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qing You
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xianxie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qiande Liang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hongling Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chengrong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xianglin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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van Dijk R, Kremer AE, Smit W, van den Elzen B, van Gulik T, Gouma D, Lameris JS, Bikker H, Enemuo V, Stokkers PCF, Feist M, Bosma P, Jansen PLM, Beuers U. Characterization and treatment of persistent hepatocellular secretory failure. Liver Int 2015; 35:1478-88. [PMID: 24905729 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular secretory failure induced by drugs, toxins or transient biliary obstruction may sometimes persist for months after removal of the initiating factor and may then be fatal without liver transplantation. We characterized patients with severe persistent hepatocellular secretory failure (PHSF) and treated them with the pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist, rifampicin. We also studied the effect of rifampicin on PXR-dependent expression of genes involved in biotransformation and secretion in vitro. METHODS Thirteen patients (age 18-81 years, 6 male) with hepatocellular secretory failure that persisted after removal of the inducing factor (drugs/toxin: 9) or biliary obstruction (4) were identified over 6 years. Six of these patients were screened for ATP8B1 or ABCB11 mutations. All were treated with rifampicin (300 mg daily) for 1-10 weeks. Expression of genes involved in biotransformation and secretion was determined by rtPCR in human hepatocytes and intestinal cells incubated with rifampicin (10 μmol/L). RESULTS Serum bilirubin of patients with PHSF ranged from 264 to 755 μmol/L. Normal γGT was found in 10/13 patients of whom 3/6 tested positive for ATP8B1/ABCB11 mutations. Serum bilirubin declined to <33 μmol/L after 1-10 weeks of rifampicin treatment. In vitro, rifampicin PXR-dependently upregulated biotransformation phase 1 (CYP3A4), phase 2 (UGT1A1) and phase 3 (MRP2) enzymes/carriers as well as the basolateral bile salt exporter OSTβ. CONCLUSION Persistent hepatocellular secretory failure may develop in carriers of transporter gene mutations. In severe cases, rifampicin may represent an effective therapeutic option of PHSF. PXR-dependent induction of CYP3A4, UGT1A1, MRP2 and OSTβ could contribute to the anticholestatic effect of rifampicin in PHSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco van Dijk
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Chianese G, Sepe V, Limongelli V, Renga B, D'Amore C, Zampella A, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Fiorucci S. Incisterols, highly degraded marine sterols, are a new chemotype of PXR agonists. Steroids 2014; 83:80-5. [PMID: 24582706 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During the chromatographic purification of organic extracts obtained from Plakortis cfr. lita we obtained three highly degraded steroid derivatives, the known incisterol A2 (1) and the new incisterols A5 (2) and A6 (3). The new compounds were characterized basing on NMR and MS evidences along with comparison with model compounds. Incisterol A5 proved to bear a 17S-ethyl-15E,18-diene (incisterol numbering system) side chain, found for the first time in a marine organism. The new incisterols A5 and A6 proved to be potent inducers of transactivation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and they also stimulate the expression of CYP7A4 and MDR1 with a potency comparable to that of Rifaximin. These observations prompt to consider incisterols A5 and A6 as new potent agonists of PXR. On the other hand, the 17R-methyl analogue incisterol A2 shows only a poor PXR agonist activity. Molecular docking simulations elucidated the binding mechanism of the active incisterols in the ligand binding domain of PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Chianese
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valentina Sepe
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vittorio Limongelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Barbara Renga
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Via Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio D'Amore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Via Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Via Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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Abstract
Background Bisphenol A (BPA) is a base chemical used extensively in many consumer products. BPA has recently been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in multiple large‐scale human population studies, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We previously reported that BPA activates the pregnane X receptor (PXR), which acts as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate xenobiotic metabolism and has pro‐atherogenic effects in animal models upon activation. Interestingly, BPA is a potent agonist of human PXR but does not activate mouse or rat PXR signaling, which confounds the use of rodent models to evaluate mechanisms of BPA‐mediated CVD risk. This study aimed to investigate the atherogenic mechanism of BPA using a PXR‐humanized mouse model. Methods and Results A PXR‐humanized ApoE deficient (huPXR•ApoE−/−) mouse line was generated that respond to human PXR ligands and feeding studies were performed to determine the effects of BPA exposure on atherosclerosis development. Exposure to BPA significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic root and brachiocephalic artery of huPXR•ApoE−/− mice by 104% (P<0.001) and 120% (P<0.05), respectively. By contrast, BPA did not affect atherosclerosis development in the control littermates without human PXR. BPA exposure did not affect plasma lipid levels but increased CD36 expression and lipid accumulation in macrophages of huPXR•ApoE−/− mice. Conclusion These findings identify a molecular mechanism that could link BPA exposure to increased risk of CVD in exposed individuals. PXR is therefore a relevant target for future risk assessment of BPA and related environmental chemicals in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Sui
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Y.S., S.H.P., R.N.H., C.Z.)
| | - Se‐Hyung Park
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Y.S., S.H.P., R.N.H., C.Z.)
| | - Robert N. Helsley
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Y.S., S.H.P., R.N.H., C.Z.)
| | - Manjula Sunkara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (M.S., A.J.M.)
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (A.J.M., C.Z.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (M.S., A.J.M.)
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Y.S., S.H.P., R.N.H., C.Z.)
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (A.J.M., C.Z.)
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29
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Greene GL. In memoriam: Elwood Jensen (1920-2012). Endocrinology 2013; 154:3489-91. [PMID: 24058153 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
MESH Headings
- Androgen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Androgens/chemistry
- Androgens/metabolism
- Androgens/pharmacology
- Androgens/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Chemistry, Organic/history
- Endocrinology/history
- Estrogen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Estrogen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Estrogens/chemistry
- Estrogens/metabolism
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Estrogens/therapeutic use
- Female
- Genitalia/drug effects
- Genitalia/metabolism
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Male
- Neoplasm Proteins/agonists
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/history
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/agonists
- Receptors, Steroid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- United States
- Urogenital Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Urogenital Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urogenital Neoplasms/history
- Urogenital Neoplasms/metabolism
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30
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Fediushkina IV, Romero Raĭes IV, Lagunin AA, Skvortsov VS. [Mode of action prediction of ligands of steroid hormone receptors]. Biomed Khim 2013; 59:591-599. [PMID: 24479350 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20135905591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The several predictive models based on two well-known methods PASS and SIMCA were created. These models predict a type of physiological response of steroid compounds binding to nuclear receptors of steroid hormones. We considered 10 variants: the agonists and the antagonists of estrogen, progesterone, androgen, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors respectively. Two different sets of descriptors were used during SIMCA (the Dragon descriptors and indices of similarity). The results of discriminant analysis are good enough with average accuracy of 80-85%.
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31
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Festa C, D’Amore C, Renga B, Lauro G, De Marino S, D’Auria MV, Bifulco G, Zampella A, Fiorucci S. Oxygenated polyketides from Plakinastrella mamillaris as a new chemotype of PXR agonists. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2314-27. [PMID: 23820629 PMCID: PMC3736425 DOI: 10.3390/md11072314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Further purification of the apolar extracts of the sponge Plakinastrella mamillaris, afforded a new oxygenated polyketide named gracilioether K, together with the previously isolated gracilioethers E-G and gracilioethers I and J. The structure of the new compound has been elucidated by extensive NMR (1H and 13C, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY) and ESI-MS analysis. With the exception of gracilioether F, all compounds are endowed with potent pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) agonistic activity and therefore represent a new chemotype of potential anti-inflammatory leads. Docking calculations suggested theoretical binding modes of the identified compounds, compatible with an agonistic activity on hPXR, and clarified the molecular basis of their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Festa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (C.F.); (S.D.M.); (M.V.D.)
| | - Claudio D’Amore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Perugia, via Gerardo Dottori 1, S. Andrea Delle Fratte, Perugia 06132, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.); (B.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Barbara Renga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Perugia, via Gerardo Dottori 1, S. Andrea Delle Fratte, Perugia 06132, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.); (B.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy; E-Mails: (G.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Simona De Marino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (C.F.); (S.D.M.); (M.V.D.)
| | - Maria Valeria D’Auria
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (C.F.); (S.D.M.); (M.V.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy; E-Mails: (G.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (C.F.); (S.D.M.); (M.V.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-081-678525; Fax: +39-081-678552
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Perugia, via Gerardo Dottori 1, S. Andrea Delle Fratte, Perugia 06132, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.); (B.R.); (S.F.)
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32
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Helsley RN, Sui Y, Ai N, Park SH, Welsh WJ, Zhou C. Pregnane X receptor mediates dyslipidemia induced by the HIV protease inhibitor amprenavir in mice. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:1190-9. [PMID: 23519392 PMCID: PMC3657097 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.085753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) have been used successfully in extending the life span of people infected with HIV. The use of PIs has also been associated with dyslipidemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Several PIs have been implicated in activating the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR), which acts as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate xenobiotic metabolism in the liver and intestine. Recent studies indicate that PXR may also play an important role in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. In the present study, we identified amprenavir, a widely used HIV PI, as a potent PXR-selective agonist. Computational docking studies combined with site-direct mutagenesis identified several key residues within the ligand-binding pocket of PXR that constitute points of interaction with amprenavir. Amprenavir efficiently activated PXR and induced PXR target gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Short-term exposure to amprenavir significantly increased plasma total cholesterol and atherogenic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in wild-type mice, but not in PXR-deficient mice. Amprenavir-mediated PXR activation stimulated the expression of several key intestinal genes involved in lipid homeostasis. These findings provide critical mechanistic insight for understanding the impact of PIs on cardiovascular disease and demonstrate a potential role of PXR in mediating the adverse effects of HIV PIs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Helsley
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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33
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Shizu R, Benoki S, Numakura Y, Kodama S, Miyata M, Yamazoe Y, Yoshinari K. Xenobiotic-induced hepatocyte proliferation associated with constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is enhanced by pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61802. [PMID: 23626729 PMCID: PMC3634023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic-responsive nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) play pivotal roles in the metabolic functions of the liver such as xenobiotics detoxification and energy metabolism. While CAR or PPARα activation induces hepatocyte proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis in rodent models, it remains unclear whether PXR activation also shows such effects. In the present study, we have investigated the role of PXR in the xenobiotic-induced hepatocyte proliferation with or without CAR activation by 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) and phenobarbital, or PPARα activation by Wy-14643 in mice. Treatment with TCPOBOP or phenobarbital increased the percentage of Ki-67-positive nuclei as well as mRNA levels of cell proliferation-related genes in livers as expected. On the other hand, treatment with the PXR activator pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) alone showed no such effects. Surprisingly, PCN co-treatment significantly augmented the hepatocyte proliferation induced by CAR activation with TCPOBOP or phenobarbital in wild-type mice but not in PXR-deficient mice. Intriguingly, PXR activation also augmented the hepatocyte proliferation induced by Wy-14643 treatment. Moreover, PCN treatment increased the RNA content of hepatocytes, suggesting the induction of G0/G1 transition, and reduced mRNA levels of Cdkn1b and Rbl2, encoding suppressors of cell cycle initiation. Our present findings indicate that xenobiotic-induced hepatocyte proliferation mediated by CAR or PPARα is enhanced by PXR co-activation despite that PXR activation alone does not cause the cell proliferation in mouse livers. Thus PXR may play a novel and unique role in the hepatocyte/liver hyperplasia upon exposure to xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Shizu
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Benoki
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Numakura
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Susumu Kodama
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyata
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yamazoe
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
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34
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Zhou T, Cong S, Sun S, Sun H, Zou R, Wang S, Wang C, Jiao J, Goto K, Nawata H, Yanase T, Zhao Y. Identification of endocrine disrupting chemicals activating SXR-mediated transactivation of CYP3A and CYP7A1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 365:36-43. [PMID: 22975079 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have emerged as a major public health issue because of their potentially disruptive effects on physiological hormonal actions. SXR (steroid xenobiotic receptor), also known as NR1I2, regulates CYP3A expression in response to exogenous chemicals, such as EDCs, after binding to SXRE (SXR response element). In our study, luciferase assay showed that 14 out of 55 EDCs could enhance SXR-mediated rat or human CYP3A gene transcription nearly evenly, and could also activate rat CYP7A1 gene transcription by cross-interaction of SXR and LXRE (LXRα response element). SXR diffused in the nucleus without ligand, whereas intranuclear foci of liganded SXR were produced. Furthermore, endogenous mRNA expression of CYP3A4 gene was enhanced by the 14 positive EDCs. Our results suggested a probable mechanism of EDCs disrupting the steroid or xenobiotic metabolism homeostasis via SXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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35
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Wang YG, Liu HS, Zhang XX, Xiao Y, Lu BB, Ma ZC, Liang QD, Tang XL, Xiao CR, Tan HL, Zhang BL, Gao Y. [Screening of pregnane X receptor activation from ginsenosides]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2013; 48:144-148. [PMID: 23600156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to study effects of ginseng on the metabolism of drug belong to CYP3A4 substrate, screening of pregnane X receptor activation from ginsenosides was performed by reporter assay. Based on PXR-CYP3A stable translation cell lines, 13 ginsenosides were screened for pregnane X receptor activation by reporter assays, and RIF as the positive control. The effect of ginsenosides Rg1 onCYP3A4 mRNA expression was also investigated by RT-PCR. The PXR-CYP3A stable translation cell lines had good response to RIF, and the EC50 is 2.51 micro mol x L(-1). When the condition of final concentration was 10 micromol x L(-1), ginsenoside F2 and protopanaxatriol had moderate inductive effects on PXR. Panaxotriol, Rg2, pseudoginsenoside F11, Rg1, ginsenoside and Rb3 had inhibitory effects on PXR. Ginsenoside Rf1, Rg3, Rh2 and protopanaxdiol had no obvious effects on PXR. Rg1 down-regulated CYP3A4 mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Activation of pregnane X receptor by ginsenosides may influence the metabolism of drug belong to CYP3A4 substrate, and cause ginseng-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guang Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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36
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37
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Abstract
Cholestatic liver disorders encompass hepatobiliary diseases of diverse etiologies characterized by the accumulation of bile acids, bilirubin and cholesterol as the result of impaired secretion of bile. Members of the nuclear receptor (NR) family of ligand-modulated transcription factors are implicated in the adaptive response to cholestasis. NRs coordinately regulate bile acid and phospholipid transporter genes required for hepatobiliary transport, as well as the phases I and II metabolizing enzymes involved in processing of their substrates. In this review we will focus on FXR and PXR, two members of the NR family whose activities are regulated by bile acids. In addition, we also discuss the potential of pharmacological modulators of these receptors as novel therapies for cholestatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan W. Jonker
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 050 361 1261; fax: +31 050 361 1746
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 10010 Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 858 453 4100; fax: +1 858 455 1349
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38
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Abstract
Understanding which type of endogenous and exogenous compounds serve as agonists for the nuclear pregnane X receptor (PXR) would be valuable for drug discovery and development, because PXR regulates a large number of genes related to xenobiotic metabolism. Although several models have been proposed to classify human PXR activators and non-activators, models with better predictability are necessary for practical purposes in drug discovery. Grid-weighted holistic invariant molecular (G-WHIM) and comparative molecular moment analysis (G-CoMMA) type 3D descriptors that contain information about the solvation free energy of target molecules were developed. With these descriptors, prediction models built using decision tree (DT)-, support vector machine (SVM)-, and Kohonen neural network (KNN)-based models exhibited better predictability than previously proposed models. Solvation free energy density-weighted G-WHIM and G-CoMMA descriptors reveal new insights into PXR ligand classification, and incorporation with machine learning methods (DT, SVM, KNN) exhibits promising results, especially SVM and KNN. SVM- and KNN-based models exhibit accuracy around 0.90, and DT-based models exhibit accuracy around 0.8 for both the training and test sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Ma
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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39
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Ma Y, Liu D. Activation of pregnane X receptor by pregnenolone 16 α-carbonitrile prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity in AKR/J mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38734. [PMID: 22723881 PMCID: PMC3377726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is known to function as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate xenobiotic metabolism through selective transcription of genes responsible for maintaining physiological homeostasis. Here we report that the activation of PXR by pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) in AKR/J mice can prevent the development of high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. The beneficial effects of PCN treatment are seen with reduced lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, and lack of hepatic accumulation of lipid and lipid storage in the adipose tissues. RT-PCR analysis of genes involved in gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis reveal that PCN treatment on high-fat diet-fed mice reduces expression in the liver of G6Pase, Pepck, Cyp7a1, Cd36, L-Fabp, Srebp, and Fas genes and slightly enhances expression of Cyp27a1 and Abca1 genes. RT-PCR analysis of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue show that PCN treatment reduces expression of Pparγ2, Acc1, Cd36, but increases expression of Cpt1b and Pparα genes in mice fed with high-fat diet. Similarly, PCN treatment of animals on high-fat diet increases expression in brown adipose tissue of Pparα, Hsl, Cpt1b, and Cd36 genes, but reduces expression of Acc1 and Scd-1 genes. PXR activation by PCN in high-fat diet fed mice also increases expression of genes involved in thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue including Dio2, Pgc-1α, Pgc-1β, Cidea, and Ucp-3. These results verify the important function of PXR in lipid and energy metabolism and suggest that PXR represents a novel therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dexi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chakraborty A, Bodipati N, Demonacos MK, Peddinti R, Ghosh K, Roy P. Long term induction by pterostilbene results in autophagy and cellular differentiation in MCF-7 cells via ROS dependent pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 355:25-40. [PMID: 22273805 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study shows the effect of pterostilbene on intracellular neutral lipid accumulation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells leading to growth arrest and autophagy. On exposing the breast cancer cells with 30 μM pterostilbene for 72 h there was almost 2-folds increase in neutral lipids and triglycerides. Also the phytochemical caused a 4-folds increase in the expression of adipogenic differentiation marker c/EBPα. Further, pterostilbene inhibited 3β-hydroxylsterol-Δ(7)-reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the last step conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, and thereby causes the intracellular accumulation of the former sterol. These results were associated with over-expression of oxysterol binding protein homologue and liver X receptor (LXR) by ~7-folds. Pterostilbene also caused a simultaneous increase in the expression autophagic marker proteins Beclin 1 and LC3 II (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3) by approximately 6-folds, which leads to an alternative pathway of autophagy. These effects were observed in association with the loss of mitotic and metastatic potential of MCF-7 cells which was abolished in the presence of catalase (ROS scavenger) or 3MA (autophagic inhibitor). Thus the present data shows that the long term exposure to pterostilbene causes growth arrest in MCF-7 cells which may be due to differentiation of the mammary carcinoma cells into normal epithelial cell like morphology and activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajanta Chakraborty
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, Uttarakhand, India
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De Marino S, Ummarino R, D'Auria MV, Chini MG, Bifulco G, D'Amore C, Renga B, Mencarelli A, Petek S, Fiorucci S, Zampella A. 4-Methylenesterols from Theonella swinhoei sponge are natural pregnane-X-receptor agonists and farnesoid-X-receptor antagonists that modulate innate immunity. Steroids 2012; 77:484-95. [PMID: 22285937 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the isolation and the structural elucidation of a family of polyhydroxylated steroids from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Decodification of interactions of these family with nuclear receptors shows that these steroids are potent agonists of human pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) and antagonists of human farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) with the putative binding mode to nuclear receptors (NRs) obtained through docking experiments. By using monocytes isolated from transgenic mice harboring hPXR, we demonstrated that swinhosterol B counter-regulates induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a PXR-dependent manner. Exposure of CD4(+) T cells to swinhosterol B upregulates the expression of IL-10 causing a shift toward a T cells regulatory phenotype in a PXR dependent manner. These results pave the way to development of a dual PXR agonist/FXR antagonist with a robust immunomodulatory activity and endowed with the ability to modulate the expression of bile acid-regulated genes in the liver.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cholesterol/analogs & derivatives
- Cholesterol/chemistry
- Cholesterol/isolation & purification
- Cholesterol/pharmacology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Isomerism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Structure
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Pregnane X Receptor
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/agonists
- Receptors, Steroid/chemistry
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sterols/chemistry
- Sterols/isolation & purification
- Sterols/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Theonella/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona De Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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42
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Sui Y, Ai N, Park SH, Rios-Pilier J, Perkins JT, Welsh WJ, Zhou C. Bisphenol A and its analogues activate human pregnane X receptor. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120:399-405. [PMID: 22214767 PMCID: PMC3295358 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a base chemical used extensively in many consumer products. BPA and its analogues are present in environmental and human samples. Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including BPA, have been shown to activate the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor that functions as a master regulator of xenobiotic metabolism. However, the detailed mechanism by which these chemicals activate PXR remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated the mechanism by which BPA interacts with and activates PXR and examined selected BPA analogues to determine whether they bind to and activate PXR. METHODS Cell-based reporter assays, in silico ligand-PXR docking studies, and site-directed mutagenesis were combined to study the interaction between BPA and PXR. We also investigated the influence of BPA and its analogues on the regulation of PXR target genes in human LS180 cells. RESULTS We found that BPA and several of its analogues are potent agonists for human PXR (hPXR) but do not affect mouse PXR activity. We identified key residues within hPXR's ligand-binding pocket that constitute points of interaction with BPA. We also deduced the structural requirements of BPA analogues that activate hPXR. BPA and its analogues can also induce PXR target gene expression in human LS180 cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study advances our understanding of the mechanism by which BPA interacts with and activates human PXR. Activation of PXR by BPA may explain some of the adverse effects of BPA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Sui
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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43
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44
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Simons SS, Chow CC. The road less traveled: new views of steroid receptor action from the path of dose-response curves. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:373-82. [PMID: 21664235 PMCID: PMC3184374 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Conventional studies of steroid hormone action proceed via quantitation of the maximal activity for gene induction at saturating concentrations of agonist steroid (i.e., A(max)). Less frequently analyzed parameters of receptor-mediated gene expression are EC(50) and PAA. The EC(50) is the concentration of steroid required for half-maximal agonist activity and is readily determined from the dose-response curve. The PAA is the partial agonist activity of an antagonist steroid, expressed as percent of A(max) under the same conditions. Recent results demonstrate that new and otherwise inaccessible mechanistic information is obtained when the EC(50) and/or PAA are examined in addition to the A(max). Specifically, A(max), EC(50), and PAA can be independently regulated, which suggests that novel pathways and factors may preferentially modify the EC(50) and/or PAA with little effect on A(max). Other approaches indicate that the activity of receptor-bound factors can be altered without changing the binding of factors to receptor. Finally, a new theoretical model of steroid hormone action not only permits a mechanistically based definition of factor activity but also allows the positioning of when a factor acts, as opposed to binds, relative to a kinetically defined step. These advances illustrate some of the benefits of expanding the mechanistic studies of steroid hormone action to routinely include EC(50) and PAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stoney Simons
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/CEB, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1772, United States.
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45
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De Geyter E, Swevers L, Soin T, Geelen D, Smagghe G. Saponins do not affect the ecdysteroid receptor complex but cause membrane permeation in insect culture cell lines. J Insect Physiol 2012; 58:18-23. [PMID: 22057058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This project studied the effects of four saponins with a triterpenoid (Quillajasaponaria saponin and aescin) or steroid structure (digitonin and diosgenin which is the deglycosylated form of dioscin) on insect cells, namely Schneider S2 cells of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera). A series of different experiments were performed to investigate potential mechanisms of action by saponins with regard to ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) responsiveness, cell viability, cell membrane permeation, and induction of apoptosis with DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 like activity. Major results were that (1) exposure of S2 cells containing an EcR-based reporter construct to a concentration series of each saponin scored no EcR activation, while (2) a loss of ecdysteroid signaling was observed with median inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)'s) of 3-50 μM, and in parallel (3) a concentration-dependent change in loss of cell numbers in an cell viability assay with median effective concentrations (EC(50)'s) of 8-699 μM. In continuation, it was of interest that (4) a trypan blue assay with Q. saponaria saponin confirmed the cell membrane permeation effect leading to cell toxicity with a median lethal concentration (LC(50)) value of 44 μM, and interestingly this effect was very rapid. Another three interesting observations were that (5) exposure to 20E at 500 nM as used in the EcR-based report assay induced caspase-3 like activities which may help to explain the discrepancies between loss of EcR-responsiveness and cell viability, (6) low concentrations of saponins induced DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 like activities, confirming their potential to induce apoptosis, and (7) the saponin effects were counteracted with addition of cholesterol to the culture medium. In general the data obtained provide evidence that the anti-ecdysteroid action by saponins is not based on a true antagonistic interaction with EcR signaling, but can be explained by a cytotoxic action due to permeation of the insect cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen De Geyter
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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46
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Abstract
The human pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand dependent transcription factor that can be activated by structurally diverse agonists including steroid hormones, bile acids, herbal drugs, and prescription medications. PXR regulates the transcription of several genes involved in xenobiotic detoxification and apoptosis. Activation of PXR has the potential to initiate adverse effects by altering drug pharmacokinetics or perturbing physiological processes. Hence, more reliable prediction of PXR activators would be valuable for pharmaceutical drug discovery to avoid potential toxic effects. Ligand- and protein structure-based computational models for PXR activation have been developed in several studies. There has been limited success with structure-based modeling approaches to predict human PXR activators, which can be attributed to the large and promiscuous site of this protein. Slightly better success has been achieved with ligand-based modeling methods including quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, pharmacophore modeling and machine learning that use appropriate descriptors to account for the diversity of the ligand classes that bind to PXR. These combined computational approaches using molecular shape information may assist scientists to more confidently identify PXR activators. This chapter reviews the various ligand and structure based methods undertaken to date and their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Kortagere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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47
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Kumpun S, Girault JP, Dinan L, Blais C, Maria A, Dauphin-Villemant C, Yingyongnarongkul B, Suksamrarn A, Lafont R. The metabolism of 20-hydroxyecdysone in mice: relevance to pharmacological effects and gene switch applications of ecdysteroids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 126:1-9. [PMID: 21439380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids exert many pharmacological effects in mammals (including humans), most of which appear beneficial, but their mechanism of action is far from understood. Whether they act directly and/or after the formation of metabolites is still an open question. The need to investigate this question has gained extra impetus because of the recent development of ecdysteroid-based gene-therapy systems for mammals. In order to investigate the metabolic fate of ecdysteroids in mice, [1α,2α-(3)H]20-hydroxyecdysone was prepared and injected intraperitoneally to mice. Their excretory products (urine+faeces) were collected and the different tritiated metabolites were isolated and identified. The pattern of ecdysteroid metabolites is very complex, but no conjugates were found, in contrast to the classical fate of the (less polar) endogenous vertebrate steroid hormones. Primary reactions involve dehydroxylation at C-14 and side-chain cleavage between C-20 and C-22, thereby yielding 14-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone, poststerone and 14-deoxypoststerone. These metabolites then undergo several reactions of reduction involving, in particular, the 6-keto-group. A novel major metabolite has been identified as 2β,3β,6α,22R,25-pentahydroxy-5β-cholest-8(14)-ene. The formation of this and the other major metabolites is discussed in relation to the various effects of ecdysteroids already demonstrated on vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumpun
- UPMC, Univ Paris, Laboratoire BIOSIPE, Paris 05, France
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48
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Anderson LE, Dring AM, Hamel LD, Stoner MA. Modulation of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) by 6-arylpyrrolo[2,1-d][1,5]benzothiazepine derivatives, ligands of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR). Toxicol Lett 2011; 202:148-54. [PMID: 21315811 PMCID: PMC3086002 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulate xenobiotic sensing and metabolism through interactions with multiple exogenous and endogenous chemicals. Compounds that activate CAR are often ligands of PXR; attention is therefore given to discovery of new, receptor-specific chemical entities that may be exploited for therapeutic and basic research purposes. Recently, ligands of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), PK11195 and FGIN-1-27, were shown to modulate both CAR and PXR. PBR is a mitochondrial transport protein responsible for multiple regulatory functions, including heme biosynthesis, a major component in cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. To investigate possible new roles for PBR involvement in metabolic regulation, expression of the CAR and PXR target genes, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4, was measured in human hepatocytes following treatment with a targeted PBR ligand set. Luciferase reporter assays with transiently expressed wild-type CAR (CAR1), splice variant CAR3, or PXR in HuH-7 cells were used to further study activation of these receptors. Four structurally related PBR ligands (benzothiazepines) differentially modulate CAR1, CAR3 and PXR activity. Benzothiazepine NF49 is an agonist ligand of CAR3, a partial agonist of PXR, exhibits greater inverse agonist activity on CAR1 than does PK11195, and is a new tool for studying these closely related nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea E Anderson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Center for Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
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49
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Guo ZR. [Drug promiscuity]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2011; 46:361-369. [PMID: 21751487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It is essential for a successful drug to possess two basic characteristics: satisfactory pharmacological action with sufficient potency and selectivity; good druggability with eligible physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and safety profiles, as well as structural novelty. Promiscuity is defined as the property of a drug to act with multiple molecular targets and exhibit distinct pharmacological effects. Promiscuous drugs are the basis of polypharmacology and the causes for side effects and unsuitable DMPK. Drug promiscuity originates from protein promiscuity. In order to accommodate, metabolize and excrete various endo- and exogenous substances, protein acquired the capability during evolution to adapt a wide range of structural diversity, and it is unnecessary to reserve a specific protein for every single ligand. The structures of target proteins are integration of conservativity and diversity. The former is represented by the relatively conservative domains for secondary structures folding, which leads to overlapping in ligand-binding and consequent cross-reactivity of ligands. Diversity, however, embodies the subtle difference in structures. Similar structural domain may demonstrate different functions due to alteration of amino acid sequences. The phenomenon of promiscuity may facilitate the "design in" of multi-target ligands for the treatment of complicated diseases, whereas it should be appropriately handled to improve druggability. Therefore, one of the primary goals in drug design is to scrutinize and manipulate the "merits and faults" of promiscuity. This review discusses the application of promiscuity in drug design for receptors, enzymes, ion channels and cytochrome P450. It also briefly describes the methods to predict ligand promiscuity based on either target or ligand structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-ru Guo
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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50
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Ayed-Boussema I, Pascussi JM, Maurel P, Bacha H, Hassen W. Zearalenone activates pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor and corresponding phase I target genes mRNA in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 31:79-87. [PMID: 21787672 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is found worldwide as a contaminant in cereals and grains. ZEN subchronic and chronic toxicities are dominated by reproductive disorders in different mammalian species which have made ZEN established mammalian endocrine disrupter. Over the last 30 years of ZEN biotransformation study, the toxin was thought to undergo reductive metabolism only, with the generation in several species of α- and β-isomers of zearalenol. However, recent investigations have noticed that the mycoestrogen is prone to oxidative metabolism leading to hydroxylation of ZEN though the involvement of different cytochromes P450 (CYPs) isoforms. The aim of the present study was to further explore the effect of ZEN on regulation of some CYPs using primary cultures of human hepatocytes. For this aim, using real time RT-PCR, we monitored in a first time, the effect of ZEN on mRNA levels of pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), nuclear receptors known to be involved in the regulation of some CYPs. In a second time, we looked for ZEN effect on expression of PXR, CAR and AhR corresponding phase I target genes (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2). Finally, we realised the luciferase assay in HepG2 treated with the toxin and transiently transfected with p-CYP3A4-Luc in the presence of a hPXR vector or transfected with p-CYPA1-Luc.Our results clearly showed that ZEN activated human PXR, CAR and AhR mRNA levels in addition to some of their phase I target genes mainly CYP3A4, CYP2B6 and CYP1A1 and at lesser extent CYP3A5 and CYP2C9 at ZEN concentrations as low as 0.1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ayed-Boussema
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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