1
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Astray B, Šípková A, Baragaño D, Pechar J, Krejci R, Komárek M, Chrastný V. Measuring Pb isotope ratios in fresh snow filtrate refines the apportioning of contaminant sources in the Arctic. Environ Pollut 2024; 345:123457. [PMID: 38341064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The remoteness and low population in the Arctic allow us to study global environmental processes, where the analysis of indicators can provide useful information about local and distant pollution sources. Fresh snow represents a convenient indicator of regional and transboundary atmospheric contamination sources, entrapping aerosols, and particulates like a natural autosampler of the environment. Lead stable isotopes are widely used to trace and monitor local and distant pollution sources. However, the behavior of Pb within different snow components is still not thoroughly studied, and its significance could be underestimated if only larger particulates are accounted for. We collected snow and samples from potential sources (fuel, rocks, coal) in three Arctic localities: Nuuk (Greenland), Reykjavik (Iceland), and Longyearbyen (Svalbard). We separated the filtrate from the filter residue through 0.45 μm nitrocellulose membranes to isolate the low-diameter particles associated with long-range transport from larger particles of mostly local natural origin. Filtrates yielded higher EFs (enrichment factor as the Pb/Al ratio relative to the upper crust) than filtration residues (80 ± 104 and 2.1 ± 1.1, respectively), and Pb isotope signals similar to fuel and coal (206Pb/207Pb are 1.199 ± 0.028 in coal, 1.168 ± 0.029 in filtrates, 1.163 ± 0.013 in fuel, 1.137 ± 0.045 in residues, and 0.985 ± 0.020 in rocks). In contrast to filtrates, the filter residues present wider ranges of Pb isotope compositions and crustal contributions and lower EFs, so we suggest that filtrate contains Pb from fuel combustion more selectively, while the residue carries a more considerable contribution of local mineral dust that can mask the contribution of other anthropogenic or distant natural sources. These findings add weight to the notion that filtrates are a more selective measure of metal deposition from long-range anthropogenic emissions compared to analyzing bulk melted snow or only filter residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Astray
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Šípková
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Diego Baragaño
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Carbono, INCAR-CSIC, Francisco Pintado Fe, 26, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jan Pechar
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1645/31a, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Krejci
- Department of Environmental Science - Atmospheric Science Unit & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, S 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Komárek
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Chrastný
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic.
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2
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Gewin V. I ski for miles in the wilderness to measure dust atop snow. Nature 2023; 621:218. [PMID: 37667059 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
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3
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Hong A, Ulrich T, Thomson ES, Trachsel J, Riche F, Murphy JG, Donaldson DJ, Schneebeli M, Ammann M, Bartels-Rausch T. Uptake of Hydrogen Peroxide from the Gas Phase to Grain Boundaries: A Source in Snow and Ice. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:11626-11633. [PMID: 37497736 PMCID: PMC10413943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is a primary atmospheric oxidant significant in terminating gas-phase chemistry and sulfate formation in the condensed phase. Laboratory experiments have shown an unexpected oxidation acceleration by hydrogen peroxide in grain boundaries. While grain boundaries are frequent in natural snow and ice and are known to host impurities, it remains unclear how and to which extent hydrogen peroxide enters this reservoir. We present the first experimental evidence for the diffusive uptake of hydrogen peroxide into grain boundaries directly from the gas phase. We have machined a novel flow reactor system featuring a drilled ice flow tube that allows us to discern the effect of the ice grain boundary content on the uptake. Further, adsorption to the ice surface for temperatures from 235 to 258 K was quantified. Disentangling the contribution of these two uptake processes shows that the transfer of hydrogen peroxide from the atmosphere to snow at temperatures relevant to polar environments is considerably more pronounced than previously thought. Further, diffusive uptake to grain boundaries appears to be a novel mechanism for non-acidic trace gases to fill the highly reactive impurity reservoirs in snow's grain boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela
C. Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Thomas Ulrich
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, Villigen
PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Erik S. Thomson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Jürg Trachsel
- WSL
Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf CH-7260, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Riche
- WSL
Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf CH-7260, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer G. Murphy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - D. James Donaldson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Martin Schneebeli
- WSL
Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf CH-7260, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, Villigen
PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Bartels-Rausch
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, Villigen
PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
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4
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Shen J, Song Y, Cheng C, Duan F, Liu C, Chai Y, Wang S, Xiong Q, Wu J. Spectroscopic and compositional profiles of dissolved organic matters in urban snow from 2019 to 2021: Focusing on pollution features identification. Water Res 2023; 229:119408. [PMID: 36462254 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Snow owns stronger adsorption capacity for organic pollutants compared with rain. Huge amounts of anthropogenic dissolved organic matters (DOMs) in the atmosphere may enter the water environment with urban snow and increase water pollution risk. Extracting stable pollution features of urban snow is conducive to identifying the urban snow pollution from the water environment. Herein, we systematically explored the spectroscopic and compositional profiles of urban snow in Beijing from three snow events by multiple analytical tools and extracted stable pollution features of urban snow for the first time. Results showed that conventional pollutants with high concentration were detected in urban snow. The fluorescence signals of humic-like and some protein-like materials, the molecular weight distributions of chromophoric DOM at 254 nm and humic-like materials, and 172 kinds of lignin-like molecular formulas were extracted as stable features for urban snow. These stable features of urban snow laid the foundation for the identification of urban snow pollution and the analysis of the impact mechanisms of atmospheric pollution sources on the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shen
- Research Center of Environmental Technology in Water Pollution Source Identification and Precise Supervision, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research and Development Center of Advanced Environmental Supervision Technology and Instrument, Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yiming Song
- Research Center of Environmental Technology in Water Pollution Source Identification and Precise Supervision, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research and Development Center of Advanced Environmental Supervision Technology and Instrument, Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Research Center of Environmental Technology in Water Pollution Source Identification and Precise Supervision, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research and Development Center of Advanced Environmental Supervision Technology and Instrument, Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chuanyang Liu
- Research Center of Environmental Technology in Water Pollution Source Identification and Precise Supervision, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research and Development Center of Advanced Environmental Supervision Technology and Instrument, Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yidi Chai
- Research Center of Environmental Technology in Water Pollution Source Identification and Precise Supervision, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research and Development Center of Advanced Environmental Supervision Technology and Instrument, Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Siting Wang
- Research and Development Center of Advanced Environmental Supervision Technology and Instrument, Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Qiuran Xiong
- Research Center of Environmental Technology in Water Pollution Source Identification and Precise Supervision, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research and Development Center of Advanced Environmental Supervision Technology and Instrument, Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Research Center of Environmental Technology in Water Pollution Source Identification and Precise Supervision, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research and Development Center of Advanced Environmental Supervision Technology and Instrument, Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Giannelli Moneta B, Aita SE, Barbaro E, Capriotti AL, Cerrato A, Laganà A, Montone CM, Piovesana S, Scoto F, Barbante C, Cavaliere C. Untargeted analysis of environmental contaminants in surface snow samples of Svalbard Islands by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:159709. [PMID: 36309265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there is increasing attention on the contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), which include plasticizers, flame retardants, industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products, since they have been detected even far away from pollution sources. The polar regions are not exempt from the presence of anthropogenic contaminants, and they are employed as a model for understanding the pollutant fate and impact. During the 2021 spring campaign, sixteen surface snow samples were collected close to the research station of Ny-Ålesund located on the Spitsbergen Island of the Norwegian Svalbard Archipelago. The samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) following an untargeted approach. Compound tentative identification was obtained with the aid of the software Compound Discoverer, using both mass spectral database search and manual validation. Among the 114 compounds identified with a high confidence level in the snow samples, >80 have some commercial or industrial use (drugs, plasticizers, fragrances, etc.), therefore they could be of anthropogenic origin. Nonetheless, a clear contamination trend did not appear in the snow samples collected on eight different days during one month. The comparison with aerosol samples collected in the same area did not help identifying the source, either, since only a few compounds were in common, and they were mainly of natural origin. As such, the analysis of aerosol sample did not support possible long-range transport, also considering that compounds were detected mostly in the coarse fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Elsa Aita
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences-CNR, University of Venice, via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics & Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Susy Piovesana
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federico Scoto
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, S.P Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute of Polar Sciences-CNR, University of Venice, via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics & Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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6
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Mantilla I, Flanagan K, Muthanna TM, Blecken GT, Viklander M. Variability of green infrastructure performance due to climatic regimes across Sweden. J Environ Manage 2023; 326:116354. [PMID: 36435133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the context of increasing urbanization and global warming, there is a growing interest in the implementation of green infrastructure (GI) across different climates and regions. Identifying an appropriate GI design criteria is essential to ensure that the design is tailored to satisfy local environmental requirements. This article aims to compare the hydrological performance of GI facilities in eleven Swedish cities by isolating the effect of climatic conditions using an identical GI design configuration. Long-term simulations based on 23-years of meteorological time-series were used as inputs for the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) with Low Impact Development (LID) controls representing two types of facilities: a biofilter cell (BC) and a green roof. (GR). Large differences in potential annual and seasonal runoff retention were found between locations, driven mainly by the extent of winter/spring season, and the distribution of precipitation patterns (for BCs) and the sequence of rainy days-dry periods and evapotranspiration rates (for GRs). Winter/spring and summer demonstrated the highest/lowest differences between the seasons, results that suggest that implications for design might be aligned to the spatio-temporal distribution of precipitation patterns, and runoff regimes generated by snowmelt and rain-on-snow events, in locations where snowmelt represent high portion of runoff generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mantilla
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Kelsey Flanagan
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Tone Merete Muthanna
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Godecke-Tobias Blecken
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Maria Viklander
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
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7
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Szuszkiewicz MM, Łukasik A, Petrovský E, Grison H, Błońska E, Lasota J, Szuszkiewicz M. Magneto-chemical characterisation of Saharan dust deposited on snow in Poland. Environ Res 2023; 216:114605. [PMID: 36265597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has convincingly shown the advantages of combining environmental magnetism and geochemical analyses for the proxy estimation of anthropogenic pollution due to their atmospheric deposition in local environments. Few studies have also focused on anthropogenic particles deposited on snow. However, papers reporting on Sahara dust particles deposited on snow in central Europe and which involve magnetic methods are missing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the magnetic features of the SDE recorded in snowfall in this part of Europe (i.e. Poland). Our aim was to provide the magnetic characteristics and chemical elemental compositions of a snow horizon containing Saharan dust deposited near the Polish Jakuszyce meteorological station during a snowfall event that occurred from the 1st to the February 7, 2021. Samples of snow with and without Saharan dust were analysed with respect to iron oxide contents (magnetic susceptibility, hysteresis loop, magnetic remanence acquisition) and compared with chemical compositions. Our results revealed the presence of both ferrimagnetic magnetite and antiferromagnetic hematite in the dust-enriched horizon, and the diamagnetic behaviour of the reference layer consisting of 'pure' snow. The samples recorded the presence of geogenic elements such as Al, Fe, Mn, and Ti, anthropogenic elements such as As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and nutrients including Ca and K. The total concentrations of geogenic elements, nutrients, and anthropogenic elements in the snow samples with deposited Saharan dust were, respectively, >3700, >320, and >110 times greater than in the samples without Saharan dust. These findings may serve as reference data for a variety of environmental magnetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magdalena Szuszkiewicz
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Adam Łukasik
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Eduard Petrovský
- Institute of Geophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Boční II/1401, 141 00, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Grison
- Institute of Geophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Boční II/1401, 141 00, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Błońska
- Department of Ecology and Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 46 St., 31-425, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Lasota
- Department of Ecology and Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 46 St., 31-425, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Szuszkiewicz
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland.
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Chen D, Luo Y, Yang X, Si F, Dou K, Zhou H, Qian Y, Hu C, Liu J, Liu W. Study of an Arctic blowing snow-induced bromine explosion event in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Sci Total Environ 2022; 839:156335. [PMID: 35654197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bromine explosion events (BEEs) are important processes that influence the atmospheric oxidation capacity, especially in the polar troposphere during spring. Although sea ice surface is thought to be a significant bromine source, bromine release mechanisms remain unclear. High-resolution ground-based observations of reactive bromine, such as BrO, are important for assessing the potential impacts on tropospheric ozone and evaluating chemical models. However, previous model studies paid little attention to Svalbard, which is surrounded by both open ocean and sea ice. In this paper, we present continuous BrO slant column densities and vertical column densities derived by Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy deployed at Ny-Ålesund (78.92°N, 11.93°E) in March 2017. We focused on one BEE in mid-March, during which the vertical column densities of BrO surged from 4.26 × 1013 molecular cm-2 to the peak at 1.23 × 1014 molecular cm-2 on March 17, surface ozone depleted from a background level of 46.25 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) to 13.9 ppbv. This case study indicates that the BEE was strongly associated with blowing snow induced by the cyclone systems that approached Svalbard from March 14 to 18. By considering meteorological conditions, sea ice coverage, and airmass trajectory history, we demonstrate that sea salt aerosols (SSAs) from blowing snow on sea ice, rather than from open ocean, are attributed to the occurrence of this BEE. Model results from a parallelized-tropospheric offline model of chemistry and transport (p-TOMCAT) indicate that this BEE was mainly triggered by a blowing snow event associated with a low-pressure cyclone system. The concentration of blowing-snow-sourced SSAs surged to peak when the airmass pass across the sea-ice-covered area under high wind speed, which is a critical factor in the process of bromine explosion observed in Ny-Ålesund. Due to the coarse resolution, the possible delayed timing of bromine release from SSA and the model-data discrepancies still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douxing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuhan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Fuqi Si
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ke Dou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Haijin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chunqiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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9
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Tsamos P, Kolias P, Lambropoulou D, Noli F. Distribution and temporal variability of uranium and toxic metal(loid)s in snow and rainwater from an oil industry and urban area in Thessaloniki-Greece. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:155604. [PMID: 35525341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of uranium and nine elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in snow and rainwater samples were determined. Samples were collected in Thessaloniki-northern Greece in three sites, one in the industrial area close to an oil production power plant and two in the centre of the city. Snow samples were collected during January-February 2019 and 2021 whereas in the case of rainwater, a two-year survey has been performed during 2019 and 2020. The activity concentrations of the uranium radioisotopes were measured by alpha spectrometry whereas the metal(loid)s concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The elevated concentrations of uranium (U) and the deviation of the isotopic ratio of U-234/U-238 from the equilibrium value indicated intensive dissolution of uranium. The results were analyzed using statistical analysis (Shapiro-Wilk, Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests). The obtained data and the calculated enrichment factors (Efs) denote variation of the concentration values between industrial and urban area and different elemental distribution influenced from anthropogenic contributions, meteorological conditions and the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Tsamos
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pavlos Kolias
- Department of Mathematics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, GR-57001, Greece
| | - Fotini Noli
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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10
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Garnett J, Halsall C, Winton H, Joerss H, Mulvaney R, Ebinghaus R, Frey M, Jones A, Leeson A, Wynn P. Increasing Accumulation of Perfluorocarboxylate Contaminants Revealed in an Antarctic Firn Core (1958-2017). Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:11246-11255. [PMID: 35881889 PMCID: PMC9386903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are synthetic chemicals with a variety of industrial and consumer applications that are now widely distributed in the global environment. Here, we report the measurement of six perfluorocarboxylates (PFCA, C4-C9) in a firn (granular compressed snow) core collected from a non-coastal, high-altitude site in Dronning Maud Land in Eastern Antarctica. Snow accumulation of the extracted core dated from 1958 to 2017, a period coinciding with the advent, use, and geographical shift in the global industrial production of poly/perfluoroalkylated substances, including PFAA. We observed increasing PFCA accumulation in snow over this time period, with chemical fluxes peaking in 2009-2013 for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, C8) and nonanoate (PFNA, C9) with little evidence of a decline in these chemicals despite supposed recent global curtailments in their production. In contrast, the levels of perfluorobutanoate (PFBA, C4) increased markedly since 2000, with the highest fluxes in the uppermost snow layers. These findings are consistent with those previously made in the Arctic and can be attributed to chlorofluorocarbon replacements (e.g., hydrofluoroethers) as an inadvertent consequence of global regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Garnett
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.
| | - Holly Winton
- British
Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, U.K.
- Antarctic
Research Centre, Victoria University of
Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Hanna Joerss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Robert Mulvaney
- British
Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, U.K.
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Markus Frey
- British
Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, U.K.
| | - Anna Jones
- British
Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, U.K.
| | - Amber Leeson
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.
| | - Peter Wynn
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.
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11
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Barandun M, Bravo C, Grobety B, Jenk T, Fang L, Naegeli K, Rivera A, Cisternas S, Münster T, Schwikowski M. Anthropogenic influence on surface changes at the Olivares glaciers; Central Chile. Sci Total Environ 2022; 833:155068. [PMID: 35413346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the source and role of light-absorbing impurities (LAIs) deposited on the glaciers of the Olivares catchment, in Central Chile. LAIs can considerably darken (lowered albedo) the glacier surface, enhancing their melt. We combined chemical and mineralogical laboratory analyses of surface and ice core samples with field-based spectral reflectance measurements to investigate the nature and properties of such LAIs. Using remote sensing-based albedo maps, we upscaled local information to glacier-wide coverage. We then used a model to evaluate the sensitivity of surface mass balance to a change in ice and snow albedo. The across-scale surface observations in combination with ice core analysis revealed a history of over half a century of LAIs deposition. We found traces of mining residuals in glacier surface samples. The glaciers with highest mass loss in the catchment present enhanced concentrations of surface dust particles with low reflectance properties. Our results indicate that dust particles with strong light-absorbing capacity have been mobilized from mine tailings and deposited on the nearby glacier surfaces. Large-scale assessment from satellite-based observations revealed darkening (ice albedo lowering) at most investigated glacier tongues from 1989 to 2018. Glacier melt is sensitive to ice albedo. We believe that an accelerated winter and spring snow albedo decrease, partially triggered by surface impurities, might be responsible for the above-average mass loss encountered in this catchment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Barandun
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Institute of Earth Observation, EURAC research, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Claudio Bravo
- Glaciologia y Cambio Climatico, Centro de Estudios Cientificos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Bernard Grobety
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Theo Jenk
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ling Fang
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Naegeli
- Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Geography and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrés Rivera
- Departamento de Geografia, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Cisternas
- Glaciologia y Cambio Climatico, Centro de Estudios Cientificos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Tatjana Münster
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Margit Schwikowski
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Allgaier M, Smith BJ. Smartphone-based measurements of the optical properties of snow. Appl Opt 2022; 61:4429-4436. [PMID: 36256281 DOI: 10.1364/ao.457976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Snow is a highly complex medium composed of ice crystals of various shapes and sizes. Knowledge of its intrinsic optical properties such as scattering and absorption coefficients is tantamount to radiative transfer models in climate research. The absorption coefficient, in particular, allows us to access information about light-absorbing particles contained in the snow. In contrast to snow's apparent properties such as the albedo, measuring the intrinsic properties is challenging. Here, we present a simple apparatus that can measure bulk optical properties of snow using readily available components and a smartphone camera, and a robust diffuse-optical framework for data analysis. We demonstrate the instrument both on scattering phantoms with known scattering and absorption coefficients and in the field. Its low cost, simplicity, and portability uniquely qualify this setup for large-scale field work, undergraduate education, and citizen science.
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13
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Liu X, Li Y, Ma K, Yang L, Li M, Li C, Wang R, Wang N, Deng L, He MY, Huang H. Spatial distribution and potential sources of arsenic and water-soluble ions in the snow at Ili River Valley, China. Chemosphere 2022; 295:133845. [PMID: 35151704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements and water-soluble ions in snow can be used as indicators to reveal natural and anthropogenic emissions. To understand the chemical composition, characteristics of snow and their potential sources in the Ili River Valley (IRV), snow samples were collected from 17 sites in the IRV from December 2018 to March 2019. Inverse distance weighting, enrichment factor (EF) analysis, and backward trajectory modelling were applied to evaluate the spatial distributions and sources of water-soluble ions and dissolved arsenic (As) in snow. The results indicate that Ca2+ and SO42- were the dominant ions, and the concentrations of As ranged from 0.09 to 0.503 μg L-1. High concentrations of As were distributed in the northwest and middle of the IRV, and the concentrations of the major ions were high in the west of the IRV. The strong correlation of As with F-, SO42-, and NO2- demonstrates that As mainly originated from coal-burning and agricultural activities. Principal component analysis showed that the ions originated from a combination of anthropogenic and crustal sources. The EFs showed that K+, SO42-, and Mg2+ were mainly influenced by human activities. Backward trajectory cluster analysis suggested that the chemical composition of snow was affected by soil dust transport from the western air mass, the unique terrain, and local anthropogenic activities. These results provide important scientific insights for atmospheric environmental management and agricultural production within the IRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yangzi Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Keke Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Molei Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Changxiang Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruijie Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Ninglian Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Li Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Mao-Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Huayu Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
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14
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Pawlak F, Koziol KA, Kosek K, Polkowska Z. Local variability in snow concentrations of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants as a source of large uncertainty in interpreting spatial patterns at all scales. J Environ Qual 2022; 51:411-424. [PMID: 35349182 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Single point sampling, a widespread practice in snow studies in remote areas, due to logistical constraints, can present an unquantified error to the final study results. The low concentrations of studied chemicals, such as chlorinated persistent organic pollutants, contribute to the uncertainty. We conducted a field experiment in the Arctic to estimate the error stemming from differences in the composition of snow at short distances (1-3 m), including 13 single organochlorine pesticides and 6 polychlorinated biphenyls, thus providing the most detailed published dataset on the subject. We contrasted this variability with the uncertainty at larger spatial scales, both within one valley (regional scale, this study) and as described in the worldwide literature. The range of values for the coefficient of variation for local samples was 20-58% for single organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 33-54% for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and for regional samples it was 21-69% for OCPs and 65-93% for PCBs. We suggest that, to observe the actual changes in the concentration of selected compounds in snow, they should vary at the level of 40-60%, depending on the compound in question. The uncertainty margin remains much smaller than the current discrepancy between observation data and atmospheric deposition models considering snow, deeming field data on snow concentrations a useful ground-truthing dataset. However, field observations on spatial differences at all scales need to be interpreted with caution, and the dataset provided here on the local sampling uncertainty helps define the margins of such interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Pawlak
- Dep. of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk Univ. of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Krystyna Anna Koziol
- Institute of Geography, Kazimierz Wielki Univ., 8 Koscielecki Sq., Bydgoszcz, 85-033, Poland
| | - Klaudia Kosek
- Dep. of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk Univ. of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Zaneta Polkowska
- Dep. of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk Univ. of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
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15
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Gaberšek M, Gosar M. Meltwater chemistry and characteristics of particulate matter deposited in snow as indicators of anthropogenic influences in an urban area. Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:2583-2595. [PMID: 32495025 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A geochemical study of snow from the industrial town of Maribor (Slovenia) was performed. Concentrations of 61 elements in meltwater were determined, and a detailed semi-quantitative and qualitative analysis of individual PTE-bearing particles deposited in snow was performed with SEM/EDS. The physico-chemical characteristics of meltwater reflect the influence of winter road maintenance (high electrical conductivity and high Ca and Na concentrations close to the main roads) and industrial activities. Particulate matter deposited in snow consists mainly of carbonates and silicates, followed by carbon-rich particles and PTE-bearing particles. A higher abundance of PTE-bearing particles is typical for the industrial zones. The size, morphology and chemical composition of 4415 PTE-bearing particles were studied. They were organised into nine groups based on their characteristics. The majority were assigned to the group of Fe-oxides, which includes mostly angular particles of unidentified origin. Several groups of particles of anthropogenic origin were determined, mainly from industrial metal-processing activities. These particles include spherical Fe-oxides, Fe-alloys, other metal alloys and spherical Si-particles. Spherical Fe-oxides are typical for the Tezno industrial zone, while Fe-alloys, namely Fe-Cr (Cu, Mn, Ni) shavings and other metal alloys (Cu-Zn (Cl, Fe) shavings) are typical for the Melje industrial zone. The presence of naturally occurring mineral particles (e.g. zircon, ilmenite, monazite) reflects the influence of natural/geogenic sources on the composition of particulate matter deposited in snow. The presented study confirmed that snow is a very promising medium for the geochemical study of urban environments, especially for the identification of anthropogenic sources of particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gaberšek
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mateja Gosar
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Jiao X, Dong Z, Kang S, Li Y, Jiang C, Rostami M. New insights into heavy metal elements deposition in the snowpacks of mountain glaciers in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 207:111228. [PMID: 32890952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric heavy metals have important environmental and health threats. To investigate atmospheric deposition and contamination of heavy metal elements in the glaciers of the eastern Tibetan Plateau (ETP), we collected the surface snow (cryoconites) samples in the Lenglongling Glacier (LG), the Gannan Snowpack (GS), the Dagu Glacier (DG), the Hailuogou Glacier (HG) and Yulong Snow-mountain Glacier (YG) in summer 2017. Samples were analyzed for concentrations and enrichment factors (EFs) of Al and trace elements (Pb, Co, Cd, Ba, Mn, Ga, Sc, V, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Rb, Sb, Cs, As, Mo, Li) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results showed that the concentrations and EFs of heavy metals (e.g. Sb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, Mo) were generally high value in YG, GS and LG, while were relatively low value in DG and HG, implying that ETP glaciers may have been affected by atmospheric anthropogenic pollutants deposition to varying degrees. Comparing the heavy metal concentrations in the glaciers with those in the precipitation of middle/eastern China cities and also the South Asian cities, we find that the glacial heavy metal concentrations were generally low level, though the anthropogenic pollutants were still significantly enriched. Taking the spatial distribution of As and Ni concentration/EFs in the glaciers and surrounding urban precipitation as an example, we find that the heavy metal pollutants were probably transported to the glaciers through three routes from the surrounding densely populated area of Asia. The MODIS AOD and NCEP/NCAR wind vector also demonstrated that the atmospheric pollutants originated from anthropogenic emissions of urban areas of both South Asia, and northwest and east China, mainly caused by the large scale atmospheric circulation (e.g. the South Asian Monsoon, westerlies and Eastern Asian Summer Monsoon). Therefore, control of these potential pollution emission sources of the surrounding densely populated areas in Asia could be important to ETP glaciers in future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiwen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50923, Germany
| | - Cong Jiang
- Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50923, Germany
| | - Masoud Rostami
- Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50923, Germany
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17
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Carlson GL, Tupper S. Ski wax use contributes to environmental contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Chemosphere 2020; 261:128078. [PMID: 33113667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in a wide variety of consumer products, including ski waxes, and are widespread persistent and hazardous environmental contaminants. We examined the environmental impact of ski wax use at an outdoor recreation area with significant cross-country ski activity by measuring PFAS levels in melted snow, soil and water following a collegiate ski race. We found extremely high levels of long- and short-chain PFAS (C4-C14) contamination in snow at the race start line (∑[PFAS] 7600-10,700 ng/L), with the longer-chain analytes (C10-C14) predominating. The complement of 14 PFAS detected in snow matched what has been found in ski wax. This snow contamination was greatly reduced at a point 3.9 km into the race. Soil at the start line contained the four most predominant PFAS in snow at a mean individual concentration of 2.81 ng/g dry weight. Control soil contained only perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), not found in other soil samples, at a concentration of 2.80 ng/g. Shallow groundwater from an on-site well contained only the shorter-chain PFAS (C4-C8), with a mean individual concentration of 4.95 ng/L. Our results suggest that ski wax use, from which fluorocarbons abrade at very high levels onto snow during a ski race, are the main source of PFAS contamination at our site. Regulation of ski wax use is warranted to reduce PFAS pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail L Carlson
- Environmental Studies Program, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA.
| | - Skylar Tupper
- Environmental Studies Program, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA
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18
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Franco ME, Stroski KM, Sims JL, Burket SR, Ashcroft C, Luers M, Brooks BW, Lavado R. Plasma Vitellogenin Reveals Potential Seasonal Estrogenicity in Fish from On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems in Semi-Arid Streams Influenced by Snowmelt. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 105:692-698. [PMID: 33040230 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effluents from on-site wastewater treatment systems can influence surface water quality, particularly when infrastructure is aging, malfunctioning, and improperly installed. Municipal wastewater often contains chemical compounds that can lead to adverse biological effects, such as reproductive impairment, in organisms that are chronically exposed. A significant number of these compounds are endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Water quality influences of on-site systems are poorly studied in semi-arid regions where instream flows are seasonally dependent on snowmelt, and when instream dilution of wastewater effluents is minimal during other times of the year. Here we examined surface water estrogenicity in low order tributaries of two unique semi-arid streams with on-site wastewater treatment systems, for which seasonal instream flow fluctuations occur in Park City, UT, USA. Water samples were collected from a total of five locations along two lotic systems downstream from active on-site treatment systems. Samples were extracted for targeted chemical analyses and to perform in vivo and in vitro bioassays with juvenile rainbow trout. Estrogenic activity was measured by quantifying the concentration and expression of vitellogenin (VTG) in plasma and liver, respectively. Plasma VTG presented elevated levels in fish exposed to water samples collected at the two sites in close proximity to on-site systems and during seasons with low stream discharge, though the levels observed did not suggest severe endocrine disruption. However, long-term exposure to these surface water could compromise the fish populations. While the sensitivity of in vitro bioassays was low and targeted chemical analyses did not identify causative compounds, the use of complementary lines of evidence (e.g., in vivo biological models) was advantageous in identifying estrogenic activity in waters influenced by effluents from on-site wastewater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science and Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
| | - Kevin M Stroski
- Department of Environmental Science and Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
| | - Jaylen L Sims
- Department of Environmental Science and Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
| | - S Rebekah Burket
- Department of Environmental Science and Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
| | - Craig Ashcroft
- Carollo Engineers, Inc. Midvale, Midvale, UT, 84047, USA
| | - Michael Luers
- Snyderville Basin Water Reclamation District, Park City, UT, 84098, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science and Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science and Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA.
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19
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Sileo NR, Dapeña C, Trombotto Liaudat D. Isotopic composition and hydrogeochemistry of a periglacial Andean catchment and its relevance in the knowledge of water resources in mountainous areas. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2020; 56:480-494. [PMID: 32951462 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2020.1814278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glacial and periglacial basins contain the largest reserves of fresh water in the world. These areas are extremely sensitive to global warming and climate change. The dry Andes of South America are characterized by large periglacial areas. This study focuses on the water isotopic composition and hydrochemistry of a typical periglacial environment of the Andes, in the Vallecitos catchment (2400-5500 m a.s.l.), Cordillera Frontal, Argentina. Detailed fieldwork was conducted between 2013 and 2017 with 240 samples collected for major ions and physicochemical parameters, and 67 samples analysed for 2H and 18O. The chemical composition of precipitation is typical Ca-HCO3, while streams and groundwaters are Ca-MgSO4 type. The isotope content of precipitation shows a wide dispersion. The snow samples are in general more depleted than the rainfall. Some springs vary their composition seasonally, associated to the melting of perennial snow patches. In general, all samples from the upper basin present depleted isotope contents related to recharge at higher altitudes, whereas samples from the lower basin show more enriched values. Intermediate compositions reflect the melting of snow and degrading ice-rich permafrost. These results will give a better understanding of the dynamics of water to manage water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia R Sileo
- Geocryology Unit, IANIGLA-CCT CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Cristina Dapeña
- Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica (CONICET-UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Crespo SA, Fernandoy F, Cara L, Klarian S, Lavergne C. First snow, glacier and groundwater contribution quantification in the upper Mendoza River basin using stable water isotopes. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2020; 56:566-585. [PMID: 32744912 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2020.1797713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Mendoza River streamflow, South America (∼32 °S), derives almost exclusively from winter snow precipitation falling in the Andes. Almost 70% of the water feeding the river originates in the Cordillera Principal geological province. In addition to the snow that precipitates in this area, there are 951 cryoforms providing meltwater to the upper catchment. Given the high inter-annual variability of snowfall and the megadrought affecting the region since 2010, it is crucial to quantify the contribution from different water sources buffering the Mendoza River runoff. Combining instrumental records of streamflow from glaciers and rivers, meteorological data, remote sensing of snow-covered areas and ionic and stable isotope analysis of different water sources, this study attempts to understand the hydrological contribution of different water sources to the basin. We demonstrated for the first time the relevance of different water sources in addition to snow in a dry period. During the melting season, 65% of the streamwaters originated from the glaciers (i.e. 50 and 15% from glaciers and rock glaciers, respectively), representing a higher proportion compared to snowmelt (17%). Groundwater input showed relatively large contributions, averaging 18%. This work offers information to develop adaptation strategies for future climate change scenarios in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián A Crespo
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, Mendoza, Argentina
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Fernandoy
- Laboratorio de Análisis Isotópicos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Leandro Cara
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Klarian
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Céline Lavergne
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados, University of Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Environmental HUB UPLA, University of Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
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21
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Bertinetti S, Ardini F, Vecchio MA, Caiazzo L, Grotti M. Isotopic analysis of snow from Dome C indicates changes in the source of atmospheric lead over the last fifty years in East Antarctica. Chemosphere 2020; 255:126858. [PMID: 32387726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) concentration and Pb isotope ratios have been determined in 109 snow pit samples collected at Dome C, on the East Antarctic Plateau, corresponding to the period 1971-2017. The Pb concentration was 8.2 ± 1.0 pg g-1 (mean ± 95%-confidence interval), with a decreasing trend from the early 1990s (the median Pb concentration halved from 9.0 pg g-1 in 1970-1980 to 4.4 pg g-1 in 2010-2017). The 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb ratios were 2.419 ± 0.003 and 1.158 ± 0.003 (mean and 95%-confidence interval), respectively. The temporal variations of Pb isotopic composition from 1970 to mid-1990s reflect the changes in the consumption of Pb-enriched gasoline in the Southern Hemisphere, whereas the subsequent increase of the Pb isotope ratios is ascribed to a shift toward the natural isotopic signature. Accordingly, the anthropogenic Pb contribution decreased from (61 ± 3)% in 1980-1990 to (49 ± 10)% in 2010-2017. The measured ratios suggest that Australia has been a significant source of anthropogenic Pb to Antarctica, even in recent times. Differences and similarities among Pb content and isotopic composition in various sites across Antarctica have been displayed by principal component analysis, indicating that the altitude and the distance from the coast significantly affect the Pb content, while the Pb isotopic signatures are not influenced by these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bertinetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francisco Ardini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Alessia Vecchio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Caiazzo
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; INFN-Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Grotti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy.
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22
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Xue H, Chen W, Li M, Liu B, Li G, Han X. Assessment of major ions and trace elements in snow: A case study across northeastern China, 2017-2018. Chemosphere 2020; 251:126328. [PMID: 32169706 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A total of 60 snow samples from 16 sites across northeastern China were collected from December 2017 to March 2018. The snow samples were analyzed for pH value, major water-soluble ions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), and trace elements (Mn, Cr, Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, and Fe). The results indicated that snow was slightly alkaline (mean pH value 7.54); Ca2+ and SO42- were the major ions, contributing up to 33.87% and 22.72% of the major ions, respectively; Pb was the dominant element, contributing up to 62.84% of the trace elements. Both the concentration of major ions and trace elements peaked in the middle or later period of the entire snow season. Enrichment factor (EF) analysis indicated that ions (NO3-, NH4+, and Ca2+) and trace elements (Pb, As, Cu, and Zn) were severely enriched by anthropogenic activities. Compared with previous studies, which sampled snow from the high altitude and latitude regions, the concentrations of most of the ions and trace elements in this study were found to be 1-3 and 1-4 orders of magnitude higher, respectively, indicating a threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Xue
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, China
| | - Weilun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, China.
| | - Binshuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, China
| | - Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, China
| | - Xiangkui Han
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, China
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23
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Li ZJ, Li ZX, Fan XJ, Wang Y, Song LL, Gui J, Xue J, Zhang BJ, Gao WD. Transformation mechanism of ions on different waters in alpine region. Chemosphere 2020; 248:126082. [PMID: 32032884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study investigates transformation mechanism of ions on different waters in Alpine region through analyzed the hydrochemical characteristics of the major ions of precipitation, glacier and snow meltwater, supra-permafrost water and river water in permafrost regions in the Tibetan Plateau under climate warming. The results showed that, The relation between recharge and discharge was the major ways for ionic transformation of each water body. Precipitation and glacier and snow meltwater are the main input sources for ionic transformation, and river water is the final output source. Different water bodies had different ionic concentrations and different hydrochemical types. However, different water bodies in different months (from June to September) also had different hydrochemical types. The water - rock interaction, reactions for ions, dilution effect and other effect for ions played an important role in the process of ion transformation. The increasing of temperature would lead to the accelerated melting of glaciers, permafrost and snow in the alpine regions, so the amount of supra-permafrost water and glacier and snow meltwater will increase, which leads to the increase of runoff. Meanwhile, the increase of temperature makes evaporation stronger. The strong of evaporation will accelerate the transformation of liquid water to gaseous water. Moreover, ion translation and water conversion are synchronous. Accordingly, ions are also accelerating transformation in the process of accelerated transformation of water body. Climate change is not only the main driving force for multiphase water transformation, but also the main driving force for the ion transformation of various water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Jie Li
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Zong-Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin/Gansu Qilian Mountains Ecology Research Center, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Xin-Jian Fan
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Ling-Ling Song
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
| | - Juan Gui
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin/Gansu Qilian Mountains Ecology Research Center, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Jian Xue
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin/Gansu Qilian Mountains Ecology Research Center, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Bai-Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin/Gansu Qilian Mountains Ecology Research Center, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Wen-De Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin/Gansu Qilian Mountains Ecology Research Center, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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24
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Han C, Hwang H, Kang JH, Hong SB, Han Y, Lee K, Hur SD, Hong S. Reliable Ultra Trace Analysis of Cd, U and Zn Concentrations in Greenland Snow and Ice by Using Ultraclean Methods for Contamination Control. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112519. [PMID: 32481633 PMCID: PMC7321221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents ultraclean procedures used in the challenging task of determining trace elements at or below the pg/g concentration level encountered in Greenland snow and ice. In order to validate these ultraclean procedures, recent snowfall and Holocene ice from northwest Greenland were analyzed for Cd, U, and Zn concentrations. The total procedural blanks brought through the entire measurement procedure proved to be negligible, compared to trace element concentrations, measured in snow and ice samples. This validates the overall practicality of the proposed ultraclean procedures, thereby ensuring the reliable measurements of ultra-trace analysis. A comparison between our study and published data shows that improper procedures employed throughout all stages, from field sampling to analysis to elevate the concentrations by several orders of magnitude, relative to the reliable concentration ranges. The risk of contamination exposure for selected trace elements appears to increase in the order of U < As ≤ Pb < Cd < Zn. Reliable measurements of Cd, U, and Zn concentrations in snow and ice allowed us to interpret the data in terms of seasonal variations in the inputs of crustal and anthropogenic sources to Greenland ice sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhee Han
- Division of Polar Paleoenvironment, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea; (C.H.); (H.H.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-B.H.); (Y.H.); (K.L.); (S.D.H.)
| | - Heejin Hwang
- Division of Polar Paleoenvironment, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea; (C.H.); (H.H.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-B.H.); (Y.H.); (K.L.); (S.D.H.)
| | - Jung-Ho Kang
- Division of Polar Paleoenvironment, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea; (C.H.); (H.H.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-B.H.); (Y.H.); (K.L.); (S.D.H.)
| | - Sang-Bum Hong
- Division of Polar Paleoenvironment, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea; (C.H.); (H.H.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-B.H.); (Y.H.); (K.L.); (S.D.H.)
| | - Yeongcheol Han
- Division of Polar Paleoenvironment, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea; (C.H.); (H.H.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-B.H.); (Y.H.); (K.L.); (S.D.H.)
| | - Khanghyun Lee
- Division of Polar Paleoenvironment, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea; (C.H.); (H.H.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-B.H.); (Y.H.); (K.L.); (S.D.H.)
| | - Soon Do Hur
- Division of Polar Paleoenvironment, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea; (C.H.); (H.H.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-B.H.); (Y.H.); (K.L.); (S.D.H.)
| | - Sungmin Hong
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-860-7708
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25
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Yuan D, Wang W, Liu C, Xu L, Fei H, Wang X, Shen M, Wang S, Wang M, Zhu G. Source, contribution and microbial N-cycle of N-compounds in China fresh snow. Environ Res 2020; 183:109146. [PMID: 31991341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The importance and contribution of nitrogen compounds and the related microbial nitrogen cycling processes in fresh snow are not well understood under the current research background. We collected fresh snow samples from 21 cities that 80% are from China during 2016 and 2017. Principal component analysis showed that SO42- were in the first principal component, and N-compounds were the second. Furthermore, the main pollutant ions SO42- and NO3- were from anthropogenic sources, and SO42- contributed (61%) more to the pollution load than NO3- (29%), which were confirmed through a series of precipitation mechanism analysis. We selected five N-cycle processes (consist of oxidation and reduction processes) for molecular biology experiments, including Ammonia-oxidation process, Nitrite-oxidation process, Denitrification process, Anaerobic-ammoxidation process (Anammox) and Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium process (DNRA). Except ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) and bacterial (AOB) amoA genes (above 107 copies g-1), molecular assays of key functional genes in various nitrogen conversion processes showed a belowed detection limit number, and AOB abundance was always higher than AOA. The determination of the microbial transformation rate using the 15N-isotope tracer technique showed that the potential rate of five N-conversion processes was very low, which is basically consistent with the results from molecular biology studies. Taken together, our results illustrated that microbial nitrogen cycle processes are not the primary biological processes causing the pollution in China fresh snow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Liya Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Hexin Fei
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Mengnan Shen
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Shanyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Mengzi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guibing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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26
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Casagrande Bacchiocchi S, Scandellari F, Wellstein C, Cavieres LA, Zerbe S. Assessing the ecophysiological response of a mountain grassland community to ski slope management through isotopic composition. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2020; 56:36-50. [PMID: 32067470 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2020.1725000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A scarce natural snow cover forces an increasing use of artificial snow on ski slopes and returns a small amount of snowmelt water available to plants outside the pistes at the beginning of the growing season. We tested if the use of artificial snow on the ski slopes and the decreased natural snow cover outside the ski slopes lead to changes in the leaf ecophysiology of dominant species in a ski area located in Northern Italy. Using carbon (13C/12C) and oxygen (18O/16O) stable isotope ratios in plant leaves, we estimated the intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and we speculated about changes in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Furthermore, carbon and nitrogen concentration, pigments and dry matter content, and the specific area of leaves were measured. We found a higher iWUE of the plants on the ski slopes than outside, probably because the plants on the ski piste are exposed to a condition close to waterlogging that can lead them to regulate their stomata differently than the plants outside the pistes. This behaviour was observed particularly in Ranunculus acris and in Tussilago farfara, for these species the water surplus on the piste may have affected the plants' gas exchanges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camilla Wellstein
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Lohengrin A Cavieres
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Stefan Zerbe
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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27
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Hermanson MH, Isaksson E, Divine D, Teixeira C, Muir DCG. Atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls to seasonal surface snow at four glacier sites on Svalbard, 2013-2014. Chemosphere 2020; 243:125324. [PMID: 31765903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During spring 2014 we collected annual surface snow from four glacial sites on Svalbard, an archipelago in the European Arctic. The sampling sites are 230 km apart from west to east, but are at varying elevations, affecting local atmospheric contaminant inputs. Samples were analyzed for 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. The western sites, Holtedahlfonna and Kongsvegen, had the highest ∑PCB flux (26.7 pg cm-2 yr-1 at Kongsvegen) while the lowest was at Lomonosovfonna, in central Svalbard (14.4 pg cm-2 yr-1). The greatest difference between sites was the trichlorobiphenyl homologue which was nearly four times greater at Kongsvegen than the eastern site at Austfonna. The most concentrated congeners at each site were PCB-52, 70 + 74, 95, 101, 110 comprising 32-39% of ∑PCB, similar to Clophen 40 which is comprised 27% of these congeners. Similar variance of these congeners in samples and Clophen 40 was verified by principal components analysis. Air mass back trajectories from likely source areas for all sites were similar, indicating no difference in frequency or distribution of PCB from long-distances, suggesting local PCB sources contributing to Kongsvegen. We found 2,3-DiCB (PCB-5) and 3,3'-DiCB (PCB-11) at all sites; neither was found in western commercial PCB mixtures. PCB-5 may be from the Russian PCB product "Trichlorobiphenyl" or is residue from production of pigment violet 23. PCB-11 may come from waste incineration in northern Europe containing various pigments. These results, in comparison to earlier data from Lomonosovfonna, suggest that PCB inputs are variable and are not declining over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Hermanson
- Hermanson & Associates LLC, 2000 W 53rd St., Minneapolis, MN, 55419, USA.
| | - Elisabeth Isaksson
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Framsenteret, Hjalmer Johansens Gate 14, NO-9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dmitry Divine
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Framsenteret, Hjalmer Johansens Gate 14, NO-9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Camilla Teixeira
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 871 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 871 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
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28
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Izvekova TV, Kobeleva NA, Gushchin AA, Grinevich VI, Rybkin VV. Distribution of Policyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a snow cover in the territory of Ivanovo city, Russia. Chemosphere 2020; 242:125150. [PMID: 31671302 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the results of a study of the content of 12 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the snow cover of the city of Ivanovo (Russian Federation). It is shown that their average content exceeds the background level by 6.6 times, which made it possible to identify for which compounds the admission channels are associated with transboundary transport (naphthalene, pyrene, benz [b]fluorantin, benzo [a]pyrene and dibenz [a,h]anthracene), and for which with local emission sources (anthracene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, benz [k]fluorantin, and benzo [g,h,i]perylene). According to the known indicator ratios of the concentrations of PAHs, the main sources of release (pyrogenic and mixed) PAHs into the environment were estimated. The combination of experimental data in combination with factor analysis allowed identifying priority PAHs (naphthalene, fluoren, fluoranthene, benzo [a]pyrene and benzo [g,h,i]perylene), which should be included in the environmental monitoring programs of the region. Environmental risk assessments are given, which showed that the level of pollutant does not always adequately reflect the environmental impact for the territories. Thus, the contribution to the total PAH concentration of benz [b]fluorantin is only 9%, and to the amount of environmental risk - 51%. This must be taken into account in order to prioritize the control of individual components of PAHs in environmental objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Izvekova
- Department of Industrial Ecology, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetiev Ave., 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Nataliya A Kobeleva
- Department of Industrial Ecology, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetiev Ave., 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Andreiy A Gushchin
- Department of Industrial Ecology, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetiev Ave., 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia.
| | - Vladimir I Grinevich
- Department of Industrial Ecology, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetiev Ave., 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Rybkin
- Department of Microelectronic Devices and Materials, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetiev Ave., 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
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29
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Scopetani C, Esterhuizen-Londt M, Chelazzi D, Cincinelli A, Setälä H, Pflugmacher S. Self-contamination from clothing in microplastics research. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 189:110036. [PMID: 31825795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-contamination should not be underestimated when quantifying microplastics (MPs) in environmental matrices. Standardised and validated methodologies for MP sampling, extraction, and analysis are lacking. The various applications of plastics in our society have made them ubiquitous, even in clothing, rendering MP self-contamination inevitable. In the present study, we sampled lake sediment, snow, and ice, purposefully wearing red overalls composed of cotton; fibres from which we could quantify using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), serving as an indication of possible self-contamination from clothes. The suitability of cotton as a representation of MP contamination was also evaluated. For all detected fibres, 25 ± 1%, 20 ± 7%, and 8 ± 6% for snow, ice, and sediment, respectively, originated from sampling attire. These findings demonstrate that self-contamination can play a significant role when quantifying MP pollution, highlighting that sampling conducted to date might have overestimated the presence of MP or even contaminated MP-free samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Scopetani
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti, FI-15140, Finland; Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen-Londt
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti, FI-15140, Finland; Korean Institute of Science & Technology (KIST Europe) Environmental Safety Group. Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Campus E 7.1 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability (HELSUS), Fabianinkatu 33, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Chelazzi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, And Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, And Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Heikki Setälä
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti, FI-15140, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability (HELSUS), Fabianinkatu 33, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti, FI-15140, Finland; Korean Institute of Science & Technology (KIST Europe) Environmental Safety Group. Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Campus E 7.1 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability (HELSUS), Fabianinkatu 33, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Sharma Ghimire P, Tripathee L, Zhang Q, Guo J, Ram K, Huang J, Sharma CM, Kang S. Microbial mercury methylation in the cryosphere: Progress and prospects. Sci Total Environ 2019; 697:134150. [PMID: 32380618 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic heavy metals, and its cycle is mainly controlled by oxidation-reduction reactions carried out by photochemical or microbial process under suitable conditions. The deposition and accumulation of methylmercury (MeHg) in various ecosystems, including the cryospheric components such as snow, meltwater, glaciers, and ice sheet, and subsequently in the food chain pose serious health concerns for living beings. Unlike the abundance of knowledge about the processes of MeHg production over land and oceans, little is known about the sources and production/degradation rate of MeHg in cryosphere systems. In addition, processes controlling the concentration of Hg and MeHg in the cryosphere remains poorly understood, and filling this scientific gap has been challenging. Therefore, it is essential to study and review the deposition and accumulation by biological, physical, and chemical mechanisms involved in Hg methylation in the cryosphere. This review attempts to address knowledge gaps in understanding processes, especially biotic and abiotic, applicable for Hg methylation in the cryosphere. First, we focus on the variability in Hg concentration and mechanisms of Hg methylation, including physical, chemical, microbial, and biological processes, and transportation in the cryosphere. Then, we elaborate on the mechanism of redox reactions and biotic and abiotic factors controlling Hg methylation and biogeochemistry of Hg in the cryosphere. We also present possible mechanisms of Hg methylation with an emphasis on microbial transformation and molecular function to understand variability in Hg concentration in the cryosphere. Recent advancements in the genetic and physicochemical mechanisms of Hg methylation are also presented. Finally, we summarize and propose a method to study the unsolved issues of Hg methylation in the cryosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakriti Sharma Ghimire
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jie Huang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chhatra Mani Sharma
- Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal; Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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31
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Hattori S, Nuñez Palma Y, Itoh Y, Kawasaki M, Fujihara Y, Takase K, Yoshida N. Isotopic evidence for seasonality of microbial internal nitrogen cycles in a temperate forested catchment with heavy snowfall. Sci Total Environ 2019; 690:290-299. [PMID: 31291607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Hokuriku district of central Japan receives high levels of precipitation during winter, largely in the form of snow. This study aimed to elucidate the internal nitrogen dynamics in this temperate forested region with heavy snowfall using the triple oxygen and nitrogen isotopic compositions of NO3-. The isotopic compositions of NO3- in atmospheric depositions (P and Tf), with terrestrial components of the soil layer (A0, S25, S55, and S90), ground water (G), and output (St) were measured from 2015 to 2016 in a forested catchment located in the southern area of the Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. Seasonal distributions of Δ17O(NO3-) showed a decreasing trend from the inputs to outputs of the ecosystem. We found relatively constant Δ17O(NO3-) values in the output components (G and St), but found highly fluctuating Δ17O(NO3-) values resulting from the seasonal variations in the nitrification activity within soil waters. Specifically, we observed a lower nitrifying activity in the top soil layer throughout cold periods, presumably due to the input of cold melted snow water. The general trend of increasing δ15N(NO3-) value from the input to output components, with the changes in denitrification hotspots from shallow to deeper soil layer, can be observed between warm and cold periods. Thus, the seasonal changes of hotspots related to microbial nitrification and denitrification could be noted due to the seasonal changes in the isotopic compositions of nitrate. The estimated ecosystem-scale gross nitrification and denitrification rates are low; however, the output components are relatively stable with low concentrations of nitrate, indicating that the plant uptake of nitrogen most probably occurs at greater rates and scales in this forested ecosystem. Future nitrogen deposition and the vulnerable dynamics of snow melting are likely to have impactful consequences on such localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Hattori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4529 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Nuñez Palma
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4529 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yuko Itoh
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Moeko Kawasaki
- Nakanoto General Agriculture and Forestry Office, Ishikawa Prefecture, 33 Ni-bu, Kojima-machi, Nanao, Ishikawa 926-0852, Japan
| | - Yoichi Fujihara
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Keiji Takase
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4529 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan; Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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32
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Mortazavi R, Attiya S, Ariya PA. Diversity of metals and metal-interactive bacterial populations in different types of Arctic snow and frost flowers: Implications on snow freeze-melt processes in a changing climate. Sci Total Environ 2019; 690:277-289. [PMID: 31288118 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arctic snow has been shown to be a reactive interface for key physical, chemical, and microbiological processes, affecting the Arctic's oxidation, biodiversity, radiation, and climate. To explore the potential links between snow-borne metal contaminants and metal-interactive bacteria, to freezing/melting processes, we performed concurrent chemical characterization, genomic, and morphological analysis of five different Arctic snowpack (accumulated, blowing, fresh falling, surface hoar, and wind pack snow) and frost flower in Utqiaġvik (Barrow), Alaska, using Montreal urban snow as reference. Several complementary analytical techniques, including triple quad ICP-MS/MS along with various chromatography techniques, thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS), high-resolution transition electron microscopy with electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (HR-TEM/EDS), and next generation sequencing (NGS), were deployed. Distinct metal composition and bacterial distribution among samples were observed. The concentration of 27 different transition, post-transition, rare, and radioactive metals were determined in molten snow and frost flower, as well as filtered samples. The range of three highest detected metal concentrations among samples were: Hg (3.294-134.485 μg/L), Fe (0.719-34.469 μg/L), and Sr (1.676-19,297.000 μg/L). NGS analysis led to the identification of metal interacting bacteria in all types of snow and frost flowers in the Arctic (blowing snow (1239), surface hoar snow (2243), windpack (2431), frost flowers (1440)), and Montreal urban snow (5498)) with specific bacterial genera such as: Acinetobacter, Arcenicella, Azospirillum (surface hoar snow), Arthrobacter, Paenibacillus (blowing snow), and Cycloclasticus, OM182 clade (frost flower). Several types of bacteria with confirmed or associated ice nucleation activity were observed in different types of snow, and frost flower including Pseudomonas genera (e.g., Pseudomonas fluorescens), Flavobacterium, Corynebacterium, and Pseudoxanthomonas. The implications of the above findings to snow-air interactions including nanoparticles, namely during melting and freezing cycles, and to probe the impact of various natural and anthropogenic activities are herein discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Mortazavi
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Said Attiya
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University & Génome Québec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Parisa A Ariya
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Omori Y, Inoue S, Otsuka T, Nagamatsu Y, Sorimachi A, Ishikawa T. REDUCTION IN AMBIENT GAMMA DOSE RATE FROM RADIOCESIUM DUE TO SNOW COVER. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2019; 184:510-513. [PMID: 31038711 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, variations in ambient gamma dose rate associated with snow cover were examined in a radioactive-contaminated site in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The ambient gamma dose rates decreased with increasing snow depth. The reduction trends were different between fresh snow (0.1-0.2 g/cm3) and granular snow (0.3-0.4 g/cm3) depending on snow density. Snow cover water content (snow water equivalent) calculated from snow depth and density was a key parameter governing the reduction in the ambient gamma dose rate. The ambient gamma dose rates reduced to 0.6 and 0.5 at 4 g/cm2 and 8 g/cm2 of snow water equivalent, respectively. Based on gamma-ray flux density distributions, the ambient gamma dose rates from the primary gamma rays decreased more compared to those from scattered gamma rays due to snow cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Omori
- Department of Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - S Inoue
- MD Program, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - T Otsuka
- MD Program, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Y Nagamatsu
- MD Program, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - A Sorimachi
- Department of Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - T Ishikawa
- Department of Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
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Rangel-Alvarado RB, Willis CE, Kirk JL, St Louis VL, Amyot M, Bélanger D, Ariya PA. Athabasca oil sands region snow contains efficient micron and nano-sized ice nucleating particles. Environ Pollut 2019; 252:289-295. [PMID: 31158657 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in Alberta, Canada, is an important source of atmospheric pollutants, such as aerosols, that have repercussions on both the climate and human health. We show that the mean freezing temperature of snow-borne particles from AOSR was elevated (-7.1 ± 1.8 °C), higher than mineral dust which freezes at ∼ -15 °C and is recognized as one of the most relevant ice nuclei globally. Ice nucleation of nanosized snow samples indicated an elevated freezing ability (-11.6 ± 2.0 °C), which was statistically much higher than snow-borne particles from downtown Montreal. AOSR snow had a higher concentration (∼2 orders of magnitude) of >100 nm particles than Montreal. Triple quadrupole ICP-(QQQ)-MS/MS analysis of AOSR and Montreal snow demonstrated that most concentrations of metals, including those identified as emerging nanoparticulate contaminants, were much more elevated in AOSR in contrast to Montreal: 34.1, 34.1, 16.6, 5.8, 0.3, 0.1, and 9.4 mg/m3 for Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Cd, and Pb respectively, in AOSR and 1.3, 0.3, 2.0, <0.03, 0.1, 0.03, and 1.2 mg/m3 in Montreal snow. High-resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy/Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) imaging provided evidence for various anthropogenic nano-materials, including carbon nanotubes resembling structures, in AOSR snow up to 7-25 km away from major oil sands upgrading facilities. In summary, particles characterized as coming from oil sands are more efficient at ice nucleation. We discuss the potential impacts of AOSR emissions on atmospheric and microphysical processes (ice nucleation and precipitation) both locally and regionally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea E Willis
- Environmental Protection Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC, J8Y 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jane L Kirk
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Vincent L St Louis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Marc Amyot
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Dominic Bélanger
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Parisa A Ariya
- Department of Chemistry and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada; Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada.
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Koehler G. Snow gauge undercatch and its effect on the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopic composition of precipitation. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2019; 55:404-418. [PMID: 31112402 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2019.1618853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of post-collection changes and snow gauge undercatch on the stable isotopic compositions of winter precipitation. Post-collection changes by evaporation or sublimation can be severe, and may be minimized, but not eliminated, by emptying collection gauges immediately after snowfall. Snow gauge undercatch caused two main effects: a small direct effect caused by preferential separation of snow particles during snowfall, and a much larger effect on the measured stable isotopic compositions of average annual precipitation as a result of under representation of winter precipitation. Despite these effects, however, we found little change to calculated local meteoric water lines (LMWL) for Saskatoon, SK, Canada. A comprehensive 27-year LMWL for Saskatoon which incorporates these effects can be described by δ2H = 7.69 ± 0.096 × δ18O - 2.22 ± 1.72 (r2 = 0.97, n = 208).
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Koehler
- a NHRC Stable Isotope Laboratory, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Saskatoon , Canada
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Lone A, Jeelani G, Deshpande RD, Kang S, Huang J. Hydrochemical assessment (major ions and Hg) of meltwater in high altitude glacierized Himalayan catchment. Environ Monit Assess 2019; 191:213. [PMID: 30852667 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Snowpack and glacial melt samples were collected to understand the hydrochemical, isotopic characteristics and the source of Hg contamination in high altitude glacierized Himalayan catchment. Both the snow and glacial melt were acidic in nature with calcium and magnesium as the dominant cations and bicarbonate and chloride as the dominant anions. The major ion concentrations for cations were found to be Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- > NO3- for anions. The atmospheric processes like the precipitation source and aerosol scavenging control the snow chemistry and the weathering of the rocks modify the hydrochemistry of glacial melt. The samples of both the snow and glacial melt were classified as Ca-Mg-HCO3- type. The concentration of Hg in snow (154.95 ng L-1) and glacial melt (112.04 ng L-1) was highest (still lower compared to the maximum permissible limit (1000 ng L-1) by WHO in drinking water) during summer season (August-September) and lowest (snow 2.2 and 40.01 ng L-1 for glacial melt) during winter (November). The results reveal that mercury concentration in snowpacks is attributed to the combined mixing of long-range transport of pollutants via westerlies throughout the year and the industrial effluents coming from highly industrial belts of Panjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Indo-Gangetic plains, and neighboring areas via southwest monsoons during August-September. However, in glacial melt, the Hg concentration was typically controlled by rate of melting, leaching, and percolation. Higher degree and rate of glacial melting decreases the Hg concentration in glacial melt. Stable isotopic analysis and backward air mass trajectory modeling also corroborate the source of precipitation from southwest monsoons during August-September, with its air mass trajectories passing through the highly industrialized belts of Indo-Gangetic plain and adjoining areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Lone
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - G Jeelani
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | | | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jie Huang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Skaar JS, Ræder EM, Lyche JL, Ahrens L, Kallenborn R. Elucidation of contamination sources for poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on Svalbard (Norwegian Arctic). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:7356-7363. [PMID: 29754295 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A combination of local (i.e. firefighting training facilities) and remote sources (i.e. long-range transport) is assumed to be responsible for the occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Svalbard (Norwegian Arctic). However, no systematic elucidation of local PFASs sources has been conducted yet. Therefore, a survey was performed aiming at identifying local PFAS pollution sources on the island of Spitsbergen (Svalbard, Norway). Soil, freshwater (lake, draining rivers), seawater, meltwater run-off, surface snow and coastal sediment samples were collected from Longyearbyen (Norwegian mining town), Ny-Ålesund (research facility) and the Lake Linnévatnet area (background site) during several campaigns (2014-2016) and analysed for 14 individual target PFASs. For background site (Linnévatnet area, sampling during April to June 2015), ΣPFAS levels ranged from 0.4 to 4 ng/L in surface lake water (n = 20). PFAS in meltwater from the contributing glaciers showed similar concentrations (~ 4 ng/L, n = 2). The short-chain perfluorobutanoate (PFBA) was predominant in lake water (60-80% of the ΣPFASs), meltwater (20-30%) and run-off water (40%). Long-range transport is assumed to be the major PFAS source. In Longyearbyen, five water samples (i.e. 2 seawater, 3 run-off) were collected near the local firefighting training site (FFTS) in November 2014 and June 2015, respectively. The highest PFAS levels were found in FFTS meltwater run-off (118 ng/L). Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most abundant compound in the FFTS meltwater run-off (53-58% PFASs). At the research station Ny-Ålesund, seawater (n = 6), soil (n = 9) and freshwater (n = 10) were collected in June 2016. Low ΣPFAS concentrations were determined for seawater (5-6 ng/L), whereas high ΣPFAS concentrations were found in run-off water (113-119 ng/L) and soil (211-800 ng/g dry weight (dw)) collected close to the local FFTS. In addition, high ΣPFAS levels (127 ng/L) were also found in freshwater from lake Solvatnet close to former sewage treatment facility. Overall, at both FFTS-affected sites (soil, water), PFOS was the most abundant compound (60-69% of ΣPFASs). FFTS and landfill locations were identified as major PFAS sources for Svalbard settlements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jøran Solnes Skaar
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), 2027, Kjeller, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Erik Magnus Ræder
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway.
- Department of Arctic Technology (AT), University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), 9171, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway.
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Thind PS, Chandel KK, Sharma SK, Mandal TK, John S. Light-absorbing impurities in snow of the Indian Western Himalayas: impact on snow albedo, radiative forcing, and enhanced melting. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:7566-7578. [PMID: 30663015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal snow cover in the Himalayas acts as source of fresh water for several Asian rivers such as Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Yangtze. Early loss of seasonal snow exposes the ice layer of the glaciers directly to sunlight, consequently leading to their ablation and alterations in discharge of glacier-fed rivers. Therefore, any alteration in the melting rate of the Himalayan snow pack can significantly affect the ecological balance in the region. Besides global warming, enhanced melting of snow, caused by light-absorbing impurities (LAIs) such as dust and elemental carbon (EC), has also been recognized as prominent cause of enhanced melting of snow in the Himalayas of China and Nepal. However, in light of vast area of the Himalayas and persistent emissions from India, studies, emphasizing the potential of LAIs to substantially affect the snow radiation budget of snow cover in IWHs, are still scanty. Therefore, in this study, field campaigns were made on three glaciers, i.e., Hamta, Beas Kund, and Deo Tibba, in IWHs to collect snow samples for estimation of LAIs. Snow of the studied glaciers was observed to be contaminated with 13.02 to 74.57 ng/g of EC and 32.14 to 216.54 μg/g of dust. Albedo simulations done using SNow and ICe Aerosol Radiation (SNICAR) model indicated that besides the changes caused by increased grain size, EC and dust, cumulatively induced 0.60 to 32.65% reduction in albedo of snow. Further assessment, constrained by measurements, illustrated that radiative forcing (RF), of 1.8 to 80 W/m2, was instigated due to enhanced thermal absorption of snow. Ten hours of daily mean RFs in this range could correspond to 3 to 9.65 mm/d of snow melt and contribute significantly in reducing the seasonal snow cover in IWHs. Considering the consequences of LAIs-induced snow melt and lack of in situ observations in the IWHs, the outcomes of this study could assist researchers and policy makers in developing efficient climate models and framing mitigation measures, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Siby John
- Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Wang X, Chen M, Gong P, Wang C. Perfluorinated alkyl substances in snow as an atmospheric tracer for tracking the interactions between westerly winds and the Indian Monsoon over western China. Environ Int 2019; 124:294-301. [PMID: 30660842 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Snow is an efficient scavenger for the deposition of contaminants. Atmospheric transport and snow deposition jointly control the distribution of pollutants in remote mountain/polar regions. But can the contaminants contained within snow be used to reflect the interactions of air circulation patterns? The physicochemical properties of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are unique because of their high water solubilities. Taking advantage of this, 15 surface-snow and 3 snow-pit samples were collected across a vast area of western China (spanning 20° of latitude and 25° of longitude), to investigate the concentrations, composition profiles (fingerprints), and deposition fluxes of PFASs. Both a high concentration (3974 pg/L) and deposition flux (4.0 μg/m2/yr) for a total of 16 PFASs were found in the snow at Yulong, the most southern sample site, possibly because of its close proximity to source regions of pollutants in South Asia and high rate of snow deposition. Perfluorobutanoic acid was the most commonly found chemical in snow, but in general the PFAS composition in the snow of western China showed large spatial differences, with long-chain (C > 10) PFASs being relatively dominant in the north and west of the region and short-chain (C < 6) PFASs in the south and east. On the basis of the different compositions of PFASs in the snow of western China and the previously reported features of pollutant sources in Europe and India, we found that PFASs in snow can be used as an atmospheric tracer for tracking the interactions between westerly winds and the Indian Monsoon. The belt along 33°N is a key location where both the Indian Monsoon and westerly winds can arrive/interact; however, the contribution of the monsoon was found to be above 70%, while that of the westerly winds can be lower than 30%. The western part of the 33°N belt was found to be more vulnerable to the Indian Monsoon, and could be grouped into the monsoon domain, while the influence of the westerly winds increased from west to east along the belt. This finding is opposite to previous results, which reported that the western part of the 33°N belt was mainly under the influence of the westerly winds, and for the first time quantifies the relative contribution of westerly winds and the Indian Monsoon to the atmospheric transport of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mengke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Du X, Fang M, Lv H, Cheng T, Hong P, Liu C. Effect of snowmelt infiltration on groundwater recharge in a seasonal soil frost area: a case study in Northeast China. Environ Monit Assess 2019; 191:151. [PMID: 30739246 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of spring snowmelt infiltration in a seasonal soil frost area on groundwater recharge was evaluated by systematically monitoring meteorological factors, soil temperature and humidity, groundwater table and temperature, electrical conductivity, and the value of δ18O in a small field site over a 2-year period. The variation of soil temperature and humidity, groundwater table during the freezing period, and the snowmelt period respectively, as well as their correspondence to the relevant environmental factors, and the influencing factors of the permeability of frozen layer were analyzed. The results showed that the evaluation of precipitation infiltration in seasonal soil frost areas should be divided into three stages: a non-freezing period, a freezing period, and a snowmelt period. Snow is the main form of precipitation during the freezing period, and groundwater cannot be recharged. During the snowmelt period of spring, the snow cover that accumulated during the freezing period infiltrates together with rainfall and has a significant effect on groundwater recharge. The general precipitation infiltration process occurs after the frozen soil thaws completely. These research results can improve the accuracy of groundwater recharge calculations for snowmelt infiltration in the seasonal soil frost area of Northeast China and provide a scientific basis for the evaluation and management of regional water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Min Fang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Tingting Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Peidong Hong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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Lyons R, Togashi T, Bowyer C. Environmental conditions affecting re-release from particulate matter of 4-Nonylphenol into an aqueous medium. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:350-360. [PMID: 30548327 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
4-nonylphenol is a persistent organic pollutant with endocrine-disrupting properties. A nonpolar product of microbial degradation derived from the surfactant nonylphenol polyethoxylate, 4-nonylphenol is capable of long-range transport attached to particulates. Bioactive concentrations of 4-nonylphenol have been found in the surface water, soils, snow, and particulate matter of the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains (USA) hundreds of miles from their origins. As a result of particulate deposition, seasonal and glacial snow pack concentrations measured 20 to 100 times higher than in surface waters. Batch desorption assays were run on particulate matter dosed with 4-nonylphenol. Desorption was measured in 63 to 500 μm particles under 2 different temperature conditions with varying fractions of organic carbon in turbulent or undisturbed states. Lower temperatures (4 °C) decreased the mean percentage of 4-nonylphenol released from particulates in disturbed and undisturbed conditions, whereas the mean percentage of 4-nonylphenol released at 20 °C was reduced by agitation. The effect of agitation at 4 °C was not practically or statistically significant. Particulates with a higher percentage of organic carbon (75%) released very little of the bound 4-nonylphenol (0.53%) compared with particulates containing 4 to 5% of organic carbon that released up to 13%. Larger particles released the least amount of 4-nonylphenol, whereas smaller particles released the most amount. Water and sediment samples taken from below the Palisades Glacier in the Sierra Nevada Mountains showed the greatest 4-nonylphenol concentrations directly below the glacier, implying that glacial particulates will release adsorbed 4-nonylphenol. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:350-360. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lyons
- University of Redlands, College of Arts and Sciences-Chemistry, Redlands, California, USA
| | - Trevor Togashi
- University of Redlands, College of Arts and Sciences-Chemistry, Redlands, California, USA
| | - Chad Bowyer
- University of Redlands, College of Arts and Sciences-Chemistry, Redlands, California, USA
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Thakur RC, Thamban M. Influence of gaseous and particulate species on neutralization processes of polar aerosol and snow - A case study from Ny-Ålesund. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 76:12-25. [PMID: 30528003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The inter-conversion of nitrogen and sulfur species between the gas and particulate phases and their interaction with alkaline species influences the acidity of the aerosols and surface snow. To better understand these processes, a short field campaign was undertaken in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, during 13th April 2012 to 24th April 2012. Air measurements were carried out through a particulate sampler equipped with denuders and filter packs for simultaneous collection of trace gases (HNO3, NO2, SO2 and reactive nitrogen compounds) and aerosols, with daily collection of snow samples. Ionic composition of the samples was analyzed using ion chromatography technique. The results suggested that nitrate-rich aerosols are formed when PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate) disassociates to form NO2 and HNO3 which further hydrolyzes to form pNO3- (particulate nitrate). This resulted in a high contribution of pNO3- (62%) to the total nitrogen budget over the study area. The acidity of the aerosols and snow evaluated through cation/anion ratio (C/A) indicated alkaline conditions with C/A>2. The bicarbonates/carbonates of Mg2+ played an important role in neutralization processes of surface snow while the role of NH3 was dominant in aerosol neutralization processes. Such neutralization processes can increase the aerosol hygroscopicity causing warming. Chloride depletion in the snow was significant as compared to the aerosols, indicating two important processes, scavenging of coarse sea salt by the snow and gaseous adsorption of SO2 on the snow surface. However, a more systematic and long term study is required for a better understanding of the neutralization processes and chemical inter-conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline C Thakur
- ESSO - National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa 403804, India.
| | - Meloth Thamban
- ESSO - National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa 403804, India
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Wu Q. Effects of snow depth manipulation on the releases of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from the foliar litter of two temperate tree species. Sci Total Environ 2018; 643:1357-1365. [PMID: 30189552 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of snow depth on litter decomposition in cold regions has attracted substantial attention, but the importance of snow depth to the releases of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The releases of C, N, and P from the foliar litter of Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica in response to snow depth changes were examined for 12 months in a temperate forest of Northeast China via a snow depth manipulation experiment that included snow-addition (SA), snow-removal (SR), and control (CK) treatments. We found that the SA treatment promoted the releases of C, N, and P from the foliar litter during the snow-covered season but slowed these processes during the following snow-free season; however, the SR treatment produced the opposite results. Compared with the CK treatment, the SA treatment increased the annual releases of C, N, and P by 2.52%, 0.50%, and 4.68%, respectively, whereas the SR treatment decreased the corresponding values. The elemental release during the snow-covered season was associated with the freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) and microbial biomass, whereas that during the snow-free season was mainly controlled by the temperature of the litter layer. Our findings indicated that the snow depth promoted the releases of C, N and P from the foliar litter of the two tree species, especially during the snow-covered season. These results deepen the understanding of the biogeochemical cycling in cold regions under global climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqian Wu
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China..
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Vecchiato M, Barbaro E, Spolaor A, Burgay F, Barbante C, Piazza R, Gambaro A. Fragrances and PAHs in snow and seawater of Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard): Local and long-range contamination. Environ Pollut 2018; 242:1740-1747. [PMID: 30061079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polar regions are fragile ecosystems threatened by both long-range pollution and local human contamination. In this context, the environmental distribution of the Personal Care Products (PCPs) represent a major knowledge gap. Following preliminary Antarctic studies, Fragrance Materials (FMs) were analyzed in the seawater and snow collected in the area of Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, to investigate local and long-range contamination. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), including Retene, were determined in parallel to help the identification of the governing processes. Concentrations of FMs up to 72 ng L-1 were detected in the surface snow near the settlement and at increasing distances, in relation to the prevailing winds. PAHs follow a similar scheme, with levels of Retene up to 1.8 μg L-1, likely deriving from the occurrence of this compound in the coal dust due to the previous mining activities in the area. The snow seasonal deposition of FMs and PAHs was estimated in a snowpit dug at the top of the Austre Brøggerbreen glacier, indicating the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vecchiato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Francois Burgay
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
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Zou X, Hou S, Liu K, Yu J, Zhang W, Pang H, Hua R, Mayewski P. Uranium record from a 3 m snow pit at Dome Argus, East Antarctica. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206598. [PMID: 30379958 PMCID: PMC6209333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the distribution and transport of Uranium is important because it can lead to both chemical and radiological toxicity. This study presents the Uranium concentrations time series from 1964 to 2009 obtained from a 3 m deep snow pit at Dome Argus, East Antarctic Plateau. The data shows that Uranium concentrations vary from 0.0067 pg g-1 to 0.12 pg g-1, with a mean concentration of 0.044 pg g-1. Its mean concentration is 2-3 folds lower than at West Antarctica study sites, such as the Antarctic Peninsula (mean 0.12 pg g-1), IC-6 (Ice Core-6) (mean 0.11 pg g-1) and a suite of ice cores from the US ITASE traverse. Before the mid-1980s, the varieties of Uranium concentrations are relatively stable, with a very low mean concentration of 0.016 pg g-1and its main source is sea salt deposition, while a small number of anthropogenic sources are likely to be caused by Uranium mining operations in South Africa. A remarkable increase of Uranium concentrations has occurred since the mid-1980s (by a factor of ~ 9) compared with the amount before the mid-1980s. This increase coincides with the Uranium records at IC-6 and Antarctic Peninsula (DP-07-01) during the same period, and are mostly attributed to Uranium mining operations in Australia as a potential primary anthropogenic Uranium source. Our observations suggest that Uranium pollution in the atmosphere might have already become a global phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zou
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shugui Hou
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Liu
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhai Yu
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangbin Zhang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxi Pang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Hua
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Paul Mayewski
- Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
- School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
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Casal P, Castro-Jiménez J, Pizarro M, Katsoyiannis A, Dachs J. Seasonal soil/snow-air exchange of semivolatile organic pollutants at a coastal arctic site (Tromsø, 69°N). Sci Total Environ 2018; 636:1109-1116. [PMID: 29913573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soils are a major reservoir of semivolatile organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and exert a control on their atmospheric occurrence. We present here an assessment of the atmospheric occurrence and seasonality of soil/snow-air partitioning and exchange of PCBs, PAHs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the arctic city Tromsø, northern Norway. The fugacities of the organic pollutants in soils and snow were determined using a soil fugacity sampler by equilibrating the air concentrations with those in the surface soil/snow. The concentrations in soils did not show a significant seasonality. Conversely, the ambient air concentrations and the soil (or snow) fugacity showed a clear seasonality for PCBs, HCH, HCB and some PAHs, related to temperature. Fugacities in soil/snow were correlated with those in the ambient gas phase, suggesting a close seasonal air-soil/snow coupling. Generally, there was a net deposition or close to equilibrium conditions during the winter, which contrasts with the net volatilization observed during the warmer periods. The chemicals with lower octanol-air partition coefficients showed a larger tendency for being volatilized and thus remobilized from this coastal arctic environment. Conversely, the more hydrophobic compounds were close to air-soil/snow equilibrium or showed a net deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Casal
- Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Javier Castro-Jiménez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Aix Marseille Univ, University de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Mariana Pizarro
- Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
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Lebedev AT, Mazur DM, Polyakova OV, Kosyakov DS, Kozhevnikov AY, Latkin TB, Andreeva Yu I, Artaev VB. Semi volatile organic compounds in the snow of Russian Arctic islands: Archipelago Novaya Zemlya. Environ Pollut 2018; 239:416-427. [PMID: 29679939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination of the Arctic has widely been used as a worldwide pollution marker. Various classes of organic pollutants such as pesticides, personal care products, PAHs, flame retardants, biomass burning markers, and many others emerging contaminants have been regularly detected in Arctic samples. Although numerous papers have been published reporting data from the Canadian, Danish, and Norwegian Arctic regions, the environmental situation in Russian Arctic remains mostly underreported. Snow analysis is known to be used for monitoring air pollution in the regions with cold climate in both short-term and long-term studies. This paper presents the results of a nontargeted study on the semivolatile organic compounds detected and identified in snow samples collected at the Russian Artic Archipelago Novaya Zemlya in June 2016. Gas chromatography coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer enabled the simultaneous detection and quantification of a variety of pollutants including those from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority pollutants list, emerging contaminants (plasticizers, flame retardants-only detection), as well as the identification of novel Arctic organic pollutants, (e.g., fatty acid amides and polyoxyalkanes). The possible sources of these novel pollutants are also discussed. GC-HRMS enabled the detection and identification of emerging contaminants and novel organic pollutants in the Arctic, e.g., fatty amides and polyoxyalkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Lebedev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia.
| | - D M Mazur
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - O V Polyakova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D S Kosyakov
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - A Yu Kozhevnikov
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - T B Latkin
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - I Andreeva Yu
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - V B Artaev
- LECO Corporation, 3000 Lakeview Avenue, St. Joseph, MI, USA
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Gustaytis MA, Myagkaya IN, Chumbaev AS. Hg in snow cover and snowmelt waters in high-sulfide tailing regions (Ursk tailing dump site, Kemerovo region, Russia). Chemosphere 2018; 202:446-459. [PMID: 29579679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Gold-bearing polymetallic Cu-Zn deposits of sulphur-pyrite ores were discovered in the Novo-Ursk region in the 1930s. The average content of mercury (Hg) was approximately 120 μg/g at the time. A comprehensive study of Hg distribution in waste of metal ore enrichment industry was carried out in the cold season on the tailing dump site and in adjacent areas. Mercury concentration in among snow particulate, dissolved and colloid fractions was determined. The maximal Hg content in particulate fraction from the waste tailing site ranged 230-573 μg/g. Such indices as the frequency of aerosol dust deposition events per units of time and area, enrichment factor and the total load allowed to establish that the territory of the tailing waste dump site had a snow cover highly contaminated with dust deposited at a rate of 247-480 mg/(m2∙day). Adjacent areas could be considered as area with low Hg contamination rate with average deposition rate of 30 mg/(m2∙day). The elemental composition of the aerosol dust depositions was determined as well, which allowed to reveal the extent of enrichment waste dispersion throughout adjacent areas. The amount of Hg entering environment with snowmelt water discharge was estimated. As a result of snowmelting, in 2014 the nearest to the dump site hydrographic network got Hg as 7.1 g with colloids and as 5880 g as particles. The results obtained allowed to assess the degree of Hg contamination of areas under the impact of metal enrichment industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gustaytis
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Str., 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - I N Myagkaya
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - A S Chumbaev
- Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'eva Ave., 8/2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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49
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Parrott JL, Marentette JR, Hewitt LM, McMaster ME, Gillis PL, Norwood WP, Kirk JL, Peru KM, Headley JV, Wang Z, Yang C, Frank RA. Meltwater from snow contaminated by oil sands emissions is toxic to larval fish, but not spring river water. Sci Total Environ 2018; 625:264-274. [PMID: 29289775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To assess the toxicity of winter-time atmospheric deposition in the oil sands mining area of Northern Alberta, embryo-larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to snowmelt samples. Snow was collected in 2011-2014 near (<7km) oil sands open pit mining operations in the Athabasca River watershed and at sites far from (>25km) oil sands mining. Snow was shipped frozen back to the laboratory, melted, and amended with essential ions prior to testing. Fertilized fathead minnow eggs were exposed (<24h post-fertilization to 7-16days post-hatch) to a range of 25%-100% snowmelt. Snow samples far from (25-277km away) surface mining operations and upgrading facilities did not affect larval fathead minnow survival at 100%. Snow samples from sites near surface mining and refining activities (<7km) showed reduced larval minnow survival. There was some variability in the potencies of snow year-to-year from 2011 to 2014, and there were increases in deformities in minnows exposed to snow from 1 site on the Steepbank River. Although exposure to snowmelt from sites near oil sands surface mining operations caused effects in larval fish, spring melt water from these same sites in late March-May of 2010, 2013 and 2014 showed no effects on larval survival when tested at 100%. Snow was analyzed for metals, total naphthenic acid concentrations, parent PAHs and alkylated PAHs. Naphthenic acid concentrations in snow were below those known to affect fish larvae. Concentrations of metals in ion-amended snow were below published water quality guideline concentrations. Compared to other sites, the snowmelt samples collected close to mining and upgrading activities had higher concentrations of PAHs and alkylated PAHs associated with airborne deposition of fugitive dusts from mining and coke piles, and in aerosols and particles from stack emissions. CAPSULE Snow collected close to oil sands surface mining sites is toxic to larval fathead minnows in the lab; however spring melt water samples from the same sites do not reduce larval fish survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada.
| | - J R Marentette
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - L M Hewitt
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - M E McMaster
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - P L Gillis
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - W P Norwood
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - J L Kirk
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - K M Peru
- National Hydrology Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon S7N 3H5, SK, Canada
| | - J V Headley
- National Hydrology Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon S7N 3H5, SK, Canada
| | - Z Wang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, River Road, Ottawa K1A 0H2 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - C Yang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, River Road, Ottawa K1A 0H2 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - R A Frank
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
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Mann EA, Ziegler SE, Steffen A, O'Driscoll NJ. Increasing chloride concentration causes retention of mercury in melted Arctic snow due to changes in photoreduction kinetics. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 68:122-129. [PMID: 29908731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) in the Arctic is a significant concern due to its bioaccumulative and neurotoxic properties, and the sensitivity of Arctic environments. Previous research has found high levels of Hg in snowpacks with high chloride (Cl-) concentrations. We hypothesised that Cl- would increase Hg retention by decreasing Hg photoreduction to Hg(0) in melted Arctic snow. To test this, changes in Hg photoreduction kinetics in melted Alert, NU snow were quantified with changing Cl- concentration and UV intensity. Snow was collected and melted in Teflon bottles in May 2014, spiked with 0-10μg/g Cl-, and irradiated with 3.52-5.78W·m-2 UV (280-400nm) radiation in a LuzChem photoreactor. Photoreduction rate constants (k) (0.14-0.59hr-1) had positive linear relationships with [Cl-], while photoreduced Hg amounts (Hg(II)red) had negative linear relationships with [Cl-] (1287-64pg in 200g melted snow). Varying UV and [Cl-] both altered Hg(II)red amounts, with more efficient Hg stabilisation by Cl- at higher UV intensity, while k can be predicted by Cl- concentration and/or UV intensity, depending on experimental parameters. Overall, with future projections for greater snowpack Cl- loading, our experimental results suggest that more Hg could be delivered to Arctic aquatic ecosystems by melted snow (smaller Hg(II)red expected), but the Hg in the melted snow that is photoreduced may do so more quickly (larger k expected).
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mann
- Department of Environmental Science, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada; Environmental Science Programme, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - S E Ziegler
- Environmental Science Programme, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - A Steffen
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Air Quality Research Division, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - N J O'Driscoll
- Department of Environmental Science, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
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