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Qiu S, Palavicini JP, Wang J, Gonzalez NS, He S, Dustin E, Zou C, Ding L, Bhattacharjee A, Van Skike CE, Galvan V, Dupree JL, Han X. Adult-onset CNS myelin sulfatide deficiency is sufficient to cause Alzheimer's disease-like neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:64. [PMID: 34526055 PMCID: PMC8442347 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human genetic association studies point to immune response and lipid metabolism, in addition to amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau, as major pathways in Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology. Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic neuroinflammation, mainly mediated by microglia and astrocytes, plays a causative role in neurodegeneration in AD. Our group and others have reported early and dramatic losses of brain sulfatide in AD cases and animal models that are mediated by ApoE in an isoform-dependent manner and accelerated by Aβ accumulation. To date, it remains unclear if changes in specific brain lipids are sufficient to drive AD-related pathology. METHODS To study the consequences of CNS sulfatide deficiency and gain insights into the underlying mechanisms, we developed a novel mouse model of adult-onset myelin sulfatide deficiency, i.e., tamoxifen-inducible myelinating glia-specific cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST) conditional knockout mice (CSTfl/fl/Plp1-CreERT), took advantage of constitutive CST knockout mice (CST-/-), and generated CST/ApoE double knockout mice (CST-/-/ApoE-/-), and assessed these mice using a broad range of methodologies including lipidomics, RNA profiling, behavioral testing, PLX3397-mediated microglia depletion, mass spectrometry (MS) imaging, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and Western blot. RESULTS We found that mild central nervous system (CNS) sulfatide losses within myelinating cells are sufficient to activate disease-associated microglia and astrocytes, and to increase the expression of AD risk genes (e.g., Apoe, Trem2, Cd33, and Mmp12), as well as previously established causal regulators of the immune/microglia network in late-onset AD (e.g., Tyrobp, Dock, and Fcerg1), leading to chronic AD-like neuroinflammation and mild cognitive impairment. Notably, neuroinflammation and mild cognitive impairment showed gender differences, being more pronounced in females than males. Subsequent mechanistic studies demonstrated that although CNS sulfatide losses led to ApoE upregulation, genetically-induced myelin sulfatide deficiency led to neuroinflammation independently of ApoE. These results, together with our previous studies (sulfatide deficiency in the context of AD is mediated by ApoE and accelerated by Aβ accumulation) placed both Aβ and ApoE upstream of sulfatide deficiency-induced neuroinflammation, and suggested a positive feedback loop where sulfatide losses may be amplified by increased ApoE expression. We also demonstrated that CNS sulfatide deficiency-induced astrogliosis and ApoE upregulation are not secondary to microgliosis, and that astrogliosis and microgliosis seem to be driven by activation of STAT3 and PU.1/Spi1 transcription factors, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that sulfatide deficiency is an important contributor and driver of neuroinflammation and mild cognitive impairment in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Qiu
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Palavicini
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jianing Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Present Address: State Key Lab. of Environmental & Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hongkong, China
| | - Nancy S Gonzalez
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Sijia He
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Elizabeth Dustin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23284, USA
| | - Cheng Zou
- BRC Bioinformatics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lin Ding
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Anindita Bhattacharjee
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Candice E Van Skike
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23284, USA
- Research Division, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, 23249, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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2
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Kawakubo M, Komura H, Goso Y, Okumura M, Sato Y, Fujii C, Miyashita M, Arisaka N, Harumiya S, Yamanoi K, Yamada S, Kakuta S, Kawashima H, Fukuda MN, Fukuda M, Nakayama J. Analysis of A4gnt Knockout Mice Reveals an Essential Role for Gastric Sulfomucins in Preventing Gastritis Cystica Profunda. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:759-770. [PMID: 31246144 PMCID: PMC6764063 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419860134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma cells secrete sulfomucins, but their role in gastric tumorigenesis remains unclear. To address that question, we generated A4gnt/Chst4 double-knockout (DKO) mice by crossing A4gnt knockout (KO) mice, which spontaneously develop gastric adenocarcinoma, with Chst4 KO mice, which are deficient in the sulfotransferase GlcNAc6ST-2. A4gnt/Chst4 DKO mice lack gastric sulfomucins but developed gastric adenocarcinoma. Unexpectedly, severe gastric erosion occurred in A4gnt/Chst4 DKO mice at as early as 3 weeks of age, and with aging these lesions were accompanied by gastritis cystica profunda (GCP). Cxcl1, Cxcl5, Ccl2, and Cxcr2 transcripts in gastric mucosa of 5-week-old A4gnt/Chst4 DKO mice exhibiting both hyperplasia and severe erosion were significantly upregulated relative to age-matched A4gnt KO mice, which showed hyperplasia alone. However, upregulation of these genes disappeared in 50-week-old A4gnt/Chst4 DKO mice exhibiting high-grade dysplasia/adenocarcinoma and GCP. Moreover, Cxcl1 and Cxcr2 were downregulated in A4gnt/Chst4 DKO mice relative to age-matched A4gnt KO mice exhibiting adenocarcinoma alone. These combined results indicate that the presence of sulfomucins prevents severe gastric erosion followed by GCP in A4gnt KO mice by transiently regulating a set of inflammation-related genes, Cxcl1, Cxcl5, Ccl2, and Cxcr2 at 5 weeks of age, although sulfomucins were not directly associated with gastric cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatomo Kawakubo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu
University School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences,
Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University,
Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hitomi Komura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu
University School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Goso
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Motohiro Okumura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu
University School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sato
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu
University School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Chifumi Fujii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu
University School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences,
Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University,
Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyashita
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu
University School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Arisaka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu
University School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Harumiya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu
University School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamanoi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu
University School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences,
Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University,
Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shigenori Yamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Iiyama Red Cross
Hospital, Iiyama, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Research Center for Human and Environmental
Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate
School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba,
Japan
| | - Michiko N. Fukuda
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology
Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA,
USA
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba,
Japan
| | - Minoru Fukuda
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology
Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA,
USA
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu
University School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences,
Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University,
Matsumoto, Japan
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3
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Howard SR, Oleari R, Poliandri A, Chantzara V, Fantin A, Ruiz-Babot G, Metherell LA, Cabrera CP, Barnes MR, Wehkalampi K, Guasti L, Ruhrberg C, Cariboni A, Dunkel L. HS6ST1 Insufficiency Causes Self-Limited Delayed Puberty in Contrast With Other GnRH Deficiency Genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:3420-3429. [PMID: 29931354 PMCID: PMC6126894 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Self-limited delayed puberty (DP) segregates in an autosomal-dominant pattern, but the genetic basis is largely unknown. Although DP is sometimes seen in relatives of patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), mutations in genes known to cause HH that segregate with the trait of familial self-limited DP have not yet been identified. OBJECTIVE To assess the contribution of mutations in genes known to cause HH to the phenotype of self-limited DP. DESIGN, PATIENTS, AND SETTING We performed whole-exome sequencing in 67 probands and 93 relatives from a large cohort of familial self-limited DP, validated the pathogenicity of the identified gene variant in vitro, and examined the tissue expression and functional requirement of the mouse homolog in vivo. RESULTS A potentially pathogenic gene variant segregating with DP was identified in 1 of 28 known HH genes examined. This pathogenic variant occurred in HS6ST1 in one pedigree and segregated with the trait in the six affected members with heterozygous transmission (P = 3.01 × 10-5). Biochemical analysis showed that this mutation reduced sulfotransferase activity in vitro. Hs6st1 mRNA was expressed in peripubertal wild-type mouse hypothalamus. GnRH neuron counts were similar in Hs6st1+/- and Hs6st1+/+ mice, but vaginal opening was delayed in Hs6st1+/- mice despite normal postnatal growth. CONCLUSIONS We have linked a deleterious mutation in HS6ST1 to familial self-limited DP and show that heterozygous Hs6st1 loss causes DP in mice. In this study, the observed overlap in potentially pathogenic mutations contributing to the phenotypes of self-limited DP and HH was limited to this one gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ariel Poliandri
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Chantzara
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Fantin
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia P Cabrera
- Centre for Translational Bioinformatics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Barnes
- Centre for Translational Bioinformatics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karoliina Wehkalampi
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Leo Dunkel, MD, PhD, Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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4
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Kumagai T, Kiwamoto T, Brummet ME, Wu F, Aoki K, Zhu Z, Bochner BS, Tiemeyer M. Airway glycomic and allergic inflammatory consequences resulting from keratan sulfate galactose 6-O-sulfotransferase (CHST1) deficiency. Glycobiology 2018; 28:406-417. [PMID: 29659839 PMCID: PMC5967469 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Siglec-F is a pro-apoptotic receptor on mouse eosinophils that recognizes 6'-sulfated sialyl Lewis X and 6'-sulfated sialyl N-acetyl-lactosamine as well as multivalent sialyl N-acetyl-lactosamine structures on glycan arrays. We hypothesized that attenuation of the carbohydrate sulfotransferase 1 (CHST1) gene encoding keratan sulfate galactose 6-O-sulfotransferase, an enzyme likely required for 6'-sulfation of some of these putative Siglec-F glycan ligands, would result in decreased Siglec-F lung ligand levels and enhanced allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation. Tissue analysis detected CHST1 expression predominantly not only in parenchymal cells but not in airway epithelium, the latter being a location where Siglec-F ligands are located. Western blotting of lung extracts with Siglec-F-Fc fusion proteins detected ≈500 kDa and ≈200 kDa candidate Siglec-F ligands that were not appreciably altered in CHST1-/- lungs compared with normal mouse lungs. Characterization of the O-linked glycans of lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid detected altered sialylation but minimal change in sulfation. Eosinophilic airway inflammation was induced in wild-type (WT) and CHST1-/- mice via sensitization to ovalbumin (OVA) and repeated airway challenge. After OVA sensitization and challenge, Siglec-F ligands on airway cells, and numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils accumulating in the airways, both increased to a similar degree in WT and CHST1-/- mouse lungs, while macrophages and lymphocytes increased significantly more in CHST1-/- mouse airway compared with normal mouse lungs. Therefore, keratan sulfate galactose 6-O-sulfotransferase does not contribute to the synthesis of glycan ligands for Siglec-F in the airways, although its absence results in exaggerated accumulation of airway macrophages and lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Kumagai
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Takumi Kiwamoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Mary E Brummet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E. Huron Street, Room M-306, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, B122 Life Sciences Building, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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5
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Kono M, Hasegawa-Murakami Y, Sugiura K, Ono M, Toriyama K, Miyake N, Hatamochi A, Kamei Y, Kosho T, Akiyama M. A 45-year-old Woman with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Caused by Dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 Deficiency: Implications for Early Ageing. Acta Derm Venereol 2016; 96:830-1. [PMID: 26925854 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kono
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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6
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Suzuki K, Arumugam S, Yokoyama J, Kawauchi Y, Honda Y, Sato H, Aoyagi Y, Terai S, Okazaki K, Suzuki Y, Mizumoto S, Sugahara K, Atreya R, Neurath MF, Watanabe K, Hashiguchi T, Yoneyama H, Asakura H. Pivotal Role of Carbohydrate Sulfotransferase 15 in Fibrosis and Mucosal Healing in Mouse Colitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158967. [PMID: 27410685 PMCID: PMC4943596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of mucosal healing (MH) is an important treatment goal in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although the molecular mechanisms underlying MH in IBD is not fully explored, local fibrosis would contribute to interfere mucosal repair. Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 15 (CHST15), which catalyzes sulfation of chondroitin sulfate to produce rare E-disaccharide units, is a novel mediator to create local fibrosis. Here we have used siRNA-based approach of silencing CHST15 in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis in mice, human colon fibroblasts and cancer cell lines. In a DSS-induced acute colitis model, CHST15 siRNA reduced CHST15 mRNA in the colon, serum IL-6, disease activity index (DAI) and accumulation of F4/80+ macrophages and ER-TR7+ fibroblasts, while increased Ki-67+ epithelial cells. In DSS-induced chronic colitis models, CHST15 siRNA reduced CHST15 mRNA in the colon, DAI, alpha-smooth muscle actin+ fibroblasts and collagen deposition, while enhanced MH as evidenced by reduced histological and endoscopic scores. We also found that endoscopic submucosal injection achieved effective pancolonic delivery of CHST15 siRNA in mice. In human CCD-18 Co cells, CHST15 siRNA inhibited the expression of CHST15 mRNA and selectively reduced E-units, a specific product biosynthesized by CHST15, in the culture supernatant. CHST15 siRNA significantly suppressed vimentin in both TGF-ß-stimulated CCD18-Co cells and HCT116 cells while up-regulated BMP7 and E-cadherin in HCT116 cells. The present study demonstrated that blockade CHST15 represses colonic fibrosis and enhances MH partly though reversing EMT pathway, illustrating a novel therapeutic opportunity to refractory and fibrotic lesions in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata city, Niigata, Japan
| | - Somasundaram Arumugam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Science, Niigata city, Niigata, Japan
| | - Junji Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata city, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata city, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata city, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata city, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Aoyagi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata city, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata city, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi city, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Internal Medicine, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, Sakura city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya city, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya city, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo city, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Science, Niigata city, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | - Hitoshi Asakura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata city, Niigata, Japan
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7
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Matsuda Y, Miura K, Yamane J, Shima H, Fujibuchi W, Ishida K, Fujishima F, Ohnuma S, Sasaki H, Nagao M, Tanaka N, Satoh K, Naitoh T, Unno M. SERPINI1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in an orthotopic implantation model of colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:619-28. [PMID: 26892864 PMCID: PMC4970828 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasingly accepted concept is that the progression of colorectal cancer is accompanied by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In our study, in order to characterize the properties of EMT in 16 colorectal cancer cell lines, the cells were first orthotopically implanted into nude mice, and the tumors in vivo, as well as cells cultured in vitro, were immunostained for EMT markers. The immunostaining revealed that seven of the cells had an epithelial phenotype with a high expression of E-cadherin, whereas other cells showed opposite patterns, such as a high expression of vimentin (CX-1, COLO205, CloneA, HCT116, and SW48). Among the cells expressing vimentin, some expressed vimentin in the orthotopic tumors but not in the cultured cells (SW480, SW620, and COLO320). We evaluated these findings in combination with microarray analyses, and selected five genes: CHST11, SERPINI1, AGR2, FBP1, and FOXA1. Next, we downregulated the expression of SERPINI1 with siRNA in the cells, the results of which showed reverse-EMT changes at the protein level and in the cellular morphology. Along with immunohistochemical analyses, we confirmed the effect of the intracellular and secreted SERPINI1 protein of SW620 cells, which supported the importance of SERPINI1 in EMT. The development of therapeutic strategies targeting EMT is ongoing, including methods targeting the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway as well as the Wnt pathway. SERPINI1 is an important regulator of EMT. Our findings help to elucidate the signaling pathways of EMT, hopefully clarifying therapeutic pathways as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Matsuda
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Koh Miura
- Department of SurgeryMiyagi Cancer CenterNatoriJapan
| | - Junko Yamane
- Center for iPS Cell Research and ApplicationKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Shima
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
| | - Wataru Fujibuchi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and ApplicationKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishida
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic PathologyIwate Medical University School of MedicineMoriokaJapan
| | | | - Shinobu Ohnuma
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Munenori Nagao
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Kennichi Satoh
- Division of Cancer Stem CellMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
| | - Takeshi Naitoh
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
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8
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Rost S, Akyüz N, Martinovic T, Huckhagel T, Jakovcevski I, Schachner M. Germline ablation of dermatan-4O-sulfotransferase1 reduces regeneration after mouse spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2016; 312:74-85. [PMID: 26586562 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs/DSPGs) are major components of the extracellular matrix. Their expression is generally upregulated after injuries to the adult mammalian central nervous system, which is known for its low ability to restore function after injury. Several studies support the view that CSPGs inhibit regeneration after injury, whereas the functions of DSPGs in injury paradigms are less certain. To characterize the functions of DSPGs in the presence of CSPGs, we studied young adult dermatan-4O-sulfotransferase1-deficient (Chst14(-/-)) mice, which express chondroitin sulfates (CSs), but not dermatan sulfates (DSs), to characterize the functional outcome after severe compression injury of the spinal cord. In comparison to their wild-type (Chst14(+/+)) littermates, regeneration was reduced in Chst14(-/-) mice. No differences between genotypes were seen in the size of spinal cords, numbers of microglia and astrocytes neither in intact nor injured spinal cords after injury. Monoaminergic innervation and re-innervation of the spinal cord caudal to the lesion site as well as expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) were similar in both genotypes, independent of whether they were injured and examined 6weeks after injury or not injured. These results suggest that, in contrast to CSPGs, DSPGs, being the products of Chst14 enzymatic activity, promote regeneration after injury of the adult mouse central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rost
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Akyüz
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Martinovic
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T Huckhagel
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - I Jakovcevski
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany; Experimental Neurophysiology, University Hospital Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, D-50931 Köln, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, D-53175 Bonn, Germany.
| | - M Schachner
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany; Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, PR China; Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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9
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Ueno R, Miyamoto K, Tanaka N, Moriguchi K, Kadomatsu K, Kusunoki S. Keratan sulfate exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1874-80. [PMID: 26340909 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are the components of extracellular matrices in the central nervous system (CNS). Keratan sulfate (KS) is a glycosaminoglycan that is included in the KSPG that acts as an inhibitory factor in nerve regeneration after CNS injury. To investigate the role of KS in immune diseases, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice that were deficient in the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-6-O-sulfotransferase 1 (GlcNAc6ST1) gene (KS-KO). KS-KO mice developed less severe EAE and showed repressed recall response in the induction phase. Furthermore, GlcNAc6ST1 might have roles in the passage of the pathogenic lymphocytes through the blood-brain barrier via adhesion molecules. Thus, modulation of KS may become a treatment for neuroimmunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Ueno
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Katsuichi Miyamoto
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Noriko Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Kota Moriguchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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10
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Takeda-Uchimura Y, Uchimura K, Sugimura T, Yanagawa Y, Kawasaki T, Komatsu Y, Kadomatsu K. Requirement of keratan sulfate proteoglycan phosphacan with a specific sulfation pattern for critical period plasticity in the visual cortex. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:145-55. [PMID: 26277687 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans play important roles in regulating the development and functions of the brain. They consist of a core protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are long sugar chains of repeating disaccharide units with sulfation. A recent study demonstrated that the sulfation pattern of chondroitin sulfate on proteoglycans contributes to regulation of the critical period of experience-dependent plasticity in the mouse visual cortex. In the present study, we investigated the role of keratan sulfate (KS), another glycosaminoglycan, in critical period plasticity in the mouse visual cortex. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated the presence of KS containing disaccharide units of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-6-sulfate and nonsulfated galactose during the critical period, although KS containing disaccharide units of GlcNAc-6-sulfate and galactose-6-sulfate was already known to disappear before that period. The KS chains were distributed diffusely in the extracellular space and densely around the soma of a large population of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that the KS was localized within the perisynaptic spaces and dendrites but not in presynaptic sites. KS was mainly located on phosphacan. In mice deficient in GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferase 1, which is one of the enzymes necessary for the synthesis of KS chains, the expression of KS was one half that in wild-type mice. In the knockout mice, monocular deprivation during the critical period resulted in a depression of deprived-eye responses but failed to produce potentiation of nondeprived-eye responses. In addition, T-type Ca(2+) channel-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP), which occurs only during the critical period, was not observed. These results suggest that regulation by KS-phosphacan with a specific sulfation pattern is necessary for the generation of LTP and hence the potentiation of nondeprived-eye responses after monocular deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Takeda-Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Sugimura
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Toshisuke Kawasaki
- Research Center for Glycobiotechnology, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yukio Komatsu
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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11
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Bachhawat BK, Austin J, Armstrong D. A Cerebroside Sulphotransferase Deficiency in a Human Disorder of Myelin. Natl Med J India 2015; 28:161-164. [PMID: 26724359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bimal K Bachhawat
- Division of Neurology, University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Oreg., U.S.A. and Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurochemistry, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - James Austin
- Division of Neurology, University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Oreg., U.S.A. and Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurochemistry, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Donald Armstrong
- Division of Neurology, University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Oreg., U.S.A. and Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurochemistry, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
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12
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Abstract
Keratan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan that has been investigated in the cornea and skeletal tissues for decades. Endoglycosidases and monoclonal antibodies specific for keratan sulfate have been developed. These materials have facilitated the analysis of keratan sulfate biosynthesis and structures. Likewise, they have expedited study of the biological roles of keratan sulfate in vitro and in vivo. It has been shown that keratan sulfate is also expressed in the central nervous system and functions as a regulator of neuronal regeneration/sprouting. Here, we describe methods to determine the enzymatic activity of GlcNAc6ST, which is involved in keratan sulfate biosynthesis, and to extract and prepare ocular keratan sulfate for a disaccharide composition analysis. Immunohistochemistry for an anti-keratan sulfate epitope in the brain is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan,
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Adhikari N, Billaud M, Carlson M, Lake SP, Montaniel KRC, Staggs R, Guan W, Walek D, Desir S, Isakson BE, Barocas VH, Hall JL. Vascular biomechanical properties in mice with smooth muscle specific deletion of Ndst1. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 385:225-38. [PMID: 24101444 PMCID: PMC4853023 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans act as co-receptors for many chemokines and growth factors. The sulfation pattern of the heparan sulfate chains is a critical regulatory step affecting the binding of chemokines and growth factors. N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase1 (Ndst1) is one of the first enzymes to catalyze sulfation. Previously published work has shown that HSPGs alter tangent moduli and stiffness of tissues and cells. We hypothesized that loss of Ndst1 in smooth muscle would lead to significant changes in heparan sulfate modification and the elastic properties of arteries. In line with this hypothesis, the axial tangent modulus was significantly decreased in aorta from mice lacking Ndst1 in smooth muscle (SM22αcre(+)Ndst1(-/-), p < 0.05, n = 5). The decrease in axial tangent modulus was associated with a significant switch in myosin and actin types and isoforms expressed in aorta and isolated aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. In contrast, no changes were found in the compliance of smaller thoracodorsal arteries of SM22αcre(+)Ndst1(-/-) mice. In summary, the major findings of this study were that targeted ablation of Ndst1 in smooth muscle cells results in altered biomechanical properties of aorta and differential expression of myosin and actin types and isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Adhikari
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marie Billaud
- Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Marjorie Carlson
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Spencer P. Lake
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Kim Ramil C. Montaniel
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Rod Staggs
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Dinesha Walek
- Biomedical Genomics Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Snider Desir
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Brant E. Isakson
- Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Victor H. Barocas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Jennifer L. Hall
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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14
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Zhang B, Xiao W, Qiu H, Zhang F, Moniz HA, Jaworski A, Condac E, Gutierrez-Sanchez G, Heiss C, Clugston RD, Azadi P, Greer JJ, Bergmann C, Moremen KW, Li D, Linhardt RJ, Esko JD, Wang L. Heparan sulfate deficiency disrupts developmental angiogenesis and causes congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Clin Invest 2013; 124:209-21. [PMID: 24355925 DOI: 10.1172/jci71090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common birth malformation with a heterogeneous etiology. In this study, we report that ablation of the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme NDST1 in murine endothelium (Ndst1ECKO mice) disrupted vascular development in the diaphragm, which led to hypoxia as well as subsequent diaphragm hypoplasia and CDH. Intriguingly, the phenotypes displayed in Ndst1ECKO mice resembled the developmental defects observed in slit homolog 3 (Slit3) knockout mice. Furthermore, introduction of a heterozygous mutation in roundabout homolog 4 (Robo4), the gene encoding the cognate receptor of SLIT3, aggravated the defect in vascular development in the diaphragm and CDH. NDST1 deficiency diminished SLIT3, but not ROBO4, binding to endothelial heparan sulfate and attenuated EC migration and in vivo neovascularization normally elicited by SLIT3-ROBO4 signaling. Together, these data suggest that heparan sulfate presentation of SLIT3 to ROBO4 facilitates initiation of this signaling cascade. Thus, our results demonstrate that loss of NDST1 causes defective diaphragm vascular development and CDH and that heparan sulfate facilitates angiogenic SLIT3-ROBO4 signaling during vascular development.
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15
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Hwang JA, Kim Y, Hong SH, Lee J, Cho YG, Han JY, Kim YH, Han J, Shim YM, Lee YS, Kim DH. Epigenetic inactivation of heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 2 in lung cancer and its role in tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79634. [PMID: 24265783 PMCID: PMC3827134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was aimed at investigating the functional significance of heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 2 (HS3ST2) hypermethylation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methodology/ Principal Findings HS3ST2 hypermethylation was characterized in six lung cancer cell lines, and its clinical significance was analyzed using 298 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues and 26 fresh-frozen tissues from 324 NSCLC patients. MS-HRM (methylation-specific high-resolution melting) and EpiTYPERTM assays showed substantial hypermethylation of CpG island at the promoter region of HS3ST2 in six lung cancer cell lines. The silenced gene was demethylated and re-expressed by treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC). A promoter assay also showed the core promoter activity of HS3ST2 was regulated by methylation. Exogenous expression of HS3ST2 in lung cancer cells H460 and H23 inhibited cell migration, invasion, cell proliferation and whereas knockdown of HS3ST2 in NHBE cells induced cell migration, invasion, and cell proliferation invitro. A negative correlation was observed between mRNA and methylation levels of HS3ST2 in 26 fresh-frozen tumors tissues (ρ = -0.51, P = 0.009; Spearman’s rank correlation). HS3ST2 hypermethylation was found in 95 (32%) of 298 primary NSCLCs. Patients with HS3ST2 hypermethylation in 193 node-negative stage I-II NSCLCs with a median follow-up period of 5.8 years had poor overall survival (hazard ratio = 2.12, 95% confidence interval = 1.25–3.58, P = 0.005) compared to those without HS3ST2 hypermethylation, after adjusting for age, sex, tumor size, adjuvant therapy, recurrence, and differentiation. Conclusions/ Significance The present study suggests that HS3ST2 hypermethylation may be an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival in node-negative stage I-II NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ah Hwang
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Hong
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Yong Gu Cho
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Han
- Center for Lung Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joungho Han
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mog Shim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Su Lee
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
- * E-mail: (YSL); (DHK)
| | - Duk-Hwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- * E-mail: (YSL); (DHK)
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16
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Akyüz N, Rost S, Mehanna A, Bian S, Loers G, Oezen I, Mishra B, Hoffmann K, Guseva D, Laczynska E, Irintchev A, Jakovcevski I, Schachner M. Dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase1 ablation accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:517-30. [PMID: 23360803 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycans are major components of the extracellular matrix implicated in neural development, plasticity and regeneration. While it is accepted that CS are major inhibitors of neural regeneration, the contributions of DS to regeneration have not been assessed. To enable a novel approach in studies on DS versus CS roles during development and regeneration, we generated a mouse deficient in the dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase1 (Chst14(-/-)), a key enzyme in the synthesis of iduronic acid-containing modules found in DS but not CS. In wild-type mice, Chst14 is expressed at high levels in the skin and in the nervous system, and is enriched in astrocytes and Schwann cells. Ablation of Chst14, and the assumed failure to produce DS, resulted in smaller body mass, reduced fertility, kinked tail and increased skin fragility compared with wild-type (Chst14(+/+)) littermates, but brain weight and gross anatomy were unaffected. Neurons and Schwann cells from Chst14(-/-) mice formed longer processes in vitro, and Chst14(-/-) Schwann cells proliferated more than Chst14(+/+) Schwann cells. After femoral nerve transection/suture, functional recovery and axonal regrowth in Chst14(-/-) mice were initially accelerated but the final outcome 3months after injury was not better than that in Chst14(+/+) littermates. These results suggest that while Chst14 and its enzymatic products might be of limited importance for neural development, they may contribute to the regeneration-restricting environment in the adult mammalian nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Akyüz
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Hirano K, Ohgomori T, Kobayashi K, Tanaka F, Matsumoto T, Natori T, Matsuyama Y, Uchimura K, Sakamoto K, Takeuchi H, Hirakawa A, Suzumura A, Sobue G, Ishiguro N, Imagama S, Kadomatsu K. Ablation of keratan sulfate accelerates early phase pathogenesis of ALS. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66969. [PMID: 23825599 PMCID: PMC3692529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers consist of three major classes, i.e., polynucleotides (DNA, RNA), polypeptides (proteins) and polysaccharides (sugar chains). It is widely accepted that polynucleotides and polypeptides play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. But, sugar chains have been poorly studied in this process, and their biological/clinical significance remains largely unexplored. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motoneuron-degenerative disease, the pathogenesis of which requires both cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous processes. Here, we investigated the role of keratan sulfate (KS), a sulfated long sugar chain of proteoglycan, in ALS pathogenesis. We employed ALS model SOD1(G93A) mice and GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) mice, which are KS-deficient in the central nervous system. Unexpectedly, SOD1(G93A)GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) mice exhibited a significantly shorter lifespan than SOD1(G93A) mice and an accelerated appearance of clinical symptoms (body weight loss and decreased rotarod performance). KS expression was induced exclusively in a subpopulation of microglia in SOD1(G93A) mice, and became detectable around motoneurons in the ventral horn during the early disease phase before body weight loss. During this phase, the expression of M2 microglia markers was transiently enhanced in SOD1(G93A) mice, while this enhancement was attenuated in SOD1(G93A)GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) mice. Consistent with this, M2 microglia were markedly less during the early disease phase in SOD1(G93A)GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) mice. Moreover, KS expression in microglia was also detected in some human ALS cases. This study suggests that KS plays an indispensable, suppressive role in the early phase pathogenesis of ALS and may represent a new target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Hirano
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Natori
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Yamanashi Gakuin University, Kofu, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Matsuyama
- Department of Orthopedics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirakawa
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Suzumura
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiro Imagama
- Department of Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Tzeng ST, Tsai MH, Chen CL, Lee JX, Jao TM, Yu SL, Yen SJ, Yang YC. NDST4 is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene at chromosome 4q26 and its genetic loss predicts adverse prognosis in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67040. [PMID: 23825612 PMCID: PMC3692540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genomic deletion at tumor suppressor loci is a common genetic aberration in human cancers. The study aimed to explore candidate tumor suppressor genes at chromosome 4q25-q28.2 and to delineate novel prognostic biomarkers associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods Deletion mapping of chromosome 4q25-q28.2 was conducted in 114 sporadic CRC by loss of heterozygosity study with 11 microsatellite markers. A novel candidate tumor suppressor gene, namely NDST4, was identified at 4q26. Gene expression of NDST4 was investigated in 52 pairs of primary CRC tissues by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Allelic loss of NDST4 gene was further determined in 174 colorectal carcinomas by loss of heterozygosity analysis, and then was assessed for clinical relevance. Results One minimal deletion region was delineated between D4S2297 and D4S2303 loci at 4q26, where NDST4 was the only gene that had markedly been downregulated in CRC tumors. By laser capture microdissection, NDST4 RNA expression was demonstrated in colonic epithelial cells, but was undetectable in tumor cells. In total, 30 (57.7%) of 52 colorectal carcinomas showed a dramatic reduction in NDST4 gene expression compared with matched normal mucosae. The genetic loss of NDST4 was significantly associated with advanced pathological stage (P = 0.039) and poorer overall survival of patients (P = 0.036). Conclusions NDST4 gene is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene in human cancer, and the loss of its function might be involved in CRC progression. In addition, the loss of heterozygosity assay, which was established to determine the allelic loss of NDST4 gene, could be a cost-effective tool for providing a useful biomarker of adverse prognosis in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Tai Tzeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Chen
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Municipal Wan Fang Hospital and Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Xing Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Jao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sou-Jhy Yen
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chien Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Lin R, Rosahl TW, Whiting PJ, Fawcett JW, Kwok JCF. 6-Sulphated chondroitins have a positive influence on axonal regeneration. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21499. [PMID: 21747937 PMCID: PMC3128591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) upregulated in the glial scar inhibit axon regeneration via their sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Chondroitin 6-sulphotransferase-1 (C6ST-1) is upregulated after injury leading to an increase in 6-sulphated GAG. In this study, we ask if this increase in 6-sulphated GAG is responsible for the increased inhibition within the glial scar, or whether it represents a partial reversion to the permissive embryonic state dominated by 6-sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Using C6ST-1 knockout mice (KO), we studied post-injury changes in chondroitin sulphotransferase (CSST) expression and the effect of chondroitin 6-sulphates on both central and peripheral axon regeneration. After CNS injury, wild-type animals (WT) showed an increase in mRNA for C6ST-1, C6ST-2 and C4ST-1, but KO did not upregulate any CSSTs. After PNS injury, while WT upregulated C6ST-1, KO showed an upregulation of C6ST-2. We examined regeneration of nigrostriatal axons, which demonstrate mild spontaneous axon regeneration in the WT. KO showed many fewer regenerating axons and more axonal retraction than WT. However, in the PNS, repair of the median and ulnar nerves led to similar and normal levels of axon regeneration in both WT and KO. Functional tests on plasticity after the repair also showed no evidence of enhanced plasticity in the KO. Our results suggest that the upregulation of 6-sulphated GAG after injury makes the extracellular matrix more permissive for axon regeneration, and that the balance of different CSs in the microenvironment around the lesion site is an important factor in determining the outcome of nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W. Rosahl
- The Neuroscience Research Centre, Merck, Sharpe and Dohme, Harlow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Whiting
- The Neuroscience Research Centre, Merck, Sharpe and Dohme, Harlow, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Fawcett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica C. F. Kwok
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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KAJIGAYA H, TANAKA KF, HAYASHI A, SUZUKI A, ISHIBASHI T, IKENAKA K, BABA H. Increased numbers of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in the optic nerves of cerebroside sulfotransferase knockout mice. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2011; 87:415-424. [PMID: 21785259 PMCID: PMC3171286 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sulfatide is a myelin glycolipid that functions in the formation of paranodal axo-glial junctions in vivo and in the regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. Cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST) catalyzes the production of two sulfated glycolipids, sulfatide and proligodendroblast antigen, in oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Recent studies have demonstrated significant increases in oligodendrocytes from the myelination stage through adulthood in brain and spinal cord under CST-deficient conditions. However, whether these result from excess migration or in situ proliferation during development is undetermined. In the present study, CST-deficient optic nerves were used to examine migration and proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) under sulfated glycolipid-deficient conditions. In adults, more NG2-positive OPCs and fully differentiated cells were observed. In developing optic nerves, the number of cells at the leading edge of migration was similar in CST-deficient and wild-type mice. However, BrdU(+) proliferating OPCs were more abundant in CST-deficient mice. These results suggest that sulfated glycolipids may be involved in proliferation of OPCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi KAJIGAYA
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
- Present address: The Office of Conformity Audit, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji F. TANAKA
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Akiko HAYASHI
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Ayaka SUZUKI
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Tomoko ISHIBASHI
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro IKENAKA
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroko BABA
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
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21
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Unger S, Lausch E, Rossi A, Mégarbané A, Sillence D, Alcausin M, Aytes A, Mendoza-Londono R, Nampoothiri S, Afroze B, Hall B, Lo IFM, Lam STS, Hoefele J, Rost I, Wakeling E, Mangold E, Godbole K, Vatanavicharn N, Franco LM, Chandler K, Hollander S, Velten T, Reicherter K, Spranger J, Robertson S, Bonafé L, Zabel B, Superti-Furga A. Phenotypic features of carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 (CHST3) deficiency in 24 patients: congenital dislocations and vertebral changes as principal diagnostic features. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2543-9. [PMID: 20830804 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported on the deficiency of carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 (CHST3; chondroitin-6-sulfotransferase) in six subjects diagnosed with recessive Larsen syndrome or humero-spinal dysostosis [Hermanns et al. (2008); Am J Hum Genet 82:1368-1374]. Since then, we have identified 17 additional families with CHST3 mutations and we report here on a series of 24 patients in 23 families. The diagnostic hypothesis prior to molecular analysis had been: Larsen syndrome (15 families), humero-spinal dysostosis (four cases), chondrodysplasia with multiple dislocations (CDMD "Megarbane type"; two cases), Desbuquois syndrome (one case), and spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia (one case). In spite of the different diagnostic labels, the clinical features in these patients were similar and included dislocation of the knees and/or hips at birth, clubfoot, elbow joint dysplasia with subluxation and limited extension, short stature, and progressive kyphosis developing in late childhood. The most useful radiographic clues were the changes of the lumbar vertebrae. Twenty-four different CHST3 mutations were identified; 16 patients had homozygous mutations. We conclude that CHST3 deficiency presents at birth with congenital dislocations of knees, hips, and elbows, and is often diagnosed initially as Larsen syndrome, humero-spinal dysostosis, or chondrodysplasia with dislocations. The incidence of CHST3 deficiency seems to be higher than assumed so far. The clinical and radiographic pattern (joint dislocations, vertebral changes, normal carpal age, lack of facial flattening, and recessive inheritance) is characteristic and distinguishes CHST3 deficiency from other disorders with congenital dislocations such as filamin B-associated dominant Larsen syndrome and Desbuquois syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Unger
- Centre For Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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22
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Crawford BE, Garner OB, Bishop JR, Zhang DY, Bush KT, Nigam SK, Esko JD. Loss of the heparan sulfate sulfotransferase, Ndst1, in mammary epithelial cells selectively blocks lobuloalveolar development in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10691. [PMID: 20502530 PMCID: PMC2872662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable evidence indicates that heparan sulfate is essential for the development of tissues consisting of branching ducts and tubules. However, there are few examples where specific sulfate residues regulate a specific stage in the formation of such tissues. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined the role of heparan sulfation in mammary gland branching morphogenesis, lactation and lobuloalveolar development by inactivation of heparan sulfate GlcNAc N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase genes (Ndst) in mammary epithelial cells using the Cre-loxP system. Ndst1 deficiency resulted in an overall reduction in glucosamine N-sulfation and decreased binding of FGF to mammary epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Mammary epithelia lacking Ndst1 underwent branching morphogenesis, filling the gland with ductal tissue by sexual maturity to the same extent as wildtype epithelia. However, lobuloalveolar expansion did not occur in Ndst1-deficient animals, resulting in insufficient milk production to nurture newly born pups. Lactational differentiation of isolated mammary epithelial cells occurred appropriately via stat5 activation, further supporting the notion that the lack of milk production was due to lack of expansion of the lobuloalveoli. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate a selective, highly penetrant, cell autonomous effect of Ndst1-mediated sulfation on lobuloalveolar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett E. Crawford
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Omai B. Garner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph R. Bishop
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David Y. Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin T. Bush
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sanjay K. Nigam
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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23
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Dai E, Liu LY, Wang H, McIvor D, Sun YM, Macaulay C, King E, Munuswamy-Ramanujam G, Bartee MY, Williams J, Davids J, Charo I, McFadden G, Esko JD, Lucas AR. Inhibition of chemokine-glycosaminoglycan interactions in donor tissue reduces mouse allograft vasculopathy and transplant rejection. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10510. [PMID: 20463901 PMCID: PMC2865544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binding of chemokines to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is classically described as initiating inflammatory cell migration and creating tissue chemokine gradients that direct local leukocyte chemotaxis into damaged or transplanted tissues. While chemokine-receptor binding has been extensively studied during allograft transplantation, effects of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interactions with chemokines on transplant longevity are less well known. Here we examine the impact of interrupting chemokine-GAG interactions and chemokine-receptor interactions, both locally and systemically, on vascular disease in allografts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Analysis of GAG or CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) deficiency were coupled with the infusion of viral chemokine modulating proteins (CMPs) in mouse aortic allograft transplants (n = 239 mice). Inflammatory cell invasion and neointimal hyperplasia were significantly reduced in N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1(f/f)TekCre(+)) heparan sulfate (GAG)-deficient (Ndst1(-/-), p<0.044) and CCR2-deficient (Ccr2(-/-), p<0.04) donor transplants. Donor tissue GAG or CCR2 deficiency markedly reduced inflammation and vasculopathy, whereas recipient deficiencies did not. Treatment with three CMPs was also investigated; Poxviral M-T1 blocks CC chemokine receptor binding, M-T7 blocks C, CC, and CXC GAG binding, and herpesviral M3 binds receptor and GAG binding for all classes. M-T7 reduced intimal hyperplasia in wild type (WT) (Ccr2(+/+), p< or =0.003 and Ccr2(-/-), p=0.027) aortic allografts, but not in Ndst1(-/-) aortic allografts (p = 0.933). M-T1 and M3 inhibited WT (Ccr2(+/+) and Ndst1(+/+), p< or =0.006) allograft vasculopathy, but did not block vasculopathy in Ccr2(-/-) (p = 0.61). M-T7 treatment alone, even without immunosuppressive drugs, also significantly prolonged survival of renal allograft transplants (p< or =0.001). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Interruption of chemokine-GAG interactions, even in the absence of chemokine-receptor blockade, is a highly effective approach to reduction of allograft rejection, reducing vascular inflammation and prolonging allograft survival. Although chemokines direct both local and systemic cell migration, interruption of inherent chemokine responses in the donor tissue unexpectedly had a greater therapeutic impact on allograft vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbin Dai
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Li-Ying Liu
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hao Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana McIvor
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yun ming Sun
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Viron Therapeutics, Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elaine King
- Viron Therapeutics, Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ganesh Munuswamy-Ramanujam
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mee Yong Bartee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Davids
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Israel Charo
- Gladstone Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Grant McFadden
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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24
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Ito Z, Sakamoto K, Imagama S, Matsuyama Y, Zhang H, Hirano K, Ando K, Yamashita T, Ishiguro N, Kadomatsu K. N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-1-deficient mice show better functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2010; 30:5937-47. [PMID: 20427653 PMCID: PMC6632605 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2570-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the adult CNS do not spontaneously regenerate after injuries. The glycosaminoglycan keratan sulfate is induced after spinal cord injury, but its biological significance is not well understood. Here we investigated the role of keratan sulfate in functional recovery after spinal cord injury, using mice deficient in N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 that lack 5D4-reactive keratan sulfate in the CNS. We made contusion injuries at the 10th thoracic level. Expressions of N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 and keratan sulfate were induced after injury in wild-type mice, but not in the deficient mice. The wild-type and deficient mice showed similar degrees of chondroitin sulfate induction and of CD11b-positive inflammatory cell recruitment. However, motor function recovery, as assessed by the footfall test, footprint test, and Basso mouse scale locomotor scoring, was significantly better in the deficient mice. Moreover, the deficient mice showed a restoration of neuromuscular system function below the lesion after electrical stimulation at the occipito-cervical area. In addition, axonal regrowth of both the corticospinal and raphespinal tracts was promoted in the deficient mice. In vitro assays using primary cerebellar granule neurons demonstrated that keratan sulfate proteoglycans were required for the proteoglycan-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth. These data collectively indicate that keratan sulfate expression is closely associated with functional disturbance after spinal cord injury. N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-1-deficient mice are a good model to investigate the roles of keratan sulfate in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenya Ito
- Departments of Biochemistry and
- Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | | | - Shiro Imagama
- Departments of Biochemistry and
- Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Matsuyama
- Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | | | - Kenichi Hirano
- Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kei Ando
- Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Departments of Biochemistry and
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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25
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Adhikari N, Basi DL, Townsend D, Rusch M, Mariash A, Mullegama S, Watson A, Larson J, Tan S, Lerman B, Esko JD, Selleck SB, Hall JL. Heparan sulfate Ndst1 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, vessel size and vascular remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:287-93. [PMID: 20206635 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are abundant molecules in the extracellular matrix and at the cell surface. Heparan sulfate chains are composed of groups of disaccharides whose side chains are modified through a series of enzymatic reactions. Deletion of these enzymes alters heparan sulfate fine structure and leads to changes in cell proliferation and tissue development. The role of heparan sulfate modification has not been explored in the vessel wall. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that altering heparan sulfate fine structure would impact vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, vessel structure, and remodeling in response to injury. A heparan sulfate modifying enzyme, N-deacetylase N-sulfotransferase1 (Ndst1) was deleted in smooth muscle resulting in decreased N- and 2-O sulfation of the heparan sulfate chains. Smooth muscle specific deletion of Ndst1 led to a decrease in proliferating VSMCs and the circumference of the femoral artery in neonatal and adult mice. In response to vascular injury, mice lacking Ndst1 exhibited a significant reduction in lesion formation. Taken together, these data provide new evidence that modification of heparan sulfate fine structure through deletion of Ndst1 is sufficient to decrease VSMC proliferation and alter vascular remodeling.
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26
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Hermanns P, Unger S, Rossi A, Perez-Aytes A, Cortina H, Bonafé L, Boccone L, Setzu V, Dutoit M, Sangiorgi L, Pecora F, Reicherter K, Nishimura G, Spranger J, Zabel B, Superti-Furga A. Congenital joint dislocations caused by carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 deficiency in recessive Larsen syndrome and humero-spinal dysostosis. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:1368-74. [PMID: 18513679 PMCID: PMC2427316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 (CHST3; also known as chondroitin-6-sulfotransferase) has been reported in a single kindred so far and in association with a phenotype of severe chondrodysplasia with progressive spinal involvement. We report eight CHST3 mutations in six unrelated individuals who presented at birth with congenital joint dislocations. These patients had been given a diagnosis of either Larsen syndrome (three individuals) or humero-spinal dysostosis (three individuals), and their clinical features included congenital dislocation of the knees, elbow joint dysplasia with subluxation and limited extension, hip dysplasia or dislocation, clubfoot, short stature, and kyphoscoliosis developing in late childhood. Analysis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in dermal fibroblasts showed markedly decreased 6-O-sulfation but enhanced 4-O-sulfation, confirming functional impairment of CHST3 and distinguishing them from diastrophic dysplasia sulphate transporter (DTDST)-deficient cells. These observations provide a molecular basis for recessive Larsen syndrome and indicate that recessive Larsen syndrome, humero-spinal dysostosis, and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia Omani type form a phenotypic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Hermanns
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sheila Unger
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Luisa Bonafé
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loredana Boccone
- U.O. Genetica Clinica e Malattie Rare, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valeria Setzu
- U.O. Genetica Clinica e Malattie Rare, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michel Dutoit
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Sangiorgi
- Medical Genetic Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Pecora
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Kerstin Reicherter
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Department of Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Kiyose Children's Hospital, 204-8567 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jürgen Spranger
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Zabel
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Westmuckett AD, Hoffhines AJ, Borghei A, Moore KL. Early postnatal pulmonary failure and primary hypothyroidism in mice with combined TPST-1 and TPST-2 deficiency. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 156:145-53. [PMID: 18243191 PMCID: PMC2323209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine sulfation is a post-translational modification of an unknown number of secreted and membrane proteins mediated by two known Golgi tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPST-1 and TPST-2). Tpst double knockouts were generated to investigate the importance of tyrosine sulfation in vivo. Double knockouts were born alive at the expected frequency, were normal in size, and their tissues do not synthesize sulfotyrosine. However, most pups die in the early postnatal period with signs of cardiopulmonary insufficiency. A combination of clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and histological data indicated that lungs of Tpst double knockouts fail to expand at birth resulting in acute pulmonary hypertension, right-to-left shunting, and death by asphyxia in the early postnatal period. Some double knockouts survive the postnatal period, but fail to thrive and display delayed growth that is due in part to hypothyroidism. In addition, we find that Tpst2-/- mice have primary hypothyroidism, but that Tpst1-/- mice are euthyroid. This suggests that a protein(s) required for thyroid hormone production is sulfated and cannot be sulfated in the absence of TPST-2. Thus, Tpst1 and Tpst2 are the only Tpst genes in mice, tyrosine sulfation is required for normal pulmonary function at birth, and TPST-2 is required for normal thyroid gland function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Westmuckett
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Adam J. Hoffhines
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Atefeh Borghei
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kevin L. Moore
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Corresponding author: Kevin L. Moore, M.D., Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, Phone: (405) 271-7314, FAX: (405) 271-7417, E-Mail:
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28
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Fuster MM, Wang L, Castagnola J, Sikora L, Reddi K, Lee PHA, Radek KA, Schuksz M, Bishop JR, Gallo RL, Sriramarao P, Esko JD. Genetic alteration of endothelial heparan sulfate selectively inhibits tumor angiogenesis. J Cell Biol 2007; 177:539-49. [PMID: 17470635 PMCID: PMC2064806 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200610086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the role of endothelial heparan sulfate during angiogenesis, we generated mice bearing an endothelial-targeted deletion in the biosynthetic enzyme N-acetylglucosamine N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1). Physiological angiogenesis during cutaneous wound repair was unaffected, as was growth and reproductive capacity of the mice. In contrast, pathological angiogenesis in experimental tumors was altered, resulting in smaller tumors and reduced microvascular density and branching. To simulate the angiogenic environment of the tumor, endothelial cells were isolated and propagated in vitro with proangiogenic growth factors. Binding of FGF-2 and VEGF(164) to cells and to purified heparan sulfate was dramatically reduced. Mutant endothelial cells also exhibited altered sprouting responses to FGF-2 and VEGF(164), reduced Erk phosphorylation, and an increase in apoptosis in branching assays. Corresponding changes in growth factor binding to tumor endothelium and apoptosis were also observed in vivo. These findings demonstrate a cell-autonomous effect of heparan sulfate on endothelial cell growth in the context of tumor angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Neoplasm Proteins/deficiency
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/enzymology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Sulfotransferases/deficiency
- Sulfotransferases/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Fuster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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29
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Sasaki N, Hosoda Y, Nagata A, Ding M, Cheng JM, Miyamoto T, Okano S, Asano A, Miyoshi I, Agui T. A mutation in Tpst2 encoding tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase causes dwarfism associated with hypothyroidism. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:1713-21. [PMID: 17456791 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth-retarded (grt) mouse has an autosomal recessive, fetal-onset, severe thyroid hypoplasia related to TSH hyporesponsiveness. Through genetic mapping and complementation experiments, we show that grt is a missense mutation of a highly conserved region of the tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 2 (Tpst2) gene, encoding one of the two Tpst genes implicated in posttranslational tyrosine O-sulfation. We present evidence that the grt mutation leads to a loss of TPST2 activity, and TPST2 isoform has a high degree of substrate preference for TSH receptor (TSHR). The expression of TPST2 can restore TSH-TSHR-mediated cAMP production in fibroblasts derived from grt mice. Therefore, we propose that the tyrosine sulfation of TSHR by TPST2 is crucial for TSH signaling and resultant thyroid gland function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Sasaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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30
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Habuchi H, Nagai N, Sugaya N, Atsumi F, Stevens RL, Kimata K. Mice deficient in heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 exhibit defective heparan sulfate biosynthesis, abnormal placentation, and late embryonic lethality. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15578-88. [PMID: 17405882 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607434200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) plays critical roles in a variety of developmental, physiological, and pathogenic processes due to its ability to interact in a structure-dependent manner with numerous growth factors that participate in cellular signaling. The divergent structures of HS glycosaminoglycans are the result of the coordinate actions of several N- and O-sulfotransferases, C5-epimerase, and 6-O-endosulfatases. We have shown that 6-O-sulfation of the glucosamine residues in HS are catalyzed by the sulfotransferases HS6ST-1, -2, and -3. To determine the biological and physiological importance of HS6ST-1, we now describe the creation of transgenic mice that lack this sulfotransferase. Most of our HS6ST-1-null mice died between embryonic day 15.5 and the perinatal stage, and those mice that survived were considerably smaller than their wild-type littermates. Some of these HS6ST-1-null mice exhibited development abnormalities, and histochemical and molecular analyses of these mice revealed an approximately 50% reduction in the number of fetal microvessels in the labyrinthine zone of the placenta relative to that in the wild-type mice. Because we observed a modest reduction in VEGF-A mRNA and protein in the tissues of HS6ST-1-null mice, an HS-dependent defect in cytokine signaling probably contributes to increased embryonic lethality and decreased growth. Biochemical studies of the HS chains isolated from various organs of our HS6ST-1-null mice revealed a marked reduction of GlcNAc(6SO(4)) and HexA-GlcNSO(3)(6SO(4)) levels and a reduced ability to bind Wnt2. Thus, despite the presence of three closely related 6-O-sulfotransferase genes in the mouse genome, HS6ST-1 is the primary one used in HS biosynthesis in most tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Habuchi
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine and Laboratory Animal Research Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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31
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Gershon E, Hourvitz A, Reikhav S, Maman E, Dekel N. Low expression of COX-2, reduced cumulus expansion, and impaired ovulation in SULT1E1-deficient mice. FASEB J 2007; 21:1893-901. [PMID: 17341680 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7688com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The SULT1E1-encoded estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) catalyzes sulfation of estrogen, resulting in its inactivation. Reduced fertility observed in SULT1E1 knockout (KO) female mice has previously been attributed to the deleterious effect of chronic exposure to high levels of circulating estrogen on placental function. We herein suggest that, in addition to placental dysfunction, this phenotype demonstrates that an excess of estrogen impairs ovulation. The role of SULT1E1 in ovulation is suggested by the substantially low ovulatory response in hCG-treated SULT1E1 KO mice; a similar effect was observed when 17beta-estradiol was administered to wild-type (WT) females. The normal rate of ovulation in SULT1E1 KO females may be restored by PGE2. Along this line, ovaries of human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)-treated SULT1E1 KO mice expressed low levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its downstream TSG6; moreover, their ovaries contained a reduced number of expanded cumuli. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that estrogen inactivation may allow the expression of COX-2 and subsequent cumulus expansion, enabling normal ovulation. Our findings may be applied to novel treatments of human ovulatory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Gershon
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O.B. 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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32
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Hoshi T, Suzuki A, Hayashi S, Tohyama K, Hayashi A, Yamaguchi Y, Takeuchi K, Baba H. Nodal protrusions, increased Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, and paranodal disorganization are characteristic features of sulfatide-deficient peripheral nerves. Glia 2007; 55:584-94. [PMID: 17299768 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Galactocerebroside and sulfatide are two major glycolipids in myelin; however, their independent functions are not fully understood. The absence of these glycolipids causes disruption of paranodal junctions, which separate voltage-gated Na(+) and Shaker-type K(+) channels in the node and juxtaparanode, respectively. In contrast to glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), myelinating Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) possess characteristic structures, including microvilli and Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, in addition to paranodal loops. All of these regions are involved in axo-glial interactions. In the present study, we examined cerebroside sulfotransferase-deficient mice to determine whether sulfatide is essential for axo-glial interactions in these PNS regions. Interestingly, marked axonal protrusions were observed in some of the nodal segments, which often contained abnormally enlarged vesicles, like degenerated mitochondria. Moreover, many transversely cut ends of microvilli surrounded the mutant nodes, suggesting that alignments of the microvilli were disordered. The mutant PNS showed mild elongation of nodal Na(+) channel clusters. Even though Caspr and NF155 were completely absent in half of the paranodes, short clusters of these molecules remained in the rest of the paranodal regions. Ultrastructural analysis indicated the presence of transverse bands in some paranodal regions and detachment of the outermost several loops. Furthermore, the numbers of incisures were remarkably increased in the mutant internode. Therefore, these results indicate that sulfatide may play an important role in the PNS, especially in the regions where myelin-axon interactions occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiko Hoshi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji 192-0392, Japan
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33
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Hoffhines AJ, Damoc E, Bridges KG, Leary JA, Moore KL. Detection and purification of tyrosine-sulfated proteins using a novel anti-sulfotyrosine monoclonal antibody. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:37877-87. [PMID: 17046811 PMCID: PMC1764208 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609398200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine O-sulfation is a post-translational modification mediated by one of two Golgi tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPST1 and TPST2) that catalyze the transfer of sulfate to tyrosine residues in secreted and transmembrane proteins. Tyrosine sulfation plays a role in protein-protein interactions in several well defined systems. Although dozens of tyrosine-sulfated proteins are known, many more are likely to exist and await description. Advancing our understanding of the importance of tyrosine sulfation in biological systems requires the development of new tools for the detection and study of tyrosine-sulfated proteins. We have developed a novel anti-sulfotyrosine monoclonal antibody (called PSG2) that binds with high affinity and exquisite specificity to sulfotyrosine residues in peptides and proteins independently of sequence context. We show that it can detect tyrosine-sulfated proteins in complex biological samples and can be used as a probe to assess the role of tyrosine sulfation in protein function. We also demonstrate the utility of PSG2 in the purification of tyrosine-sulfated proteins from crude tissue samples. Finally, Western blot analysis using PSG2 showed that certain sperm/epididymal proteins are undersulfated in Tpst2(-/-) mice. This indicates that TPST1 and TPST2 have distinct macromolecular substrate specificities and provides clues as to the molecular mechanism of the infertility of Tpst2(-/-) males. PSG2 should be widely applicable for identification of tyrosine-sulfated proteins in other systems and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Hoffhines
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Eugen Damoc
- Genome Center, Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California 94616
| | | | - Julie A. Leary
- Genome Center, Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California 94616
| | - Kevin L. Moore
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
- Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
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34
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Gurevicius K, Gureviciene I, Sivukhina E, Irintchev A, Schachner M, Tanila H. Increased hippocampal and cortical beta oscillations in mice deficient for the HNK-1 sulfotransferase. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 34:189-98. [PMID: 17157030 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The HNK-1 carbohydrate is detectable in perineuronal nets around inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus and neocortex. To address the functional contribution of HNK-1 to interneuron function in the adult brain, we recorded EEG and auditory-evoked potential in freely moving mice deficient for HNK-1 sulfotransferase (ST-/- mice) and in wild-type littermates. While ST-/- mice displayed normal theta oscillations, both cortical and hippocampal oscillations within the beta range were enhanced, and gamma oscillations showed an opposite trend. ST-/- mice had amplitudes of auditory-evoked potentials similar to control mice, but the latencies of their hippocampal responses were shorter. Morphological analysis revealed a decreased density of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the hippocampal CA3 subfield of ST-/- mice, which may contribute to the observed changes in networks oscillations. These findings reveal alterations in ST-/- mice that differ from EEG abnormalities of mice deficient in the HNK-1 carrier molecule tenascin-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kestutis Gurevicius
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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35
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Pratt T, Conway CD, Tian NMML, Price DJ, Mason JO. Heparan sulphation patterns generated by specific heparan sulfotransferase enzymes direct distinct aspects of retinal axon guidance at the optic chiasm. J Neurosci 2006; 26:6911-23. [PMID: 16807321 PMCID: PMC6673919 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0505-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons from each eye execute a series of maneuvers as they converge on the ventral surface of the brain at the optic chiasm for sorting into the optic tracts. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are extracellular glycoproteins involved in cell-surface interactions. HSPGs exhibit massive structural diversity, conferred partly by extensive post-translational modification including differential sulfation. Here we examine the roles of HSPG sulfation in RGC axon guidance at the chiasm. We identified different axon navigation phenotypes in two heparan sulfate sulfotransferase (Hst) mutant embryos, Hs2st-/- and Hs6st1-/-, each lacking an enzyme that catalyzes a particular HSPG modification. Hs2st-/- embryos display axon disorganization at the chiasm. Hs6st1-/- embryos exhibit prolific inter-retinal innervation. We show that RGCs express Hs2st and Hs6st1 and that navigation errors made by their axons coincide with regions of high Hs2st and/or Hs6st1 expression at the chiasm. Slit proteins are expressed at particular locations in the retina and around the chiasm and are normally deployed to prevent axons entering inappropriate territories. We show that Hs2st and/or Hs6st1 expression coincides with Slit expression domains at locations where RGC axons make navigation errors in Hs2st-/- and Hs6st1-/- mutants and that Hs6st1-/- RGC axons are less sensitive to Slit2 repulsion than their wild-type counterparts in vitro. We suggest that (1) Hs2st and Hs6st1 are each deployed to generate distinct patterns of heparan sulfation on RGCs and at the optic chiasm and (2) this differential sulfation directs retinal axons through the chiasm, at least in part by modulating the response of the navigating growth cone to Slit proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pratt
- Genes and Development Group, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.
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36
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Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) influence the signaling of many growth factors, and recent work shows that they can promote VEGF signaling in trans from the surface of an adjacent cell. This mode of signaling also alters the activation state and internalization of VEGF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Selleck
- Department of Pediatrics, The Development Biology Center, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
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37
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Jakobsson L, Kreuger J, Holmborn K, Lundin L, Eriksson I, Kjellén L, Claesson-Welsh L. Heparan sulfate in trans potentiates VEGFR-mediated angiogenesis. Dev Cell 2006; 10:625-34. [PMID: 16678777 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several receptor tyrosine kinases require heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) as coreceptors for efficient signal transduction. We have studied the role of HSPGs in the development of blood capillary structures from embryonic stem cells, a process strictly dependent on signaling via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). We show, by using chimeric cultures of embryonic stem cells defective in either HS production or VEGFR-2 synthesis, that VEGF signaling in endothelial cells is fully supported by HS expressed in trans by adjacent perivascular smooth muscle cells. Transactivation of VEGFR-2 leads to prolonged and enhanced signal transduction due to HS-dependent trapping of the active VEGFR-2 signaling complex. Our data imply that direct signaling via HSPG core proteins is dispensable for a functional VEGF response in endothelial cells. We propose that transactivation of tyrosine kinase receptors by HSPGs constitutes a mechanism for crosstalk between adjacent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Jakobsson
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsv. 20, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhang H, Muramatsu T, Murase A, Yuasa S, Uchimura K, Kadomatsu K. N-Acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 is required for brain keratan sulfate biosynthesis and glial scar formation after brain injury. Glycobiology 2006; 16:702-10. [PMID: 16624895 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) is a glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating disaccharide units with sulfate residues at the C6 positions of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase(s) (GlcNAc6ST) involved in the synthesis of KS in the central nervous system (CNS) has long been unidentified. Here, we report that a deficiency of GlcNAc6ST-1 leads to loss of 5D4-reactive brain KS and reduction of glial scar formation after cortical stab injury in mice. During the development of mice deficient in GlcNAc6ST-1, KS expression in the brain was barely detectable with the KS-specific antibody 5D4. The reactivity of 5D4 antibody with protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta (PTPzeta), a KS proteoglycan (KSPG), was abolished in the deficient mice. In adults, brain injury induced 5D4-reactive KS synthesis in the wounded area in wild-type (WT) mice but not in the deficient mice. Glial scar is formed via the accumulation of reactive astrocytes and is a major obstacle to axonal regeneration by injured neurons. Reactive astrocytes appeared to similar extents in the two genotypes, but they accumulated in the wounded area to a lesser extent in the deficient mice. Consequently, the deficient mice exhibited a marked reduction of scarring and enhanced neuronal regeneration after brain injury. These findings highlight the indispensable role of GlcNAc6ST-1 in brain KS biosynthesis and glial scar formation after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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39
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Syková E, Vorísek I, Mazel T, Antonova T, Schachner M. Reduced extracellular space in the brain of tenascin-R- and HNK-1-sulphotransferase deficient mice. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 22:1873-80. [PMID: 16262627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-R (TN-R), a large extracellular glycoprotein, is an important component of the adult brain's extracellular matrix (ECM); tenascin-C (TN-C) is expressed mainly during early development, while human natural killer 1 (HNK-1) is a sulphated carbohydrate epitope that attaches to these molecules, modifying their adhesive properties. To assess their influence on extracellular space (ECS) volume and geometry, we used the real-time iontophoretic method to measure ECS volume fraction alpha and tortuosity lambda, and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADC(W)). Measurements were performed in vivo in the cortex and CA1 hippocampal region of TN-R-, TN-C- and HNK-1 sulphotransferase (ST)-deficient adult mice and their wild-type littermate controls. In both cortex and hippocampus, the lack of TN-R or HNK-1 sulphotransferase resulted in a significant decrease in alpha and lambda. Compared with controls, alpha in TN-R-/- and ST-/- mice decreased by 22-26% and 9-15%, respectively. MRI measurements revealed a decreased ADC(W) in the cortex, hippocampus and thalamus. ADC(W) reflected the changes in alpha; the decrease in lambda indicated fewer diffusion obstacles in the ECS, presumably due to a decreased macromolecular content. No significant changes were found in TN-C-/- animals. We conclude that in TN-R-/- and ST-/- mice, which show morphological, electrophysiological and behavioural abnormalities, the ECS is reduced and its geometry altered. TN-R, as an important component of the ECM, appears to maintain an optimal distance between cells. The altered diffusion of neuroactive substances in the brain will inevitably affect extrasynaptic transmission, neuron-glia interactions and synaptic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Syková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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40
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Uchimura K, Gauguet JM, Singer MS, Tsay D, Kannagi R, Muramatsu T, von Andrian UH, Rosen SD. A major class of L-selectin ligands is eliminated in mice deficient in two sulfotransferases expressed in high endothelial venules. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:1105-13. [PMID: 16227986 DOI: 10.1038/ni1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of L-selectin on lymphocytes with sulfated ligands on high endothelial venules leads to rolling and is critical for recruitment of lymphocytes into peripheral lymph nodes. Peripheral node addressin represents a class of L-selectin ligands recognized by the function-blocking monoclonal antibody MECA-79. Its epitope overlaps with sialyl 6-sulfo Lewis X, an L-selectin recognition determinant. Here, mice lacking two N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferases (GlcNAc6ST-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2) demonstrated elimination of both peripheral node addressin and sialyl 6-sulfo Lewis X in high endothelial venules, considerably reduced lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes and reduced sticking of lymphocytes along high endothelial venules. Our results establish an essential function for the sulfotransferases in L-selectin ligand synthesis and may have relevance for therapy of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Anatomy, Program in Immunology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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41
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Abstract
Previous work suggests that cell surface heparan sulfate acts as a receptor for the Apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Using Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants defective in heparan sulfate biosynthesis, we show that heparan sulfate is necessary and sufficient for infectivity. Further, we demonstrate that the parasite requires N sulfation of heparan sulfate initiated by N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1, but 2-O sulfation and 6-O sulfation appear to be dispensable. In order to study the role of heparan sulfate in other cell types, we created a conditional allele for N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 by using Cre-loxP technology. Mammary tumor cells lacking N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 exhibited reduced toxoplasma infectivity like Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants. Surprisingly, heparin, chemically modified heparinoids, and monoclonal antibodies to heparan sulfate had no effect on toxoplasma infection. T. gondii attachment and invasion were unchanged in N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1-inactivated cells as well, but replication was reduced. Thus, heparan sulfate does not appear to function as a receptor for T. gondii but instead facilitates parasite replication postinvasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Bishop
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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42
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Wang L, Fuster M, Sriramarao P, Esko JD. Endothelial heparan sulfate deficiency impairs L-selectin- and chemokine-mediated neutrophil trafficking during inflammatory responses. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:902-10. [PMID: 16056228 DOI: 10.1038/ni1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Here we have studied the involvement of endothelial heparan sulfate in inflammation by inactivating the enzyme N-acetyl glucosamine N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase-1 in endothelial cells and leukocytes, which is required for the addition of sulfate to the heparin sulfate chains. Mutant mice developed normally but showed impaired neutrophil infiltration in various inflammation models. These effects were due to changes in heparan sulfate specifically in endothelial cells. Decreased neutrophil infiltration was partially due to altered rolling velocity correlated with weaker binding of L-selectin to endothelial cells. Chemokine transcytosis across endothelial cells and presentation on the cell surface were also reduced, resulting in decreased neutrophil firm adhesion and migration. Thus, endothelial heparan sulfate has three functions in inflammation: by acting as a ligand for L-selectin during neutrophil rolling; in chemokine transcytosis; and by binding and presenting chemokines at the lumenal surface of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianchun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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Kinnunen T, Huang Z, Townsend J, Gatdula MM, Brown JR, Esko JD, Turnbull JE. Heparan 2-O-sulfotransferase, hst-2, is essential for normal cell migration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:1507-12. [PMID: 15671174 PMCID: PMC547812 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401591102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of heparan sulfate proteoglycans has been highlighted by a number of human genetic disorders associated with mutations in genes encoding for heparan sulfate proteoglycan protein cores or biosynthetic enzymes required for heparan sulfate (HS) assembly. To study the functional role of HS in Caenorhabditis elegans development cosmid sequence C34F6.4 was identified as the C. elegans ortholog of vertebrate heparan 2-O-sulfotransferase (HS2ST) and the gene named hst-2. HS2ST activity is present in C. elegans and is completely absent in a deletion mutant of hst-2, ok595, and specifically reduced by hst-2 RNA interference. Expression of hst-2 in CHO cells deficient in HS2ST rescues enzyme activity and binding of FGF2 to cell surface HS. hst-2 expression is found in the hypodermis, muscle, distal tip cells (DTCs), and in neurons. A null mutation in hst-2 causes cell migration defects. This work demonstrates sulfotransferase activity in C. elegans and indicates that specific 2-O-sulfate modifications are critical for normal HS functions in controlling cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Kinnunen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England.
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44
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Gauguet JM, Rosen SD, Marth JD, von Andrian UH. Core 2 branching beta1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and high endothelial cell N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfotransferase exert differential control over B- and T-lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes. Blood 2004; 104:4104-12. [PMID: 15319280 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-05-1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-borne lymphocyte trafficking to peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs) depends on the successful initiation of rolling interactions mediated by L-selectin binding to sialomucin ligands in high endothelial venules (HEVs). Biochemical analysis of purified L-selectin ligands has identified posttranslational modifications mediated by Core2GlcNAcT-I and high endothelial cell GlcNAc-6-sulfotransferase (HECGlcNAc6ST). Consequently, lymphocyte migration to PLNs of C2GlcNAcT-I(-/-) and HEC-GlcNAc6ST(-/-) mice was reduced; however, B-cell homing was more severely compromised than T-cell migration. Accordingly, intravital microscopy (IVM) of PLN HEVs revealed a defect in B-cell tethering and increased rolling velocity (V(roll)) in C2GlcNAcT-I(-/-) mice that was more pronounced than it was for T cells. By contrast, B- and T-cell tethering was normal in HEC-GlcNAc6ST(-/-) HEVs, but V(roll) was accelerated, especially for B cells. The increased sensitivity of B cells to glycan deficiencies was caused by lower expression levels of L-selectin; L-selectin(+/-) T cells expressing L-selectin levels equivalent to those of B cells exhibited intravascular behavior similar to that of B cells. These results demonstrate distinct functions for C2GlcNAcT-I and HEC-GlcNAc6ST in the differential elaboration of HEV glycoproteins that set a threshold for the amount of L-selectin needed for lymphocyte homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Gauguet
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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45
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Honke K, Hirahara Y, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Taniguchi N. [Abnormalities in myelinogenesis in glycolipid sulfotransferase-KO mice]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2004; 49:2445-50. [PMID: 15552999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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46
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McLaughlin D, Karlsson F, Tian N, Pratt T, Bullock SL, Wilson VA, Price DJ, Mason JO. Specific modification of heparan sulphate is required for normal cerebral cortical development. Mech Dev 2004; 120:1481-8. [PMID: 14654220 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are cell surface and extracellular matrix molecules to which long, unbranched glycosaminoglycan side chains are attached. Heparan sulphate, a type of glycosaminoglycan chain, has been proposed as a co-factor necessary for signalling by a range of growth factors. Here we provide evidence that loss of 2-O-sulphation in heparan sulphate leads to a significant reduction in cell proliferation in the developing cerebral cortex. The gene encoding heparan sulphate 2-sulphotransferase (Hs2st) is expressed in embryonic cortex and histological analysis of mice homozygous for a null mutation in Hs2st indicated a reduction in the thickness of the embryonic cerebral cortex. Using 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assays we found a reduction of approximately 40% in labelling indices of cortical precursor cells at E12. Comparison of the fates of cortical cells born on E13 and E15 in Hs2st(-/-) mutant and wildtype littermate embryos revealed no differences in the pattern of cell migration. Our findings suggest a critical role for 2-O-sulphation of heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) in regulating cell proliferation during development of the cerebral cortex, perhaps through the modulation of cellular responses to growth factor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McLaughlin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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47
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Abstract
Estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the sulfoconjugation and inactivation of estrogens. It is expressed abundantly in the mammalian testes in which it may modulate the activity of locally produced estrogen. We demonstrate here that testicular Leydig cells from mice rendered deficient in EST expression by targeted gene deletion acquire a phenotype of increased cholesterol ester accumulation and impaired steroidogenesis with natural aging or in response to estrogen challenge. Abnormal accumulation of cholesterol ester in the mutant Leydig cells correlated with induced expression of the scavenger receptor type B class I, and cultured EST-deficient but not wild-type Leydig cells avidly uptook high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ester ex vivo. EST-deficient Leydig cells in culture produced 50-70% less testosterone than wild-type cells. This deficiency was reversed by androstenedione but not progesterone supplementation, indicating that reduced activities of 17-alpha-hydroxylase-17, 20-lyase were responsible. This conclusion was corroborated by decreased expression levels of 17-alpha-hydroxylase-17, 20-lyase but not of other key steroidogenic enzymes in the mutant cells. These results suggest that EST plays a physiologic role in protecting Leydig cells from estrogen-induced biochemical lesions and provide an example of critical regulation of tissue estrogen sensitivity by a ligand-transformation enzyme rather than through estrogen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Tong
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Room 1351 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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48
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Hirahara Y, Bansal R, Honke K, Ikenaka K, Wada Y. Sulfatide is a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation: Development in sulfatide-null mice. Glia 2004; 45:269-77. [PMID: 14730700 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Galactosylceramide (GalC) and its sulfated analogue, sulfatide, are major galactosphingolipid components of myelin and oligodendrocyte plasma membranes in the nervous system. We previously hypothesized that these galactolipids play functional roles in the regulation of oligodendrocyte terminal differentiation by acting as sensors/transmitters of environmental information. Evidence strongly supports this idea. First, these molecules are initially expressed on the cell surface at the interface at which oligodendrocyte progenitors first enter terminal differentiation. Second, exposure of oligodendrocyte progenitors to anti-GalC/-sulfatide (RmAb) or antisulfatide (O4), but not anti-GalC (O1), antibodies leads to the reversible arrest of oligodendrocyte lineage progression at this interface. Third, in cerebroside galactosyl transferase-null mice (Cgt(-/-)) that are unable to synthesize either GalC or sulfatide, terminal differentiation and morphological maturation of oligodendrocytes are enhanced. In the present study, we examined oligodendrocytes differentiation in cerebroside sulfotransferase-null mice (Cst(-/-)) that lack sulfatide but express GalC. We show that cerebroside sulfotransferase mRNA expression begins already in the embryonic spinal cord and progressively increases with age, that the late progenitor marker POA is not synthesized in the absence of this enzyme, and that, most notably, there is a two- to threefold enhancement in the number of terminally differentiated oligodendrocytes both in culture and in vivo, similar to that in mice lacking both GalC and sulfatide. We conclude that primarily sulfatide, rather than GalC, is a key molecule for the negative regulation of oligodendrocyte terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Hirahara
- Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
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49
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Ogawa D, Shikata K, Honke K, Sato S, Matsuda M, Nagase R, Tone A, Okada S, Usui H, Wada J, Miyasaka M, Kawashima H, Suzuki Y, Suzuki T, Taniguchi N, Hirahara Y, Tadano-Aritomi K, Ishizuka I, Tedder TF, Makino H. Cerebroside sulfotransferase deficiency ameliorates L-selectin-dependent monocyte infiltration in the kidney after ureteral obstruction. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:2085-90. [PMID: 14583626 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305809200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear cells infiltrating the interstitium are involved in renal tubulointerstitial injury. The unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is an established experimental model of renal interstitial inflammation. In our previous study, we postulated that L-selectin on monocytes is involved in their infiltration into the interstitium by UUO and that a sulfated glycolipid, sulfatide, is the physiological L-selectin ligand in the kidney. Here we tested the above hypothesis using sulfatide- and L-selectin-deficient mice. Sulfatide-deficient mice were generated by gene targeting of the cerebroside sulfotransferase (Cst) gene. Although the L-selectin-IgG chimera protein specifically bound to sulfatide fraction in acidic lipids from wild-type kidney, it did not show such binding in fractions of Cst(-/-) mice kidney, indicating that sulfatide is the major L-selectin-binding glycolipid in the kidney. The distribution of L-selectin ligand in wild-type mice changed after UUO; sulfatide was relocated from the distal tubules to the peritubular capillaries where monocytes infiltrate, suggesting that sulfatide relocated to the endothelium after UUO interacted with L-selectin on monocytes. In contrast, L-selectin ligand was not detected in Cst(-/-) mice irrespective of UUO treatment. Compared with wild-type mice, Cst(-/-) mice showed a considerable reduction in the number of monocytes/macrophages that infiltrated the interstitium after UUO. The number of monocytes/macrophages was also reduced to a similar extent in L-selectin(-/-) mice. Our results suggest that sulfatide is a major L-selectin-binding molecule in the kidney and that the interaction between L-selectin and sulfatide plays a critical role in monocyte infiltration into the kidney interstitium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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50
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Abstract
Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) inhibits the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic granulocytic leukemia. Previous studies have demonstrated that imatinib mesylate also inhibits the survival and functions of normal mast cells by interfering with the receptor tyrosine kinase for stem cell factor (SCF), c-kit, which is expressed by mast cells. Because mast cells extensively surround many types of cancer and contain powerful anticoagulants such as heparin, we investigated the effects of imatinib mesylate on blood clotting and tumor growth within subcutaneous implants of a mammary adenocarcinoma cell line (4T1) in BALB/c mice. After 5 days of oral treatment with 10 mg/kg of the drug, the average mass of the tumors in treated mice (198 +/- 42 mg, n = 5) was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than the average mass of the tumors from untreated (control) mice (60 +/- 23 mg, n = 5). Moreover, the tumors in the treated mice were frequently surrounded by large lakes of clotted blood that were not evident in tumors from the control mice. Accelerated growth and blood clotting were also observed in tumor-bearing mice treated with heparinase I enzyme to destroy endogenous mast cell heparin and in NDST-2 knockout mice in which there is a targeted disruption in the gene coding for mast cell heparin synthesis. We conclude that imatinib mesylate accelerated the growth and peri-tumoral blood clotting of implants of mammary adenocarcinoma in mice. These results suggest that imatinib mesylate may have significant effects on mast cells infiltrating tumors, in addition to its other biologic activities. Our results also indicate that the mechanism of this effect may be related to the anticoagulant properties of mast cell heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Samoszuk
- Pathology Department, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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