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Robinson CE, Elvidge CK, Frank RA, Headley JV, Hewitt LM, Little AG, Robinson SA, Trudeau VL, Vander Meulen IJ, Orihel DM. Naphthenic acid fraction compounds reduce the reproductive success of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) by affecting offspring viability. Environ Pollut 2023; 316:120455. [PMID: 36270565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the toxicity of organic compounds in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is necessary to inform the development of environmental guidelines related to wastewater management in Canada's oil sands region. In the present study, we investigated the effects of naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs), one of the most toxic components of OSPW, on mating behaviour, fertility, and offspring viability in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica). Wild adult wood frogs were exposed separately from the opposite sex to 0, 5, or 10 mg/L of OSPW-derived NAFCs for 24 h and then combined in outdoor lake water mesocosms containing the same NAFC concentrations (n = 2 males and 1 female per mesocosm, n = 3 mesocosms per treatment). Mating events were recorded for 48 h and egg masses were measured to determine adult fertility. NAFC exposure had no significant effect on mating behaviour (probability of amplexus and oviposition, amplexus and oviposition latency, total duration of amplexus and number of amplectic events) or fertility (fertilization success and clutch size). Tadpoles (50 individuals per mesocosm at hatching, and 15 individuals per mesocosm from 42 d post-hatch) were reared in the same mesocosms under chronic NAFC exposure until metamorphic climax (61-85 d after hatching). Offspring exposed to 10 mg/L NAFCs during development were less likely to survive and complete metamorphosis, grew at a reduced rate, and displayed more frequent morphological abnormalities. These abnormalities included limb anomalies at metamorphosis, described for the first time after NAFC exposure. The results of this study suggest that NAFCs reduce wood frog reproductive success through declines in offspring viability and therefore raise the concern that exposure to NAFCs during reproduction and development may affect the recruitment of native amphibian populations in the oil sands region.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Robinson
- Department of Biology, Queen's University; Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - C K Elvidge
- Department of Biology, Queen's University; Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - R A Frank
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - J V Headley
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - L M Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - A G Little
- Department of Biology, Queen's University; Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - S A Robinson
- Ecotoxicoloy and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0H3, Ontario, Canada
| | - V L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - I J Vander Meulen
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 3H5, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - D M Orihel
- Department of Biology, Queen's University; Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada; School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University; Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Vignet C, Frank RA, Yang C, Wang Z, Shires K, Bree M, Sullivan C, Norwood WP, Hewitt LM, McMaster ME, Parrott JL. Long-term effects of an early-life exposure of fathead minnows to sediments containing bitumen. Part I: Survival, deformities, and growth. Environ Pollut 2019; 251:246-256. [PMID: 31082609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of a short exposure to natural sediments within the Athabasca oil sand formation to critical stages of embryo-larval development in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Three different sediments were used: Ref sediment from the upper Steepbank River tested at 3 g/L (containing 12.2 ng/g ∑PAHs), and two bitumen-rich sediments tested at 1 and 3 g/L; one from the Ells River (Ells downstream, 6480 ng/g ∑PAHs) and one from the Steepbank River (Stp downstream, 4660 ng/g ∑PAHs). Eggs and larvae were exposed to sediments for 21 days, then transferred to clean water for a 5-month grow-out and recovery period. Larval fish had significantly decreased survival after exposure to 3 g/L sediment from Stp downstream, and decreased growth (length and weight at 16 days post hatch) in Ells and Stp downstream sediments at both 1 and 3 g/L. Decreased tail length was a sensitive endpoint in larval fish exposed to Ells and Stp downstream sediments for 21 days compared to Ref sediment. After the grow-out in clean water, all growth effects from the bitumen-containing sediments recovered, but adult fish from Stp downstream 3 g/L sediment had significant increases in jaw deformities. The study shows the potential for fish to recover from the decreased growth effects caused by sediments containing oil sands-related compounds, but that some effects of the early-life sediment exposure occur later on in adult fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vignet
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - R A Frank
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - C Yang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Z Wang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - K Shires
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - M Bree
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - C Sullivan
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - W P Norwood
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - L M Hewitt
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - M E McMaster
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - J L Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada.
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Bauer AE, Frank RA, Headley JV, Milestone CB, Batchelor S, Peru KM, Rudy MD, Barrett SE, Vanderveen R, Dixon DG, Hewitt LM. A preparative method for the isolation and fractionation of dissolved organic acids from bitumen-influenced waters. Sci Total Environ 2019; 671:587-597. [PMID: 30933815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The surface mining of oil sands north of Fort McMurray, Alberta produces considerable tailings waste that is stored in large tailings ponds on industrial lease sites. Viable strategies for the detoxification of oil sands process affected water (OSPW) are under investigation. In order to assess the toxic potential of the suite of dissolved organics in OSPW, a method for their extraction and fractionation was developed using solid phase extraction. The method successfully isolated organic compounds from 180 L of an aged OSPW source. Using acidic- or alkaline-conditioned non-polar ENV+ resin and soxhlet extraction with ethyl acetate and methanol, three fractions (F1-F3) were generated. Chemical characterization of the generated fractions included infusion to electrospray ionization ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-UHRMS), liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, gas chromatography triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS). Additionally, ESI-UHRMS class distribution data and SFS identified an increased degree of oxygenation and aromaticity, associated with increased polarity. Method validation, which included method and matrix spikes with surrogate and labelled organic mono carboxylic acid standards, confirmed separation according to acidity and polarity with generally good recoveries (average 76%). Because this method is capable of extracting large sample volumes, it is amenable to thorough chemical characterization and toxicological assessments with a suite of bioassays. As such, this protocol will facilitate effects-directed analysis of toxic components within bitumen-influenced waters from a variety of sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Bauer
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - R A Frank
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - J V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - C B Milestone
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - S Batchelor
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - K M Peru
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - M D Rudy
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - S E Barrett
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - R Vanderveen
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - D G Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - L M Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
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Bauer AE, Hewitt LM, Parrott JL, Bartlett AJ, Gillis PL, Deeth LE, Rudy MD, Vanderveen R, Brown L, Campbell SD, Rodrigues MR, Farwell AJ, Dixon DG, Frank RA. The toxicity of organic fractions from aged oil sands process-affected water to aquatic species. Sci Total Environ 2019; 669:702-710. [PMID: 30893625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The process of surface mining and extracting bitumen from oil sand produces large quantities of tailings and oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). The industry is currently storing OSPW on-site while investigating strategies for their detoxification. One such strategy relies on the biodegradation of organic compounds by indigenous microbes, resulting in aged tailings waters with reduced toxicity. This study assessed the toxicity of OSPW aged statically for approximately 18 years. Dissolved organics in aged OSPW were fractionated using a preparative solid-phase extraction method that generated three organic fractions (F1-F3) of increasing polarity. Eight aquatic species from different trophic levels were exposed to whole OSPW (WW) and the derived OSPW organic fractions to assess toxicity: Pimephales promelas, Oryzias latipes, Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, Lampsilis cardium, Hyalella azteca, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Hexagenia spp. Broad comparisons revealed that P. promelas and H. azteca were most sensitive to dissolved organics within aged OSPW, while WW was most toxic to L. cardium and H. azteca. Three cases of possible contaminant interactions occurred within whole OSPW treatments, as toxicity was higher than organic fractions for H. azteca and L. cardium, and lower for P. promelas. As such, the drivers of toxicity appeared to be dependent on the species exposed. Of the organic fractions assessed, F3 (most polar) was the most toxic overall while F2 (intermediate polarity) displayed little toxicity to all species evaluated. This presents strong evidence that classical mono-carboxylic naphthenic acids, mostly present in F1 (least polar), are not primarily responsible for the toxicity in aged tailings. The current study indicates that although the aged tailings source (≥18 years) did not display acute toxicity to the majority of organisms assessed, inorganic components and polyoxygenated organics may pose a persistent concern to some aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Bauer
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
| | - L M Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada.
| | - J L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - A J Bartlett
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - P L Gillis
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - L E Deeth
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - M D Rudy
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - R Vanderveen
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - L Brown
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - S D Campbell
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - M R Rodrigues
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - A J Farwell
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
| | - D G Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
| | - R A Frank
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
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5
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Redman AD, Parkerton TF, Butler JD, Letinski DJ, Frank RA, Hewitt LM, Bartlett AJ, Gillis PL, Marentette JR, Parrott JL, Hughes SA, Guest R, Bekele A, Zhang K, Morandi G, Wiseman S, Giesy JP. Application of the Target Lipid Model and Passive Samplers to Characterize the Toxicity of Bioavailable Organics in Oil Sands Process-Affected Water. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:8039-8049. [PMID: 29902380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oil sand operations in Alberta, Canada will eventually include returning treated process-affected waters to the environment. Organic constituents in oil sand process-affected water (OSPW) represent complex mixtures of nonionic and ionic (e.g., naphthenic acids) compounds, and compositions can vary spatially and temporally, which has impeded development of water quality benchmarks. To address this challenge, it was hypothesized that solid phase microextraction fibers coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) could be used as a biomimetic extraction (BE) to measure bioavailable organics in OSPW. Organic constituents of OSPW were assumed to contribute additively to toxicity, and partitioning to PDMS was assumed to be predictive of accumulation in target lipids, which were the presumed site of action. This method was tested using toxicity data for individual model compounds, defined mixtures, and organic mixtures extracted from OSPW. Toxicity was correlated with BE data, which supports the use of this method in hazard assessments of acute lethality to aquatic organisms. A species sensitivity distribution (SSD), based on target lipid model and BE values, was similar to SSDs based on residues in tissues for both nonionic and ionic organics. BE was shown to be an analytical tool that accounts for bioaccumulation of organic compound mixtures from which toxicity can be predicted, with the potential to aid in the development of water quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Redman
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. , Annandale , New Jersey 08801 , United States
| | - T F Parkerton
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. , Spring , Texas 77339 , United States
| | - J D Butler
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. , Annandale , New Jersey 08801 , United States
| | - D J Letinski
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. , Annandale , New Jersey 08801 , United States
| | - R A Frank
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - L M Hewitt
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - A J Bartlett
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - P L Gillis
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - J R Marentette
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - J L Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - S A Hughes
- Shell Health-Americas , Houston , Texas 77002 , United States
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - R Guest
- Suncor Energy , Calgary , Alberta T2P 3E3 , Canada
| | - A Bekele
- Imperial, Heavy Oil Mining Research , Calgary , Alberta T2C 4P3 , Canada
| | - K Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - G Morandi
- Toxicology Centre , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5A2 , Canada
| | - S Wiseman
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5B3 , Canada
| | - J P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5A2 , Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5B3 , Canada
- Department of Zoology, and Center for Integrative Toxicology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
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Parrott JL, Marentette JR, Hewitt LM, McMaster ME, Gillis PL, Norwood WP, Kirk JL, Peru KM, Headley JV, Wang Z, Yang C, Frank RA. Meltwater from snow contaminated by oil sands emissions is toxic to larval fish, but not spring river water. Sci Total Environ 2018; 625:264-274. [PMID: 29289775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To assess the toxicity of winter-time atmospheric deposition in the oil sands mining area of Northern Alberta, embryo-larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to snowmelt samples. Snow was collected in 2011-2014 near (<7km) oil sands open pit mining operations in the Athabasca River watershed and at sites far from (>25km) oil sands mining. Snow was shipped frozen back to the laboratory, melted, and amended with essential ions prior to testing. Fertilized fathead minnow eggs were exposed (<24h post-fertilization to 7-16days post-hatch) to a range of 25%-100% snowmelt. Snow samples far from (25-277km away) surface mining operations and upgrading facilities did not affect larval fathead minnow survival at 100%. Snow samples from sites near surface mining and refining activities (<7km) showed reduced larval minnow survival. There was some variability in the potencies of snow year-to-year from 2011 to 2014, and there were increases in deformities in minnows exposed to snow from 1 site on the Steepbank River. Although exposure to snowmelt from sites near oil sands surface mining operations caused effects in larval fish, spring melt water from these same sites in late March-May of 2010, 2013 and 2014 showed no effects on larval survival when tested at 100%. Snow was analyzed for metals, total naphthenic acid concentrations, parent PAHs and alkylated PAHs. Naphthenic acid concentrations in snow were below those known to affect fish larvae. Concentrations of metals in ion-amended snow were below published water quality guideline concentrations. Compared to other sites, the snowmelt samples collected close to mining and upgrading activities had higher concentrations of PAHs and alkylated PAHs associated with airborne deposition of fugitive dusts from mining and coke piles, and in aerosols and particles from stack emissions. CAPSULE Snow collected close to oil sands surface mining sites is toxic to larval fathead minnows in the lab; however spring melt water samples from the same sites do not reduce larval fish survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada.
| | - J R Marentette
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - L M Hewitt
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - M E McMaster
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - P L Gillis
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - W P Norwood
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - J L Kirk
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - K M Peru
- National Hydrology Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon S7N 3H5, SK, Canada
| | - J V Headley
- National Hydrology Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon S7N 3H5, SK, Canada
| | - Z Wang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, River Road, Ottawa K1A 0H2 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - C Yang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, River Road, Ottawa K1A 0H2 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - R A Frank
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada
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Sharifabadi AD, Korevaar DA, McGrath TA, van Es N, Frank RA, Cherpak L, Dang W, Salameh JP, Nguyen F, Stanley C, McInnes MDF. Reporting bias in imaging: higher accuracy is linked to faster publication. Eur Radiol 2018; 28:3632-3639. [PMID: 29564596 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate whether higher reported accuracy estimates are associated with shorter time to publication among imaging diagnostic accuracy studies. METHODS We included primary imaging diagnostic accuracy studies, included in meta-analyses from systematic reviews published in 2015. For each primary study, we extracted accuracy estimates, participant recruitment periods and publication dates. Our primary outcome was the association between Youden's index (sensitivity + specificity - 1, a single measure of diagnostic accuracy) and time to publication. RESULTS We included 55 systematic reviews and 781 primary studies. Study completion dates were missing for 238 (30%) studies. The median time from completion to publication in the remaining 543 studies was 20 months (IQR 14-29). Youden's index was negatively correlated with time from completion to publication (rho = -0.11, p = 0.009). This association remained significant in multivariable Cox regression analyses after adjusting for seven study characteristics: hazard ratio of publication was 1.09 (95% CI 1.03-1.16, p = 0.004) per unit increase for logit-transformed estimates of Youden's index. When dichotomizing Youden's index by a median split, time from completion to publication was 20 months (IQR 13-33) for studies with a Youden's index below the median, and 19 months (14-27) for studies with a Youden's index above the median (p = 0.104). CONCLUSION Imaging diagnostic accuracy studies with higher accuracy estimates were weakly associated with a shorter time to publication. KEY POINTS • Higher accuracy estimates are weakly associated with shorter time to publication. • Lag in time to publication remained significant in multivariate Cox regression analyses. • No correlation between accuracy and time from submission to publication was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D A Korevaar
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T A McGrath
- Department of Radiology-Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - N van Es
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Room F4-139, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A Frank
- Department of Radiology-Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - L Cherpak
- Department of Radiology-Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - W Dang
- Department of Radiology-Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J P Salameh
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - F Nguyen
- Department of Radiology-Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - C Stanley
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - M D F McInnes
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Room c159 Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada.
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Hampel H, O'Bryant SE, Castrillo JI, Ritchie C, Rojkova K, Broich K, Benda N, Nisticò R, Frank RA, Dubois B, Escott-Price V, Lista S. PRECISION MEDICINE - The Golden Gate for Detection, Treatment and Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2016; 3:243-259. [PMID: 28344933 PMCID: PMC5363725 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2016.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During this decade, breakthrough conceptual shifts have commenced to emerge in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD) recognizing risk factors and the non-linear dynamic continuum of complex pathophysiologies amongst a wide dimensional spectrum of multi-factorial brain proteinopathies/neurodegenerative diseases. As is the case in most fields of medicine, substantial advancements in detecting, treating and preventing AD will likely evolve from the generation and implementation of a systematic precision medicine strategy. This approach will likely be based on the success found from more advanced research fields, such as oncology. Precision medicine will require integration and transfertilization across fragmented specialities of medicine and direct reintegration of Neuroscience, Neurology and Psychiatry into a continuum of medical sciences away from the silo approach. Precision medicine is biomarker-guided medicine on systems-levels that takes into account methodological advancements and discoveries of the comprehensive pathophysiological profiles of complex multi-factorial neurodegenerative diseases, such as late-onset sporadic AD. This will allow identifying and characterizing the disease processes at the asymptomatic preclinical stage, where pathophysiological and topographical abnormalities precede overt clinical symptoms by many years to decades. In this respect, the uncharted territory of the AD preclinical stage has become a major research challenge as the field postulates that early biomarker guided customized interventions may offer the best chance of therapeutic success. Clarification and practical operationalization is needed for comprehensive dissection and classification of interacting and converging disease mechanisms, description of genomic and epigenetic drivers, natural history trajectories through space and time, surrogate biomarkers and indicators of risk and progression, as well as considerations about the regulatory, ethical, political and societal consequences of early detection at asymptomatic stages. In this scenario, the integrated roles of genome sequencing, investigations of comprehensive fluid-based biomarkers and multimodal neuroimaging will be of key importance for the identification of distinct molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways in subsets of asymptomatic people at greatest risk for progression to clinical milestones due to those specific pathways. The precision medicine strategy facilitates a paradigm shift in Neuroscience and AD research and development away from the classical "one-size-fits-all" approach in drug discovery towards biomarker guided "molecularly" tailored therapy for truly effective treatment and prevention options. After the long and winding decade of failed therapy trials progress towards the holistic systems-based strategy of precision medicine may finally turn into the new age of scientific and medical success curbing the global AD epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hampel
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universities, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris 06, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A) & Brain and Spine Institute (ICM) UMR S 1127, Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - S E O'Bryant
- Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - J I Castrillo
- Genetadi Biotech S.L. Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - C Ritchie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K Rojkova
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universities, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris 06, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A) & Brain and Spine Institute (ICM) UMR S 1127, Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - K Broich
- President, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - N Benda
- Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit/Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - R Nisticò
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" & Pharmacology of Synaptic Disease Lab, European Brain Research Institute (E.B.R.I.), Rome, Italy
| | - R A Frank
- Siemens Healthineers North America, Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc, Malvern, PA, USA
| | - B Dubois
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universities, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris 06, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A) & Brain and Spine Institute (ICM) UMR S 1127, Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - V Escott-Price
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - S Lista
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France; IHU-A-ICM - Paris Institute of Translational Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
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9
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Roy JW, Bickerton G, Frank RA, Grapentine L, Hewitt LM. Assessing Risks of Shallow Riparian Groundwater Quality Near an Oil Sands Tailings Pond. Ground Water 2016; 54:545-58. [PMID: 26743232 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential discharge of groundwater contaminated by oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is a concern for aquatic ecosystems near tailings ponds. Groundwater in the area, but unaffected by OSPW, may contain similar compounds, complicating the assessment of potential ecological impacts. In this study, 177 shallow groundwater samples were collected from riparian areas along the Athabasca River and tributaries proximate to oil sands developments. For "pond-site" samples (71; adjacent to study tailings pond), Canadian aquatic life guidelines were exceeded for 11 of 20 assessed compounds. However, "non-pond" samples (54; not near any tailings pond) provided similar exceedances. Statistical analyses indicate that pond-site and non-pond samples were indistinguishable for all but seven parameters assessed, including salts, many trace metals, and fluorescence profiles of aromatic naphthenic acids (ANA). This suggests that, regarding the tested parameters, groundwater adjacent to the study tailings pond generally poses no greater ecological risk than other nearby groundwaters at this time. Multivariate analyses applied to the groundwater data set separated into 11 smaller zones support this conclusion, but show some variation between zones. Geological and potential OSPW influences could not be distinguished based on major ions and metals concentrations. However, similarities in indicator parameters, namely ANA, F, Mo, Se, and Na-Cl ratio, were noted between a small subset of samples from two pond-site zones and two OSPW samples and two shallow groundwater samples documented as likely OSPW affected. This indicator-based screening suggests that OSPW-affected groundwater may be reaching Athabasca River sediments at a few locations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Bickerton
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - R A Frank
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - L Grapentine
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - L M Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
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10
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Reden J, Draf C, Frank RA, Hummel T. Comparison of clinical tests of olfactory function. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:927-31. [PMID: 26050222 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To assess olfactory function, various measures are used in clinical routine. In this study, the Sniff Magnitude Test (SMT), a test considering the sniff response to an odor, was applied to patients with olfactory dysfunction (n = 49) and to a control group without subjective olfaction disorder (n = 21). For comparison, the validated "Sniffin' Sticks" test battery, a psychophysical olfactory test consisting of tests for phenyl ethyl alcohol odor threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification was performed. Analyses indicated that the SMT showed significant differences between patients and controls (p = 0.003). Furthermore, results from the SMT and the "Sniffin' Sticks" correlated significantly (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the SMT appears to be a useful addition to the battery of available clinical tests to assess olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - C Draf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - R A Frank
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, USA
| | - T Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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11
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Rowland SJ, Pereira AS, Martin JW, Scarlett AG, West CE, Lengger SK, Wilde MJ, Pureveen J, Tegelaar EW, Frank RA, Hewitt LM. Mass spectral characterisation of a polar, esterified fraction of an organic extract of an oil sands process water. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2014; 28:2352-62. [PMID: 25279749 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Characterising complex mixtures of organic compounds in polar fractions of heavy petroleum is challenging, but is important for pollution studies and for exploration and production geochemistry. Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) stored in large tailings ponds by Canadian oil sands industries contains such mixtures. METHODS A polar OSPW fraction was obtained by silver ion solid-phase extraction with methanol elution. This was examined by numerous methods, including electrospray ionisation (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS) and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (uHPLC)/Orbitrap MS, in multiple ionisation and MS/MS modes. Compounds were also synthesised for comparison. RESULTS The major ESI ionisable compounds detected (+ion mode) were C15-28 SO3 species with 3-7 double bond equivalents (DBE) and C27-28 SO5 species with 5 DBE. ESI-MS/MS collision-induced losses were due to water, methanol, water plus methanol and water plus methyl formate, typical of methyl esters of hydroxy acids. Once the fraction was re-saponified, species originally detected by positive ion MS, could be detected only by negative ion MS, consistent with their assignment as sulphur-containing hydroxy carboxylic acids. The free acid of a keto dibenzothiophene alkanoic acid was added to an unesterified acid extract of OSPW in known concentrations as a putative internal standard, but attempted quantification in this way proved unreliable. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the more polar acidic organic SO3 constituents of OSPW include C15-28 S-containing, alicyclic and aromatic hydroxy carboxylic acids. SO5 species are possibly sulphone analogues of these. The origin of such compounds is probably via further biotransformation (hydroxylation) of the related S-containing carboxylic acids identified previously in a less polar OSPW fraction. The environmental risks, corrosivity and oil flow assurance effects should be easier to assess, given that partial structures are now known, although further identification is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Rowland
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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12
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Wang Z, Yang C, Parrott JL, Frank RA, Yang Z, Brown CE, Hollebone BP, Landriault M, Fieldhouse B, Liu Y, Zhang G, Hewitt LM. Forensic source differentiation of petrogenic, pyrogenic, and biogenic hydrocarbons in Canadian oil sands environmental samples. J Hazard Mater 2014; 271:166-77. [PMID: 24632369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate monitoring efforts, a forensic chemical fingerprinting methodology has been applied to characterize and differentiate pyrogenic (combustion derived) and biogenic (organism derived) hydrocarbons from petrogenic (petroleum derived) hydrocarbons in environmental samples from the Canadian oil sands region. Between 2009 and 2012, hundreds of oil sands environmental samples including water (snowmelt water, river water, and tailings pond water) and sediments (from river beds and tailings ponds) have been analyzed. These samples were taken from sites where assessments of wild fish health, invertebrate communities, toxicology and detailed chemistry are being conducted as part of the Canada-Alberta Joint Oil Sands Monitoring Plan (JOSMP). This study describes the distribution patterns and potential sources of PAHs from these integrated JOSMP study sites, and findings will be linked to responses in laboratory bioassays and in wild organisms collected from these same sites. It was determined that hydrocarbons in Athabasca River sediments and waters were most likely from four sources: (1) petrogenic heavy oil sands bitumen; (2) biogenic compounds; (3) petrogenic hydrocarbons of other lighter fuel oils; and (4) pyrogenic PAHs. PAHs and biomarkers detected in snowmelt water samples collected near mining operations imply that these materials are derived from oil sands particulates (from open pit mines, stacks and coke piles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendi Wang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section (ESTS), EOALRSD, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada (EC), 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - C Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section (ESTS), EOALRSD, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada (EC), 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J L Parrott
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - R A Frank
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section (ESTS), EOALRSD, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada (EC), 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - C E Brown
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section (ESTS), EOALRSD, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada (EC), 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - B P Hollebone
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section (ESTS), EOALRSD, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada (EC), 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Landriault
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section (ESTS), EOALRSD, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada (EC), 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - B Fieldhouse
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section (ESTS), EOALRSD, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada (EC), 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y Liu
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section (ESTS), EOALRSD, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada (EC), 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Zhang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section (ESTS), EOALRSD, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada (EC), 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - L M Hewitt
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Jones D, Scarlett AG, West CE, Frank RA, Gieleciak R, Hager D, Pureveen J, Tegelaar E, Rowland SJ. Elemental and spectroscopic characterization of fractions of an acidic extract of oil sands process water. Chemosphere 2013; 93:1655-1664. [PMID: 23856466 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
'Naphthenic acids' (NAs) in petroleum produced water and oil sands process water (OSPW), have been implicated in toxicological effects. However, many are not well characterized. A method for fractionation of NAs of an OSPW was used herein and a multi-method characterization of the fractions conducted. The unfractionated OSPW acidic extract was characterized by elemental analysis, electrospray ionization-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and an esterified extract by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV) absorption spectroscopy and by comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography-MS (GCxGC-MS). Methyl esters were fractionated by argentation solid phase extraction (Ag(+) SPE) and fractions eluting with: hexane; diethyl ether: hexane and diethyl ether, examined. Each was weighed, examined by elemental analysis, FTIR, UV, GC-MS and GCxGC-MS (both nominal and high resolution MS). The ether fraction, containing sulfur, was also examined by GCxGC-sulfur chemiluminescence detection (GCxGC-SCD). The major ions detected by ESI-MS in the OSPW extract were assigned to alicyclic and aromatic 'O2' acids; sulfur was also present. Components recovered by Ag(+) SPE were also methyl esters of alicyclic and aromatic acids; these contained little sulfur or nitrogen. FTIR spectra showed that hydroxy acids and sulfoxides were absent or minor. UV spectra, along with the C/H ratio, further confirmed the aromaticity of the hexane:ether eluate. The more minor ether eluate contained further aromatics and 1.5% sulfur. FTIR spectra indicated free carboxylic acids, in addition to esters. Four major sulfur compounds were detected by GCxGC-SCD. GCxGC-high resolution MS indicated these were methyl esters of C18 S-containing, diaromatics with ≥C3 carboxylic acid side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jones
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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14
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Scarlett AG, Reinardy HC, Henry TB, West CE, Frank RA, Hewitt LM, Rowland SJ. Acute toxicity of aromatic and non-aromatic fractions of naphthenic acids extracted from oil sands process-affected water to larval zebrafish. Chemosphere 2013; 93:415-420. [PMID: 23769466 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) has regularly been attributed to naphthenic acids, which exist in complex mixtures. If on remediation treatment (e.g., ozonation) or on entering the environment, the mixtures of these acids all behave in the same way, then they can be studied as a whole. If, however, some acids are resistant to change, whilst others are not, or are less resistant, it is important to establish which sub-classes of acids are the most toxic. In the present study we therefore assayed the acute toxicity to larval fish, of a whole acidified OSPW extract and an esterifiable naphthenic acids fraction, de-esterified with alkali: both fractions were toxic (LC50 ∼5-8mgL(-1)). We then fractionated the acids by argentation solid phase extraction of the esters and examined the acute toxicity of two fractions: a de-esterified alicyclic acids fraction, which contained, for example, adamantane and diamantane carboxylic acids, and an aromatic acids fraction. The alicyclic acids were toxic (LC50 13mgL(-1)) but the higher molecular weight aromatic acids fraction was somewhat more toxic, at least on a weight per volume basis (LC50 8mgL(-1); P<0.05) (for comparison, the monoaromatic dehydroabietic acid had a LC50 of ∼1mgL(-1)). These results show how toxic naphthenic acids of OSPW are to these larval fish and that on a weight per volume basis, the aromatic acids are at least as toxic as the 'classical' alicyclic acids. The environmental fates and other toxic effects, if any, of the fractions remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Scarlett
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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Headley JV, Peru KM, Mohamed MH, Frank RA, Martin JW, Hazewinkel RRO, Humphries D, Gurprasad NP, Hewitt LM, Muir DCG, Lindeman D, Strub R, Young RF, Grewer DM, Whittal RM, Fedorak PM, Birkholz DA, Hindle R, Reisdorph R, Wang X, Kasperski KL, Hamilton C, Woudneh M, Wang G, Loescher B, Farwell A, Dixon DG, Ross M, Pereira ADS, King E, Barrow MP, Fahlman B, Bailey J, McMartin DW, Borchers CH, Ryan CH, Toor NS, Gillis HM, Zuin L, Bickerton G, Mcmaster M, Sverko E, Shang D, Wilson LD, Wrona FJ. Chemical fingerprinting of naphthenic acids and oil sands process waters-A review of analytical methods for environmental samples. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2013; 48:1145-1163. [PMID: 23647107 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.776332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a review of the routine methods currently utilized for total naphthenic acid analyses. There is a growing need to develop chemical methods that can selectively distinguish compounds found within industrially derived oil sands process affected waters (OSPW) from those derived from the natural weathering of oil sands deposits. Attention is thus given to the characterization of other OSPW components such as oil sands polar organic compounds, PAHs, and heavy metals along with characterization of chemical additives such as polyacrylamide polymers and trace levels of boron species. Environmental samples discussed cover the following matrices: OSPW containments, on-lease interceptor well systems, on- and off-lease groundwater, and river and lake surface waters. There are diverse ranges of methods available for analyses of total naphthenic acids. However, there is a need for inter-laboratory studies to compare their accuracy and precision for routine analyses. Recent advances in high- and medium-resolution mass spectrometry, concomitant with comprehensive mass spectrometry techniques following multi-dimensional chromatography or ion-mobility separations, have allowed for the speciation of monocarboxylic naphthenic acids along with a wide range of other species including humics. The distributions of oil sands polar organic compounds, particularly the sulphur containing species (i.e., OxS and OxS2) may allow for distinguishing sources of OSPW. The ratios of oxygen- (i.e., Ox) and nitrogen-containing species (i.e., NOx, and N2Ox) are useful for differentiating organic components derived from OSPW from natural components found within receiving waters. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy also provides a powerful screening technique capable of quickly detecting the presence of aromatic organic acids contained within oil sands naphthenic acid mixtures. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy provides diagnostic profiles for OSPW and potentially impacted groundwater that can be compared against reference groundwater and surface water samples. Novel applications of X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) are emerging for speciation of sulphur-containing species (both organic and inorganic components) as well as industrially derived boron-containing species. There is strong potential for an environmental forensics application of XANES for chemical fingerprinting of weathered sulphur-containing species and industrial additives in OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Headley
- Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Gagné F, Douville M, André C, Debenest T, Talbot A, Sherry J, Hewitt LM, Frank RA, McMaster ME, Parrott J, Bickerton G. Differential changes in gene expression in rainbow trout hepatocytes exposed to extracts of oil sands process-affected water and the Athabasca River. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:551-9. [PMID: 22251623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oil sands region of northern Alberta represents the world's largest reserves of bitumen, and the accelerated pace of industrial extraction activity has raised concern about the possible impacts on the Athabasca River and its tributaries. An ecotoxicogenomic study was undertaken on Oncorhynchus mykiss trout hepatocytes exposed to extracts of water samples near the oil sand development area, as well as to oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) extracts using the quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique. The expression of the following genes (mRNA) was monitored to track changes in xenobiotic biotransformation (CYP1A1, CYP3A4, glutathione S-transferase, multi-drug resistance transporter), estrogenicity (estrogen receptor and vitellogenin), oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase and metallothionein) and DNA repair activity (DNA ligase). The extent of DNA-aromatic hydrocarbon adducts was also determined in cells by immuno-staining. A comparative analysis of gene expression between the river/lake and OSPW samples revealed that CYP3A4, metallothioneins, DNA ligase and GST genes, were specifically expressed by OSPW. Cells exposed to OSPW, commercial naphthenic acids, and benzo(a)pyrene showed increased polyaromatic hydrocarbon DNA-adducts, as determined by cell immunofluorescence analysis. Other genes were induced by all types of water samples, although the induction potential was stronger in OSPW most of the time (e.g., VTG gene was expressed nearly 15-fold by surface waters from the lake and river samples but increased to a maximum of 31-fold in OSPW). A multivariate discriminant function analysis revealed that the lake and river water samples were well discriminated from the OSPW. The CYP3A4 gene was the most highly expressed gene in cells exposed to OSPW and responded less to the lake or river water in the Athabasca River area. This study identified a suite of gene targets that responded specifically to OSPW extracts, which could serve as toxicogenomic fingerprints of OSPW contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gagné
- Fluvial Ecosystem Research, Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H2Y 2E7.
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17
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Headley JV, Barrow MP, Peru KM, Fahlman B, Frank RA, Bickerton G, McMaster ME, Parrott J, Hewitt LM. Preliminary fingerprinting of Athabasca oil sands polar organics in environmental samples using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2011; 25:1899-1909. [PMID: 21638366 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need to develop analytical methods that can distinguish compounds found within industrially derived oil sands process water (OSPW) from those derived from natural weathering of oil sands deposits. This is a difficult challenge as possible leakage beyond tailings pond containments will probably be in the form of mixtures of water-soluble organics that may be similar to those leaching naturally into aquatic environments. We have evaluated the potential of negative ion electrospray ionization high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS) for comparing oil sands polar organics from tailing ponds, interceptor wells, groundwater, river and lake surface waters. Principal component analysis was performed for all species observed. which included the O(2) class (often assumed to be monocarbxoylic naphthenic acids) along with a wide range of other species including humic substances in the river and lake samples: O(n) where n=1-16; NO(n) and N(2)O(n) where n=1-13; and O(n)S and O(n)S(2) where n=1-10 and 1-8, respectively. A broad range of species was investigated because classical naphthenic acids can be a small fraction of the 'organics' detected in the polar fraction of OSPW, river water and groundwater. Aquatic toxicity and environmental chemistry are attributed to the total organics (not only the classical naphthenic acids). The distributions of the oil sands polar organics, particularly the sulfur-containing species, O(n)S and O(n)S(2), may have potential for distinguishing sources of OSPW. The ratios of species containing O(n) along with nitrogen-containing species: NO(n), and N(2)O(n), were useful for differentiating organic components derived from OSPW from those found in river and lake waters. Further application of the FTICRMS technique for a diverse range of OSPW of varying ages and composition, as well as the surrounding groundwater wells, may be critical in assessing whether leakage from industrial sources to natural waters is occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Division, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N3H5.
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Hampel H, Mitchell A, Blennow K, Frank RA, Brettschneider S, Weller L, Möller HJ. Core biological marker candidates of Alzheimer's disease - perspectives for diagnosis, prediction of outcome and reflection of biological activity. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2003; 111:247-72. [PMID: 14991453 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-003-0065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 09/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative dementing illness. Over the past few years, however, remarkable advances have taken place in understanding both the genetic and molecular biology with the intracellular processing of amyloid and tau and the changes leading to the pathologic formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and the intraneuronal aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau into neurofibrillary tangles. This progress in our understanding of the molecular pathology has set the stage for clinically meaningful advances in the development of biomarkers. Emerging diagnostic methods that are based on biochemical and imaging biomarkers of disease specific pathology hold the potential to provide effective measures of natural history (marker of disease that is predictive of outcome), biological activity (such as magnitude and frequency of response correlating with drug potency) and markers of surrogate endpoints (single or composite marker that accounts for clinical benefit of the therapy). Markers of biological activity should be also evaluated regarding their value to reflect disease progression, heterogeneity of the clinical population, for early decision making and characterization of new treatments. We focussed on the current status of core analytes which provide reasonable evidence for association with key mechanisms of pathogenesis or neurodegeneration in AD. In addition, feasibility was important, such as availability of a validated assay for the biological measure in question, with properties that included high precision and reliability of measurement, reagents and standards well described. On this basis we reviewed the body of literature that has examined CSF total tau (t-tau) and beta-amyloid 1-42 (Abeta(1-42)), phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and beta-amyloid-antibodies as diagnostic tests for AD versus clinically representative comparison groups. Measurement of t-tau and Abeta(1-42) in the CSF seems useful to discriminate early and incipient AD from age-associated memory-impairment, depression, and some secondary dementias. First studies showed that measurement of p-tau proteins significantly improves early and differential diagnosis, as well as disease prediction in subjects at risk for AD and comes closest to fulfilling proposed criteria of a biological marker for AD. However, the nature of the majority of reported findings are still preliminary and retrospective. General issues for biomarkers have to be adequately addressed, such as sensitivity of the method, frequency of assessments, stability of the method, standardization of methods and dynamic range. There is still a partial lack of comparison patient populations that must be addressed in future studies. International dementia networks have been recently established to advance the establishment of core biomarker candidates of AD as potential surrogate endpoints for clinical trials and their clinical use for predictive and diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hampel
- Alzheimer Memorial Center and Geriatric Psychiatry Branch, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
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Kerut EK, Hanawalt C, Everson CT, Frank RA, Giles TD. Left ventricular apex to descending aorta valved conduit: description of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic findings in four cases. Echocardiography 2001; 18:463-8. [PMID: 11567590 DOI: 10.1046/j.1540-8175.2001.00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with critical aortic stenosis and a "porcelain" aorta are at an increased risk for complications with aortic cross-clamping during valve replacement. To our knowledge, this is the first report of both transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic findings of the left ventricle to the descending aorta (LVDA) valved conduit. We present results of four patients in whom this procedure was performed for critical aortic stenosis, who also had a porcelain aorta. "Normal" echo and Doppler findings, along with those of development of a regurgitant valve within the conduit, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Kerut
- Heart Clinic of Louisiana, 1111 Medical Center Blvd., Suite N613, Marrero, LA 70072, USA.
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Doykos JD, Goldberg N, Sonis AL, Hertzberg J, Frank RA, McBride S, Shusterman S, Morgan L, Needleman H, Nelson LP, Bruun R, Giffith DG, Geller P, Morell M. Year one dental visit. Pediatr Dent 2001; 23:195, 197. [PMID: 11447947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Huestis MA, Gorelick DA, Heishman SJ, Preston KL, Nelson RA, Moolchan ET, Frank RA. Blockade of effects of smoked marijuana by the CB1-selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:322-8. [PMID: 11296091 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.4.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SR141716, a recently developed CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, blocks acute effects of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other CB1 cannabinoid agonists in vitro and in animals. These findings suggest that CB1 receptors mediate many of the effects of marijuana, but this has not been evaluated in humans. METHODS Sixty-three healthy men with a history of marijuana use were randomly assigned to receive oral SR141716 or a placebo in an escalating dose (1, 3, 10, 30, and 90 mg) design. Each subject smoked an active (2.64% THC) or placebo marijuana cigarette 2 hours later. Psychological effects associated with marijuana intoxication and heart rate were measured before and after antagonist and marijuana administration. RESULTS Single oral doses of SR141716 produced a significant dose-dependent blockade of marijuana-induced subjective intoxication and tachycardia. The 90-mg dose produced 38% to 43% reductions in visual analog scale ratings of "How high do you feel now?" "How stoned on marijuana are you now?" and "How strong is the drug effect you feel now?" and produced a 59% reduction in heart rate. SR141716 alone produced no significant physiological or psychological effects and did not affect peak THC plasma concentration or the area under the time x concentration curve. SR141716 was well tolerated by all subjects. CONCLUSIONS SR141716 blocked acute psychological and physiological effects of smoked marijuana without altering THC pharmacokinetics. These findings confirm, for the first time in humans, the central role of CB1 receptors in mediating the effects of marijuana.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Huestis
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 5500 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Mathews WB, Scheffel U, Finley P, Ravert HT, Frank RA, Rinaldi-Carmona M, Barth F, Dannals RF. Biodistribution of [18F] SR144385 and [18F] SR147963: selective radioligands for positron emission tomographic studies of brain cannabinoid receptors. Nucl Med Biol 2000; 27:757-62. [PMID: 11150708 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(00)00152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT. [(18)F] SR144385 and [(18)F] SR147963 were synthesized in a multistep reaction in which fluorine-18 was introduced by nucleophilic halogen displacement on a bromo precursor. The fluorine-18-labeled intermediate was deprotected and coupled with the appropriate alkyl amine to give the final products. Both radioligands had appropriate regional brain distribution for cannabinoid receptors with a target to nontarget ratio of 1.7 for [(18)F] SR147963 and 2.5 for [(18)F] SR144385 at 60 and 90 min postinjection, respectively. The uptake of both tracers was blocked with a 1 mg/kg dose of SR141716A.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Mathews
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Frank
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0627, USA
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Abstract
The present study assesses the effects of food familiarity on food ratings of neophobics and neophilics by having them sample and evaluate familiar and novel foods. Level of neophobia was assessed using the Food Neophobia Scale (FNS). Participants rated their familiarity with each food, their willingness to try the foods and expected liking for the foods, as well as their actual liking for the foods after they were sampled. Willingness to try the foods again in the future, and the amount of food sampled were also assessed. Evaluations of the foods were more positive for familiar vs. unfamiliar foods across all study participants. The responses of neophobics and neophilics were similar for familiar foods, but differed when the foods were unfamiliar, with neophobics making more negative evaluations. Neophobics and neophilics differed least in their liking ratings of the stimuli that were made after the foods were actually sampled, and differed most in their ratings of willingness to try the foods. It is concluded that neophobics have different expectancies about unfamiliar foods, and that these expectancies influence food sampling and rating behaviors. The neophobic's negative attitude toward an unfamiliar food may be ameliorated, but is not eliminated, once sensory information about the food is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Raudenbush
- Department of Psychology, Wheeling Jesuit University, USA
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Abstract
Past research has shown that people who avoid new foods (neophobics) and people who approach new foods (neophilics) differ in their sensory ratings of food and odor stimuli. The possible role of sampling behaviors in these differences was assessed in two studies. Participants completed neophobia surveys, then rated the pleasantness of odors while wearing a device that measured sniffing behavior. Neophobics rated the odors as less pleasant and sniffed them less vigorously in both studies. The results of these studies provide further evidence for differences in the way that neophobics and neophilics respond to novel, food-like stimuli. Neophobia influences willingness to try novel foods, expected liking for these foods, food-associated sampling behaviors and post-sampling ratings of food-like stimuli. It is proposed that the responses of neophobics and neophilics will differ when little information about the sensory properties of foods are available, and that these differences will moderate as sensory information is acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Raudenbush
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0376, USA
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Tsibulsky VL, Grocki S, Dashevsky BA, Kehne JH, Schmidt CJ, Sorensen SM, Frank RA. Mixed D2/5-HT2A antagonism of cocaine-induced facilitation of brain stimulation reward. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998; 59:275-80. [PMID: 9476970 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous behavioral, neurochemical and neurophysiological experiments have shown that selective 5-HT2A and mixed D2/5-HT2A antagonists can attenuate some, but not all, responses to amphetamine. The generality of these findings were determined in the present experiment by assessing the effect of mixed D2/5-HT2A antagonists on cocaine-induced facilitation of ventral tegmental area self-stimulation in rats. Although amphetamine and cocaine influence activity in monoaminergic neurons through different mechanisms, our previous research has shown that selective D2 and 5-HT2A antagonists have similar effects on behavioral responses to these psychostimulants. Therefore, we expected a similar pattern of results using mixed D2/5-HT2A antagonists. As shown previously, cocaine decreased self-stimulation threshold in a dose-dependent manner. Haloperidol and the mixed D2/5-HT2A antagonists risperidone and MDL 28, 133A antagonized cocaine-induced facilitation of self-stimulation, but only at doses that increased baseline self-stimulation threshold. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.87, p < 0.001) between antagonist-induced change in baseline threshold and attenuation of cocaine's effect on threshold. Taken together, the results of this and previous experiments support the importance of D2 receptors in the mechanisms of brain stimulation reward. 5-HT2A receptors appear not to be involved in mediation of both brain stimulation reward and amphetamine- and cocaine-induced facilitation of brain stimulation reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Tsibulsky
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0376, USA
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Feldman DJ, Frank RA, Kehne JH, Flannery R, Brown D, Soni S, Byrd G, Shah S. Mixed D2/5-HT2 antagonism differentially affects apomorphine- and amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997; 58:565-72. [PMID: 9300620 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence supports the hypothesis that psychostimulant stereotypy is mediated through postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Given the recent findings of behavioral, neurochemical and electrophysiological studies showing 5-HT2 modulation of dopamine systems, a series of experiments were undertaken to assess the ability of D2 and 5-HT2 antagonists to reverse apomorphine and amphetamine stereotypy in the rat. Haloperidol reduced stereotyped behavior induced by d-amphetamine (50% reduction with 0.162 mg/kg) and apomorphine (50% reduction with 0.112 mg/kg) MDL 28,133A, a mixed D2/5-HT2 antagonist, also reduced stereotypy in the apomorphine group (50% reduction with 3.89 mg/kg) but was much less effective in antagonizing the effects of d-amphetamine (not even a 25% reduction with 9.0 mg/kg). MDL 100,907, a selective 5-HT2 antagonist, was ineffective at reducing stereotyped behavior induced by either stimulant. Thus, 5-HT2 modulation of dopaminergic activity was not demonstrated in the case of psychostimulant stereotypy. Furthermore, 5-HT2 antagonism did not induce stereotypy, as has been proposed in some models. These findings provide further support for the hypothesis that antipsychotic medications with high affinity for 5-HT2 receptors do not interfere with the regulation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and, therefore, would be less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Feldman
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychology, OH 45221-0376, USA
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Frank RA. The physician manager. Practice management education in the 21st century. Med Group Manage J 1997; 44:83-4, 86, 88-92. [PMID: 10169124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Are physicians prepared to operate competitively for the 21st century? Not according to a recent survey completed by the Society of Physicians in Administration's (SPA) membership. In fact, as far back as the 1980s, physician surveys indicated that third-year physician residents and recent graduates felt their training in practice management was inadequate. Understanding practice management issues would improve a physician's chances for success. According to the SPA survey, however, most medical schools and residency training programs don't offer courses in management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Frank
- Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
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Kehne JH, Baron BM, Carr AA, Chaney SF, Elands J, Feldman DJ, Frank RA, van Giersbergen PL, McCloskey TC, Johnson MP, McCarty DR, Poirot M, Senyah Y, Siegel BW, Widmaier C. Preclinical characterization of the potential of the putative atypical antipsychotic MDL 100,907 as a potent 5-HT2A antagonist with a favorable CNS safety profile. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996; 277:968-81. [PMID: 8627580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In preclinical studies, [R-(+)-alpha-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-4- piperidinemethanol] [formula: see text] (MDL 100,907), a putative atypical antipsychotic, was characterized in vitro as a potent and selective ligand for the serotonin2A (5-HT2A) receptor and was evaluated in vitro and in vivo as a potent 5-HT2A receptor antagonist. Furthermore, MDL 100,907's potential CNS safety profile and selectivity as a potential antipsychotic agent were evaluated and compared with benchmark compounds. MDL 100,907 demonstrated low nanomolar or subnanomolar binding in vitro at the 5-HT2A receptor and showed a > 100-fold separation from all other receptors measured. MDL 100,907 had subnanomolar potency as a 5-HT2A antagonist in vitro in reversing 5-HT-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation in NIH 3T3 cells transfected with the rat 5-HT2A receptor. In vivo, MDL 100,907 potently inhibited 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine-induced head twitches in mice or 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced head twitches in rats. In vivo functional tests in mice revealed a > 500-fold separation between doses that produced 5-HT2A antagonism and doses that produced alpha 1-adrenergic or striatal D2 antagonism. Using inhibition of D-amphetamine-stimulated locomotion in mice as a measure of potential antipsychotic efficacy, MDL 100,907 showed a superior CNS safety index relative to the reference compounds, haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone, ritanserin, and amperozide, in each of five tests for side effect potential, including measures of ataxia, general depressant effects, alpha 1-adrenergic antagonism, striatal D2 receptor antagonism, and muscle relaxation. MDL 100,907 did not antagonize apomorphine-induced stereotypes in rats, suggesting that it potentially lacks extrapyramidal side effect liability. MDL 100,907 showed selectivity as a potential antipsychotic in that it lacked consistent activity in selected rodent models of anticonvulsant, antidepressant, analgesic, or anxiolytic activity. In summary, these preclinical data indicate that MDL 100,907 is a potent and selective ligand at the 5-HT2A receptor. MDL 100,907's potent 5-HT2A antagonist activity might account for its activity in preclinical models of antipsychotic potential. Ongoing clinical evaluation with MDL 100,907 will test the hypothesis that 5-HT2A receptor antagonism is sufficient for antipsychotic activity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kehne
- Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
MDL 100,907 is a potent and selective antagonist of the 5-HT2A receptor which, unlike other antagonists at this receptor, has little affinity for the 5-HT2C receptor. We have investigated the antipsychotic potential of MDL 100,907 by examining its ability to antagonise different behavioural effects of amphetamine in rats. MDL 100,907 reversed the locomotor stimulant effects of amphetamine in rats without itself having any effect on locomotor activity. It also antagonised the disruptive effects of amphetamine on the development of latent inhibition. In contrast, MDL 100,907 had no effect on the discriminative stimulus properties of amphetamine, nor did it affect the ability of amphetamine to reduce the threshold required to sustain rewarding brain stimulation in the ventral tegmental area. This profile is different from that of typical and atypical neuroleptics, and also from other 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, which lack the selectivity of MDL 100,907. These results suggest that MDL 100,907 may have a unique interaction with dopaminergic systems and support the further development of selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonists as a novel therapeutic strategy for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Moser
- Hoechst Marion Roussel, Research Institute, Strasbourg, France
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Frank RA, Tsibulsky V, Grocki S, Dashevsky B, Kehne JH, Schmidt CJ, Sorensen SM. Mixed D2/5-HT2A antagonism of amphetamine-induced facilitation of brain stimulation reward. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995; 52:799-804. [PMID: 8587922 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(95)00184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have demonstrated that 5-HT2A antagonists can modify electrophysiological, neurochemical, and behavioral responses to psychostimulants. These findings led to an interest in using 5-HT2A antagonists to block the effects of psychostimulants on brain reward mechanisms. The present experiments assessed the ability of mixed D2/5-HT2A antagonists to reverse amphetamine-induced facilitation of self-stimulation. The D2/5-HT2A antagonists MDL 28,133A and risperidone attenuated the effects of cocaine and amphetamine, but only at antagonist doses that elevated baseline self-stimulation thresholds. A comparison of the effects of the mixed antagonists to those of haloperidol and eticlopride revealed that all four antagonists produced similar anti-stimulant effects when the influence of the drugs on baseline responding was considered. The D2 activity of the antagonists appears to account for their ability to reduce the effects of psychostimulants on self-stimulation. 5-HT2A antagonism makes a negligible contribution to the anti-amphetamine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Frank
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0376, USA
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Raudenbush B, van der Klaauw NJ, Frank RA. The contribution of psychological and sensory factors to food preference patterns as measured by the Food Attitudes Survey (FAS). Appetite 1995; 25:1-15. [PMID: 7495323 DOI: 10.1006/appe.1995.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between food preference patterns and several psychological and sensory variables was assessed using the Food Attitudes Survey (FAS). Previous research with the FAS, which consists of preference ratings for a variety of common, unusual and fictitious foods, showed that it provides both reliable and valid information about individual differences in food preferences and attitudes (Frank & van der Klaauw, 1994). In the studies reported here, significant correlations were found between preferences for a variety of activities (as measured by the Activity Attitudes Survey or ACT) and liking for and willingness to try foods, It was also found that individuals who report that they are unwilling to try many foods are low in general sensation seeking, and that odor pleasantness ratings significantly correlate with liking for and willingness to try foods. No associations were found between FAS performance and general phobic tendencies, optimism/pessimism or disordered eating. Multiple regression analysis revealed that responses on the ACT, sensation seeking scale, a 20-item food and eating questionnaire and odor pleasantness judgments could account for from 41 to 65% of the variance in food likes, dislikes and willingness to try foods. It was concluded that personality and sensory factors contribute to pattern of responding on the FAS, and that FAS response patterns provide an index of both attitudes toward foods and general openness to experiences and activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Raudenbush
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychology, OH 45221-0376, USA
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Frank RA. The private sector and condom distribution: we can do more. Opinion. Aidscaptions 1995; 2:10-3. [PMID: 12347573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Abstract
In recent years reoperative coronary artery bypass surgery has become increasingly more commonplace. This article reviews the current status of this procedure with regard to patient population, risk factors, and long-term follow-up. Important aspects of the specific technical considerations involved in reoperative surgery are also reviewed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Frank
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Laurie CA, Warm JS, Dember WN, Frank RA. Determinants of stability in the perception of subjective contours. Percept Psychophys 1994; 55:394-8. [PMID: 8036119 DOI: 10.3758/bf03205297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study constituted an initial experimental effort to examine the fragmentation characteristics of subjective contours within the photopic and upper scotopic ranges of illumination. Four stimulus factors known to influence the visibility of subjective contours-target luminance, inducing area size and contrast, and contour orientation--were examined. Results indicated that subjective contours are indeed unstable perceptual phenomena. On the average, fragmentation or fading occurred after only 15 sec of observation, and some form of stimulus outage was present for 28% of the viewing time of each stimulus. Fragmentation latency was significantly shorter and total time in fragmentation longer for diamond than for square contours, and total time in fragmentation varied inversely with inducing-area size. Fragmentation tended to occur in whole units rather than in isolated elements, a result reminiscent of the fading of real contours under impoverished viewing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Laurie
- Department of Psychology, Otterbein College, Westerville, OH 43081
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Abstract
A new psychometric instrument, the Food Attitude Survey (FAS), was developed to identify individual differences in general response patterns or attitudes toward foods. The FAS consists of food preference ratings (like, neutral, dislike, never tried but would try, never tried and won't try) for 455 foods and beverages, including some unusual and fictitious foods. In addition, it includes a 20-item questionnaire concerning attitudes toward food and eating. Using the FAS, people who reported liking an unusually high number of foods (likers) were compared to those who disliked many foods (dislikers) and those who were unwilling to try many foods (won't tryers). The characteristics of the three groups were evaluated using several sensory tests to assess the contribution of perceptual factors to individual differences in food attitudes and preferences. Intensity and hedonic ratings of olfactory stimuli were generally lower for the won't tryers than for the likers, with dislikers in between. In addition, the ideal taste intensities of likers were higher than those of dislikers or won't tryers. On the basis of these initial studies, it is concluded that the FAS provides a reliable index of individual differences in food preference patterns, making the FAS a useful tool for investigating the "personality of eating". The present studies also provide evidence that differences in chemosensory responses may be associated with biases toward food acceptance or rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Frank
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0376
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Frank RA, van der Klaauw NJ, Schifferstein HN. Both perceptual and conceptual factors influence taste-odor and taste-taste interactions. Percept Psychophys 1993; 54:343-54. [PMID: 8414893 DOI: 10.3758/bf03205269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Observers are often asked to make intensity judgments for a sensory attribute of a stimulus that is embedded in a background of "irrelevant" stimulus dimensions. Under some circumstances, these background dimensions of the stimulus can influence intensity judgments for the target attribute. For example, judgments of sweetness can be influenced by the other taste or odor qualities of a solution (Frank & Byram, 1988; Kamen et al., 1961). Experiments 1 and 2 assessed the influence of stimulus context, instructional set, and reference stimuli on cross-quality interactions in mixtures of chemosensory stimuli. Experiment 1 demonstrated that odor-induced changes in sweetness judgments were dramatically influenced when subjects rated multiple attributes of the stimulus as compared with when they judged sweetness alone. Several odorants enhanced sweetness when sweetness alone was judged, while sweetness was suppressed for these same stimuli when total-intensity ratings were broken down into ratings for the sweetness, saltiness, sourness, bitterness, and fruitiness of each solution. Experiment 2 demonstrated a similar pattern of results when bitterness was the target taste. In addition, Experiment 2 showed that the instructional effects applied to both taste-odor and taste-taste mixtures. It was concluded that the taste enhancement and suppression observed for taste-odor and taste-taste mixtures are influenced by (1) instructional sets which influence subjects' concepts of attribute categories, and (2) the perceptual similarities among the quality dimensions of the stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Frank
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0376
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39
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Frank RA. Practice management education--are residency programs properly preparing physicians for the 21st century? Coll Rev 1993; 10:22-47. [PMID: 10183121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Several surveys indicate that third-year physician residents and recent graduates felt that their training in practice management skills was inadequate and that they felt unprepared in this area. This professional paper will present a discussion of residency education and the current complex health care environment. It will also describe a three-year comprehensive curriculum in practice management which can be incorporated into the programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Frank
- Physician Patient Service, Samaritan Health System, Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85006, USA
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Abstract
A 1-year-old female with the following multiple congenital anomalies is described: large vascular plaques on the scalp with atrophy and ulcerations, cutis marmorata and dilated veins on the trunk and extremities, short toes with partially missing phalanges and nails, retro- and micrognathia, strabismus convergens and atrial septal defect. These anomalies are characteristic of the Adams-Oliver syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant neuroectodermal syndrome which may be a maximal variant of van Lohuizen's syndrome (cutis marmorata teleangiectatica congenita).
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Frank
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, FRG
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41
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Frank RA, Manderscheid PZ, Panicker S, Williams HP, Kokoris D. Cocaine euphoria, dysphoria, and tolerance assessed using drug-induced changes in brain-stimulation reward. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992; 42:771-9. [PMID: 1513860 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90028-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The time course of cocaine-induced changes in self-stimulation thresholds were used to evaluate cocaine euphoria and dysphoria as a function of the chronicity of drug treatment, dosage level, and the spacing of injections. It was assumed that cocaine-induced decreases in thresholds were indicative of cocaine euphoria, while increases in thresholds reflected rebound dysphoric responses to cocaine administration. Three experiments were performed using self-stimulating rats implanted with ventral tegmental area electrodes. Cocaine's threshold-lowering effects were evident 15 min postinjection (IP) with thresholds returning to baseline by approximately 3.0 h after treatment. Little evidence for cocaine-induced increases in thresholds was observed during periods of chronic cocaine treatment. However, thresholds were slightly elevated upon withdrawal from chronic cocaine treatment in Experiments 2 and 3. No evidence of tolerance or sensitization to cocaine-induced shifts in thresholds was noted with single daily injections, while multiple daily injections produced tolerance to cocaine's threshold-lowering effects. It is concluded that cocaine's ability to enhance brain-stimulation reward is highly reliable and robust, while decreases in brain-stimulation reward associated with chronic cocaine treatment are less reliable and difficult to demonstrate. The possible influence of drug dosage on the induction of cocaine dysphoria and the ability of various self-stimulation procedures to measure dysphoric effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Frank
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0376
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Oz MC, Jeevanandam V, Smith CR, Williams MR, Kaynar AM, Frank RA, Mosca R, Reiss RF, Rose EA. Autologous fibrin glue from intraoperatively collected platelet-rich plasma. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 53:530-1. [PMID: 1540080 DOI: 10.1016/0003-4975(92)90291-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple and inexpensive means of creating autologous fibrin glue is described that avoids the potential disadvantages of conventionally obtained material. This improvement may allow more widespread use of fibrin glue for operative bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Oz
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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Miller RM, Frank RA. Zoladex (goserelin) in the treatment of benign gynaecological disorders: an overview of safety and efficacy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99 Suppl 7:37-41. [PMID: 1532509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992.tb13539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Miller
- Medical Research Department, ICI Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
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Abstract
While some investigators have reported that cocaine increases response rates for brain stimulation reward, others have failed to demonstrate this effect. The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of stimulation parameters, dose of cocaine and operant-dependent response requirements on cocaine's ability to alter self-stimulation rates. Self-stimulation rates were collected on a minute by minute basis for 45 min following IP injections of 0, 5, 15 or 30 mg/kg cocaine HCI. All doses were tested using both nose-poking and lever-pressing operants. It was found that mean lever-pressing rates were significantly increased by 5 mg/kg cocaine, while nose-poking rates were significantly increased by 15 and 30 mg/kg cocaine. Further examination of the pattern of results indicated that the cocaine-induced increases in lever-pressing rate were mainly due to an increase in the time spent self-stimulating, whereas increases in nose-poking were mainly due to increases in nose-poking rate/min within self-stimulation bouts. It was hypothesized that 5 mg/kg cocaine increased lever-pressing by producing response perseveration, while the higher doses increased nose-poking mainly due to the compatibility of the nose-poking response topography with cocaine-induced stereotypies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Williams
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0376
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Wilcox HG, Frank RA, Heimberg M. Effects of thyroid status and fasting on hepatic metabolism of apolipoprotein A-I. J Lipid Res 1991; 32:395-405. [PMID: 1906085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism of apolipoprotein (apo)A-I was studied in normal and chow-fed hyperthyroid rats, in 24-h fasted untreated male rats, and in rats after thyroparathyroidectomy (TXPTX). Rats were made hyperthyroid by administration of T3 (9.6 micrograms/day) or T4 (30 micrograms/day) with an Alzet osmotic minipump. Hyperthyroidism produced a similar two- to threefold elevation in plasma levels of apoA-I in male or female animals. During treatment with T3, plasma levels of T3 ranged from 200 to 400 ng/dl and did not correlate with plasma apoA-I levels. The net mass secretion and synthesis ([3H]leucine incorporation) of apoA-I by perfused livers from male hyperthyroid rats was elevated, while secretion of albumin was not different than that of euthyroid rats. Furthermore, the incorporation of [3H]leucine into total perfusate and hepatic protein was not altered by hyperthyroidism. The effect of thyroid hormone on apoA-I synthesis, therefore, does not appear to be a general effect on protein synthesis. After longer periods of treatment (28 days) with T3 (9.6 micrograms/day), hepatic apoA-I production decreased from that observed after 7 or 14 days of treatment, yet plasma apoA-I concentrations remained elevated. Plasma T3 decreased from 100 ng/dl to 40 ng/dl, in the hypothyroid rat resulting from TXPTX, but the plasma concentration of apoA-I did not change during the 2-week experimental period. The net secretion of apoA-I by livers from hypothyroid animals was depressed and albumin was uneffected compared to the euthyroid. Overnight fasting of euthyroid rats did not alter hepatic apoA-I secretion or plasma apoA-I levels, although under fasting conditions we had reported that hepatic output of apoB and E of VLDL is depressed. The addition of oleic acid to the perfusion medium, sufficient to stimulate VLDL production, did not affect net hepatic secretion of apoA-I by livers from euthyroid, hyperthyroid, or hypothyroid rats. In summary, hepatic synthesis of apoA-I appears to be controlled independently of other apo-lipoproteins and secretory proteins (albumin). Hepatic apoA-I synthesis is sensitive to thyroid status, increased in the hyperthyroid and decreased in the hypothyroid state. The specific stimulation of hepatic synthesis and secretion of apoA-I in the hyperthyroid state, however, tends to normalize over an extended period, perhaps from compensatory effects of a hormonal nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee-Memphis, Memphis 38163
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Triebsch HC, Frank RA. Program planning and costing: a blueprint for success. Caring 1991; 10:10-2, 14-7, 61-3. [PMID: 10109299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Intense competition and rapid technological changes have pressured the home care industry to respond to the need for new program and service line development. There is no secret to assured success. However, systematic planning to include identification of the program's purpose and objectives, market assessment, analysis of the program alternatives, resource needs and availability, and the impact of the program on the home care agency's market niche and financial state are all essential to facilitate successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Triebsch
- South Hills Health Systems Home Health Agency, Pittsburgh, PA
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Abstract
It has been demonstrated that cocaine HCl lowers thresholds for and increases rates of medial forebrain bundle intracranial self-stimulation. The influence of cocaine on prefrontal cortex self-stimulation was assessed in the present experiment. The prefrontal cortex was chosen because evidence indicates that the neuroanatomical and pharmacological substrate for intracranial self-stimulation at this site may differ from the substrate for medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation. Cocaine significantly decreased train-duration thresholds and increased the rate of prefrontal cortex self-stimulation. It was concluded that cocaine facilitates both prefrontal cortex and medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation, perhaps by influencing neural activity in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. However, the role of dopamine in cocaine's effects at both sites remains speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Moody
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0376
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Abstract
Self-stimulating rats implanted with ventral tegmental area electrodes were tested with 15 mg/kg cocaine HCl before and after chronic imipramine treatment. Chronic imipramine had no influence on cocaine's ability to lower brain stimulation reward thresholds, suggesting that tricyclic antidepressant treatment does not block cocaine-induced euphoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Frank
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221
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Abstract
The present experiment examined the ability of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine to influence cocaine's effect on intracranial self-stimulation. Following a predrug, saline injection period, cocaine hydrochloride (10, 20 or 30 mg/kg) was injected (IP) in 19 rats implanted with ventral tegmental area electrodes. Cocaine treatment uniformly decreased self-stimulation train-duration thresholds. In the next phase, the subjects were divided into two groups. One group received cocaine (as in the previous phase) and the other received cocaine plus imipramine (10 mg/kg, IP). Imipramine doubled cocaine's effect on self-stimulation train-duration thresholds. In addition, several other effects of cocaine (e.g., bradycardia, rear-limb dyskinesia) were potentiated by imipramine treatment. The results suggest that care must be exercised when treating cocaine abuse with tricyclic antidepressants since coadministration of these drugs intensifies cocaine's effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Frank
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0376
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50
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Abstract
The effect of chronic cocaine treatment on brain stimulation reward was assessed by examining self-stimulation train-duration thresholds. Following a predrug, saline injection period, cocaine hydrochloride (10 or 15 mg/kg) was injected (IP) across 18 consecutive days of testing. Cocaine lowered thresholds across the entire period of drug administration, with the magnitude of cocaine's effect remaining stable during this time. The subjects returned to predrug, saline levels during a postdrug test conducted immediately following chronic cocaine treatment. In a final attempt to modify cocaine's effects, the subjects received 25 mg/kg cocaine HCl three times/day for three consecutive days. Subsequent testing at the original dosage levels revealed no change in the magnitude of cocaine's effect. It was concluded that cocaine's effect on brain stimulation reward does not show tolerance or sensitization with chronic use. Similar effects have been reported for morphine and amphetamine's effect on brain stimulation reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Frank
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0376
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