1
|
Abstract
The growth of aquaculture over the past 50 years has been accompanied by the emergence of aquatic animal diseases, many of which have spread to become pandemic in countries or continents. An analysis of 400 emerging disease events in aquatic animals that were logged by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science between 2002 and 2017 revealed that more than half were caused by viruses. However, in molluscs, most events were parasitic. Categorising these events indicated that the key processes underpinning emergence were the movement of live animals and host switching. Profiles of key pathogens further illustrate the importance of wild aquatic animals as the source of new infections in farmed animals. It is also clear that the spread of new diseases through the largescale movement of aquatic animals for farming, for food and for the ornamental trade has allowed many to achieve pandemic status. Many viral pathogens of fish (e.g. infectious salmon anaemia, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia) and shrimp (e.g. white spot syndrome virus) affect a large proportion of the global production of key susceptible species. Wild aquatic animal populations have also been severely affected by pandemic diseases, best exemplified by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a fungal infection of amphibians, whose emergence and spread were driven by the movement of animals for the ornamental trade. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is now widespread in the tropics and subtropics and has caused local extinctions of susceptible amphibian hosts. Given the rising demand for seafood, aquacultural production will continue to grow and diseases will continue to emerge. Some will inevitably achieve pandemic status, having significant impacts on production and trade, unless there are considerable changes in global monitoring and the response to aquatic animal diseases.
Collapse
|
2
|
Cantrell DL, Groner ML, Ben-Horin T, Grant J, Revie CW. Modeling Pathogen Dispersal in Marine Fish and Shellfish. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:239-249. [PMID: 32037136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In marine ecosystems, oceanographic processes often govern host contacts with infectious agents. Consequently, many approaches developed to quantify pathogen dispersal in terrestrial ecosystems have limited use in the marine context. Recent applications in marine disease modeling demonstrate that physical oceanographic models coupled with biological models of infectious agents can characterize dispersal networks of pathogens in marine ecosystems. Biophysical modeling has been used over the past two decades to model larval dispersion but has only recently been utilized in marine epidemiology. In this review, we describe how biophysical models function and how they can be used to measure connectivity of infectious agents between sites, test hypotheses regarding pathogen dispersal, and quantify patterns of pathogen spread, focusing on fish and shellfish pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Cantrell
- Health Management Department, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
| | - Maya L Groner
- Prince William Sound Science Center, Cordova, AK, USA; Affiliate, US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tal Ben-Horin
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, College of the Environment and Life Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; Center for Marine Science and Technology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USA
| | - Jon Grant
- Oceanography Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Crawford W Revie
- Health Management Department, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada; Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hernroth BE, Baden SP. Alteration of host-pathogen interactions in the wake of climate change - Increasing risk for shellfish associated infections? Environ Res 2018; 161:425-438. [PMID: 29202413 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential for climate-related spread of infectious diseases through marine systems has been highlighted in several reports. With this review we want to draw attention to less recognized mechanisms behind vector-borne transmission pathways to humans. We have focused on how the immune systems of edible marine shellfish, the blue mussels and Norway lobsters, are affected by climate related environmental stressors. Future ocean acidification (OA) and warming due to climate change constitute a gradually increasing persistent stress with negative trade-off for many organisms. In addition, the stress of recurrent hypoxia, inducing high levels of bioavailable manganese (Mn) is likely to increase in line with climate change. We summarized that OA, hypoxia and elevated levels of Mn did have an overall negative effect on immunity, in some cases also with synergistic effects. On the other hand, moderate increase in temperature seems to have a stimulating effect on antimicrobial activity and may in a future warming scenario counteract the negative effects. However, rising sea surface temperature and climate events causing high land run-off promote the abundance of naturally occurring pathogenic Vibrio and will in addition, bring enteric pathogens which are circulating in society into coastal waters. Moreover, the observed impairments of the immune defense enhance the persistence and occurrence of pathogens in shellfish. This may increase the risk for direct transmission of pathogens to consumers. It is thus essential that in the wake of climate change, sanitary control of coastal waters and seafood must recognize and adapt to the expected alteration of host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bodil E Hernroth
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Kristineberg 566, SE-451 78 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden; Dept. of Natural Science, Kristianstad University, SE-291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden.
| | - Susanne P Baden
- Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg 566, SE-451 78 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hattenrath-Lehmann TK, Lusty MW, Wallace RB, Haynes B, Wang Z, Broadwater M, Deeds JR, Morton SL, Hastback W, Porter L, Chytalo K, Gobler CJ. Evaluation of Rapid, Early Warning Approaches to Track Shellfish Toxins Associated with Dinophysis and Alexandrium Blooms. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010028. [PMID: 29342840 PMCID: PMC5793076 DOI: 10.3390/md16010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxin-contaminated seafood has caused thousands of poisonings worldwide this century. Given these threats, there is an increasing need for improved technologies that can be easily integrated into coastal monitoring programs. This study evaluates approaches for monitoring toxins associated with recurrent toxin-producing Alexandrium and Dinophysis blooms on Long Island, NY, USA, which cause paralytic and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (PSP and DSP), respectively. Within contrasting locations, the dynamics of pelagic Alexandrium and Dinophysis cell densities, toxins in plankton, and toxins in deployed blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) were compared with passive solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) samplers filled with two types of resin, HP20 and XAD-2. Multiple species of wild shellfish were also collected during Dinophysis blooms and used to compare toxin content using two different extraction techniques (single dispersive and double exhaustive) and two different toxin analysis assays (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and the protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PP2A)) for the measurement of DSP toxins. DSP toxins measured in the HP20 resin were significantly correlated (R2 = 0.7–0.9, p < 0.001) with total DSP toxins in shellfish, but were detected more than three weeks prior to detection in deployed mussels. Both resins adsorbed measurable levels of PSP toxins, but neither quantitatively tracked Alexandrium cell densities, toxicity in plankton or toxins in shellfish. DSP extraction and toxin analysis methods did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), were highly correlated (R2 = 0.98–0.99; p < 0.001) and provided complete recovery of DSP toxins from standard reference materials. Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and ribbed mussels (Geukensia demissa) were found to accumulate DSP toxins above federal and international standards (160 ng g−1) during Dinophysis blooms while Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and soft shell clams (Mya arenaria) did not. This study demonstrated that SPATT samplers using HP20 resin coupled with PP2A technology could be used to provide early warning of DSP, but not PSP, events for shellfish management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark W Lusty
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
| | - Ryan B Wallace
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
| | - Bennie Haynes
- Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, Charleston, CA 29412, USA.
| | - Zhihong Wang
- JHT, Inc., under contract to NOAA, NOAA Charleston Lab, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, CA 29412, USA.
| | - Maggie Broadwater
- Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, Charleston, CA 29412, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Deeds
- US Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Steve L Morton
- Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, Charleston, CA 29412, USA.
| | - William Hastback
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Setauket, NY 11733, USA.
| | - Leonora Porter
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Setauket, NY 11733, USA.
| | - Karen Chytalo
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Setauket, NY 11733, USA.
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim JH, Jeong HJ, Lim AS, Kwon JE, Lee KH, Park KH, Kim HS. Removal of two pathogenic scuticociliates Miamiensis avidus and Miamiensis sp. using cells or culture filtrates of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium andersonii. Harmful Algae 2017; 63:133-145. [PMID: 28366388 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Scuticociliatosis, which is caused by parasitic protistan pathogens known as scuticociliates, is one of the most serious diseases in marine aquaculture worldwide. Thus, elimination of these ciliates is a primary concern for scientists and managers in the aquaculture industry. To date, formalin and other toxic chemicals have been used as anti-scuticociliate agents, but issues regarding their secondary effects often arise. Consequently, development of safer methods is necessary. To find out a safe method of controlling scuticociliate populations in aqua-tanks or small-scale natural environments, cultures of 14 phototrophic dinoflagellates were tested to determine whether they were able to control populations of the common scuticociliates Miamiensis avidus and Miamiensis sp. isolated from Korean waters. Among the dinoflagellates tested, both cells and culture filtrates of Alexandrium andersonii effectively killed M. avidus and Miamiensis sp. The minimal concentration of cells and equivalent culture filtrates of A. andersonii to kill all M. avidus cells within 48h of incubation was ca. 2500 and 4500 cells ml-1, respectively; whereas those needed to kill all Miamiensis sp. cells were ca. 1000 and 4500 cells ml-1, respectively. It was estimated that 1m3 of the stock culture containing 20,000A. andersonii cells ml-1 could eliminate all M. avidus cells in 7m3 of waters within the aqua-tanks on land and all Miamiensis sp. cells in 19m3 of waters within 48h. None of the brine shrimp Artemia salina nauplii incubated with concentrations of 50-4500A. andersonii cells ml-1 for 24h was dead. Furthermore, none of the flounder Paralichthys olivaceus juveniles incubated with a mean concentration of ca. 2280A. andersonii cells ml-1 for 96h was dead. Therefore, A. andersonii cultures may be used as a safe biological method for controlling populations of scuticociliates and can replace toxic formalin. The results of this study provided the basis for developing the method to control scuticociliate populations and understanding interactions between scuticociliates and phototrophic dinoflagellates in marine ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - An Suk Lim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ha Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Ha Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Kunsan National University, Jeonbuk 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Seop Kim
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Jeonbuk 54150, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Inglis SD, Kristmundsson Á, Freeman MA, Levesque M, Stokesbury K. Gray meat in the Atlantic sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, and the identification of a known pathogenic scallop apicomplexan. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 141:66-75. [PMID: 27810289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atlantic sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) meats are normally firm and creamy white. However, scallops with small, darkened and stringy adductor muscle (gray meat) episodically occur along the Eastern Seaboard, most recently in the rotational management areas of Georges Bank after extended fishing closures. These gray meat scallops are associated with reduced harvestable biomass and mass mortality events. We tested age, nutritional stress and disease as causative agents for this condition. Adult scallops of different shell heights (SH) ranging from (90-145mm) were collected from Georges Bank and analyzed for meat quality and the presence of pathogens using biochemical, histopathological and molecular methods. Gray meat occurrence was weakly correlated with shell height only explaining 8.49% of the variance in a generalized additive model (GAMS). Gray meat weights were lower than white meat (p<0.001) and there was a dramatic reduction in protein content (p<0.05) in gray meat scallops associated with extensive myodegeneration. Amino acid profiles confirmed the breakdown of muscle tissue with an increase in free hydroxyproline in gray meat scallops. Infection by an apicomplexan parasite was detected in the muscle tissue of all gray meat scallops tested. An intermediate pathology stage (brown meat) was also identified. As the parasitic infection increased, meat quality decreased. Numerous developmental stages of the parasite were present in various organs of the scallops. This apicomplexan has an identical SSU rDNA sequence to a novel parasite occurring in the Iceland scallop during a recent mass mortality event. The range of this parasite in Atlantic sea scallops and the effect of abiotic/biotic stressors on pathogenicity are currently unknown. Results from this study link an apicomplexan species, known to be highly pathogenic in scallops, to gray meat occurrence with a potentially high impact on the fishery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Inglis
- University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth, SMAST, Fairhaven, MA, USA.
| | - Árni Kristmundsson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mark A Freeman
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Megan Levesque
- University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth, SMAST, Fairhaven, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Stokesbury
- University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth, SMAST, Fairhaven, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cold ER, Freyria NJ, Martínez Martínez J, Fernández Robledo JA. An Agar-Based Method for Plating Marine Protozoan Parasites of the Genus Perkinsus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155015. [PMID: 27149378 PMCID: PMC4858233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Perkinsus includes protozoan parasites of mollusks responsible for losses in the aquaculture industry and hampering the recovery of natural shellfish beds worldwide, and they are a key taxon for understanding intracellular parasitism adaptations. The ability to propagate the parasite in liquid media, in the absence of the host, has been crucial for improving understanding of its biology; however, alternative techniques to grow the parasite are needed to explore other basic aspects of the Perkinsus spp. biology. We optimized a DME: Ham's F12-5% FBS- containing solid agar medium for plating Perkinsus marinus. This solid medium supported trophozoite propagation both by binary fission and schizogony. Colonies were visible to the naked eye 17 days after plating. We tested the suitability of this method for several applications, including the following: 1) Subcloning P. marinus isolates: single discrete P. marinus colonies were obtained from DME: Ham's F12-5% FBS- 0.75% agar plates, which could be further propagated in liquid medium; 2) Subcloning engineered Perkinsus mediterraneus MOE[MOE]: GFP by streaking cultures on plates; 3) Chemical susceptibility: Infusing the DME: Ham's F12-5% FBS- 0.75% agar plates with triclosan resulted in inhibition of the parasite propagation in a dose-dependent manner. Altogether, our plating method has the potential for becoming a key tool for investigating diverse aspects of Perkinsus spp. biology, developing new molecular tools, and for biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. Cold
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine, United States of America
- Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) NSF Program - 2015 - Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Boothbay, Maine, United States of America
| | - Nastasia J. Freyria
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine, United States of America
- Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of biotoxins that cause food poisoning in humans. These toxins are produced by small marine dinoflagellates such as Azadinium spinosum and accumulate in shellfish. Ovine polyclonal antibodies were produced and used to develop an ELISA for quantitating AZAs in shellfish, algal cells, and culture supernatants. Immunizing antigens were prepared from synthetic fragments of the constant region of AZAs, while plate coating antigen was prepared from AZA-1. The ELISA provides a sensitive and rapid analytical method for screening large numbers of samples. It has a working range of 0.45-8.6 ng/mL and a limit of quantitation for total AZAs in whole shellfish at 57 μg/kg, well below the maximum permitted level set by the European Commission. The ELISA has good cross-reactivity to AZA-1-10, -33, and -34 and 37-epi-AZA-1. Naturally contaminated Irish mussels gave similar results whether they were cooked or uncooked, indicating that the ELISA also detects 22-carboxy-AZA metabolites (e.g., AZA-17 and AZA-19). ELISA results showed excellent correlation with LC-MS/MS analysis, both for mussel extract spiked with AZA-1 and for naturally contaminated Irish mussels. The assay is therefore well suited to screening for AZAs in shellfish samples intended for human consumption, as well as for studies on AZA metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti E Løvberg
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lyn R Briggs
- AgResearch, Ruakura, East Street, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute , Rinville, Oranmore, County Galway, Ireland
| | - Jianyan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Craig J Forsyth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Rowley
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E. Davies
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Davies CE, Rowley AF. Are European lobsters (Homarus gammarus) susceptible to infection by a temperate Hematodinium sp.? J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 127:6-10. [PMID: 25721169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hematodinium spp. infect over 40 species of crustaceans worldwide, but have not been reported to infect the European lobster, Homarus gammarus. In this study, Hematodinium parasites (a mixture of uni- and multinucleate trophont-like stages) were taken from donor crabs (Cancer pagurus) and injected into juvenile H. gammarus. Juvenile C. pagurus were also injected with the same inoculum. Haemolymph was taken at regular intervals and examined for the presence of Hematodinium using light microscopy and PCR, in two separate experiments of duration 4 and 8months. All lobsters were negative for Hematodinium whilst the C. pagurus challenged became infected. It is concluded that European lobsters are not susceptible to infection with a clade of Hematodinium that infects C. pagurus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Davies
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Andrew F Rowley
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vale P. [Can solar/geomagnetic activity restrict the occurrence of some shellfish poisoning outbreaks? The example of PSP caused by Gymnodinium catenatum at the Atlantic Portuguese coast]. Biofizika 2013; 58:710-725. [PMID: 24455892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic outbreaks of accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in mussels attributed to Gymnodinium catenatum blooms displayed several of the highest inter-annual maxima coincidental with minima of the 11-year solar sunspot number (SSN) cycle. The monthly distribution of PSP was associated with low levels of the solar radio flux, a more quantitative approach than SSN for fluctuations in solar activity. A comparison between monthly distribution of PSP and other common biotoxins (okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins) demonstrated that only PSP was significantly associated with low levels of radio flux (p < 0.01). PSP occurrence suggests a prior decline in solar activity could be required to act as a trigger, in a similar manner to a photoperiodic signal. The seasonal frequency increased towards autumn during the study period, which might be related to the progressive atmospheric cut-off of deleterious radiation associated with the seasonal change in solar declination, and might play an additional role in seasonal signal-triggering. PSP distribution was also associated with low levels of the geomagnetic index Aa. A comparison between monthly distribution of PSP and other common biotoxins, also demonstrated that only PSP was significantly associated with low levels of the Aa index (p < 0.01). In some years of SSN minima no significant PSP-outbreaks in mussels were detected. This was attributed to a steady rise in geomagnetic activity that could disrupt the triggering signal. Global distribution patterns show that hotspots for G. catenatum blooms are regions with deficient crustal magnetic anomalies. In addition to the variable magnetic field mostly of solar origin, static fields related to magnetized rocks in the crust and upper mantle might play a role in restricting worldwide geographic distribution.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cowie RH. Pathways for transmission of angiostrongyliasis and the risk of disease associated with them. Hawaii J Med Public Health 2013; 72:70-74. [PMID: 23901388 PMCID: PMC3689478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, is a major cause of eosinophilic meningitis in humans. This short paper reviews what is known about the pathways of infection and assesses the probable importance of each in causing disease. Rats are the definitive hosts. People can become infected by eating, both deliberately and inadvertently, raw or under-cooked intermediate hosts (snails or slugs) or paratenic hosts such as freshwater shrimp, crabs and frogs. Food preparation prior to cooking can leave debris from which infection can also occur. It may be possible to become infected by consuming snail/slug slime (mucus) on produce or by transferring mucus from hands to mouth after handling snails/slugs. Infection from consuming drinking water contaminated by snails/slugs and infection via open wounds may be theoretically possible but no cases have been reported. The severity of the disease is probably related to the number of infective larvae ingested as well as to the precise location of the worms in the host and the host's inflammatory response. Strategies for reducing human infection should include snail and slug control to reduce chances of accidental ingestion, cooking of intermediate and paratenic hosts, and public education on food preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Cowie
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawa'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nair A, Thomas AC, Borsuk ME. Interannual variability in the timing of New England shellfish toxicity and relationships to environmental forcing. Sci Total Environ 2013; 447:255-66. [PMID: 23391892 PMCID: PMC3586711 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Routine monitoring along the coast of the Gulf of Maine (GoM) reveals shellfish toxicity nearly every summer, but at varying times, locations, and magnitudes. The responsible toxin is known to be produced by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense, yet there is little apparent association between Alexandrium abundance and shellfish toxicity. One possibility is that toxic cells are persistent in offshore areas and variability in shellfish toxicity is caused not by changes in overall abundance, but rather by variability in transport processes. Measurements of offshore Alexandrium biomass are scarce, so we bypass cell abundance as an explanatory variable and focus instead on the relations between shellfish toxicity and concurrent metrics of GoM meteorology, hydrology, and oceanography. While this yields over two decades (1985-2005) of data representing a variety of interannual conditions, the toxicity data are gappy in spatial and temporal coverage. We address this through a combination of parametric curve fitting and hierarchical cluster analysis to reveal eight archetypical modes of seasonal toxicity timing. Groups of locations are then formed that have similar interannual patterns in these archetypes. Finally, the interannual patterns within each group are related to available environmental metrics using classification trees. Results indicate that a weak cross-shore sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the summer is the strongest correlate of shellfish toxicity, likely by signifying a hydrological connection between offshore Alexandrium populations and near-shore shellfish beds. High cumulative downwelling wind strength early in the season is revealed as a precursor consistent with this mechanism. Although previous studies suggest that alongshore transport is important in moving Alexandrium from the eastern to western GoM, alongshore SST gradient is not an important correlate of toxicity in our study. We conclude by discussing the implications of our results for designing efficient and effective shellfish monitoring programs along the GoM coast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Nair
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Andrew C. Thomas
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Mark E. Borsuk
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Corresponding author; 14 Engineering Drive, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA; ; phone: 1-603-646-9944; fax: 1-603-646-2277
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Palos Ladeiro M, Bigot A, Aubert D, Hohweyer J, Favennec L, Villena I, Geffard A. Protozoa interaction with aquatic invertebrate: interest for watercourses biomonitoring. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2013; 20:778-789. [PMID: 23001759 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Giardia duodenalis are human waterborne protozoa. These worldwide parasites had been detected in various watercourses as recreational, surface, drinking, river, and seawater. As of today, water protozoa detection was based on large water filtration and on sample concentration. Another tool like aquatic invertebrate parasitism could be used for sanitary and environmental biomonitoring. In fact, organisms like filter feeders could already filtrate and concentrate protozoa directly in their tissues in proportion to ambient concentration. So molluscan shellfish can be used as a bioindicator of protozoa contamination level in a site since they were sedentary. Nevertheless, only a few researches had focused on nonspecific parasitism like protozoa infection on aquatic invertebrates. Objectives of this review are twofold: Firstly, an overview of protozoa in worldwide water was presented. Secondly, current knowledge of protozoa parasitism on aquatic invertebrates was detailed and the lack of data of their biological impact was pointed out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Palos Ladeiro
- Unité Interactions Animal-Environnement, EA 4689, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, 51100, Reims, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ruiz M, Darriba S, Rodríguez R, López C. Histological survey of symbionts and other conditions of pod razor clam Ensis siliqua (Linnaeus, 1758) in Galicia (NW Spain). J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 112:74-82. [PMID: 23026702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to carry out a survey of parasites and other conditions affecting pod razor clam populations, Ensis siliqua, in two beds from Galicia (NW Spain). In Galicia, the production of E. siliqua has increased in recent years due to the development of specific plans for its exploitation, however few and quite recent pathological studies have been carried out in this species. The results of this study showed the presence of different protozoa as the more prevalent group, especially Nematopsis sp. gregarines, unidentified branchial protozoa, renal coccidia and Trichodina sp. ciliates. Larval stages of trematodes and neoplastic disorders were also observed with lower prevalences. Furthermore, an ultrastructural analysis of two types of unidentified basophilic inclusions, both found in the digestive gland, revealed the presence of icosahedral viral particles and prokaryotic organisms, respectively. None of the parasites detected in E. siliqua from this study was notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the majority of the symbionts and conditions observed in their tissues did not cause host damage. Nevertheless, parasites like bucephalid digenean sporocysts, viral inclusions, prokaryotic infections, disseminated neoplasm or germinoma detected in some samples could cause moderate or severe damage to the host depending on the intensity of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maite Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Medio Rural e do Mar, Pedras de Corón, s/n, Apdo 13, Vilanova de Arousa, 36620 Galicia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Paragonimiasis is an infection caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. In Asia, P. westermani infections are relatively common because of dietary practices. However, in North America, cases of paragonimiasis, which are caused by P. kellicotti flukes, are rare. Only 7 autochthonous cases of paragonimiasis were reported during 1968-2008. In 2009, we reported 3 new case-patients with paragonimiasis who had been seen at our medical center over an 18-month period. Six additional case-patients were identified in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, and treated at Washington University-affiliated health centers in 2009-2010. We report detailed descriptions of these case-patients, which includes unusual clinical manifestations. We also describe public health interventions that were undertaken to inform the general public and physicians about the disease and its mode of transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Lane
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Choi HJ, Hwang JY, Choi DL, Huh MD, Park MA. A study of diagnostic methods for Marteilioides chungmuensis infections in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 111:27-32. [PMID: 22634519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The eggs of the Pacific oyster, Crassostraea gigas, become infertile when infected by the parasite Marteilioides chungmuensis. Histologically, M. chungmuensis infects the oyster oocyte cytoplasm, and the ovaries take on a "lumpy" appearance once infected, which lowers commercial value of the oyster. This has a negative economic impact on oyster farms in South Korea and Japan. In this study, we compared traditional diagnostic methods (histology) with two molecular-based methods (polymerase chain reaction [PCR] amplification and in situ hybridization [ISH]) to identify M. chungmuensis-infected oysters. The efficacy of PCR and ISH to identify M. chungmuensis-infected oysters was compared to that of routine histology in 100 oysters. Thirty infections were identified using PCR and 16 using histology, whereas 31 infections were identified using ISH. The ISH and PCR assays were more sensitive compared to using histology with standard epidemiological methods. We strongly recommend that early parasitic invasion should be monitored with PCR/ISH methodologies as a basis for developing effective diagnostic techniques to identify M. chungmuensis-infected oysters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Choi
- Fish Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), 408-1 Silang, Gijang, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kilcoyne J, Keogh A, Clancy G, LeBlanc P, Burton I, Quilliam MA, Hess P, Miles CO. Improved isolation procedure for azaspiracids from shellfish, structural elucidation of azaspiracid-6, and stability studies. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:2447-2455. [PMID: 22329755 DOI: 10.1021/jf2048788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Azaspiracids are a group of lipophilic polyether toxins produced by the small dinoflagellate Azadinium spinosum. They may accumulate in shellfish and can result in illnesses when consumed by humans. Research into analytical methods, chemistry, metabolism, and toxicology of azaspiracids has been severely constrained by the scarcity of high-purity azaspiracids. Consequently, since their discovery in 1995, considerable efforts have been made to develop methods for the isolation of azaspiracids in sufficient amounts and purities for toxicological studies, in addition to the preparation of standard reference materials. A seven-step procedure was improved for the isolation of azaspiracids-1-3 (1, 2, and 3) increasing recoveries 2-fold as compared to previous methods and leading to isolation of sufficiently purified azaspiracid-6 (6) for structural determination by NMR spectroscopy. The procedure, which involved a series of partitioning and column chromatography steps, was performed on 500 g of Mytilus edulis hepatopancreas tissue containing ~14 mg of 1. Overall yields of 1 (52%), 2 (43%), 3 (43%), and 6 (38%) were good, and purities were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. The structure of 6 was determined by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The stability of 6 relative to 1 was also assessed in three solvents in a short-term study that demonstrated the greatest stability in aqueous acetonitrile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute, Renville, Oranmore, County Galway, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Biofouling in marine aquaculture is a specific problem where both the target culture species and/or infrastructure are exposed to a diverse array of fouling organisms, with significant production impacts. In shellfish aquaculture the key impact is the direct fouling of stock causing physical damage, mechanical interference, biological competition and environmental modification, while infrastructure is also impacted. In contrast, the key impact in finfish aquaculture is the fouling of infrastructure which restricts water exchange, increases disease risk and causes deformation of cages and structures. Consequently, the economic costs associated with biofouling control are substantial. Conservative estimates are consistently between 5-10% of production costs (equivalent to US$ 1.5 to 3 billion yr(-1)), illustrating the need for effective mitigation methods and technologies. The control of biofouling in aquaculture is achieved through the avoidance of natural recruitment, physical removal and the use of antifoulants. However, the continued rise and expansion of the aquaculture industry and the increasingly stringent legislation for biocides in food production necessitates the development of innovative antifouling strategies. These must meet environmental, societal, and economic benchmarks while effectively preventing the settlement and growth of resilient multi-species consortia of biofouling organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isla Fitridge
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Over recent years the growth in aquaculture, accompanied by the emergence of new and transboundary diseases, has stimulated epidemiological studies of aquatic animal diseases. Great potential exists for both observational and theoretical approaches to investigate the processes driving emergence but, to date, compared to terrestrial systems, relatively few studies exist in aquatic animals. Research using risk methods has assessed routes of introduction of aquatic animal pathogens to facilitate safe trade (e.g. import risk analyses) and support biosecurity. Epidemiological studies of risk factors for disease in aquaculture (most notably Atlantic salmon farming) have effectively supported control measures. Methods developed for terrestrial livestock diseases (e.g. risk-based surveillance) could improve the capacity of aquatic animal surveillance systems to detect disease incursions and emergence. The study of disease in wild populations presents many challenges and the judicious use of theoretical models offers some solutions. Models, parameterised from observational studies of host pathogen interactions, have been used to extrapolate estimates of impacts on the individual to the population level. These have proved effective in estimating the likely impact of parasite infections on wild salmonid populations in Switzerland and Canada (where the importance of farmed salmon as a reservoir of infection was investigated). A lack of data is often the key constraint in the application of new approaches to surveillance and modelling. The need for epidemiological approaches to protect aquatic animal health will inevitably increase in the face of the combined challenges of climate change, increasing anthropogenic pressures, limited water sources and the growth in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J Peeler
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Nicholas GH Taylor
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xue-Ming L, Ying-Dan C, Yi O, Hong-Man Z, Rui L, Weil M. Overview of human clonorchiasis sinensis in China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42:248-254. [PMID: 21710843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the survey was to determine the current status, trends and transmission factors for Clonorchis sinensis infection in China and to provide updated information for development control strategies. This was part of a nationwide survey of major human parasitic diseases carried out during 2000-2002 sampled by the stratified randomized cluster sampling method. Fecal examination was conducted using the Kato-Katz thick smear method and egg count per gram of feces (EPG) was determined for the egg-positive patients. A questionnaire and a case-control study were applied to analyze the transmission factors for C. sinensis infection. The overall prevalence rate of C. sinensis infection was 0.58% in 356,629 residents from 688 sampled pilot sites in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (PAM) of China. The infection rates of C. sinensis in Guangdong, Jilin, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Anhui and Heilongjiang were higher than the other PAM, they were 5.35, 4.77, 3.71, 0.67 and 0.48%, respectively. In Guangxi, moderate and heavy infections were found in 29.14% and 11.52%, respectively, of the total infected. Heavy infections were not found in any of the other provinces except for 2 heavily infected cases in Heilongjiang. The prevalence rate increased with age for residents aged < 35 years and remained at high levels in those aged 25-60 years. The infection rate in males was 1.64 times that of females. The C. sinensis egg positivity rates in fishermen, businessmen, physicians and teachers were higher than others. Among the 38 ethnic groups, the prevalences in the Han (3.20%) and the Zhuang (3.15%) were the highest; no cases were found among the Zang, Miao, Man and other 29 ethnic groups. Significant differences in prevalences were also found among counties of different economic levels. C. sinensis infection is prevalent in hilly and plains regions of northeast and southcentral China, representing two highly endemic areas in the North and the South. An increasing trend in prevalence was seen in endemic areas. The infection was mainly detected in young and middle aged males. A higher prevalence was observed in those with a better education and a higher income. Consumption of raw (or under-cooked) fresh water fish or shrimp were the main risk factors responsible for transmission of the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue-Ming
- Guangxi Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide a risk-based predictive model to assess the impact of false mussel Mytilopsis sallei invasions on hard clam Meretrix lusoria farms in the southwestern region of Taiwan. The actual spread of invasive false mussel was predicted by using analytical models based on advection-diffusion and gravity models. The proportion of hard clam colonized and infestation by false mussel were used to characterize risk estimates. A mortality model was parameterized to assess hard clam mortality risk characterized by false mussel density and infestation intensity. The published data were reanalyzed to parameterize a predictive threshold model described by a cumulative Weibull distribution function that can be used to estimate the exceeding thresholds of proportion of hard clam colonized and infestation. Results indicated that the infestation thresholds were 2-17 ind clam(-1) for adult hard clams, whereas 4 ind clam(-1) for nursery hard clams. The average colonization thresholds were estimated to be 81-89% for cultivated and nursery hard clam farms, respectively. Our results indicated that false mussel density and infestation, which caused 50% hard clam mortality, were estimated to be 2,812 ind m(-2) and 31 ind clam(-1), respectively. This study further indicated that hard clam farms that are close to the coastal area have at least 50% probability for 43% mortality caused by infestation. This study highlighted that a probabilistic risk-based framework characterized by probability distributions and risk curves is an effective representation of scientific assessments for farmed hard clam in response to the nonnative false mussel invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Min Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Yoonuan T, Vanvanitchai Y, Dekumyoy P, Komalamisra C, Kojima S, Waikagul J. Paragonimiasis prevalences in Saraburi Province, Thailand, measured 20 years apart. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2008; 39:593-600. [PMID: 19058595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Saraburi Province, Central Thailand has been a paragonimiasis-endemic area since 1956. This study compared the prevalences of human paragonimiasis in two villages near Chet Khot Waterfall, Kaeng Khoi District, investigated in 1984-1985 and 2005. The results from the 1980s showed 6.3% and 1% of villagers were positive for Paragonimus eggs in sputum and stool, respectively. In 2005, Paragonimus eggs were not found in feces or sputum. An IgG-ELISA for paragonimiasis was conducted on 33 serum samples collected in the 1980s, 23 collected in 2005 and 25 diagnosed with other parasitic infections. Ninety percent of the samples from the eighties were positive for paragoimiasis, and 43% from 2005 were positive, equivalent to 10.9% and 4.9% of the total population examined in the 1980s and 2005, respectively. Serodiagnosis is currently the best method for detecting paragonimiasis. The positive cases in the 1980s were age 10-60 years and in 2005 were age 34- 67-years-old. The prevalence and intensity of Paragonimus metacercariae in fresh Waterfall crabs collected from Chet Khot Waterfall were significantly lower in the 1980s than in 2005. The prevalence of paragonimiasis in this endemic area has decreased to the level that no egg-producing cases were detected. No infections were found in villagers age < 30 years, despite the high density of metacercariae in the crabs, indicating a change in the habit of eating raw food among the younger people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tippayarat Yoonuan
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Downey AS, Graczyk TK. Maximizing recovery and detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from spiked eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) tissue samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:6910-5. [PMID: 17827306 PMCID: PMC2074939 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01027-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum, an anthropozoonotic enteric parasite, in molluscan shellfish harvested for commercial purposes. Getting accurate estimates of Cryptosporidium contamination levels in molluscan shellfish is difficult because recovery efficiencies are dependent on the isolation method used. Such estimates are important for determining the human health risks posed by consumption of contaminated shellfish. In the present study, oocyst recovery was compared for multiple methods used to isolate Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from oysters (Crassostrea virginica) after exposure to contaminated water for 24 h. The immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and immunofluorescent antibody procedures from Environmental Protection Agency method 1623 were adapted for these purposes. Recovery efficiencies for the different methods were also determined using oyster tissue homogenate and hemolymph spiked with oocysts. There were significant differences in recovery efficiency among the different treatment groups (P < 0.05). We observed the highest recovery efficiency (i.e., 51%) from spiked samples when hemolymph was kept separate during the homogenization of the whole oyster meat but was then added to the pellet following diethyl ether extraction of the homogenate, prior to IMS. Using this processing method, as few as 10 oocysts could be detected in a spiked homogenate sample by nested PCR. In the absence of water quality indicators that correlate with Cryptosporidium contamination levels, assessment of shellfish safety may rely on accurate quantification of oocyst loads, necessitating the use of processing methods that maximize oocyst recovery. The results from this study have important implications for regulatory agencies charged with determining the safety of molluscan shellfish for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Autumn S Downey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Devi KR, Narain K, Bhattacharya S, Negmu K, Agatsuma T, Blair D, Wickramashinghe S, Mahanta J. Pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis due to Paragonimus heterotremus: molecular diagnosis, prevalence of infection and clinicoradiological features in an endemic area of northeastern India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101:786-92. [PMID: 17467757 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the northeastern region of India, paragonimiasis is emerging as an important public health problem. However, until now the identity of the species causing human infection has been uncertain and there has been little information on the prevalence and clinicoradiological features of infection in the community. Parasitological and immunological surveys revealed that paragonimiasis was hyperendemic in parts of Arunachal Pradesh. Egg positivity in the sputum was 20.9% and 4.1% in children (age </=15 years) and adults (age >15 years), respectively. Antibody positivity against excretory-secretory antigen of the adult worm in children and adults was 51.7% and 18.7%, respectively. Chronic cough (97.2%) and haemoptysis (83.3%) were common respiratory symptoms among egg-positive cases. Chest radiography (n=68) images from egg-positive cases showed that air space consolidation (75%), cavitary lesions (14.7%) and mediastinal adenopathy (11.8%) were very frequent. Less frequent findings were nodular lesions, bronchiectasis, mediastinal adenopathy, pleural thickening and pleural effusion. DNA extracted from eggs from the sputum of patients from Arunachal Pradesh was sequenced. Analyses of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of nuclear rDNA revealed that the species responsible is Paragonimus heterotremus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Rekha Devi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Campbell K, Stewart LD, Doucette GJ, Fodey TL, Haughey SA, Vilariño N, Kawatsu K, Elliott CT. Assessment of Specific Binding Proteins Suitable for the Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Poisons Using Optical Biosensor Technology. Anal Chem 2007; 79:5906-14. [PMID: 17580984 DOI: 10.1021/ac070342o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin monitoring in shellfish is currently performed using the internationally accredited AOAC mouse bioassay. Due to ethical and performance-related issues associated with this bioassay, the European Commission has recently published directives extending procedures that may be used for official PSP control. The feasibility of using a surface plasmon resonance optical biosensor to detect PSP toxins in shellfish tissue below regulatory levels was examined. Three different PSP toxin protein binders were investigated: a sodium channel receptor (SCR) preparation derived from rat brains, a monoclonal antibody (GT13-A) raised to gonyautoxin 2/3, and a rabbit polyclonal antibody (R895) raised to saxitoxin (STX). Inhibition assay formats were used throughout. Immobilization of STX to the biosensor chip surface was achieved via amino-coupling. Specific binding and inhibition of binding to this surface was achieved using all proteins tested. For STX calibration curves, 0-1000 ng/mL, IC50 values for each binder were as follows: SCR 8.11 ng/mL; GT13-A 5.77 ng/mL; and R895 1.56 ng/mL. Each binder demonstrated a different cross-reactivity profile against a range of STX analogues. R895 delivered a profile that was most likely to detect the widest range of PSP toxins at or below the internationally adopted regulatory limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Campbell
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tun KL, Itoh N, Shimizu Y, Yamanoi H, Yoshinaga T, Ogawa K. Pathogenicity of the protozoan parasite Marteilioides chungmuensis in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Int J Parasitol 2007; 38:211-7. [PMID: 17697680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Marteilioides chungmuensis is an ovarian parasite that causes nodule-like structures to appear on the gonads of female Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. It is known that the prevalence of infection increases in summer and decreases from autumn to spring. To investigate the decrease in prevalence of infection and pathogenicity of the parasite, a biopsy method was developed to detect infected oysters, which were then monitored to calculate the mortality rate. Mortality of infected oysters was recorded monthly and changes in reproductive development observed histologically. Compared with control groups, a significant difference in mortality was observed in infected oysters in September and October. Histological observations showed that infected oysters produced oocytes continuously, even in autumn when healthy oysters were reproductively inactive. This prolonged spawning activity of infected oysters resulted in nutritional wasting and mortality. From December onwards, however, almost all infected oysters survived, though the infection persisted. Infection intensity decreased gradually from December. Histological observations revealed that, in winter, infected oysters released infected and uninfected oocytes through the genital canal. The gonad subsequently degenerated and was replaced with connective tissue, as in normal, healthy spent oysters. The results revealed that prevalence of infection decreased from September to May. It is hypothesised that the decline in prevalence within the epizootic area in autumn occurred because infected oysters died and that the winter decrease was due to recovery from infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Lwin Tun
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sri-aroon P, Butraporn P, Limsoomboon J, Kaewpoolsri M, Chusongsang Y, Charoenjai P, Chusongsang P, Numnuan S, Kiatsiri S. Freshwater mollusks at designated areas in eleven provinces of Thailand according to the water resource development projects. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007; 38:294-301. [PMID: 17539279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted at 75 collecting loci in 15 districts of 11 provinces in Thailand during 1999-2004. A total of 12,079 live mollusks were collected, 11,874 were snails and 205 were clams. The snails were comprised of 39 species and classified into 9 families: Ampullariidae, Bithyniidae, Buccinidae, Potamiopsidae, Stenothyridae, Thiaridae, Viviparidae, Planorbidae and Lymnaeidae. The clams were comprised of 14 species classified into 2 families: Amblemidae and Corbiculidae. Fifteen species were medically important snails: Pomacea canaliculata, Pila ampullacea, P. pesmei, P. polita, Bithynia (Digoniostoma) funiculata, B. (D.) siamensis goniomphalos, B. (D.) s. siamensis, Filopaludina (Siamopaludina) martensi martensi, F. (Filopaludina) sumatrensis polygramma, Melanoides tuberculata, Tarebia granifera, Helicorbis umbilicalis, Gyraulus convexiusculus, Indoplanorbis exustus and Radix rubiginosa. Of these 3 snail species harbored trematode cercariae. I. exustus harbored Echinostoma malayanum, Xiphidio and Schistosoma spindale, and R. rubiginosa and B. (D.) siamensis goniomphalos harbored Xiphidio and intestinal flukes, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pusadee Sri-aroon
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ukong S, Krailas D, Dangprasert T, Channgarm P. Studies on the morphology of cercariae obtained from freshwater snails at Erawan Waterfall, Erawan National Park, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007; 38:302-12. [PMID: 17539280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of cercariae of freshwater snails from Erawan Waterfall, Erawan National Park, Kanchanaburi Province was studied between December 2002 and August 2003. The snail samples were collected by handpicking using a counts per unit of time sampling method. The cercariae, larva stage of a trematode, were investigated using the shedding method where they were categorized into three groups and six species. The first group, Pleurolophocercous cercariae, consists of Haplorchis pumillo (C1) and Stictodora tridactyla (C3). The second group, Furcocercous cercariae, consisted of Mesostephanus appendicalatus (C2), Transversotrema laruei (C6) and Cardicola alseae(C4). The third group, Xiphidio cercariae, has only one species which is Loxogenoides bicolor (C5). Out of 1163 snails, only 62 were found to be infected by cercariae, equivalent to a 5.33% infection rate. The infections grouped by species of the cercariae are as follows: C, 22 (1.9%), C, 29 (2.5%), C2 1 (0.1%), C6 1 (0.1%), C4 6 (0.5%) and C5 3 (0.3%). The freshwater snail samples consist of four species. From a total of 1163 samples, there are 687 Melanoides jugicostis, 91 Tarebia granifera, 296 Thiara scabra and 89 Melanoides tuberculata. Infections were found in 45 (6.5%), 6 (6.6%), 1 (0.3%) and 10 (11.2%), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suluck Ukong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Doanh PN, Shinohara A, Horii Y, Habe S, Nawa Y, The DT, Le NT. Morphological and molecular identification of two Paragonimus spp., of which metacercariae concurrently found in a land crab, Potamiscus tannanti, collected in Yenbai Province, Vietnam. Parasitol Res 2007; 100:1075-82. [PMID: 17206505 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Paragonimosis is an important food-borne zoonosis especially in Asian countries. Among Paragonimus species, Paragonimus westermani followed by P. skrjabini complex are the major pathogens for human paragonimosis in Asia. In addition, P. heterotremus is an important pathogen in southern China and the Indochina Peninsula and is the only proven species to cause human paragonimosis in Vietnam. During a recent survey in Yenbai Province in northern Vietnam, we found small and large types of Paragonimus metacercariae often concurrently in mountainous crabs, Potamiscus tannanti. Adult worms from those small and large metacercariae were obtained separately by experimental infection in dogs and cats. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic study based on sequences of ITS2 and a part of CO1 genes were performed for the identification of small and large metacercariae and their adults. The results showed that small metacercariae and their adults are completely identical with P. heterotremus in morphology and molecular genetic profiles. In contrast, large metacercariae and their adults have some morphological similarities with P. skrjabini and P. harinasutai, but are unidentifiable from each other by morphology alone. Molecular phylogenetic tree analyses on ITS2 and CO1 genes revealed that large metacercariae and their adults were grouped in the same clade and different from any known Paragonimus species. Although they share the same ancestor with P. skrjabini complex, their genetic distance was considerably different from two other known subspecies, P. skrjabini skrjabini and P. skrjabini miyazakii. Our results provide a new insight on the phylogeny of the genus Paragonimus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pham Ngoc Doanh
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schets FM, van den Berg HHJL, Engels GB, Lodder WJ, de Roda Husman AM. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in commercial and non-commercial oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and water from the Oosterschelde, the Netherlands. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 113:189-94. [PMID: 16973232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia cause gastro-enteritis in humans and can be transmitted via contaminated water. Oysters are filter feeders that have been demonstrated to accumulate pathogens such as Salmonella, Vibrio, norovirus and Cryptosporidium from contaminated water and cause foodborne infections. Oysters are economically important shellfish that are generally consumed raw. Commercial and non-commercial oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and oyster culture water from the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands, were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. Nine of 133 (6.7%) oysters from two non-commercial harvesting sites contained Cryptosporidium, Giardia or both. Six of 46 (13.0%) commercial oysters harboured Cryptosporidium or Giardia in their intestines. Data on the viability of (oo)cysts recovered from Oosterschelde oysters were not obtained, however viable (oo)cysts were detected in surface waters that enter the Oosterschelde oyster harvesting areas. The detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in oysters destined for human consumption has implications for public health only when human pathogenic (oo)cysts that have preserved infectivity during their stay in a marine environment are present. Our data suggest that consumption of raw oysters from the Oosterschelde may occasionally lead to cases of gastro-intestinal illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franciska M Schets
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
da Fonseca IP, Ramos PS, Ruano FA, Duarte AP, Costa JC, Almeida AC, Falcão ML, Fazendeiro MI. Efficacy of commercial cleansing procedures in eliminating Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from bivalves. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2006; 53 Suppl 1:S49-51. [PMID: 17169065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
34
|
Yang GJ, Vounatsou P, Tanner M, Zhou XN, Utzinger J. Remote sensing for predicting potential habitats of Oncomelania hupensis in Hongze, Baima and Gaoyou lakes in Jiangsu province, China. Geospat Health 2006; 1:85-92. [PMID: 18686234 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2006.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Political and health sector reforms, along with demographic, environmental and socio-economic transformations in the face of global warming, could cause the re-emergence of schistosomiasis in areas where transmission has been successfully interrupted and its emergence in previously non-endemic areas in China. In the present study, we used geographic information systems and remote sensing techniques to predict potential habitats of Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host snail of Schistosoma japonicum. Focussing on the Hongze, Baima and Gaoyou lakes in Jiangsu province in eastern China, we developed a model using the normalized difference vegetation index, a tasseled-cap transformed wetness index, and flooding areas to predict snail habitats at a small scale. Data were extracted from two Landsat images, one taken during a typical dry year and the other obtained three years later during a flooding event. An area of approximately 163.6 km2 was predicted as potential O. hupensis habitats around the three lakes, which accounts for 4.3% of the estimated snail habitats in China. In turn, these predicted snail habitats are risk areas for transmission of schistosomiasis, and hence illustrate the scale of the possible impact of climate change and other ecological transformations. The generated risk map can be used by health policy makers to guide mitigation policies targetting the possible spread of O. hupensis, and with the aim of containing the transmission of S. japonicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro C Melo
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gómez-Couso H, Méndez-Hermida F, Ares-Mazás E. Levels of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) by IFA and PCR methods. Vet Parasitol 2006; 141:60-5. [PMID: 16720079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are monoxenous protozoan parasites that cause gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. Shellfish harvesting areas can become contaminated by the infectious stage of the parasite and humans are therefore at risk of infection either by consumption of shellfish, or by taking part in recreational activities in these areas. In the present study we determined the levels of detection, by IFA and PCR techniques, of Cryptosporidium oocysts in mussels experimentally contaminated with a theoretical number of oocysts. There was a significant correlation between the results obtained by both techniques (P<0.05). IFA and PCR were also applied to a total of 222 samples of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) destined for human consumption. In the naturally contaminated samples, we detected a 31.1% of contamination and only Cryptosporidium parvum (previously denominated C. parvum genotype II) was identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hipólito Gómez-Couso
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Graczyk TK, Girouard AS, Tamang L, Nappier SP, Schwab KJ. Recovery, bioaccumulation, and inactivation of human waterborne pathogens by the Chesapeake Bay nonnative oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:3390-5. [PMID: 16672482 PMCID: PMC1472333 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.5.3390-3395.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of nonnative oysters (i.e., Crassostrea ariakensis) into the Chesapeake Bay has been proposed as necessary for the restoration of the oyster industry; however, nothing is known about the public health risks related to contamination of these oysters with human pathogens. Commercial market-size C. ariakensis triploids were maintained in large marine tanks with water of low (8-ppt), medium (12-ppt), and high (20-ppt) salinities spiked with 1.0 x 10(5) transmissive stages of the following human pathogens: Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Giardia lamblia cysts, and microsporidian spores (i.e., Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi). Viable oocysts and spores were still detected in oysters on day 33 post-water inoculation (pwi), and cysts were detected on day 14 pwi. The recovery, bioaccumulation, depuration, and inactivation rates of human waterborne pathogens by C. ariakensis triploids were driven by salinity and were optimal in medium- and high-salinity water. The concentration of human pathogens from ambient water by C. ariakensis and the retention of these pathogens without (or with minimal) inactivation and a very low depuration rate provide evidence that these oysters may present a public health threat upon entering the human food chain, if harvested from polluted water. This conclusion is reinforced by the concentration of waterborne pathogens used in the present study, which was representative of levels of infectious agents in surface waters, including the Chesapeake Bay. Aquacultures of nonnative oysters in the Chesapeake Bay will provide excellent ecological services in regard to efficient cleaning of human-infectious agents from the estuarine waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus K Graczyk
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Environmental Health Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gómez-Couso H, Méndez-Hermida F, Castro-Hermida JA, Ares-Mazás E. Cooking mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) by steam does not destroy the infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum. J Food Prot 2006; 69:948-50. [PMID: 16629046 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.4.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of shellfish has increased considerably worldwide, with an associated increase in foodborne illnesses. Among the bivalves, the mussels are usually cooked by steam, which constitutes a typical dish in several regions. In this article, we demonstrate that this preparation is not sufficient to destroy completely the infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum. Oocysts recovered from experimentally contaminated mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were infectious to neonatal mice after cooking. Although, to date, no official cases of cryptosporidiosis linked to shellfish consumption have been reported, we recommend that people with reduced immunity avoid this type of food because they are at high risk of being infected with Cryptosporidium spp. after eating raw or undercooked contaminated bivalves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hipólito Gómez-Couso
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Cryptosporidium contamination was evaluated in areas in Galicia (northwestern Spain) where bivalve molluscs are harvested. Galicia is the main mussel-producing region in Europe. Data were collected on water contamination of effluents that are discharged into these areas. Cryptosporidium spp. were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy and molecular methods in 71% of the river water samples (n = 7), 64% of raw sewage samples (n = 11), 50% of effluents from wastewater treatment plants (n = 16), and 29.3% of the mussel samples (Mytilus galloprovincialis, n = 184). Cryptosporidium parvum was identified in all samples of contaminated mussels, Cryptosporidium muris was found in three samples of effluent from wastewater treatment plants, and Cryptosporidium baileyi was found in a sample of raw sewage. Further studies are needed to determine the parasitological quality of water in these shellfish harvesting and recreational areas. Cryptosporidium could be a public health risk from consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated molluscs and use of contaminated waters for recreational purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hipólito Gómez-Couso
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chan LL, Sit WH, Lam PKS, Hsieh DPH, Hodgkiss IJ, Wan JMF, Ho AYT, Choi NMC, Wang DZ, Dudgeon D. Identification and characterization of a “biomarker of toxicity” from the proteome of the paralytic shellfish toxin-producing dinoflagellateAlexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae). Proteomics 2006; 6:654-66. [PMID: 16342137 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify and characterize a "biomarker of toxicity" from the proteome of Alexandrium tamarense, a paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)-producing dinoflagellate. A combination of 2-DE and MS approaches was employed to identify proteins of interest in the vegetative cells of several strains of A. tamarense with different toxin compositions and from different geographical locations. The electrophoretic analysis of the total water-soluble proteins from these toxic strains by 2-DE showed that several abundant proteins, namely AT-T1, AT-T2 and AT-T3, differing slightly in apparent Mr and pIs, were consistently present in all toxic strains of A. tamarense. Further analysis by MALDI-TOF MS and N-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that they are isoforms of the same protein. Even more intriguing is that these proteins in A. tamarense have similar amino acid sequences and are closely related to a "biomarker of toxicity" previously reported in A. minutum. Unambiguous and highly species-specific identification was later achieved by comparing the PMFs of proteins in these two species. An initial attempt to characterize these proteins by generation of murine polyclonal antibodies against the AT-T1 protein was successful. Western blot analysis using the murine AT-T1-polycolonal antibodies identified all the toxic strains of A. tamarense and A. minutum, but not the nontoxic strain of A. tamarense. These results indicate that these protein characteristics for toxic strains are species-specific and that they are stable properties of the tested algae which are clearly distinguishable irrespective of geographical location and toxin composition. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the use of polyclonal antibodies against marker proteins purified from 2-DE gels to distinguish different strains and species of the PST-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium. It provides the basis for the production of monoclonal antibody probes against the "biomarkers of toxicity" for those dinoflagellates whose genome is incompletely characterized. Potentially, immunoassays could be developed to detect the presence of toxic algae in routine monitoring programs as well as to predict bloom development and movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Lai Chan
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Collins MV, Flick GJ, Smith SA, Fayer R, Croonenberghs R, O'Keefe S, Lindsay DS. The Effect of High-Pressure Processing on Infectivity ofCryptosporidium parvumOocysts Recovered from Experimentally Exposed Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2005; 52:500-4. [PMID: 16313442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Shellfish have been identified as a potential source of Cryptosporidium infection for humans. The inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum and other pathogens in raw molluscan shellfish would provide increased food safety for normal and at-risk consumers. The present study identified the efficacy of a non-thermal alternative food-processing treatment, high hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP), on the viability of C. parvum oocysts in the Eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica. Oysters were artificially exposed to 2 x 10(7) oocysts of the Beltsville strain of C. parvum in seawater and subjected to HPP treatments. The effects of the treatments were evaluated by inoculation of the processed oyster tissues into neonatal mice. High-pressure processing of shucked Eastern oysters at all pressures tested (305, 370, 400, 480, and 550 MPa) was significantly effective (P<0.05) in reducing the numbers of positive mouse pups fed treated oyster tissues exposed to C. parvum oocysts. A dose of 550 MPa at 180 s (s) of holding time produced the maximum decrease in numbers of C. parvum positive mouse pups (93.3%). Measurement of tristimulus color values of HPP-treated raw oysters at extended processing times from 120 s to 360 s at 550 MPa showed a small increase in whiteness of oyster meat. This non-thermal processing treatment shows promise for commercial applications to improve safety of seafood and reduce public health risks from cryptosporidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Collins
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24061, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Collins MV, Flick GJ, Smith SA, Fayer R, Rubendall E, Lindsay DS. The Effects of E-beam Irradiation and Microwave Energy on Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) Experimentally Infected withCryptosporidium parvum. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2005; 52:484-8. [PMID: 16313439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Shellfish have been identified as a potential source of Cryptosporidium infection for humans. The inactivation of C. parvum and other pathogens in raw molluscan shellfish would provide increased food safety for normal and at-risk consumers. The present study examined the efficacy of two alternative food-processing treatments, e-beam irradiation and microwave energy, on the viability of C. parvum oocysts in Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica), which were artificially infected with the Beltsville strain of C. parvum. The effects of the treatments were evaluated by oral feeding of the processed oyster tissues to neonatal mice. Significant reductions (P<0.05) in infectivity were observed for in-shell and shucked oysters treated with e-beam irradiation at doses of 1.0, 1.5, or 2 kGy vs. untreated controls. A dose of 2 kGy completely eliminated C. parvum infectivity and did not adversely affect the visual appearance of the oysters. Oyster tissue treated with microwave exposures of 1 s (43.2 degrees C), 2 s (54.0 degrees C), and 3 s (62.5 degrees C) showed a reduction in C. parvum mouse infectivity, but the effects were not significantly different (P>0.05) from controls. Microwave energy treatments at 2 and 3 s showed extensive changes in oyster meat texture and color. Thus, because of lack of efficacy and unacceptable tissue changes, microwave treatment of oysters is not considered a viable food-processing method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Collins
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24061, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Fish and shellfish diseases are a constant threat to the sustainability and economic viability of aquaculture. Early diagnosis plays a vital role in management of fish and shellfish diseases. Traditionally, various biochemical and serological tests have been used for fish disease diagnosis. However, the time and expertise required for such diagnoses makes it difficult for aquaculturists to easily adopt them under production conditions. Polymerase chain reaction and probe-based nucleic acid detection have become increasingly popular in fish and shellfish diagnostics. Recently, a novel technique called loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has been developed, which is highly sensitive and rapid. LAMP has been used for the detection of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic diseases in both animal and plants. In aquaculture, LAMP-based detection of pathogens like Edwardsiella tarda, E. ictaluri, Nocardia seriolae, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, white spot syndrome virus and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus have been reported. In this review, the application of LAMP for the detection of aquaculture-associated pathogens is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Savan
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - T Kono
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - T Itami
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - M Sakai
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lee HJ, Choi YW, Kim SM, Lee TH, Im EH, Huh KC, Na MJ, Kang YW. [Familial infestation of Paragonimus westermani with peritonitis and pleurisy]. Korean J Gastroenterol 2005; 46:242-6. [PMID: 16179846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human paragonimiasis was endemic in Korea until the 1960's, and nowadays, the prevalence is decreasing. However, it is still one of the important helminthic diseases. Though it is essentially a pulmonary disorder, it may involve brain, muscle, mesentery, genital tract, pleura, peritoneum, spinal cord, spleen, and liver. We experienced two cases of paragonimiasis in a family who had ingested raw crabs together for 7 months. A 57-year-old female patient was admitted due to abdominal pain, diarrhea and tenesmus for 6 months. And, her 35-year-old son complained of cough, chest discomfort and dyspnea. The definite diagnosis for paragonimiasis could be made by the detection of the egg and adult worm from stool, sputum and involved lesion. Neither an egg or worm was detected. However, they were diagnosed based on the food history, laboratory data including serum eosinophilia, ELISA for specific IgG, pleural and peritoneal fluid examination, radiological findings, and intradermal tests. They were treated with praziquantel and their symptoms improved rapidly over 2 days. Both patients were asymptomatic at a follow-up visit 2 months later.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Finch SC, Wilkins AL, Hawkes AD, Jensen DJ, MacKenzie AL, Beuzenberg V, Quilliam MA, Olseng CD, Samdal IA, Aasen J, Selwood AI, Cooney JM, Sandvik M, Miles CO. Isolation and identification of (44-R,S)-44,55-dihydroxyyessotoxin from Protoceratium reticulatum, and its occurrence in extracts of shellfish from New Zealand, Norway and Canada. Toxicon 2005; 46:160-70. [PMID: 15975615 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
44,55-Dihydroxyyessotoxin (1) was isolated from extracts of Protoceratium reticulatum and identified by analysis of its one- and two-dimensional NMR and mass spectra. In addition, LC-MS methods revealed the presence of compounds tentatively identified as (44-R,S)-44,55-dihydroxy-41a-homoyessotoxin (2) and (44-R,S)-44,55-dihydroxy-9-methyl-41a-homoyessotoxin (3). LC-MS analyses indicate that 1 is a constituent of P. reticulatum in New Zealand and Norway, and it was present in three species of mussels from New Zealand, Norway, and Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Finch
- AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Watthanakulpanich D, Waikagul J, Dekumyoy P, Muangkhum P, Praevanit R, Mongkhonmu S. Paragonimiasis in Nan Province, northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005; 36:853-7. [PMID: 16295536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two cases of paragonimiasis were identified within the hill-tribe population living on the Thai-Laotian border of Nan Province, northern Thailand, where information on Paragonimus was then still limited. The patients were in the habit of eating improperly cooked crabs and freshwater prawns. A survey for natural intermediate hosts to complete the life cycle was in progress at that time, and the detection of paragonimiasis cases indicated that there was persistence of paragonimiasis in the endemic area of Nan Province.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorn Watthanakulpanich
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gómez-Couso H, Freire-Santos F, Hernández-Córdova GA, Ares-Mazás ME. A histological study of the transit of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through clams (Tapes decussatus). Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 102:57-62. [PMID: 15925002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Revised: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A histological study was carried out to investigate the transit of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through the clam Tapes decussatus. Spat of approximately 5-7 mm shell length were maintained in a tank of natural sea water contaminated with purified C. parvum oocysts. The experiment lasted 240 h and, every 24 h, five specimens were killed, placed in Bouin's fixative, and processed routinely for histological examination. Sections (3 mum) cut from the all body tissues were stained with modified Gomori's trichrome for their accurate identification; the oocysts were detected by a direct immunofluorescence procedure. Oocysts were detected in siphons, gills, stomach, digestive diverticula, and intestine. The oocysts present in the intestine were free or mixed with the intestinal contents; therefore release of these oocysts with the feces should favour dissemination of contamination. Oocysts were found in branchial mucus and within the interfilamentary spaces, which suggests the occurrence of repeated filtrations and the possibility that the retained oocysts maintain their infective capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Gómez-Couso
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sri-Aroon P, Butraporn P, Limsomboon J, Kerdpuech Y, Kaewpoolsri M, Kiatsiri S. Freshwater mollusks of medical importance in Kalasin Province, northeast Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005; 36:653-7. [PMID: 16124433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A snail survey was performed in six districts around irrigation areas of Lampao Dam, in Kalasin Province. The survey caught a total of 5,479 live snails and classed them into five families, 12 genera and 15 species, of which 7 species are suspected of transmitting human parasitic diseases. The seven species were Pila polita, Pomacea canaliculata, Filopaludina (S.) m. martensi, Bithynia (Digoniostoma) siamensis goniomphalos, Melanoides tuberculata, Radix rubiginosa, and Indoplanorbis exustus. Of these, B. (D.) s. goniomphalos and I. exustus were found to harbor emergent cercariae. Only B. (D.) s. goniomphalos hosted several types of cercariae--Opisthorchis viverrini, unidentified species of intestinal flukes, echinostomes, xyphidio and furcocercous cercariae. Indoplanorbis exustus shed only echinostome cercariae. B. (D.) s. goniomphalos showed a rather high natural infection rate with O. viverrini, 1.3% in Yang Talat district, and 0.61% in Kamalasai district, in Kalasin Province.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pusadee Sri-Aroon
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Holland PT, Selwood AI, Mountfort DO, Wilkins AL, McNabb P, Rhodes LL, Doucette GJ, Mikulski CM, King KL. Isodomoic Acid C, an Unusual Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin from Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 18:814-6. [PMID: 15892574 DOI: 10.1021/tx0496845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An unusual isomer of domoic acid (1), isodomoic acid C (2), has been found in New Zealand shellfish contaminated by amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins and was shown to be produced by a local strain of the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis. A bulk culture of this strain was used to isolate 2. The structure was determined from spectroscopic data and was shown to correspond to that of 2 from a Japanese red seaweed, the only other reported occurrence of this compound. The affinity of 2 for GluR6 glutamate receptors was 240-fold lower than for 1, indicating low neurotoxic potential.
Collapse
|
50
|
Chan LL, Hodgkiss IJ, Lam PKS, Wan JMF, Chou HN, Lum JHK, Lo MGY, Mak ASC, Sit WH, Lo SCL. Use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to differentiate morphospecies ofAlexandrium minutum, a paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin-producing dinoflagellate of harmful algal blooms. Proteomics 2005; 5:1580-93. [PMID: 15800974 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of shellfish with paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PST) produced by toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been negatively affecting the shellfish and aquaculture industries worldwide. Therefore, accurate and early identification of toxic phytoplankton species is crucial in HABs surveillance programs that allow fish-farmers to take appropriate preventive measures in shellfish harvesting and other aquaculture activities to overcome the negative impacts of HABs on human health. The identification of toxic dinoflagellates present in the water is currently a time-consuming operation since it requires skillful taxonomists and toxicologists equipped with optical and scanning electron microscopes as well as sophisticated equipment, for example, high-performance liquid chromotography-fluorescence detection. In this paper, a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE)-based proteomic approach was applied to discriminate between toxic and nontoxic strains of Alexandrium minutum. Variation in morphological features between toxic and nontoxic strains was minimal and not significant. Also, variation in 2-DE protein patterns within either toxic or nontoxic strains was low, but pronounced differences were detected between toxic and nontoxic strains. The most notable differences between these strains were several abundant proteins with pIs ranging from 4.8 to 5.3 and apparent molecular masses between 17.5 and 21.5 kDa. Groups of proteins, namely NT1, NT2, NT3, and NT4, were consistently found in all nontoxic strains, while T1 and T2 were prominent in the toxic strains. These specific protein spots characteristic for toxic and nontoxic strains remained clearly distinguishable irrespective of the various growth conditions tested. Therefore, they have the potential to serve as "taxonomic markers" to distinguish toxic and nontoxic strains within A. minutum. Initial studies revealed that the expression pattern of T1 was tightly correlated to toxin biosynthesis in the examined alga and may be used to serve as a potential toxin indicator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Lai Chan
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|