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Barreto-Núñez R, Béland LC, Boutej H, Picher-Martel V, Dupré N, Barbeito L, Kriz J. Chronically activated microglia in ALS gradually lose their immune functions and develop unconventional proteome. Glia 2024; 72:1319-1339. [PMID: 38577970 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and chronic activation of microglial cells are the prominent features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology. While alterations in the mRNA profile of diseased microglia have been well documented, the actual microglia proteome remains poorly characterized. Here we performed a functional characterization together with proteome analyses of microglial cells at different stages of disease in the SOD1-G93A model of ALS. Functional analyses of microglia derived from the lumbar spinal cord of symptomatic mice revealed: (i) remarkably high mitotic index (close to 100% cells are Ki67+) (ii) significant decrease in phagocytic capacity when compared to age-matched control microglia, and (iii) diminished response to innate immune challenges in vitro and in vivo. Proteome analysis revealed a development of two distinct molecular signatures at early and advanced stages of disease. While at early stages of disease, we identified several proteins implicated in microglia immune functions such as GPNMB, HMBOX1, at advanced stages of disease microglia signature at protein level was characterized with a robust upregulation of several unconventional proteins including rootletin, major vaults proteins and STK38. Upregulation of GPNMB and rootletin has been also found in the spinal cord samples of sporadic ALS. Remarkably, the top biological functions of microglia, in particular in the advanced disease, were not related to immunity/immune response, but were highly enriched in terms linked to RNA metabolism. Together, our results suggest that, over the course of disease, chronically activated microglia develop unconventional protein signatures and gradually lose their immune identity ultimately turning into functionally inefficient immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hejer Boutej
- CERVO Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Picher-Martel
- CERVO Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Neuroscence, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québecṣ-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Division of Neuroscence, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québecṣ-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jasna Kriz
- CERVO Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Liu Q, Xiong W, Obara S, Abo H, Nakatsukasa H, Kawashima H. Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by targeting 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X glycans involved in lymphocyte homing. Int Immunol 2024; 36:303-316. [PMID: 38387051 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes (PLN) is critical for immune surveillance. However, autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) can occur due to excessive immune responses in the PLN. Here we show that 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X (6-sulfo sLex) glycans on high endothelial venules that function as ligands for l-selectin on lymphocytes play a critical role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. In N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST)-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2 double-knockout mice lacking the expression of 6-sulfo sLeX glycans, the EAE symptoms and the numbers of effector Th1 and Th17 cells in the draining lymph nodes (dLN) and spinal cords (SC) were significantly reduced. To determine whether 6-sulfo sLeX could serve as a target for MS, we also examined the effects of anti-glycan monoclonal antibody (mAb) SF1 against 6-sulfo sLeX in EAE. Administration of mAb SF1 significantly reduced EAE symptoms and the numbers of antigen-specific effector T cells in the dLN and SC in association with suppression of critical genes including Il17a and Il17f that are involved in the pathogenesis of EAE. Taken together, these results suggest that 6-sulfo sLeX glycan would serve as a novel target for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liu
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Wei Xiong
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Obara
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hirohito Abo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakatsukasa
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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3
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Sun P, Chen J, Qin R. TP53INP2 knockdown inhibits inflammatory response and apoptosis after spinal cord injury. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1256. [PMID: 38652010 PMCID: PMC11037250 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic neurological disorder with limited therapeutic options. Tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 (TP53INP2) is involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases, and it may play a role during SCI via affecting inflammation and neuronal apoptosis. This study investigated the associated roles and mechanisms of TP53INP2 in SCI. METHODS Mouse and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SCI BV-2 cell models were constructed to explore the role of TP53INP2 in SCI and the associated mechanisms. Histopathological evaluation of spinal cord tissue was detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score was used to measure the motor function of the mice, while the spinal cord water content was used to assess spinal cord edema. The expression of TP53INP2 was measured using RT-qPCR. In addition, inflammatory factors in the spinal cord tissue of SCI mice and LPS-treated BV-2 cells were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Apoptosis and related protein expression levels were detected by flow cytometry and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS TP53INP2 levels increased in SCI mice and LPS-treated BV-2 cells. The results of in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that TP53INP2 knockdown inhibited the inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis in mouse spinal cord tissue or LPS-induced BV-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS After spinal cord injury, TP53INP2 was upregulated, and TP53INP2 knockdown inhibited the inflammatory response and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghao Sun
- Department of Spine SurgeryThe First People's Hospital of LianyungangLianyungangChina
| | - Jinchuan Chen
- Department of Spine SurgeryThe First People's Hospital of LianyungangLianyungangChina
| | - Rujie Qin
- Department of Spine SurgeryThe First People's Hospital of LianyungangLianyungangChina
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4
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Hao W, Luo Q, Menger MD, Fassbender K, Liu Y. Treatment With CD52 Antibody Protects Neurons in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice During the Recovering Phase. Front Immunol 2021; 12:792465. [PMID: 34975892 PMCID: PMC8716455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.792465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease driven by T and B lymphocytes. The remyelination failure and neurodegeneration results in permanent clinical disability in MS patients. A desirable therapy should not only modulate the immune system, but also promote neuroprotection and remyelination. To investigate the neuroprotective effect of CD52 antibody in MS, both C57BL/6J and SJL mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were treated with CD52 antibody at the peak of disease. Treatment with CD52 antibody depleted T but not B lymphocytes in the blood, reduced the infiltration of T lymphocytes and microglia/macrophages in the spinal cord. Anti-CD52 therapy attenuated EAE scores during the recovery phase. It protected neurons immediately after treatment (within 4 days) as shown by reducing the accumulation of amyloid precursor proteins. It potentially promoted remyelination as it increased the number of olig2/CC-1-positive mature oligodendrocytes and prevented myelin loss in the following days (e.g., 14 days post treatment). In further experiments, EAE mice with a conditional knockout of BDNF in neurons were administered with CD52 antibodies. Neuronal deficiency of BDNF attenuated the effect of anti-CD52 treatment on reducing EAE scores and inflammatory infiltration but did not affect anti-CD52 treatment-induced improvement of myelin coverage in the spinal cord. In summary, anti-CD52 therapy depletes CD4-positive T lymphocytes, prevents myelin loss and protects neurons in EAE mice. Neuronal BDNF regulates neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect of CD52 antibody in EAE mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD52 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- CD52 Antigen/immunology
- CD52 Antigen/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Remyelination/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Hao
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Diakonie Klinikum Neunkirchen, Neunkirchen, Germany
| | - Qinghua Luo
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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5
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Yarim GF, Yarim M, Sozmen M, Gokceoglu A, Ertekin A, Kabak YB, Karaca E. Nobiletin attenuates inflammation via modulating proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokine expressions in an autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model. Fitoterapia 2021; 156:105099. [PMID: 34896483 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of nobiletin by evaluating the expression of cytokines associated with inflammatory reactions in an autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model. A total of 60 male C57BL/6 mice aged between 8 and 10 weeks were used. Mice were divided into six groups (n = 10 mice per group): control, EAE, low-prophylaxis, high-prophylaxis, low-treatment and high-treatment. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and pertussis toxin. Nobiletin was administered in low (25 mg/kg) and high (50 mg/kg) doses, intraperitoneally. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of nobiletin on brain tissue and spinal cord were evaluated by expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFNγ), IL-6, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) using immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Prophylactic and therapeutic use of nobiletin inhibited EAE-induced increase of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 activities to alleviate inflammatory response in brain and spinal cord. Moreover, nobiletin supplement dramatically increased the IL-10, TGF-β and IFNγ expressions in prophylaxis and treatment groups compared with the EAE group in the brain and spinal cord. The results obtained from this study show that prophylactic and therapeutic nobiletin modulates expressions of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in brain and spinal cord dose-dependent manner in EAE model. These data demonstrates that nobiletin has a potential to attenuate inflammation in EAE mouse model. These experimental findings need to be supported by clinical studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/therapeutic use
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Cytokines/drug effects
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Flavones/pharmacology
- Flavones/therapeutic use
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/prevention & control
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/isolation & purification
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Fatma Yarim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Murat Yarim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Sozmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ayris Gokceoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ali Ertekin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Yonca Betil Kabak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Efe Karaca
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
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6
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Peng P, Yu H, Xing C, Tao B, Li C, Huang J, Ning G, Zhang B, Feng S. Exosomes-mediated phenotypic switch of macrophages in the immune microenvironment after spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112311. [PMID: 34653754 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating evidence indicated that modulating macrophage polarization could ameliorate the immune microenvironment and facilitate the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI), the underlying mechanism of macrophage phenotypic switch is still poorly understood. Exosomes (Exos), a potential tool of cell-to-cell communication, may play important roles in cell reprogramming. Herein, we investigated the roles of macrophages-derived exosomes played for macrophage polarization in the SCI immune microenvironment. In this study, we found the fraction of M2 macrophages was markedly decreased after SCI. Moreover, the M2 macrophages-derived exosomes could increase the percentage of M2 macrophages, decrease that of M1 macrophages while the M1 macrophages-derived exosomes acted oppositely. According to the results of in silico analyses and molecular experiments verification, this phenotypic switch might be mediated by the exosomal miRNA-mRNA network, in which the miR-23a-3p/PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis might play an important role. In conclusion, our study suggests macrophage polarization that regulated by various interventions might be mediated by their own exosomes at last. Moreover, M2 macrophages-derived exosomes could promote M2 macrophage polarization via the potential miRNA-mRNA network. Considering its potential of modulating polarization, M2 macrophages-derived exosomes may be a promising therapeutic agent for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Yu
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Xing
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Tao
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Li
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyuan Huang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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7
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Parvin S, Williams CR, Jarrett SA, Garraway SM. Spinal Cord Injury Increases Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Kidney at Acute and Sub-chronic Stages. Inflammation 2021; 44:2346-2361. [PMID: 34417952 PMCID: PMC8616867 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports that spinal cord injury (SCI) produces robust inflammatory plasticity. We previously showed that the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α is increased in the spinal cord after SCI. SCI also induces a systemic inflammatory response that can impact peripheral organ functions. The kidney plays an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health. However, SCI-induced inflammatory response in the kidney and the subsequent effect on renal function have not been well characterized. This study investigated the impact of high and low thoracic (T) SCI on C-fos, TNFα, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 expression in the kidney at acute and sub-chronic timepoints. Adult C57BL/6 mice received a moderate contusion SCI or sham procedures at T4 or T10. Uninjured mice served as naïve controls. mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and C-fos, and TNFα and C-fos protein expression were assessed in the kidney and spinal cord 1 day and 14 days post-injury. The mRNA levels of all targets were robustly increased in the kidney and spinal cord, 1 day after both injuries. Whereas IL-6 and TNFα remained elevated in the spinal cord at 14 days after SCI, C-fos, IL-6, and TNFα levels were sustained in the kidney only after T10 SCI. TNFα protein was significantly upregulated in the kidney 1 day after both T4 and T10 SCI. Overall, these results clearly demonstrate that SCI induces robust systemic inflammation that extends to the kidney. Hence, the presence of renal inflammation can substantially impact renal pathophysiology and function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangrila Parvin
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Clintoria R. Williams
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH USA
| | - Simone A. Jarrett
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Sandra M. Garraway
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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8
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Xiang W, Xie C, Luo J, Zhang W, Zhao X, Yang H, Cai Y, Ding J, Wang Y, Hao Y, Zhang Y, Guan Y. Low Frequency Ultrasound With Injection of NMO-IgG and Complement Produces Lesions Different From Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727750. [PMID: 34721390 PMCID: PMC8551829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), a relapsing autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, mainly targets the optic nerve and spinal cord. To date, all attempts at the establishment of NMOSD animal models have been based on neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G antibody (NMO-IgG) and mimic the disease in part. To solve this problem, we developed a rodent model by opening the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with low frequency ultrasound, followed by injection of NMO-IgG from NMOSD patients and complement to mice suffering pre-existing neuroinflammation produced by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we showed that ultrasound with NMO-IgG and complement caused marked inflammation and demyelination of both spinal cords and optic nerves compared to blank control group, as well as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) loss of spinal cords and optic nerves compared to EAE mice and EAE mice with only BBB opening. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed optic neuritis with spinal cord lesions. We further demonstrated eye segregation defects in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of these NMOSD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Luo
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Hao
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Sgroi S, Romeo E, Fruscia PD, Porceddu PF, Russo D, Realini N, Albanesi E, Bandiera T, Bertozzi F, Reggiani A. Inhibition of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase reduces T cell infiltration in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105816. [PMID: 34391933 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), in which myeloid cells sustain inflammation, take part in priming, differentiation, and reactivation of myelin-specific T cells, and cause direct myelin damage. N-Acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) is a proinflammatory enzyme induced by phlogosis and overexpressed in macrophages and microglia of EAE mice. Targeting these cell populations by inhibiting NAAA may be a promising pharmacological strategy to modulate the inflammatory aspect of MS and manage disease progression. To address this goal, we used ARN16186, a small molecule specifically designed and synthesized as a pharmacological tool to inhibit NAAA. We assessed whether enzyme inhibition affected the severity of neurological symptoms and modulated immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system of EAE mice. We found that preventive chronic treatment with ARN16186 was efficacious in slowing disease progression and preserving locomotor activity in EAE mice. Furthermore, NAAA inhibition reduced the number of immune cells infiltrating the spinal cord and modulated the overactivation of NF-kB and STAT3 transcription factors, leading to less expansion of Th17 cells over the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sgroi
- D3-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Elisa Romeo
- D3-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Fruscia
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | | | - Debora Russo
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Natalia Realini
- D3-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Ennio Albanesi
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Neurofacility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Fabio Bertozzi
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Angelo Reggiani
- D3-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy.
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10
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Guo HM, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Jiao PF, Fan XC, Kong CL, Wang T, Li XX, Zhang HW, Zhang LR, Ma MY, Bu HL. Spinal Ninjurin2 contributes to the neuropathic pain via NF-κB-mediated neuroinflammation in the spared sciatic nerve injury rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107918. [PMID: 34320458 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Ninjurin2 (nerve injury induced protein 2, NINJ2) is a molecule which mediates cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions in the nervous system. Clinical study shows NINJ2 is associated with the development of postherpetic neuralgia. However, it is lack of direct evidence that NINJ2 participated in neuropathic pain. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of NINJ2 in the development of neuropathic pain in spared sciatic nerve injury rats and the underlying mechanism. METHOD Spared sciatic nerve injury (SNI) models were established. The level of NINJ2 and p-p65 (a NF-κB family member) were measured in SNI rats by western blots and immunofluorescent staining. Lentivirus encoding small interfering RNA targeting NINJ2 (RNAi) was intrathecally injected into rats. Then the change of pain behavior of rats induced by NINJ2 RNAi was tested by Von-Frey hairs. The change of p-p65 in the spinal cord in rats after NINJ2 RNAi treatment was also measured by western blots. inhibitor of p-p65-induced change of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS NINJ2 and p-p65 were increased in the spinal cord of SNI rats on the 3, 7, 14th days after modeling. NINJ2 were mainly expressed in neurons, and co-located with p-p65 in the spinal dorsal horn. When down regulating the level of NINJ2 by RNAi, the development of pain in SNI rats was partially blocked. Phosphorylation of p65 was also inhibited by NINJ2 RNAi. Blocking the phosphorylation of NF-κB pathway could inhibit the increase of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the spinal cord of SNI rats. CONCLUSION NINJ2 protein was increased in the spinal cord of SNI rats. It participated in the development of nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain by activating neuroinflammation in the spinal cord via NF-κB pathway. This study provides a new target to investigate the mechanism of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ming Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pain Management, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Peng-Fei Jiao
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Chong Fan
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cun-Long Kong
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450000 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li-Rong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450000 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min-Yu Ma
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Hui-Lian Bu
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, China.
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11
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Kovacs M, Alamón C, Maciel C, Varela V, Ibarburu S, Tarragó L, King PH, Si Y, Kwon Y, Hermine O, Barbeito L, Trias E. The pathogenic role of c-Kit+ mast cells in the spinal motor neuron-vascular niche in ALS. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:136. [PMID: 34389060 PMCID: PMC8361844 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of motor neurons, glial cell reactivity, and vascular alterations in the CNS are important neuropathological features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Immune cells trafficking from the blood also infiltrate the affected CNS parenchyma and contribute to neuroinflammation. Mast cells (MCs) are hematopoietic-derived immune cells whose precursors differentiate upon migration into tissues. Upon activation, MCs undergo degranulation with the ability to increase vascular permeability, orchestrate neuroinflammation and modulate the neuroimmune response. However, the prevalence, pathological significance, and pharmacology of MCs in the CNS of ALS patients remain largely unknown. In autopsy ALS spinal cords, we identified for the first time that MCs express c-Kit together with chymase, tryptase, and Cox-2 and display granular or degranulating morphology, as compared with scarce MCs in control cords. In ALS, MCs were mainly found in the niche between spinal motor neuron somas and nearby microvascular elements, and they displayed remarkable pathological abnormalities. Similarly, MCs accumulated in the motor neuron-vascular niche of ALS murine models, in the vicinity of astrocytes and motor neurons expressing the c-Kit ligand stem cell factor (SCF), suggesting an SCF/c-Kit-dependent mechanism of MC differentiation from precursors. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that fully differentiated MCs in cell cultures can be generated from the murine ALS spinal cord tissue, further supporting the presence of c-Kit+ MC precursors. Moreover, intravenous administration of bone marrow-derived c-Kit+ MC precursors infiltrated the spinal cord in ALS mice but not in controls, consistent with aberrant trafficking through a defective microvasculature. Pharmacological inhibition of c-Kit with masitinib in ALS mice reduced the MC number and the influx of MC precursors from the periphery. Our results suggest a previously unknown pathogenic mechanism triggered by MCs in the ALS motor neuron-vascular niche that might be targeted pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cecilia Maciel
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Sofía Ibarburu
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucas Tarragó
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Peter H King
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35295, USA
| | - Ying Si
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35295, USA
| | - Yuri Kwon
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Imagine Institute, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8254, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
- Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer; AB Science; Department of Hematology, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
- Centre national de référence des mastocytoses (CEREMAST), Paris, France
| | - Luis Barbeito
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Emiliano Trias
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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12
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Agnes JP, Santos VWD, das Neves RN, Gonçalves RM, Delgobo M, Girardi CS, Lückemeyer DD, Ferreira MDA, Macedo-Júnior SJ, Lopes SC, Spiller F, Gelain DP, Moreira JCF, Prediger RD, Ferreira J, Zanotto-Filho A. Antioxidants Improve Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Tumor-Bearing Mice Model: Role of Spinal Cord Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. J Pain 2021; 22:996-1013. [PMID: 33774154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN) is a common, difficult-to-treat, and dose-limiting side effect associated with Oxaliplatin (OXA) treatment. In this study, we evaluated the effect of three antioxidants - namely N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid and vitamin E - upon nociceptive parameters and antitumor efficacy of OXA in a tumor-bearing Swiss mice model. Oral treatment with antioxidants inhibited both mechanical and cold allodynia when concomitantly administrated with OXA (preventive protocol), as well as in animals with previously established CIPN (therapeutic protocol). OXA increased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and lipoperoxidation, and augmented the content of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and expression of the astrocytic marker Gfap mRNA in the spinal cord. Antioxidants decreased ROS production and lipoperoxidation, and abolished neuroinflammation in OXA-treated animals. Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) and inflammasome enzyme caspase-1/11 knockout mice treated with OXA showed reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (but not oxidative stress) in the spinal cord, which were associated with resistance to OXA-induced mechanical allodynia. Lastly, antioxidants affected neither antitumor activity nor hematological toxicity of OXA in vivo. The herein presented results are provocative for further evaluation of antioxidants in clinical management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. PERSPECTIVE: This study reports preventive and therapeutic efficacy of orally administrated antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic-acid and Vitamin-E) in alleviating oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in tumor-bearing mice. Antioxidants' anti-nociceptive effects are associated with inhibition of ROS-dependent neuroinflammation, and occur at no detriment of OXA antitumor activity, therefore indicating a translational potential of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Paulo Agnes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Vitória Wibbelt Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Raquel Nascimento das Neves
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Mayer Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marina Delgobo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carolina Saibro Girardi
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Débora Denardin Lückemeyer
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marcella de Amorim Ferreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sérgio José Macedo-Júnior
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Samantha Cristiane Lopes
- Laboratório Experimental de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fernando Spiller
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia (Lidi), Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Laboratório Experimental de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Juliano Ferreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Alfeu Zanotto-Filho
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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13
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Kisucká A, Bimbová K, Bačová M, Gálik J, Lukáčová N. Activation of Neuroprotective Microglia and Astrocytes at the Lesion Site and in the Adjacent Segments Is Crucial for Spontaneous Locomotor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2021; 10:1943. [PMID: 34440711 PMCID: PMC8394075 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes play an important role in the regulation of immune responses under various pathological conditions. To detect environmental cues associated with the transformation of reactive microglia (M1) and astrocytes (A1) into their polarization states (anti-inflammatory M2 and A2 phenotypes), we studied time-dependent gene expression in naive and injured spinal cord. The relationship between astrocytes and microglia and their polarization states were studied in a rat model after Th9 compression (40 g/15 min) in acute and subacute stages at the lesion site, and both cranially and caudally. The gene expression of microglia/macrophages and M1 microglia was strongly up-regulated at the lesion site and caudally one week after SCI, and attenuated after two weeks post-SCI. GFAP and S100B, and A1 astrocytes were profoundly expressed predominantly two weeks post-SCI at lesion site and cranially. Gene expression of anti-inflammatory M2a microglia (CD206, CHICHI, IL1rn, Arg-1), M2c microglia (TGF-β, SOCS3, IL4R α) and A2 astrocytes (Tgm1, Ptx3, CD109) was greatly activated at the lesion site one week post-SCI. In addition, we observed positive correlation between neurological outcome and expression of M2a, M2c, and A2 markers. Our findings indicate that the first week post-injury is critical for modulation of reactive microglia/astrocytes into their neuroprotective phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nadežda Lukáčová
- Institute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Centre of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (A.K.); (K.B.); (M.B.); (J.G.)
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14
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Lin C, Ekblad-Nordberg Å, Michaëlsson J, Götherström C, Hsu CC, Ye H, Johansson J, Rising A, Sundström E, Åkesson E. In Vitro Study of Human Immune Responses to Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels, Recombinant Spidroins and Human Neural Progenitor Cells of Relevance to Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Cells 2021; 10:1713. [PMID: 34359882 PMCID: PMC8303367 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffolds of recombinant spider silk protein (spidroin) and hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel hold promise in combination with cell therapy for spinal cord injury. However, little is known concerning the human immune response to these biomaterials and grafted human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNPCs). Here, we analyzed short- and long-term in vitro activation of immune cells in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) cultured with/without recombinant spidroins, HA hydrogels, and/or allogeneic hNPCs to assess potential host-donor interactions. Viability, proliferation and phenotype of hPBMCs were analyzed using NucleoCounter and flow cytometry. hPBMC viability was confirmed after exposure to the different biomaterials. Short-term (15 h) co-cultures of hPBMCs with spidroins, but not with HA hydrogel, resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of activated CD69+ CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells and NK cells, which likely was caused by residual endotoxins from the Escherichia coli expression system. The observed spidroin-induced hPBMC activation was not altered by hNPCs. It is resource-effective to evaluate human compatibility of novel biomaterials early in development of the production process to, when necessary, make alterations to minimize rejection risk. Here, we present a method to evaluate biomaterials and hPBMC compatibility in conjunction with allogeneic human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Lin
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Åsa Ekblad-Nordberg
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (Å.E.-N.); (C.G.)
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Cecilia Götherström
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (Å.E.-N.); (C.G.)
| | - Chia-Chen Hsu
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (C.-C.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hua Ye
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (C.-C.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Jan Johansson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.J.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Rising
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.J.); (A.R.)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Sundström
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Elisabet Åkesson
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
- The R&D Unit, Stockholms Sjukhem, SE-112 19 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Li J, Zhang Z, Du S, Guo Q. Interleukin 2 Ameliorates Autoimmune Neuroinflammation by Modulating the Balance of T Helper 17 Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Mouse. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2021; 51:529-534. [PMID: 34452891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive autoimmune-mediated inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS), and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a suitable model to study the pathogenesis of MS. IL-2 has been considered as both a T cell growth factor and an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a low dose IL-2 treatment on mouse EAE therapy. METHOD The expression of IL-2 and IL-2 receptor were predicted using public microarray data and verified by real-time PCR and ELISA in mouse EAE model. Mice were injected with Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (35-55)(MOG35-55) subcutaneously to induce EAE model. IL-2 treatment was initiated during 5 consecutive days from day 15 post MOG35-55 immunization. Flow cytometry was applied to investigate the proportions of Th17 and Treg cells. ELISA was used to detect the concentrations of IL-17a, IFNr, IL-10 and TGFb. RESULTS In this study, we showed that the IL-2 treatment ameliorates the clinical severity of EAE. Flow cytometry results indicated that the therapeutic effect was related to a reduction of Th17 cells and an expansion of Treg cells in the EAE spinal cord. In vitro experiments also confirmed the anti-inflammatory effect of IL-2 in EAE-reactivated T cells. CONCLUSION Low-dose IL-2 is a potential therapeutic strategy for EAE and MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Interleukin-2/administration & dosage
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Du
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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16
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Murdock BJ, Famie JP, Piecuch CE, Pawlowski KD, Mendelson FE, Pieroni CH, Iniguez SD, Zhao L, Goutman SA, Feldman EL. NK cells associate with ALS in a sex- and age-dependent manner. JCI Insight 2021; 6:147129. [PMID: 33974561 PMCID: PMC8262328 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate immune cells implicated in ALS; whether NK cells impact ALS in a sex- and age-specific manner was investigated. Herein, NK cells were depleted in male and female SOD1G93A ALS mice, survival and neuroinflammation were assessed, and data were stratified by sex. NK cell depletion extended survival in female but not male ALS mice with sex-specific effects on spinal cord microglia. In humans, NK cell numbers, NK cell subpopulations, and NK cell surface markers were examined in prospectively blood collected from subjects with ALS and control subjects; longitudinal changes in these metrics were correlated to revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R) slope and stratified by sex and age. Expression of NK cell trafficking and cytotoxicity markers was elevated in subjects with ALS, and changes in CXCR3+ NK cells and 7 trafficking and cytotoxicity markers (CD11a, CD11b, CD38, CX3CR1, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46) correlated with disease progression. Age affected the associations between ALSFRS-R and markers NKG2D and NKp46, whereas sex impacted the NKp30 association. Collectively, these findings suggest that NK cells contribute to ALS progression in a sex- and age-specific manner and demonstrate that age and sex are critical variables when designing and assessing ALS immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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17
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Morin F, Singh N, Mdzomba JB, Dumas A, Pernet V, Vallières L. Conditional Deletions of Hdc Confirm Roles of Histamine in Anaphylaxis and Circadian Activity but Not in Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2021; 206:2029-2037. [PMID: 33846226 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histamine is best known for its role in allergies, but it could also be involved in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. However, studies using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most widely used animal model for multiple sclerosis, have reported conflicting observations and suggest the implication of a nonclassical source of histamine. In this study, we demonstrate that neutrophils are the main producers of histamine in the spinal cord of EAE mice. To assess the role of histamine by taking into account its different cellular sources, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate conditional knockout mice for the histamine-synthesizing enzyme histidine decarboxylase. We found that ubiquitous and cell-specific deletions do not affect the course of EAE. However, neutrophil-specific deletion attenuates hypothermia caused by IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, whereas neuron-specific deletion reduces circadian activity. In summary, this study refutes the role of histamine in EAE, unveils a role for neutrophil-derived histamine in IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, and establishes a new mouse model to re-explore the inflammatory and neurologic roles of histamine.
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MESH Headings
- Anaphylaxis/genetics
- Anaphylaxis/immunology
- Anaphylaxis/metabolism
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Circadian Rhythm/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Histamine/immunology
- Histamine/metabolism
- Histidine Decarboxylase/genetics
- Histidine Decarboxylase/immunology
- Histidine Decarboxylase/metabolism
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Neutrophils/cytology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Morin
- Neuroscience Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Noopur Singh
- Neuroscience Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julius Baya Mdzomba
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aline Dumas
- Neuroscience Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Pernet
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luc Vallières
- Neuroscience Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada;
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18
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Ding W, You Z, Chen Q, Yang L, Doheny J, Zhou X, Li N, Wang S, Hu K, Chen L, Xia S, Wu X, Wang C, Zhang C, Chen L, Ritchie C, Huang P, Mao J, Shen S. Gut Microbiota Influences Neuropathic Pain Through Modulating Proinflammatory and Anti-inflammatory T Cells. Anesth Analg 2021; 132:1146-1155. [PMID: 32889847 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota, a consortium of diverse microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, has emerged as a key player in neuroinflammatory responses, supporting the functional relevance of the "gut-brain axis." Chronic-constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) is a commonly used animal model of neuropathic pain with a major input from T cell-mediated immune responses. In this article, we sought to examine whether gut microbiota influences CCI neuropathic pain, and, if so, whether T-cell immune responses are implicated. METHODS We used a mixture of wide-spectrum oral antibiotics to perturbate gut microbiota in mice and then performed CCI in these animals. Nociceptive behaviors, including mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, were examined before and after CCI. Additionally, we characterized the spinal cord infiltrating T cells by examining interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, and Foxp3. Using a Foxp3-GFP-DTR "knock-in" mouse model that allows punctual depletion of regulatory T cells, we interrogated the role of these cells in mediating the effects of gut microbiota in the context of CCI neuropathic pain. RESULTS We found that oral antibiotics induced gut microbiota changes and attenuated the development of CCI neuropathic pain, as demonstrated by dampened mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Percentages of IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells were significantly different between animals that received oral antibiotics (Th1 mean = 1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9-1.2; Foxp3 mean = 8.1, 95% CI, 6.8-9.3) and those that received regular water (Th1 mean = 8.4, 95% CI, 7.8-9.0, P < .01 oral antibiotics versus water, Cohen's d = 18.8; Foxp 3 mean = 2.8, 95% CI, 2.2-3.3, P < .01 oral antibiotics versus water, Cohen's d = 6.2). These T cells characterized a skewing from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory immune profile induced by gut microbiota changes. Moreover, we depleted Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and found that their depletion reversed the protection of neuropathic pain mediated by gut microbiota changes, along with a dramatic increase of IFN-γ-producing Th1 cell infiltration in the spinal cord (before depletion mean = 2.8%, 95% CI, 2.2-3.5; after depletion mean = 9.1%, 95% CI, 7.2-11.0, p < .01 before versus after, Cohen's d = 5.0). CONCLUSIONS Gut microbiota plays a critical role in CCI neuropathic pain. This role is mediated, in part, through modulating proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Ding
- From the Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zerong You
- From the Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qian Chen
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Liuyue Yang
- From the Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason Doheny
- From the Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Kunming, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- From the Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kun Hu
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Lucy Chen
- From the Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suyun Xia
- Department of Anesthesia, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinbo Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Can Zhang
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liang Chen
- Hackensack-Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Christine Ritchie
- Division of Palliative Care and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and
| | - Peigen Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Steele Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jianren Mao
- From the Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shiqian Shen
- From the Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Kwon AHK, Liddelow SA. Astrocytes have a license to kill inflammatory T cells. Immunity 2021; 54:614-616. [PMID: 33852828 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbiome-induced interferon signaling through gut-derived natural killer cells is integral to minimize peripheral inflammatory responses in the brain and spinal cord. In a recent issue of Nature, Sanmarco, Wheeler, et al. define how interferon signaling induces LAMP1+TRAIL+ astrocytes, which cause death of inflammatory T cells, mitigating degeneration in a mouse model of demyealination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H K Kwon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, the Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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20
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Waliszewska-Prosół M, Chojdak-Łukasiewicz J, Budrewicz S, Pokryszko-Dragan A. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Treatment-Current and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062801. [PMID: 33802046 PMCID: PMC7998461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an immune-mediated demyelinative disorder of the central nervous system affecting mainly the optical nerves and the spinal cord. The recurrent course of the disease, with exacerbations and incomplete remissions, causes accumulating disability, which has a profound impact upon patients’ quality of life. The discovery of antibodies against aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and their leading role in NMO etiology and the formulation of diagnostic criteria have improved appropriate recognition of the disease. In recent years, there has been rapid progress in understanding the background of NMO, leading to an increasing range of treatment options. On the basis of a review of the relevant literature, the authors present currently available therapeutic strategies for NMO as well as ongoing research in this field, with reference to key points of immune-mediated processes involved in the background of the disease.
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21
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Kataria H, Hart CG, Alizadeh A, Cossoy M, Kaushik DK, Bernstein CN, Marrie RA, Yong VW, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Neuregulin-1 beta 1 is implicated in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Brain 2021; 144:162-185. [PMID: 33313801 PMCID: PMC7880664 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is characterized by immune mediated neurodegeneration that results in progressive, life-long neurological and cognitive impairments. Yet, the endogenous mechanisms underlying multiple sclerosis pathophysiology are not fully understood. Here, we provide compelling evidence that associates dysregulation of neuregulin-1 beta 1 (Nrg-1β1) with multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and progression. In the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis, we demonstrate that Nrg-1β1 levels are abated within spinal cord lesions and peripherally in the plasma and spleen during presymptomatic, onset and progressive course of the disease. We demonstrate that plasma levels of Nrg-1β1 are also significantly reduced in individuals with early multiple sclerosis and is positively associated with progression to relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The functional impact of Nrg-1β1 downregulation preceded disease onset and progression, and its systemic restoration was sufficient to delay experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis symptoms and alleviate disease burden. Intriguingly, Nrg-1β1 therapy exhibited a desirable and extended therapeutic time window of efficacy when administered prophylactically, symptomatically, acutely or chronically. Using in vivo and in vitro assessments, we identified that Nrg-1β1 treatment mediates its beneficial effects in EAE by providing a more balanced immune response. Mechanistically, Nrg-1β1 moderated monocyte infiltration at the blood-CNS interface by attenuating chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans and MMP9. Moreover, Nrg-1β1 fostered a regulatory and reparative phenotype in macrophages, T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and microglia in the spinal cord lesions of EAE mice. Taken together, our new findings in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis have uncovered a novel regulatory role for Nrg-1β1 early in the disease course and suggest its potential as a specific therapeutic target to ameliorate disease progression and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Arsalan Alizadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael Cossoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Deepak K Kaushik
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ruth Ann Marrie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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22
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Prado DS, Damasceno LEA, Sonego AB, Rosa MH, Martins TV, Fonseca MDM, Cunha TM, Cunha FQ, Alves-Filho JC. Pitavastatin ameliorates autoimmune neuroinflammation by regulating the Treg/Th17 cell balance through inhibition of mevalonate metabolism. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107278. [PMID: 33341737 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While Treg cells are responsible for self-tolerance and immune homeostasis, pathogenic autoreactive Th17 cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that lead to tissue damage associated with autoimmunity, as observed in multiple sclerosis. Therefore, the immunological balance between Th17 and Treg cells may represent a promising option for immune therapy. Statin drugs are used to treat dyslipidemia; however, besides their effects on preventing cardiovascular diseases, statins also have anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we investigated the role of pitavastatin on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and the differentiation of Treg and Th17 cells. EAE was induced by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with MOG35-55. EAE severity was determined by analyzing the clinical score and inflammatory parameters in the spinal cord. Naive CD4 T cells were cultured under Treg and Th17-skewing conditions in vitro in the presence of pitavastatin. We found that pitavastatin decreased EAE development, which was accompanied by a reduction of all parameters investigated. Pitavastatin also reduced the expression of IBA1 and pSTAT3 (Y705 and S727) in the spinal cords of EAE mice. Interestingly, the reduction of Th17 cell frequency in the draining lymph nodes of EAE mice treated with pitavastatin was followed by an increase of Treg cells. Indeed, pitavastatin directly affects T cell differentiation in vitro by decreasing Th17 and increasing Treg cell differentiation. Mechanistically, pitavastatin effects are dependent on mevalonate synthesis. Thus, our data show the potential anti-inflammatory effect of pitavastatin on the pathogenesis of the experimental neuroinflammation by modulating the Th17/Treg axis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Male
- Mevalonic Acid/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Prado
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - L E A Damasceno
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - A B Sonego
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M H Rosa
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - T V Martins
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M D M Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - T M Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - F Q Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - J C Alves-Filho
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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23
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Matsubara Y, Okuda H, Harada KH, Youssefian S, Koizumi A. Mechanical allodynia triggered by cold exposure in mice with the Scn11a p.R222S mutation: a novel model of drug therapy for neuropathic pain related to Na V1.9. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:299-306. [PMID: 32970203 PMCID: PMC7835175 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations within the SCN11A gene which encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.9 mainly expressed in small fiber sensory neurons have been associated with neuropathic disorders; however, suitable medications have not been fully investigated. To develop drug therapies against NaV1.9-related neuropathic pain, we aimed to establish a novel model using mice carrying the Scn11a p.R222S mutation initially identified in patients with familial episodic limb pain that is characterized by paroxysmal pain induced by fatigue or bad weather conditions. We investigated the influence of cold exposure (4 °C, overnight) on the behavioral and biochemical phenotypes of Scn11a p.R222S mutant (R222S) and wild type C57BL/6N (WT) mice. We also tested the effects of acetaminophen (125, 250 mg/kg, perorally, p.o.) and traditional Japanese medicine, goshajinkigan (0.5 or 1.0 g/kg, p.o.), which are analgesic drugs prescribed to patients with neuropathic pain, in this model of cold-induced mechanical allodynia in R222S mice.Cold-exposed R222S mice exhibited enhanced mechanical allodynia and thermal hypersensitivity compared with WT mice. The decrease of the mechanical withdrawal threshold in R222S mice was reversible 24 h after housing at room temperature. There was no significant change in the levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, or interferon-γ in the plasma or spinal cords of WT and R222S mice after cold exposure. Both acetaminophen (250 mg/kg) and goshajinkigan (1.0 g/kg) significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia in R222S mice. The model of cold-induced mechanical allodynia in mice with the Scn11a p.R222S mutation is novel and useful for evaluating analgesic drugs for intractable neuropathies related to NaV1.9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Matsubara
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Okuda
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shohab Youssefian
- Laboratory of Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Social Health Medicine Welfare Laboratory, Public Interest Incorporated Association Kyoto Hokenkai, Kyoto, Japan
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24
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Etemadi L, Pettersson LME, Danielsen N. UVB irradiation induces contralateral changes in galanin, substance P and c-fos immunoreactivity in rat dorsal root ganglia, dorsal horn and lateral spinal nucleus. Peptides 2021; 136:170447. [PMID: 33212101 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The selection of control group is crucial, as the use of an inadequate group may strongly affect the results. In this study we examine the effect on contralateral tissue protein levels, in a model of unilateral UVB irradiation, as the contralateral side is commonly used as a control. Previous studies have shown that UVB irradiation increases immunoreactivity for inflammatory regulated neuropeptides. Unilateral UVB irradiation of rat hind paw was performed and corresponding contralateral spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were collected 2-96 h after and investigated for changes in galanin, substance P and c-fos immunoreactivity. Control tissue was collected from naïve rats. Measurement of skin blood flow from contralateral heel hind paws (Doppler), revealed no change compared to naïve rats. However, UVB irradiation caused a significant reduction in the contralateral proportion of galanin immunopositive DRG neurons, at all-time points, as well as an increase in the contralateral spinal cord dorsal horn, around the central canal and in the lateral spinal nucleus (2-48 h). The contralateral proportion of SP positive DRG neurons and dorsal horn immunoreactivity was unchanged, whereas the lateral spinal nucleus area showed increased immunoreactivity (48 h). UVB irradiation also induced a slight contralateral upregulation of c-fos in the dorsal horn/central canal area (24 and 48 h). In summary, unilateral UVB irradiation induced contralateral changes in inflammatory/nociceptive neuropeptides in spinal cord and afferent pathways involved in pain signaling already within 24 h, a time point when also ipsilateral neurochemical/physiological changes have been reported for rats and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Etemadi
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lina M E Pettersson
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nils Danielsen
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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25
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Wang X, Li B, Liu L, Zhang L, Ma T, Guo L. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment alleviates the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by activating autophagy and inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 90:107092. [PMID: 33290962 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) is an essential cofactor in numerous metabolic pathways, and so may support protective and reparative processes against central nervous system diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of NAD + administration in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS and the contributions of autophagic regulation and NLRP3 inflammasome activity. EAE was induced in female C57BL/6 mice by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) p35-55 and disease severity analyzed by neurological function score and histological scores of spinal cord sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin or luxol fast blue. Outcomes were compared among control mice and EAE groups receiving daily post-immunization vehicle injections, NAD + injections, injection of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), or co-injection of NAD + and 3-MA. Expression levels of autophagy-related proteins (Beclin1, LC3-II/I, and p62/SQSTM1) were assessed by Western blotting, the activated microglial cells were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, while mRNA expression levels of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-17, IL-18, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-10 were detected by real-time PCR. The proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells in spleen were evaluated using flow cytometry. Treatment with NAD + alleviated demyelination, nerve injury, microglial activation and motor function abnormalities of EAE mice. In addition, NAD + increased the expressions of the autophagy-related proteins LC3-II/I and Beclin 1, and reduced the expression of p62. Treatment with NAD + also inhibited the expressions of NLRP3 and modulated the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells, reduced the expressions of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-2, IL-18, IFN-γ and IL-17, and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10. Conversely, 3-MA aggravated spinal cord inflammation and demyelination, and delayed spontaneous remission from EAE. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of NAD + were abolished by 3-MA cotreatment. Our results indicate that NAD + suppresses the NLRP3 inflammasome at least in part through the activation of autophagy to relieve the symptoms of EAE. Therefore, regulation of autophagy by NAD + treatment may be an effective therapeutic strategy for MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Autophagy-Related Proteins/metabolism
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Inflammasomes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Inflammasomes/genetics
- Inflammasomes/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- NAD/pharmacology
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Second Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Second Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tianzhao Ma
- Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Shijiazhuang, China.
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26
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Fathollahi A, Hashemi SM, Haji Molla Hoseini M, Tavakoli S, Farahani E, Yeganeh F. Intranasal administration of small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells ameliorated the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 90:107207. [PMID: 33290966 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model for the human multiple sclerosis, which is characterized by inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), de-myelination of axonal neurons, and loss of motor coordination. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of intranasal administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and small extracellular vesicle (SEV) derived from the MSC (MSC-SEV) on disease activity and antigen-specific responses in the EAE mouse model. MSCs (5 × 105) were administered intranasally to EAE mice (n = 5) on the 15th and 24th days after immunization. In addition, the intranasal administration of MSC-SEV (10 μg) was used to treat EAE mice (n = 5) on a daily basis from the 15th to the 27th day after induction of the disease. The outcomes of therapies were evaluated using studying clinical symptoms and histological analysis of CNS lesions. Moreover, T cell proliferation, the frequency of regulatory T cells, the expression of transcription factors of T-helper subsets, and the levels of their corresponded cytokines were evaluated in splenocytes culture that was stimulated with specific-antigen. The results of treatment of EAE mice with MSC- SEV and MSC showed a significant decrease in the clinical scores, and it was found that treatment with MSC-SEV was more effective in alleviating clinical scores than MSC. In addition, the decrease in clinical symptoms was associated with an increase in immunomodulatory responses, including an increase in the frequency of Foxp3+ CD25+ regulatory T cells. Moreover, the level of TGF-β was increased by both treatments; however, interleukin-10 was increased only by MSC treatment. Ultimately, it was achieved that the intranasal administration of MSC-SEV to EAE mice was more effective than the administration of MSC to reduce clinical scores and histological lesions of the CNS tissue.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/surgery
- Extracellular Vesicles/immunology
- Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism
- Extracellular Vesicles/transplantation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Fathollahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Haji Molla Hoseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Tavakoli
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Farahani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Yeganeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Li J, Huang L, Yu LT, Tao G, Wang ZY, Hao WZ, Huang JQ. Feruloylated Oligosaccharides Alleviate Central Nervous Inflammation in Mice Following Spinal Cord Contusion. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:15490-15500. [PMID: 33170671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As one of the empirical models of the chronic central inflammatory response, a spinal cord injury (SCI) deteriorates the neuronal survival and results in irreversible motor and sensory dysfunction below the injury area. Our previous studies have reported that maize bran feruloylated oligosaccharides (FOs) exert significant anti-inflammatory activities both in diabetes and colitis. However, no direct evidence of FOs alleviating central nervous inflammation was stated. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of FOs on SCI and its potential mechanism. Our results indicated that 4 weeks of FO administration effectively mitigated the inflammatory response via decreasing the number of microglia (labelled with Iba1), result in the expression of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α downregulating, but the level of IL-10 and BDNF increases in the injured spinal cord. Moreover, FOs enhanced neuronal survival, ameliorated the scar cavities, and improved behaviors, including Basso mouse scale (BMS) scores and the gait of mice after SCI. Together, these results demonstrated that administration of FOs showed superior functional recovery effects in a SCI model. Also, FOs may modulate inflammatory activities by regulating the expression of proinflammatory factors, decreasing the production of inflammatory cells, and promoting functional recovery through the MAPK pathway following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral research station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Ling-Tai Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Gabriel Tao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston 77204, United States
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Hao
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jun-Qing Huang
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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28
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Hu R, Lv W, Zhang S, Liu Y, Sun B, Meng Y, Kong Q, Mu L, Wang G, Zhang Y, Li H, Liu X. Combining miR-23b exposure with mesenchymal stem cell transplantation enhances therapeutic effects on EAE. Immunol Lett 2020; 229:18-26. [PMID: 33238163 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have the immuno-modulatory capacity to ameliorate autoimmune diseases, such as multiple schlerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. However, BMSC-mediated immunosuppression can be challenging to achieve. The efficacy of BMSC transplantation may be augmented by an adjuvant therapy. Here, we demonstrated that treatment of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS, with BMSCs over-expressing microRNA (miR)-23b provided better synergistic and longer-term therapeutic effects than treatment with traditional BMSCs. Over-expression of miR-23b enhanced the ability of BMSCs to inhibit differentiation of Th17 cells and reduced IL-17 secretion. Compared to traditional BMSCs, the miR-23b over-expressing BMSCs (miR23b-BMSCs) exhibited enhanced secretion of tumor growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), a cytokine that promotes the differentiation of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Pathologically, miR23b-BMSC transplantation delayed EAE progression, apparently by reducing the Th17/Treg cell ratio and inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration across the blood-brain barrier, and thus slowing spinal cord demyelination. These results may lead to better utility of BMSCs as a treatment for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Weiqi Lv
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Sifan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Yanting Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Qingfei Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Lili Mu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Guangyou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Hulun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Xijun Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.
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29
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Angelini DF, De Angelis F, Vacca V, Piras E, Parisi C, Nutini M, Spalloni A, Pagano F, Longone P, Battistini L, Pavone F, Marinelli S. Very Early Involvement of Innate Immunity in Peripheral Nerve Degeneration in SOD1-G93A Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575792. [PMID: 33329541 PMCID: PMC7714949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that immune system has a role in the progression and prognosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), but the identification of a clear mechanism and immune players remains to be elucidated. Here, we have investigated, in 30 and 60 days (presymptomatic) and 120 days (symptomatic) old SOD1-G93A mice, systemic, peripheral, and central innate and adaptive immune and inflammatory response, correlating it with the progression of the neurodegeneration in neuromuscular junction, sciatic nerves, and spinal cord. Surprisingly, we found a very initial (45-60 days) presence of IgG in sciatic nerves together with a gradual enhancement of A20/TNFAIP3 (protein controlling NF-κB signalling) and a concomitantly significant increase and activation of circulating mast cells (MCs) as well as MCs and macrophages in sciatic nerve and an enhancement of IL-6 and IL-10. This immunological frame coincided with a myelin aggregation. The 30-60 days old SOD1-G93A mice didn't show real elements of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in spinal cord. In 120 days old mice macrophages and monocytes are widely diffused in sciatic nerves, peripheral neurodegeneration reaches the tip, high circulating levels of TNFα and IL-2 were found and spinal cord exhibits clear signs of neural damage and infiltrating immune cells. Our results underpin a clear immunological disorder at the origin of ALS axonopathy, in which MCs are involved in the initiation and sustaining of inflammatory events. These data cannot be considered a mere epiphenomenon of motor neuron degeneration and reveal new potential selective immune targets in ALS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica De Angelis
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- CNR—National Research Council, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Vacca
- CNR—National Research Council, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Piras
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Parisi
- CNR—National Research Council, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Nutini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Alida Spalloni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagano
- CNR—National Research Council, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luca Battistini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Pavone
- CNR—National Research Council, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Marinelli
- CNR—National Research Council, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rome, Italy
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30
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DuBois JC, Ray AK, Davies P, Shafit-Zagardo B. Anti-Axl antibody treatment reduces the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:324. [PMID: 33121494 PMCID: PMC7599105 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, oligodendrocytes loss, demyelination, and damaged axons. Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK belong to a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that regulate innate immune responses and CNS homeostasis. During experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the mRNA expression of MerTK, Gas6, and Axl significantly increase, whereas Tyro3 and ProS1 remain unchanged. We have shown that Gas6 is neuroprotective during EAE, and since Gas6 activation of Axl may be necessary for conferring neuroprotection, we sought to determine whether α-Axl or α-MerTK antibodies, shown by others to activate their respective receptors in vivo, could effectively reduce inflammation and neurodegeneration. METHODS Mice received either α-Axl, α-MerTK, IgG isotype control, or PBS before the onset of EAE symptoms. EAE clinical course, axonal damage, demyelination, cytokine production, and immune cell activation in the CNS were used to determine the severity of EAE. RESULTS α-Axl antibody treatment significantly decreased the EAE clinical indices of female mice during chronic EAE and of male mice during both acute and chronic phases. The number of days mice were severely paralyzed also significantly decreased with α-Axl treatment. Inflammatory macrophages/microglia and the extent of demyelination significantly decreased in the spinal cords of α-Axl-treated mice during chronic EAE, with no differences in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. α-MerTK antibody did not influence EAE induction or progression. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that the beneficial effect of Gas6/Axl signaling observed in mice administered with Gas6 can be partially preserved by administering an activating α-Axl antibody, but not α-MerTK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwen C. DuBois
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Alex K. Ray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Peter Davies
- North Shore-LIJ Health System, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Bridget Shafit-Zagardo
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461 USA
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31
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Sariol A, Mackin S, Allred MG, Ma C, Zhou Y, Zhang Q, Zou X, Abrahante JE, Meyerholz DK, Perlman S. Microglia depletion exacerbates demyelination and impairs remyelination in a neurotropic coronavirus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24464-24474. [PMID: 32929007 PMCID: PMC7533697 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007814117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are considered both pathogenic and protective during recovery from demyelination, but their precise role remains ill defined. Here, using an inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), PLX5622, and mice infected with a neurotropic coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus [MHV], strain JHMV), we show that depletion of microglia during the time of JHMV clearance resulted in impaired myelin repair and prolonged clinical disease without affecting the kinetics of virus clearance. Microglia were required only during the early stages of remyelination. Notably, large deposits of extracellular vesiculated myelin and cellular debris were detected in the spinal cords of PLX5622-treated and not control mice, which correlated with decreased numbers of oligodendrocytes in demyelinating lesions in drug-treated mice. Furthermore, gene expression analyses demonstrated differential expression of genes involved in myelin debris clearance, lipid and cholesterol recycling, and promotion of oligodendrocyte function. The results also demonstrate that microglial functions affected by depletion could not be compensated by infiltrating macrophages. Together, these results demonstrate that microglia play key roles in debris clearance and in the initiation of remyelination following infection with a neurotropic coronavirus but are not necessary during later stages of remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sariol
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Samantha Mackin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Merri-Grace Allred
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Chen Ma
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Qinran Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiufen Zou
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Juan E Abrahante
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute (UMII), Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Stanley Perlman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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32
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Breakell T, Tacke S, Schropp V, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Urich E, Kuerten S. Obinutuzumab-Induced B Cell Depletion Reduces Spinal Cord Pathology in a CD20 Double Transgenic Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186864. [PMID: 32962135 PMCID: PMC7559311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell-depleting therapies have recently proven to be clinically highly successful in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to determine the effects of the novel type II anti-human CD20 (huCD20) monoclonal antibody (mAb) obinutuzumab (OBZ) on spinal cord degeneration in a B cell-dependent mouse model of MS. Double transgenic huCD20xHIGR3 (CD20dbtg) mice, which express human CD20, were immunised with the myelin fusion protein MP4 to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Both light and electron microscopy were used to assess myelination and axonal pathology in mice treated with OBZ during chronic EAE. Furthermore, the effects of the already established murine anti-CD20 antibody 18B12 were assessed in C57BL/6 wild-type (wt) mice. In both models (18B12/wt and OBZ/CD20dbtg) anti-CD20 treatment significantly diminished the extent of spinal cord pathology. While 18B12 treatment mainly reduced the extent of axonal pathology, a significant decrease in demyelination and increase in remyelination were additionally observed in OBZ-treated mice. Hence, the data suggest that OBZ could have neuroprotective effects on the CNS, setting the drug apart from the currently available type I anti-CD20 antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage
- Axons/drug effects
- Axons/immunology
- Axons/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Chronic Disease/drug therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/pathology
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Neurofilament Proteins/blood
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Breakell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Sabine Tacke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Verena Schropp
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden; (H.Z.); (K.B.)
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden; (H.Z.); (K.B.)
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Eduard Urich
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center, 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-8522264
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33
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Nozuma S, Kubota R, Jacobson S. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and cellular immune response in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:652-663. [PMID: 32705480 PMCID: PMC7532128 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is an inflammatory disease of the spinal cord and clinically characterized by progressive spastic paraparesis, urinary incontinence, and mild sensory disturbance. The interaction between the host immune response and HTLV-1-infected cells regulates the development of HAM/TSP. HTLV-1 preferentially infects CD4+ T cells and is maintained by proliferation of the infected T cells. HTLV-1-infected cells rarely express viral antigens in vivo; however, they easily express the antigens after short-term culture. Therefore, such virus-expressing cells may lead to activation and expansion of antigen-specific T cell responses. Infected T cells with HTLV-1 and HTLV-1-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes invade the central nervous system and produce various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, leading to neuronal damage and degeneration. Therefore, cellular immune responses to HTLV-1 have been considered to play important roles in disease development of HAM/TSP. Recent studies have clarified the viral strategy for persistence in the host through genetic and epigenetic changes by HTLV-1 and host immune responses including T cell function and differentiation. Newly developed animal models could provide the opportunity to uncover the precise pathogenesis and development of clinically effective treatment. Several molecular target drugs are undergoing clinical trials with promising efficacy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the immunopathogenesis of HAM/TSP and discuss the perspectives of the research on this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/drug effects
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/virology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/pathology
- Neurons/virology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/drug therapy
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/pathology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Urinary Incontinence/drug therapy
- Urinary Incontinence/immunology
- Urinary Incontinence/pathology
- Urinary Incontinence/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nozuma
- Viral Immunology Section, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryuji Kubota
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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34
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Reali C, Magliozzi R, Roncaroli F, Nicholas R, Howell OW, Reynolds R. B cell rich meningeal inflammation associates with increased spinal cord pathology in multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:779-793. [PMID: 32243032 PMCID: PMC8018043 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased inflammation in the cerebral meninges is associated with extensive subpial cortical grey matter pathology in the forebrain and a more severe disease course in a substantial proportion of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) cases. It is not known whether this relationship extends to spinal cord pathology. We assessed the contribution of meningeal and parenchymal immune infiltrates to spinal cord pathology in SPMS cases characterized in the presence (F+) or absence (F-) of lymphoid-like structures in the forebrain meninges. Transverse cryosections of cervical, thoracic and lumbar cord of 22 SPMS and five control cases were analyzed for CD20+ B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, microglia/macrophages (IBA-1+), demyelination (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein+) and axon density (neurofilament-H+). Lymphoid-like structures containing follicular dendritic cell networks and dividing B cells were seen in the spinal meninges of 3 out of 11 F+ SPMS cases. CD4+ and CD20+ cell counts were increased in F+ SPMS compared to F- SPMS and controls, whilst axon loss was greatest in motor and sensory tracts of the F+ SPMS cases (P < 0.01). The density of CD20+ B cells of the spinal leptomeninges correlated with CD4+ T cells and total B and T cells of the meninges; with the density of white matter perivascular CD20+ and CD4+ lymphocytes (P < 0.05); with white matter lesion area (P < 0.05); and the extent of axon loss (P < 0.05) in F+ SPMS cases only. We show that the presence of lymphoid-like structures in the forebrain is associated with a profound spinal cord pathology and local B cell rich meningeal inflammation associates with the extent of cord pathology. Our work supports a principal role for B cells in sustaining inflammation and tissue injury throughout the CNS in the progressive disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Reali
- Department of Brain SciencesFaculty of MedicineImperial CollegeLondonUK
- Merck Healthcare KGaADarmstadtGermany
| | - Roberta Magliozzi
- Department of Brain SciencesFaculty of MedicineImperial CollegeLondonUK
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and MovementUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Department of Brain SciencesFaculty of MedicineImperial CollegeLondonUK
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental PsychologyFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - Richard Nicholas
- Department of Brain SciencesFaculty of MedicineImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Owain W. Howell
- Department of Brain SciencesFaculty of MedicineImperial CollegeLondonUK
- Institute for Life SciencesSwansea University Medical SchoolSwanseaUK
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Department of Brain SciencesFaculty of MedicineImperial CollegeLondonUK
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Ehrenreich H, Weissenborn K, Begemann M, Busch M, Vieta E, Miskowiak KW. Erythropoietin as candidate for supportive treatment of severe COVID-19. Mol Med 2020; 26:58. [PMID: 32546125 PMCID: PMC7297268 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of the present therapeutic situation in COVID-19, any measure to improve course and outcome of seriously affected individuals is of utmost importance. We recap here evidence that supports the use of human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) for ameliorating course and outcome of seriously ill COVID-19 patients. This brief expert review grounds on available subject-relevant literature searched until May 14, 2020, including Medline, Google Scholar, and preprint servers. We delineate in brief sections, each introduced by a summary of respective COVID-19 references, how EPO may target a number of the gravest sequelae of these patients. EPO is expected to: (1) improve respiration at several levels including lung, brainstem, spinal cord and respiratory muscles; (2) counteract overshooting inflammation caused by cytokine storm/ inflammasome; (3) act neuroprotective and neuroregenerative in brain and peripheral nervous system. Based on this accumulating experimental and clinical evidence, we finally provide the research design for a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial including severely affected patients, which is planned to start shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | - Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Busch
- Center of Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kamilla W Miskowiak
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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36
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Burberry A, Wells MF, Limone F, Couto A, Smith KS, Keaney J, Gillet G, van Gastel N, Wang JY, Pietilainen O, Qian M, Eggan P, Cantrell C, Mok J, Kadiu I, Scadden DT, Eggan K. C9orf72 suppresses systemic and neural inflammation induced by gut bacteria. Nature 2020; 582:89-94. [PMID: 32483373 PMCID: PMC7416879 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A hexanucleotide-repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the most common genetic variant that contributes to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia1,2. The C9ORF72 mutation acts through gain- and loss-of-function mechanisms to induce pathways that are implicated in neural degeneration3-9. The expansion is transcribed into a long repetitive RNA, which negatively sequesters RNA-binding proteins5 before its non-canonical translation into neural-toxic dipeptide proteins3,4. The failure of RNA polymerase to read through the mutation also reduces the abundance of the endogenous C9ORF72 gene product, which functions in endolysosomal pathways and suppresses systemic and neural inflammation6-9. Notably, the effects of the repeat expansion act with incomplete penetrance in families with a high prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or frontotemporal dementia, indicating that either genetic or environmental factors modify the risk of disease for each individual. Identifying disease modifiers is of considerable translational interest, as it could suggest strategies to diminish the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or frontotemporal dementia, or to slow progression. Here we report that an environment with reduced abundance of immune-stimulating bacteria10,11 protects C9orf72-mutant mice from premature mortality and significantly ameliorates their underlying systemic inflammation and autoimmunity. Consistent with C9orf72 functioning to prevent microbiota from inducing a pathological inflammatory response, we found that reducing the microbial burden in mutant mice with broad spectrum antibiotics-as well as transplanting gut microflora from a protective environment-attenuated inflammatory phenotypes, even after their onset. Our studies provide further evidence that the microbial composition of our gut has an important role in brain health and can interact in surprising ways with well-known genetic risk factors for disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Burberry
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael F Wells
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Limone
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Couto
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin S Smith
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Keaney
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Gillet
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Nick van Gastel
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin-Yuan Wang
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olli Pietilainen
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Menglu Qian
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pierce Eggan
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Cantrell
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joanie Mok
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Irena Kadiu
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - David T Scadden
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Desu HL, Plastini M, Illiano P, Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Brambilla R, Keane RW. IC100: a novel anti-ASC monoclonal antibody improves functional outcomes in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:143. [PMID: 32366256 PMCID: PMC7199312 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammasome adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) is involved in immune signaling by bridging the interactions between inflammasome sensors and caspase-1. Strong experimental evidence has shown that ASC-/- mice are protected from disease progression in animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), suggesting that targeting inflammasome activation via ASC inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy in MS. Thus, the goal of our study is to test the efficacy of IC100, a novel humanized antibody targeting ASC, in preventing and/or suppressing disease in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. METHODS We employed the EAE model of MS where disease was induced by immunization of C57BL/6 mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG35-55). Mice were treated with vehicle or increasing doses of IC100 (10, 30, and 45 mg/kg) and clinical disease course was evaluated up to 35 days post EAE induction. Immune cell infiltration into the spinal cord and microglia responses were assessed. RESULTS We show that IC100 treatment reduced the severity of EAE when compared to vehicle-treated controls. At a dose of 30 mg/kg, IC100 significantly reduced the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD11b+MHCII+ activated myeloid cells entering the spinal cord from the periphery, and reduced the number of total and activated microglia. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that IC100 suppresses the immune-inflammatory response that drives EAE development and progression, thereby identifying ASC as a promising target for the treatment of MS as well as other neurological diseases with a neuroinflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha L Desu
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Melanie Plastini
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Placido Illiano
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- InflamaCORE, LLC, Miami, FL, 33156, USA
- Bruce W. Carter, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- InflamaCORE, LLC, Miami, FL, 33156, USA
| | | | - Roberta Brambilla
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Deparment of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- BRIDGE Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Robert W Keane
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- InflamaCORE, LLC, Miami, FL, 33156, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (TSA), an important natural lipophilic diterpene compound from the traditional Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has long been widely used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases because of its anti-inflammatory activities; however, the anti-inflammatory mechanism remains unknown. In the present work, we examined the effects of TSA on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of autoreactive T/B cell-mediated central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. The data showed that TSA significantly attenuates the severity of EAE when administered at the pre-onset and peak of clinical disease. In vivo, the protective effects of TSA on EAE mice are correlated with diminished inflammatory infiltration, demyelination, and GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cells in the spinal cord and selectively increased regulatory T (Treg) cell frequencies in both the spinal cord and spleen. We further confirm that TSA can promote the polarization of naïve CD4+ T cells into Treg cells both by targeting dendritic cells (DCs) to drive transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) upregulation and by directly targeting naïve CD4+ T cells in vitro. Most importantly, we showed that TSA-induced Treg cells display an effective suppressive activity at a level comparable to TGF-β1-polarized Treg Cells in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data provide evidence that TSA can promote Treg cell differentiation, and TSA may have a promising application as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Gong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Yuan-Chu Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ding
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Lang-Jun Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710000, China.
- , Xi'an, China.
| | - Ya-Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710000, China.
- , Xi'an, China.
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Kwiecien JM, Dabrowski W, Dąbrowska-Bouta B, Sulkowski G, Oakden W, Kwiecien-Delaney CJ, Yaron JR, Zhang L, Schutz L, Marzec-Kotarska B, Stanisz GJ, Karis JP, Struzynska L, Lucas AR. Prolonged inflammation leads to ongoing damage after spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226584. [PMID: 32191733 PMCID: PMC7081990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI) remains poorly understood and treatment remains limited. Emerging evidence indicates that post-SCI inflammation is severe but the role of reactive astrogliosis not well understood given its implication in ongoing inflammation as damaging or neuroprotective. We have completed an extensive systematic study with MRI, histopathology, proteomics and ELISA analyses designed to further define the severe protracted and damaging inflammation after SCI in a rat model. We have identified 3 distinct phases of SCI: acute (first 2 days), inflammatory (starting day 3) and resolution (>3 months) in 16 weeks follow up. Actively phagocytizing, CD68+/CD163- macrophages infiltrate myelin-rich necrotic areas converting them into cavities of injury (COI) when deep in the spinal cord. Alternatively, superficial SCI areas are infiltrated by granulomatous tissue, or arachnoiditis where glial cells are obliterated. In the COI, CD68+/CD163- macrophage numbers reach a maximum in the first 4 weeks and then decline. Myelin phagocytosis is present at 16 weeks indicating ongoing inflammatory damage. The COI and arachnoiditis are defined by a wall of progressively hypertrophied astrocytes. MR imaging indicates persistent spinal cord edema that is linked to the severity of inflammation. Microhemorrhages in the spinal cord around the lesion are eliminated, presumably by reactive astrocytes within the first week post-injury. Acutely increased levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IFN-gamma and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and proteases decrease and anti-inflammatory cytokines increase in later phases. In this study we elucidated a number of fundamental mechanisms in pathogenesis of SCI and have demonstrated a close association between progressive astrogliosis and reduction in the severity of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Dąbrowska-Bouta
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sulkowski
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wendy Oakden
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jordan R. Yaron
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lauren Schutz
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Greg J. Stanisz
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John P. Karis
- Department of Neuroradiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lidia Struzynska
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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Ramakrishnan P, Nagarajan D. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: an overview. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020; 80:256-272. [PMID: 32990284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica also known as Devic's syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that predominantly targets the optic nerves and the spinal cord. It is a debilitating disorder that damages a person's health. Initially it was considered as a variant of multiple sclerosis (MS). But, in 2004, a water channel protein associated antibody was found to be responsible for the disease. This helped in distinguishing the disease from multiple sclerosis. Multiple molecular mechanisms like complement dependent cytotoxicity, antibody‑dependent cellular cytotoxicity etc. contribute to the disease. Certain environmental and genetic factors have been identified as risk factors of the disease. Initially, the disease was thought to affect only the optic nerves and the spinal cord. But certain regions of the brain have also been found to be attacked during the course of the disease. A small proportion of the patients have been found to be seronegative for the AQP4‑IgG. Recently, the term neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder has been framed to include all the features of the disease. The disease remains incurable despite the availability of various treatment modalities. This review presents critical information obtained from prior studies regarding the disease and also raise several questions to understand the research gaps in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ramakrishnan
- Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Devipriya Nagarajan
- Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Pinke KH, Zorzella-Pezavento SFG, de Campos Fraga-Silva TF, Mimura LAN, de Oliveira LRC, Ishikawa LLW, Fernandes AAH, Lara VS, Sartori A. Calming Down Mast Cells with Ketotifen: A Potential Strategy for Multiple Sclerosis Therapy? Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:218-234. [PMID: 31463682 PMCID: PMC7007452 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by extensive inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss and gliosis. Evidence indicates that mast cells contribute to immunopathogenesis of both MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is the most employed animal model to study this disease. Considering the inflammatory potential of mast cells, their presence at the CNS and their stabilization by certain drugs, we investigated the effect of ketotifen fumarate (Ket) on EAE development. EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with MOG35-55 and the animals were injected daily with Ket from the seventh to the 17th day after disease induction. This early intervention with Ket significantly reduced disease prevalence and severity. The protective effect was concomitant with less NLRP3 inflammasome activation, rebalanced oxidative stress and also reduced T cell infiltration at the CNS. Even though Ket administration did not alter mast cell percentage at the CNS, it decreased the local CPA3 and CMA1 mRNA expression that are enzymes typically produced by these cells. Evaluation of the CNS-barrier permeability indicated that Ket clearly restored the permeability levels of this barrier. Ket also triggered an evident lymphadenomegaly due to accumulation of T cells that produced higher levels of encephalitogenic cytokines in response to in vitro stimulation with MOG. Altogether these findings reinforce the concept that mast cells are particularly relevant in MS immunopathogenesis and that Ket, a known stabilizer of their activity, has the potential to be used in MS control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Henriette Pinke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil.
| | - Sofia Fernanda Gonçalves Zorzella-Pezavento
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda de Campos Fraga-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil
| | - Luiza Ayumi Nishiyama Mimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil
| | - Larissa Ragozo Cardoso de Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil
| | - Larissa Lumi Watanabe Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil
| | - Ana Angélica Henrique Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandrina Sartori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil
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Shelkovnikova TA, An H, Skelt L, Tregoning JS, Humphreys IR, Buchman VL. Antiviral Immune Response as a Trigger of FUS Proteinopathy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cell Rep 2019; 29:4496-4508.e4. [PMID: 31875556 PMCID: PMC6941233 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the FUS gene cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS-FUS). In ALS-FUS, FUS-positive inclusions are detected in the cytoplasm of neurons and glia, a condition known as FUS proteinopathy. Mutant FUS incorporates into stress granules (SGs) and can spontaneously form cytoplasmic RNA granules in cultured cells. However, it is unclear what can trigger the persistence of mutant FUS assemblies and lead to inclusion formation. Using CRISPR/Cas9 cell lines and patient fibroblasts, we find that the viral mimic dsRNA poly(I:C) or a SG-inducing virus causes the sustained presence of mutant FUS assemblies. These assemblies sequester the autophagy receptor optineurin and nucleocytoplasmic transport factors. Furthermore, an integral component of the antiviral immune response, type I interferon, promotes FUS protein accumulation by increasing FUS mRNA stability. Finally, mutant FUS-expressing cells are hypersensitive to dsRNA toxicity. Our data suggest that the antiviral immune response is a plausible second hit for FUS proteinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Shelkovnikova
- Biomedicine Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Haiyan An
- Biomedicine Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Lucy Skelt
- Biomedicine Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - John S Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Vladimir L Buchman
- Biomedicine Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of RAS, Chernogolovka 142432, Russian Federation.
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Dungan M, Carrithers MD. Regulation of expansion of CD11c + B cells and anti-viral immunity by epithelial V-like antigen. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151883. [PMID: 31818507 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prior work demonstrated that epithelial V-like antigen (EVA), a cell surface adhesion molecule, is expressed in B lymphocytes and is necessary for the efficacy of anti-alpha4 integrin treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the mouse model of human multiple sclerosis. EVA deficiency is associated with a severe clinical phenotype of EAE in the presence or absence of treatment. Histological analysis revealed enhanced B cell-mediated autoimmunity and deposition of antibody and complement within the brain and spinal cord. Here our goal was to determine the molecular mechanism of EVA regulation of B lymphocyte function. Analysis of bone marrow from MOG-immunized mice revealed increased expansion of CD11c+ B cells in EVA-deficient mice as compared to wild type controls. In vitro studies of mouse bone marrow B lymphocytes revealed enhanced proliferation of the CD11c+ population in response to the Tlr7/8 agonist R848. An increase in R848-induced proliferation of CD11c+ B cells was also seen in vitro in Daudi cells, a human B cell line, following knockdown of the mpzl2 gene that encodes EVA. These mechanisms were characterized further by global expression analysis of bone marrow from immunized EVA-deficient and wild type control mice. These data revealed increased expression of B cell associated genes and decreased expression of the anti-viral oligoadenylate synthase genes, Oas1 and Oas2, in the knockout condition. In Daudi cells, R848 treatment induced an increase in Oas2 expression in control cells that was not observed in EVA-deficient cells. EVA deficiency also was associated with increased transcription of an Epstein-Barr virus gene during lytic replication. These results suggest EVA expression and signaling prevent expansion of CD11c+ B lymphocytes, a cellular phenotype associated with autoimmunity, increase expression of anti-viral oligoadenylate synthase genes, and reduce replication of a DNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dungan
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Michael D Carrithers
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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Morrison NR, Johnson SM, Hocker AD, Kimyon RS, Watters JJ, Huxtable AG. Time and dose-dependent impairment of neonatal respiratory motor activity after systemic inflammation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 272:103314. [PMID: 31614211 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal respiratory impairment during infection is common, yet its effects on respiratory neural circuitry are not fully understood. We hypothesized that the timing and severity of systemic inflammation is positively correlated with impairment in neonatal respiratory activity. To test this, we evaluated time- and dose-dependent impairment of in vitro fictive respiratory activity. Systemic inflammation (induced by lipopolysaccharide, LPS, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) impaired burst amplitude during the early (1 h) inflammatory response. The greatest impairment in respiratory activity (decreased amplitude, frequency, and increased rhythm disturbances) occurred during the peak (3 h) inflammatory response in brainstem-spinal cord preparations. Surprisingly, isolated medullary respiratory circuitry within rhythmic slices showed decreased baseline frequency and delayed onset of rhythm only after higher systemic inflammation (LPS 10 mg/kg) early in the inflammatory response (1 h), with no impairments at the peak inflammatory response (3 h). Thus, different components of neonatal respiratory circuitry have differential temporal and dose sensitivities to systemic inflammation, creating multiple windows of vulnerability for neonates after systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina R Morrison
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, United States
| | - Stephen M Johnson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Austin D Hocker
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, United States
| | - Rebecca S Kimyon
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Jyoti J Watters
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Adrianne G Huxtable
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, United States.
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Clarke BE, Gil RS, Yip J, Kalmar B, Greensmith L. Regional differences in the inflammatory and heat shock response in glia: implications for ALS. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:857-870. [PMID: 31168740 PMCID: PMC6717175 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preferential neuronal vulnerability is characteristic of several neurodegenerative diseases including the motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is well established that glia play a critical role in ALS, but it is unknown whether regional differences in the ability of glia to support motor neurons contribute to the specific pattern of neuronal degeneration. In this study, using primary mixed glial cultures from different mouse CNS regions (spinal cord and cortex), we examined whether regional differences exist in key glial pathways that contribute to, or protect against, motor neuron degeneration. Specifically, we examined the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathway and the cytoprotective heat shock response (HSR). Glial cultures were treated with pro-inflammatory stimuli, tumour necrosis factor-ɑ/lipopolysaccharide or heat stressed to stimulate the inflammatory and HSR respectively. We found that spinal cord glia expressed more iNOS and produced more NO compared to cortical glia in response to inflammatory stimuli. Intriguingly, we found that expression of ALS-causing SOD1G93A did not elevate the levels of NO in spinal cord glia. However, activation of the stress-responsive HSR was attenuated in SOD1G93A cultures, with a reduced Hsp70 induction in response to stressful stimuli. Exposure of spinal cord glia to heat shock in combination with inflammatory stimuli reduced the activation of the inflammatory response. The results of this study suggest that impaired heat shock response in SOD1G93A glia may contribute to the exacerbated inflammatory reactions observed in ALS mice. Graphical abstract Mixed primary glial cultures were established from cortical and spinal cord regions of wild-type mice and mice expressing ALS-causing mutant human SOD1 and the inflammatory and heat shock responses were investigated in these cultures. In the absence of stress, all cultures appeared to have similar cellular composition, levels of inflammatory mediators and similar expression level of heat shock proteins. When stimulated, spinal cord glia were more reactive and activated the inflammatory pathway more readily than cortical glia; this response was similar in wild-type and SOD1G93A glial cultures. Although the heat shock response was similar in spinal cord and cortical glial, in SOD1G93A expressing glia from both the spinal cord and cortex, the induction of heat shock response was diminished. This impaired heat shock response in SOD1G93A glia may therefore contribute to the exacerbated inflammatory reactions observed in ALS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Clarke
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rebecca San Gil
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, 2522, Australia
| | - Jing Yip
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Bernadett Kalmar
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Linda Greensmith
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of immune-mediated myelopathies. RECENT FINDINGS The discovery of several neural autoantibodies and their antigenic targets has revolutionized the investigation and treatment of immune-mediated myelopathies. Detection of these serologic biomarkers can support or establish a diagnosis of an autoimmune myelopathy, and, in the case of paraneoplastic syndromes, indicate the likely presence of an underlying malignancy. Distinctive lesion patterns detected on spinal cord or brain MRI narrow the differential diagnosis in patients with acute or subacute inflammatory myelopathies, including those not associated with autoantibody markers. SUMMARY Immune-mediated myelopathies usually present acutely or subacutely and have a broad differential diagnosis. A systematic diagnostic approach using data from the clinical setting and presentation, MRI lesion patterns, CSF data, and autoantibody markers can differentiate these disorders from noninflammatory myelopathies, often with precise disease classification. This, in turn, provides prognostic information, especially whether the disorder is likely to relapse, and facilitates therapeutic decision making. Diagnostic accuracy informs selection of acute immunotherapy aimed at arresting and reversing recent neurologic injury and, when necessary, selection of long-term treatment for prevention of disease progression or relapse.
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Häfner SJ. The many (sur)faces of B cells. Biomed J 2019; 42:201-206. [PMID: 31627861 PMCID: PMC6818141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This issue of the Biomedical Journal is dedicated to the latest findings concerning the complex development and functions of B lymphocytes, including their origins during embryogenesis, their meticulous control by the CD22 receptor and different types of T cells, as well as the immunosuppressive abilities of certain B cell subsets. Furthermore, we learn about the complicated genetic background of a rare cardiac disease, the surgical outcomes of pure conus medullaris syndrome and occurrences of tuberculous spondylitis after percutaneous vertebroplasty. Finally, we discover that brain waves could very well be used for biometric authentication and that diffusion imaging displays good reproducibility through a spectrum of spatial resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Julia Häfner
- University of Copenhagen, BRIC Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Anders Lund Group, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen Denmark.
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DuBois JC, Ray AK, Gruber RC, Zhang Y, Aflakpui R, Macian-Juan F, Shafit-Zagardo B. Akt3-Mediated Protection Against Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1738. [PMID: 31404142 PMCID: PMC6669559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a major role in regulating multiple cellular processes. While the isoforms Akt1 and Akt2 are involved in apoptosis and insulin signaling, respectively, the role for Akt3 remains uncertain. Akt3 is predominantly expressed in the brain, and total deletion of Akt3 in mice results in a reduction in brain size and neurodegeneration following injury. Previously, we found that Akt3-/- mice have a significantly worse clinical course during myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model in which autoreactive immune cells enter the CNS, resulting in inflammation, demyelination, and axonal injury. Spinal cords of Akt3-/- mice are severely demyelinated and have increased inflammation compared to WT, suggesting a neuroprotective role for Akt3 during EAE. To specifically address the role of Akt3 in neuroinflammation and maintaining neuronal integrity, we used several mouse strains with different manipulations to Akt3. During EAE, Akt3 Nmf350 mice (with enhanced Akt3 kinase activity) had lower clinical scores, a lag in disease onset, a delay in the influx of inflammatory cells into the CNS, and less axonal damage compared to WT mice. A significant increased efficiency of differentiation toward FOXP3 expressing iTregs was also observed in Akt3 Nmf350 mice relative to WT. Mice with a conditional deletion of Akt3 in CD4+ T-cells had an earlier onset of EAE symptoms, increased inflammation in the spinal cord and brain, and had fewer FOXP3+ cells and FOXP3 mRNA expression. No difference in EAE outcome was observed when Akt3 expression was deleted in neurons (Syn1-CKO). These results indicate that Akt3 signaling in T-cells and not neurons is necessary for maintaining CNS integrity during an inflammatory demyelinating disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Demyelinating Diseases/etiology
- Demyelinating Diseases/metabolism
- Demyelinating Diseases/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunophenotyping
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwen C. DuBois
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Alex K. Ray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ross C. Gruber
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - Yongwei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ranee Aflakpui
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Fernando Macian-Juan
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Bridget Shafit-Zagardo
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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Huo W, Liu Y, Lei Y, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Mao Y, Wang C, Sun Y, Zhang W, Ma Z, Gu X. Imbalanced spinal infiltration of Th17/Treg cells contributes to bone cancer pain via promoting microglial activation. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:139-151. [PMID: 30685532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that T cells participate in the pathology of neuropathic pain, as well as the activation of microglia. However, whether T cells infiltrate into the spinal cord and contribute to the development of bone cancer pain (BCP) remains unknown. Here, we used a mouse model of BCP to show that numbers of T cells infiltrated into the spinal cord after sarcoma cell implantation with increased BCP, and most infiltrating T cells in the spinal cord were CD3+CD4+ T cells. Both Th17 and Treg subpopulations were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Treg cells in the spinal cord were transiently up-regulated, followed by an imbalance towards Th17 afterwards, and elevated IL-17/IL-17A levels were observed in both blood and spinal cord. Meanwhile, TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-23, the factors which regulate Th17/Treg differentiation, increased their expressions during the development of BCP. Additionally, IL-17A receptor (IL-17AR) was found to be expressed on microglia, and the level of IL-17AR increased with activated microglia during BCP development. Furthermore, BCP was ameliorated when IL-17/IL-17A neutralizing antibodies were intrathecally injected, accompanied with inhibited Th17/Treg infiltration and suppressed microglial activation. In conclusion, T cells infiltrated into the spinal cord with the imbalance of Th17/Treg towards Th17 during the development of BCP, which could promote the microglial activation and further increased BCP, while neutralizing IL-17/IL-17A in the spinal cord could ameliorate BCP. Our results suggest that targeting the imbalanced Th17/Treg infiltration in the spinal cord could be a novel strategy for BCP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Huo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yishan Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yulin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanting Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu'e Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Sanchez JJ, Sanchez JE, Noor S, Ruffaner-Hanson CD, Davies S, Wagner CR, Jantzie LL, Mellios N, Savage DD, Milligan ED. Targeting the β2-integrin LFA-1, reduces adverse neuroimmune actions in neuropathic susceptibility caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:54. [PMID: 30961664 PMCID: PMC6454692 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) was shown to be a risk factor for peripheral neuropathy following minor nerve injury. This effect coincides with elevated spinal cord astrocyte activation and ex vivo immune cell reactivity assessed by proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) -1β protein expression. Additionally, the β2-integrin adhesion molecule, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), a factor that influences the expression of the proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokine network is upregulated. Here, we examine whether PAE increases the proinflammatory immune environment at specific anatomical sites critical in the pain pathway of chronic sciatic neuropathy; the damaged sciatic nerve (SCN), the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and the spinal cord. Additionally, we examine whether inhibiting LFA-1 or IL-1β actions in the spinal cord (intrathecal; i.t., route) could alleviate chronic neuropathic pain and reduce spinal and DRG glial activation markers, proinflammatory cytokines, and elevate anti-inflammatory cytokines. Results show that blocking the actions of spinal LFA-1 using BIRT-377 abolishes allodynia in PAE rats with sciatic neuropathy (CCI) of a 10 or 28-day duration. This effect is observed (utilizing immunohistochemistry; IHC, with microscopy analysis and protein quantification) in parallel with reduced spinal glial activation, IL-1β and TNFα expression. DRG from PAE rats with neuropathy reveal significant increases in satellite glial activation and IL-1β, while IL-10 immunoreactivity is reduced by half in PAE rats under basal and neuropathic conditions. Further, blocking spinal IL-1β with i.t. IL-1RA transiently abolishes allodynia in PAE rats, suggesting that IL-1β is in part, necessary for the susceptibility of adult-onset peripheral neuropathy caused by PAE. Chemokine mRNA analyses from SCN, DRG and spinal cord reveal that increased CCL2 occurs following CCI injury regardless of PAE and BIRT-377 treatment. These data demonstrate that PAE creates dysregulated proinflammatory IL-1β and TNFα /IL-10 responses to minor injury in the sciatic-DRG-spinal pain pathway. PAE creates a risk for developing peripheral neuropathies, and LFA-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for controlling dysregulated neuroimmune actions as a consequence of PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Jacob E. Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Chaselyn D. Ruffaner-Hanson
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Suzy Davies
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Carston R. Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Lauren L. Jantzie
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Nikolaos Mellios
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Daniel D. Savage
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Erin D. Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
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