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Abdulrashid NI, Aminu S, Adamu RM, Tajuddeen N, Isah MB, Jatau ID, Aliyu AB, Simelane MBC, Onyike E, Ibrahim MA. Phloroglucinol as a Potential Candidate against Trypanosoma congolense Infection: Insights from In Vivo, In Vitro, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Analyses. Molecules 2022; 27:469. [PMID: 35056785 PMCID: PMC8781988 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is profoundly challenged with African Animal Trypanosomiasis and the available trypanocides are faced with drawbacks, necessitating the search for novel agents. Herein, the chemotherapeutic potential of phloroglucinol on T. congolense infection and its inhibitory effects on the partially purified T. congolense sialidase and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were investigated. Treatment with phloroglucinol for 14 days significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed T. congolense proliferation, increased animal survival and ameliorated anemia induced by the parasite. Using biochemical and histopathological analyses, phloroglucinol was found to prevent renal damages and splenomegaly, besides its protection against T. congolense-associated increase in free serum sialic acids in infected animals. Moreover, the compound inhibited bloodstream T. congolense sialidase via mixed inhibition pattern with inhibition binding constant (Ki) of 0.181 µM, but a very low uncompetitive inhibitory effects against PLA2 (Ki > 9000 µM) was recorded. Molecular docking studies revealed binding energies of -4.9 and -5.3 kcal/mol between phloroglucinol with modeled sialidase and PLA2 respectively, while a 50 ns molecular dynamics simulation using GROMACS revealed the sialidase-phloroglucinol complex to be more compact and stable with higher free binding energy (-67.84 ± 0.50 kJ/mol) than PLA2-phloroglucinol complex (-77.17 ± 0.52 kJ/mol), based on MM-PBSA analysis. The sialidase-phloroglucinol complex had a single hydrogen bond interaction with Ser453 while none was observed for the PLA2-phloroglucinol complex. In conclusion, phloroglucinol showed moderate trypanostatic activity with great potential in ameliorating some of the parasite-induced pathologies and its anti-anemic effects might be linked to inhibition of sialidase rather than PLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suleiman Aminu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.I.A.); (S.A.); (E.O.)
| | - Rahma Muhammad Adamu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India;
| | - Nasir Tajuddeen
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.T.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Murtala Bindawa Isah
- Department of Biochemistry, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina 820241, Nigeria;
| | - Isa Danladi Jatau
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria;
| | - Abubakar Babando Aliyu
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.T.); (A.B.A.)
| | | | - Elewechi Onyike
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.I.A.); (S.A.); (E.O.)
| | - Mohammed Auwal Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.I.A.); (S.A.); (E.O.)
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Temporão A, Sanches-Vaz M, Luís R, Nunes-Cabaço H, Smith TK, Prudêncio M, Figueiredo LM. Excreted Trypanosoma brucei proteins inhibit Plasmodium hepatic infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009912. [PMID: 34714824 PMCID: PMC8580256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, remains a major threat to public health globally. It is the most common disease in patients with sleeping sickness, another parasitic illness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei. We have previously shown that a T. brucei infection impairs a secondary P. berghei liver infection and decreases malaria severity in mice. However, whether this effect requires an active trypanosome infection remained unknown. Here, we show that Plasmodium liver infection can also be inhibited by the serum of a mouse previously infected by T. brucei and by total protein lysates of this kinetoplastid. Biochemical characterisation showed that the anti-Plasmodium activity of the total T. brucei lysates depends on its protein fraction, but is independent of the abundant variant surface glycoprotein. Finally, we found that the protein(s) responsible for the inhibition of Plasmodium infection is/are present within a fraction of ~350 proteins that are excreted to the bloodstream of the host. We conclude that the defence mechanism developed by trypanosomes against Plasmodium relies on protein excretion. This study opens the door to the identification of novel antiplasmodial intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Temporão
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Sanches-Vaz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rafael Luís
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Nunes-Cabaço
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Terry K. Smith
- Schools of Biology and Chemistry Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, The North Haugh, The University, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luisa M. Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Ngay Lukusa I, Van Reet N, Mumba Ngoyi D, Miaka EM, Masumu J, Patient Pyana P, Mutombo W, Ngolo D, Kobo V, Akwaso F, Ilunga M, Kaninda L, Mutanda S, Muamba DM, Valverde Mordt O, Tarral A, Rembry S, Büscher P, Lejon V. Trypanosome SL-RNA detection in blood and cerebrospinal fluid to demonstrate active gambiense human African trypanosomiasis infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009739. [PMID: 34534223 PMCID: PMC8480889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spliced Leader (SL) trypanosome RNA is detectable only in the presence of live trypanosomes, is abundant and the Trypanozoon subgenus has a unique sequence. As previously shown in blood from Guinean human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) patients, SL-RNA is an accurate target for diagnosis. Detection of SL-RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has never been attempted. In a large group of Congolese gambiense HAT patients, the present study aims i) to confirm the sensitivity of SL-RNA detection in the blood and; ii) to assess the diagnostic performance of SL-RNA compared to trypanosome detection in CSF. Methodology/Principal findings Blood and CSF from 97 confirmed gambiense HAT patients from the Democratic Republic of Congo were collected using PAXgene blood RNA Tubes. Before RNA extraction, specimens were supplemented with internal extraction control RNA to monitor the extraction, which was performed with a PAXgene Blood RNA Kit. SL-RNA qPCR was carried out with and without reverse transcriptase to monitor DNA contamination. In blood, 92/97 (94.8%) HAT patients tested SL-RNA positive, which was significantly more than combined trypanosome detection in lymph and blood (78/97 positive, 80.4%, p = 0.001). Of 96 CSF RNA specimens, 65 (67.7%) were SL-RNA positive, but there was no significant difference between sensitivity of SL-RNA and trypanosome detection in CSF. The contribution of DNA to the Cq values was negligible. In CSF with normal cell counts, a fraction of SL-RNA might have been lost during extraction as indicated by higher internal extraction control Cq values. Conclusions/Significance Detection of SL-RNA in blood and CSF allows sensitive demonstration of active gambiense HAT infection, even if trypanosomes remain undetectable in blood or lymph. As this condition often occurs in treatment failures, SL-RNA detection in blood and CSF for early detection of relapses after treatment deserves further investigation. Trial registration This study was an integral part of the diagnostic trial "New Diagnostic Tools for Elimination of Sleeping Sickness and Clinical Trials: Early tests of Cure" (DiTECT-HAT-WP4, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03112655). Human African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic infection occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, which is fatal if left untreated. Diagnosis relies on demonstration of trypanosomes, which may occur at such low concentrations that they remain microscopically undetectable. Nucleic acid detection offers an alternative, in particular RNA, which is unstable and a better marker for live organisms than DNA. Trypanosomal SL-RNA detection in blood by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR has hitherto only been tested twice. Although in cerebrospinal fluid, trypanosome presence indicates brain infection, SL-RNA detection has never been attempted. We evaluated sensitivity of SL-RNA detection in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. For each specimen, 2 controls were included: presence of genomic DNA contamination and efficacy of RNA extraction. Sensitivity of SL-RNA detection in blood was higher than of combined blood and lymph microscopy. In cerebrospinal fluid, SL-RNA and trypanosome detection had similar sensitivity. In a few specimens, traces of DNA were amplified. In some cerebrospinal fluids, some RNA was lost during extraction. Performing both internal controls is crucial, to ensure that negative SL-RNA cerebrospinal fluid findings are not due to a failed extraction and, in particular when testing treated patients, to differentiate live parasite RNA from reminiscent DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipos Ngay Lukusa
- Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nick Van Reet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medecine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi
- Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Erick Mwamba Miaka
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Justin Masumu
- Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pati Patient Pyana
- Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Wilfried Mutombo
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Digas Ngolo
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Vincent Kobo
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Felix Akwaso
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Médard Ilunga
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Lewis Kaninda
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sylvain Mutanda
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dieudonné Mpoyi Muamba
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Antoine Tarral
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Rembry
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medecine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Mixed Research Unit 177 Intertryp, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Mulindwa J, Ssentamu G, Matovu E, Kamanyi Marucha K, Aresta-Branco F, Helbig C, Clayton C. In vitro culture of freshly isolated Trypanosoma brucei brucei bloodstream forms results in gene copy-number changes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009738. [PMID: 34516555 PMCID: PMC8459984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most researchers who study unicellular eukaryotes work with an extremely limited number of laboratory-adapted isolates that were obtained from the field decades ago, but the effects of passage in laboratory rodents, and adaptation to in vitro culture, have been little studied. For example, the vast majority of studies of Trypanosoma brucei biology have concentrated on just two strains, Lister 427 and EATRO1125, which were taken from the field over half a century ago and have since have undergone innumerable passages in rodents and culture. We here describe two new Trypanosoma brucei brucei strains. MAK65 and MAK98, which have undergone only 3 rodent passages since isolation from Ugandan cattle. High-coverage sequencing revealed that adaptation of the parasites to culture was accompanied by changes in gene copy numbers. T. brucei has so far been considered to be uniformly diploid, but we also found trisomy of chromosome 5 not only in one Lister 427 culture, but also in the MAK98 field isolate. Trisomy of chromosome 6, and increased copies of other chromosome segments, were also seen in established cultured lines. The two new T. brucei strains should be useful to researchers interested in trypanosome differentiation and pathogenicity. Initial results suggested that the two strains have differing infection patterns in rodents. MAK65 is uniformly diploid and grew more reproducibly in bloodstream-form culture than MAK98.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Mulindwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Sports Science, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Geofrey Ssentamu
- School of Biosecurity, Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Enock Matovu
- School of Biosecurity, Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Claudia Helbig
- Heidelberg University Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Clayton
- Heidelberg University Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
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Ibrahim MAM, Weber JS, Ngomtcho SCH, Signaboubo D, Berger P, Hassane HM, Kelm S. Diversity of trypanosomes in humans and cattle in the HAT foci Mandoul and Maro, Southern Chad-A matter of concern for zoonotic potential? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009323. [PMID: 34106914 PMCID: PMC8224965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African trypanosomes are parasites mainly transmitted by tsetse flies. They cause trypanosomiasis in humans (HAT) and animals (AAT). In Chad, HAT/AAT are endemic. This study investigates the diversity and distribution of trypanosomes in Mandoul, an isolated area where a tsetse control campaign is ongoing, and Maro, an area bordering the Central African Republic (CAR) where the control had not started. METHODS 717 human and 540 cattle blood samples were collected, and 177 tsetse flies were caught. Trypanosomal DNA was detected using PCR targeting internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH), followed by amplicon sequencing. RESULTS Trypanosomal DNA was identified in 14 human samples, 227 cattle samples, and in tsetse. Besides T. b. gambiense, T. congolense was detected in human in Maro. In Mandoul, DNA from an unknown Trypanosoma sp.-129-H was detected in a human with a history of a cured HAT infection and persisting symptoms. In cattle and tsetse samples from Maro, T. godfreyi and T. grayi were detected besides the known animal pathogens, in addition to T. theileri (in cattle) and T. simiae (in tsetse). Furthermore, in Maro, evidence for additional unknown trypanosomes was obtained in tsetse. In contrast, in the Mandoul area, only T. theileri, T. simiae, and T. vivax DNA was identified in cattle. Genetic diversity was most prominent in T. vivax and T. theileri. CONCLUSION Tsetse control activities in Mandoul reduced the tsetse population and thus the pathogenic parasites. Nevertheless, T. theileri, T. vivax, and T. simiae are frequent in cattle suggesting transmission by other insect vectors. In contrast, in Maro, transhumance to/from Central African Republic and no tsetse control may have led to the high diversity and frequency of trypanosomes observed including HAT/AAT pathogenic species. Active HAT infections stress the need to enforce monitoring and control campaigns. Additionally, the diverse trypanosome species in humans and cattle indicate the necessity to investigate the infectivity of the unknown trypanosomes regarding their zoonotic potential. Finally, this study should be widened to other trypanosome hosts to capture the whole diversity of circulating trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamat Alhadj Moussa Ibrahim
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Exacts and Applied sciences, University of N’Djamena, N’Djamena, Chad
- * E-mail: (MAMI); (SK)
| | - Judith Sophie Weber
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences MARUM, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sen Claudine Henriette Ngomtcho
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Haematology and Immunology, Faculty of medicine and pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Djoukzoumka Signaboubo
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Petra Berger
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Sørge Kelm
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail: (MAMI); (SK)
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Dyonisio GHS, Batista HR, da Silva RE, Azevedo RCDFE, Costa JDOJ, Manhães IBDO, Tonhosolo R, Gennari SM, Minervino AHH, Marcili A. Molecular Diagnosis and Prevalence of Trypanosoma vivax (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) in Buffaloes and Ectoparasites in the Brazilian Amazon Region. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:403-407. [PMID: 32696974 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax Ziemann is a parasite that affects both wild and domestic ungulates and is transmitted mechanically via tabanids and other blood-sucking insects in the Americas. A total of 621 blood samples from water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus) (Artiodactyla: Bovidae), and 184 ectoparasite samples (Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) sensu stricto and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae), and Haematopinus tuberculatus (Burmeister) (Phthiraptera: Haematopinidae)) were obtained from 60 farms in the State of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. Twelve buffalo blood samples (1.89%) and 11 ectoparasites (6%) were positive for T. vivax based on the cathepsin L-like gene. All sequences were 99% similar to T. vivax from northeastern Brazil (EU753788) in amplified PCR assays on each of the hosts tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Henrique Souza Dyonisio
- Programa de Medicina Veterinária e Bem Estar Animal e Saúde Única - Universidade Santo Amaro, Av. Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Helder Ribeiro Batista
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Rua Vera Cruz s/n, Salé, Santarém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Ryan Emiliano da Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Roberta Carvalho de Freitas E Azevedo
- Programa de Medicina Veterinária e Bem Estar Animal e Saúde Única - Universidade Santo Amaro, Av. Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Jaciara de Oliveira Jorge Costa
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ingridi Braz de Oliveira Manhães
- Programa de Medicina Veterinária e Bem Estar Animal e Saúde Única - Universidade Santo Amaro, Av. Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Renata Tonhosolo
- Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Santo Amaro. Av. Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Solange Maria Gennari
- Programa de Medicina Veterinária e Bem Estar Animal e Saúde Única - Universidade Santo Amaro, Av. Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Arlei Marcili
- Programa de Medicina Veterinária e Bem Estar Animal e Saúde Única - Universidade Santo Amaro, Av. Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Lumbala C, Matovu E, Sendagire H, Kazibwe AJN, Likwela JL, Muhindo Mavoko H, Kayembe S, Lutumba P, Biéler S, Van Geertruyden JP, Ndung’u JM. Performance evaluation of a prototype rapid diagnostic test for combined detection of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis and malaria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008168. [PMID: 32251426 PMCID: PMC7162526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is endemic in all regions where gambiense or rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is reported, and both diseases have similarities in their symptomatology. A combined test could be useful for both diseases and would facilitate integration of the screening for gambiense HAT (gHAT) and malaria diagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate a combined prototype rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for gHAT and malaria. Methods Blood samples were collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Uganda to evaluate the performance of a prototype HAT/Malaria Combined RDT in comparison to an individual malaria RDT based on Plasmodium falciparum (P.f.) Histidine Rich Protein II (HRP-II or HRP2) antigen (SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f. RDT) for malaria detection and an individual gHAT RDT based on recombinant antigens, the SD BIOLINE HAT 2.0 RDT for HAT screening. Due to the current low prevalence of gHAT in endemic regions, the set of blood samples that were collected was used to evaluate the specificity of the RDTs for gHAT, and additional archived plasma samples were used to complete the evaluation of the HAT/Malaria Combined RDT in comparison to the HAT 2.0 RDT. Results Frozen whole blood samples from a total of 486 malaria cases and 239 non-malaria controls, as well as archived plasma samples from 246 gHAT positive and 246 gHAT negative individuals were tested. For malaria, the sensitivity and specificity of the malaria band in the HAT/Malaria Combined RDT were 96.9% (95% CI: 95.0–98.3) and 97.1% (95% CI: 94.1–98.8) respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the SD BIOLINE malaria Ag P.f. RDT were 97.3% (95% CI: 95.5–98.6) and 97.1% (95% CI: 94.1–98.8) respectively. For gHAT, using archived plasma samples, the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 89% (95% CI: 84.4–92.6) and 93.5% (95% CI: 89.7–96.2) with the HAT/Malaria Combined RDT, and 88.2% (95% CI: 83.5–92) and 94.7% (95% CI: 91.1–97.2) with the HAT 2.0 RDT. Using the whole blood samples that were collected during the study, the specificity of the HAT/Malaria Combined RDT for gHAT was 95.8% (95% CI: 94.3–97.0). Conclusion The HAT/Malaria Combined prototype RDT was as accurate as the individual malaria or gHAT RDTs. The HAT/Malaria Combined prototype RDT is therefore suitable for both malaria diagnosis and gHAT screening. However, there is a need to assess its accuracy using fresh samples in prospective clinical trials. The annual number of reported cases of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness (SS), is currently below 1,000 cases worldwide. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the most affected country, and Uganda, which shares a border with DRC, are both endemic for gambiense HAT (gHAT). The main strategy to control gHAT is screening of at-risk individuals, followed by diagnosis and treatment of confirmed cases. However, this strategy and even the passive screening as currently implemented become less efficient with declining incidence, justifying innovative strategies to efficiently detect the remaining cases. All areas where gHAT occurs are also endemic for malaria, presenting an opportunity to integrate gHAT screening activities within malaria control activities. This integration is warranted by the fact that in early disease stage, gHAT patients present with signs and symptoms strikingly similar to those of malaria. In order to use malaria diagnosis as an entry point to screen for gHAT, Standard Diagnostics (SD), Republic of Korea (now Abbott Diagnostics, Korea Inc–ADK) made a Combined prototype RDT for both malaria and gHAT, expected to be as accurate as the individual gHAT and malaria RDTs. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy of the Combined prototype RDT using whole blood samples collected in Uganda and DRC, and archived plasma samples collected in DRC, Angola and Central African Republic. We found that the Combined prototype performs just as well as individual RDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Lumbala
- Disease Control Directorate, Ministry of Public Health, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hakim Sendagire
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anne J. N. Kazibwe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joris L. Likwela
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Simon Kayembe
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Lutumba
- Kinshasa University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sylvain Biéler
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Joseph M. Ndung’u
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Abstract
Interest in trypanosome lytic factors (TLFs) and apolipoprotein L1, the ion channel-forming protein component of TLFs, has increased tenfold since 2010. This is due to the association of African variants of APOL1 with kidney disease such that interest has reached circles beyond parasitology. We have extensive experience purifying and working with these proteins and protein complexes. Herein we describe our detailed purification protocols to aid the new burgeoning field by providing an opportunity for consistency in reagents used across laboratories. We emphasize that it is imperative to maintain APOL1 protein intact (~42 kDa) to analyze the active ion channel-forming component/protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Verdi
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles Schaub
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Russell Thomson
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayne Raper
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Liu Q, Chen XL, Chen MX, Xie HG, Liu Q, Chen ZY, Lin YY, Zheng H, Chen JX, Zhang Y, Zhou XN. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in a Chinese traveler returning from the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:50. [PMID: 29779491 PMCID: PMC5961482 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is one of the most complex parasitic diseases known to humankind. It usually occurs in endemic areas in Africa, but is occasionally detected in returning travelers and migrants in non-endemic countries. CASE PRESENTATION In August 2017, a case of HAT was diagnosed in China in a traveler returning from the Masai Mara area in Kenya and the Serengeti area in Tanzania. The traveler visited Africa from 23 July to 5 August, 2017. Upon return to China, she developed a fever (on 8 August), and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection was confirmed by laboratory tests (on 14 August) including observation of parasites in blood films and by polymerase chain reaction. She was treated with pentamidine followed by suramin, and recovered 1 month later. CONCLUSIONS This is the first imported rhodesiense HAT case reported in China. This case alerts clinical and public health workers to be aware of HAT in travelers, and expatriates and migrants who have visited at-risk areas in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Xiao-Ling Chen
- Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mu-Xin Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Han-Guo Xie
- Fujian Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Yun Chen
- Fujian Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao-Ying Lin
- Fujian Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
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10
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Martínez-García M, Bart JM, Campos-Salinas J, Valdivia E, Martínez-Bueno M, González-Rey E, Navarro M, Maqueda M, Cebrián R, Pérez-Victoria JM. Autophagic-related cell death of Trypanosoma brucei induced by bacteriocin AS-48. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:203-212. [PMID: 29649664 PMCID: PMC6039360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and nagana. Current drug therapies have limited efficacy, high toxicity and/or are continually hampered by the appearance of resistance. Antimicrobial peptides have recently attracted attention as potential parasiticidal compounds. Here, we explore circular bacteriocin AS-48's ability to kill clinically relevant bloodstream forms of T. brucei gambiense, T. brucei rhodesiense and T. brucei brucei. AS-48 exhibited excellent anti-trypanosomal activity in vitro (EC50 = 1–3 nM) against the three T. brucei subspecies, but it was innocuous to human cells at 104-fold higher concentrations. In contrast to its antibacterial action, AS-48 does not kill the parasite through plasma membrane permeabilization but by targeting intracellular compartments. This was evidenced by the fact that vital dye internalization-prohibiting concentrations of AS-48 could kill the parasite at 37 °C but not at 4 °C. Furthermore, AS-48 interacted with the surface of the parasite, at least in part via VSG, its uptake was temperature-dependent and clathrin-depleted cells were less permissive to the action of AS-48. The bacteriocin also caused the appearance of myelin-like structures and double-membrane autophagic vacuoles. These changes in the parasite's ultrastructure were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy as AS-48 induced the production of EGFP-ATG8.2-labeled autophagosomes. Collectively, these results indicate AS-48 kills the parasite through a mechanism involving clathrin-mediated endocytosis of VSG-bound AS-48 and the induction of autophagic-like cell death. As AS-48 has greater in vitro activity than the drugs currently used to treat T. brucei infection and does not present any signs of toxicity in mammalian cells, it could be an attractive lead compound for the treatment of sleeping sickness and nagana. AS-48 kills Trypanosoma brucei efficiently and is innocuous in mammalian cells. It has greater in vitro activity than drugs currently in use. AS-48 must be internalized by the parasite in order to exert its trypanocidal effect. AS-48 uptake involves VSG binding and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. AS-48 induces an autophagic-related cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martínez-García
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jean-Mathieu Bart
- Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; UMR INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Jenny Campos-Salinas
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eva Valdivia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elena González-Rey
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Navarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Maqueda
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - Rubén Cebrián
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Spain.
| | - José M Pérez-Victoria
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.
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11
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Mulindwa J, Leiss K, Ibberson D, Kamanyi Marucha K, Helbig C, Melo do Nascimento L, Silvester E, Matthews K, Matovu E, Enyaru J, Clayton C. Transcriptomes of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense from sleeping sickness patients, rodents and culture: Effects of strain, growth conditions and RNA preparation methods. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006280. [PMID: 29474390 PMCID: PMC5842037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All of our current knowledge of African trypanosome metabolism is based on results from trypanosomes grown in culture or in rodents. Drugs against sleeping sickness must however treat trypanosomes in humans. We here compare the transcriptomes of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of human patients with those of trypanosomes from culture and rodents. The data were aligned and analysed using new user-friendly applications designed for Kinetoplastid RNA-Seq data. The transcriptomes of trypanosomes from human blood and cerebrospinal fluid did not predict major metabolic differences that might affect drug susceptibility. Usefully, there were relatively few differences between the transcriptomes of trypanosomes from patients and those of similar trypanosomes grown in rats. Transcriptomes of monomorphic laboratory-adapted parasites grown in in vitro culture closely resembled those of the human parasites, but some differences were seen. In poly(A)-selected mRNA transcriptomes, mRNAs encoding some protein kinases and RNA-binding proteins were under-represented relative to mRNA that had not been poly(A) selected; further investigation revealed that the selection tends to result in loss of longer mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Mulindwa
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Sports Science, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kevin Leiss
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Kevin Kamanyi Marucha
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Helbig
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Larissa Melo do Nascimento
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eleanor Silvester
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Enock Matovu
- Department of Biotechnology and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Enyaru
- Department of Biochemistry and Sports Science, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christine Clayton
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Ademola IO, Odeniran PO. Novel trypanocide from an extract of Pleurotus sajor-caju against Trypanosoma congolense. Pharm Biol 2017; 55:132-138. [PMID: 27650882 PMCID: PMC7011909 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1230878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Control of African trypanosomiasis relies on chemotherapy, but the development of resistance and the problem of drug residues require research for alternatives. Triterpenes and phenolics, the major constituents of Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer (Pleurotaceae), are reported to be effective against trypanosomiasis. OBJECTIVE Trypanocidal effect of whole Pleurotus sajor-caju aqueous extract was investigated in vivo against Trypanosoma congolense. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice (25-32 g) were divided into seven groups of six animals. Mice in groups A-F received 2.5 × 104 trypanosomes, while group G was uninfected. Extracts (100-250 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally for 5 days to groups A-D while diminazine aceturate (group E) and normal saline (group F) served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Parasitemia, survival time, body weight and haematological parameters were monitored for 60 days post-treatment. RESULTS Parasitemia decreased significantly (p < 0.01) post-treatment with 200 and 250 mg/kg of the extract and became undetectable by day 16 and 12 post-infection, respectively; the ED50 was 221.5 mg/kg. The packed cell volume (PCV) and the weight of mice treated with 250 mg/kg extract were 46.20 ± 2.6% and 32.05 ± 3.63 g, respectively, which is higher than the group treated with diminazine aceturate. The mean survival time of animals in groups D and E was >60 days, while that of group F was <4 days. Differential leucocyte count on day 68 post-infection in groups C, D and E were not significantly different. CONCLUSION Pleurotus sajor-caju therefore could be a potential source of new trypanocidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah O. Ademola
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Paul O. Odeniran
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
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13
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Laperchia C, Tesoriero C, Seke-Etet PF, La Verde V, Colavito V, Grassi-Zucconi G, Rodgers J, Montague P, Kennedy PGE, Bentivoglio M. Expression of interferon-inducible chemokines and sleep/wake changes during early encephalitis in experimental African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005854. [PMID: 28821016 PMCID: PMC5576758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei, leads to neuroinflammation and characteristic sleep/wake alterations. The relationship between the onset of these alterations and the development of neuroinflammation is of high translational relevance, but remains unclear. This study investigates the expression of interferon (IFN)-γ and IFN-inducible chemokine genes in the brain, and the levels of CXCL10 in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid prior to and during the encephalitic stage of trypanosome infection, and correlates these with sleep/wake changes in a rat model of the disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The expression of genes encoding IFN-γ, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 was assessed in the brain of rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei and matched controls using semi-quantitative end-point RT-PCR. Levels of CXCL10 in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid were determined using ELISA. Sleep/wake states were monitored by telemetric recording. Using immunohistochemistry, parasites were found in the brain parenchyma at 14 days post-infection (dpi), but not at 6 dpi. Ifn-γ, Cxcl9, Cxcl10 and Cxcl11 mRNA levels showed moderate upregulation by 14 dpi followed by further increase between 14 and 21 dpi. CXCL10 concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid increased between 14 and 21 dpi, preceded by a rise in the serum CXCL10 level between 6 and 14 dpi. Sleep/wake pattern fragmentation was evident at 14 dpi, especially in the phase of wake predominance, with intrusion of sleep episodes into wakefulness. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results show a modest increase in Cxcl9 and Cxcl11 transcripts in the brain and the emergence of sleep/wake cycle fragmentation in the initial encephalitic stage, followed by increases in Ifn-γ and IFN-dependent chemokine transcripts in the brain and of CXCL10 in the cerebrospinal fluid. The latter parameter and sleep/wake alterations could provide combined humoral and functional biomarkers of the early encephalitic stage in African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Laperchia
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Tesoriero
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paul F. Seke-Etet
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina La Verde
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valeria Colavito
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gigliola Grassi-Zucconi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jean Rodgers
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Montague
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G. E. Kennedy
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina Bentivoglio
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), Verona Unit, Verona, Italy
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Anosa VO, Logan-Henfrey LL, Shaw MK. A Light and Electron Microscopic Study of Changes in Blood and Bone Marrow in Acute Hemorrhagic Trypanosoma vivax Infection in Calves. Vet Pathol 2016; 29:33-45. [PMID: 1348380 DOI: 10.1177/030098589202900105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eleven 6-month-old calves were tsetse fly challenged with a stock of Trypanosoma vivax (IL 2337) that causes hemorrhagic infection. The calves were randomly euthanatized every 4 to 6 days; two other calves served as controls. Peripheral blood changes included anemia, thrombocytopenia, and an initial leukopenia. Later in the course of infection, leukocytosis associated with lymphocytosis and neutropenia developed. Moderate reticulocytosis (highest mean count 3.6 ± 3.7%, maximum count 9.4%) accompanied the first wave of parasitemia, but poor response (highest mean 0.4 ± 0.0%) occurred during the second wave, despite the persistence of severe anemia. Light microscopic examination of bone marrow samples showed a drop in the myeloid: erythroid ratio with a decrease in granulocytes, particularly metamyelocytes, bands, and segmenters. Increase in lymphocyte counts corresponded with the appearance of lymphoid nodules within the marrow. Megakaryocyte volume increased significantly in infected animals, and some megakaryocytes showed emperipolesis of red cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Transmission electron microscopic examination of the bone marrow revealed that trypanosomes had crossed the sinusoidal endothelium into the hematopoietic compartment as early as the second day of parasitemia. Macrophages proliferated in the bone marrow; and from the second day of parasitemia until the end of the experimental infection, on day 46, the macrophages had phagocytosed normoblasts, eosinophil and neutrophil myelocytes, metamyelocytes, bands, and segmenters, as well as reticulocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes. Therefore, dyserythropoiesis and dysgranulocytopoiesis were responsible, in part, for the observed anemia and granulocytopenia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- V O Anosa
- International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
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15
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Abstract
Genetic variants in the Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene cause high rates of kidney disease in African Americans. These variants, found only in individuals with recent African ancestry, confer enhanced innate immunity against African trypanosomes. Although they are among the most powerful disease-causing common variants discovered to date, we are just beginning to understand how they promote kidney injury. Since APOL1 is present in only a few primate species, much of our current knowledge has come from natural experiments in humans and in vitro studies while awaiting the development of transgenic animal models. Understanding more about the function of ApoL1 and how the high-risk variants behave differently from other ApoL1 molecules is a high priority in kidney disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Friedman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, RN301, Boston, MA. 02215, 617 667 0253
| | - Martin R. Pollak
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, RN325E, Boston, MA. 02215, 617 667 0461
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Jensen BC, Booster N, Vidadala RSR, Maly DJ, Parsons M. A novel protein kinase is essential in bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:479-83. [PMID: 27018127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis a fatal disease for which no vaccines exist and treatment regimens are difficult. Here, we evaluate a Trypanosoma brucei protein kinase, AEK1, as a potential drug target. Conditional knockouts confirmed AEK1 essentiality in bloodstream forms. For chemical validation, we overcame the lack of AEK1 inhibitors by creating parasites expressing a single, functional analog-sensitive AEK1 allele. Analog treatment of mice infected with this strain delayed parasitemia and death, with one-third of animals showing no parasitemia. These studies validate AEK1 as a drug target and highlight the need for further understanding of its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Jensen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nick Booster
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Dustin J Maly
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marilyn Parsons
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Dept. of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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17
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Musunda B, Benítez D, Dirdjaja N, Comini MA, Krauth-Siegel RL. Glutaredoxin-deficiency confers bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei with improved thermotolerance. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 204:93-105. [PMID: 26854591 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As constituents of their unusual trypanothione-based thiol metabolism, African trypanosomes express two dithiol glutaredoxins (Grxs), a cytosolic Grx1 and a mitochondrial Grx2, with so far unknown biological functions. As revealed by gel shift assays, in the mammalian bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei, Grx1 is in the fully reduced state. Upon diamide treatment of the cells, Grx1 forms an active site disulfide bridge that is rapidly re-reduced after stress removal; Cys76, a conserved non-active site Cys remains in the thiol state. Deletion of both grx1 alleles does not result in any proliferation defect of neither the procyclic insect form nor the bloodstream form, even not under various stress conditions. In addition, the Grx1-deficient parasites are fully infectious in the mouse model. A functional compensation by Grx2 is unlikely as identical levels of Grx2 were found in wildtype and Grx1-deficient cells. In the classical hydroxyethyl disulfide assay, Grx1-deficient bloodstream cells display 50-60% of the activity of wildtype cells indicating that the cytosolic oxidoreductase accounts for a major part of the total deglutathionylation capacity of the parasite. Intriguingly, at elevated temperature, proliferation of the Grx1-deficient bloodstream parasites is significantly less affected compared to wildtype cells. When cultured for three days at 39°C, only 51% of the cells in the wildtype population retained normal morphology with single mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (1K1N), whereas 27% of the cells displayed ≥2K2N. In comparison, 64% of the Grx1-deficient cells kept the 1K1N phenotype and only 18% had ≥2K2N. The data suggest that Grx1 plays a role in the regulation of the thermotolerance of the parasites by (in)directly interfering with the progression of the cell cycle, a process that may comprise protein (de)glutathionylation step(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing Musunda
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Diego Benítez
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalie Dirdjaja
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Bastidas G, Merino A. Human African trypanosomiasis diagnosis by peripheral blood smear review in a Spanish traveler. Blood 2016; 127:167. [PMID: 27127825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
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NGUYEN TT, MOTSIRI MS, TAIOE MO, MTSHALI MS, GOTO Y, KAWAZU SI, THEKISOE OMM, INOUE N. Application of crude and recombinant ELISAs and immunochromatographic test for serodiagnosis of animal trypanosomosis in the Umkhanyakude district of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:217-20. [PMID: 25342634 PMCID: PMC4363025 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 231 serum samples were collected from sheep (n=9), goats (n=99) and cattle (n=123) in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trypanosome infection was detected using Trypanosoma brucei brucei crude antigen (TbbCA) and T. congolense crude antigen (TcoCA) ELISA assays. Recombinant antigen (T. evansi GM6 which consisted of 4 repeat domains, TeGM6-4r) ELISA and immunochromatographic test (ICT) were also used. Crude antigen ELISA, TeGM6-4r-ELISA and ICT detected 27.3%, 29% and 19.9% of trypanosome seropositive samples, respectively. Trypanosome infection prevalence in cattle and goats was 35.8-46.3% and 0-9.1%, respectively. Out of 9 sheep serum samples, 2-4 sera (22.2-44.4%) were positive. The detection performance of crude and recombinant antigen ELISAs was relatively similar (K=0.6-0.7); both are recommended for reference diagnosis and large scale epidemiological surveys. There is potential application for ICT in on-site diagnosis, but its sensitivity should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Thuy NGUYEN
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, OIE Collaborating Centre, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mono Sophie MOTSIRI
- Parasitology Research Program, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State–Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag, X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Moeti Oriel TAIOE
- Parasitology Research Program, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State–Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag, X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Moses Sibusiso MTSHALI
- Parasitology Research Program, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State–Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag, X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
- Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Research and Scientific Services Department, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Yasuyuki GOTO
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1–1–1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro KAWAZU
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, OIE Collaborating Centre, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Oriel Matlhahane Molifi THEKISOE
- Parasitology Research Program, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State–Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag, X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Noboru INOUE
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, OIE Collaborating Centre, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Loureiro I, Faria J, Clayton C, Macedo-Ribeiro S, Santarém N, Roy N, Cordeiro-da-Siva A, Tavares J. Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase B knockdown compromises Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream form infectivity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e3430. [PMID: 25568941 PMCID: PMC4287489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase is an enzyme involved in the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, and catalyzes the inter-conversion of D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-ribulose 5-phosphate. Trypanosomatids, including the agent of African sleeping sickness namely Trypanosoma brucei, have a type B ribose-5-phosphate isomerase. This enzyme is absent from humans, which have a structurally unrelated ribose 5-phosphate isomerase type A, and therefore has been proposed as an attractive drug target waiting further characterization. In this study, Trypanosoma brucei ribose 5-phosphate isomerase B showed in vitro isomerase activity. RNAi against this enzyme reduced parasites' in vitro growth, and more importantly, bloodstream forms infectivity. Mice infected with induced RNAi clones exhibited lower parasitaemia and a prolonged survival compared to control mice. Phenotypic reversion was achieved by complementing induced RNAi clones with an ectopic copy of Trypanosoma cruzi gene. Our results present the first functional characterization of Trypanosoma brucei ribose 5-phosphate isomerase B, and show the relevance of an enzyme belonging to the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway in the context of Trypanosoma brucei infection. Within the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, ribose 5-phosphate isomerase catalyzes the inter-conversion of ribose 5-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate. There are two types of ribose 5-phosphate isomerase, namely A and B. The presence of type B in Trypanosoma brucei, and its absence in humans, make this protein a promising drug target. African sleeping sickness is a serious parasitic disease that relies on limited chemotherapeutic options for control. In our study, a functional characterization of Trypanosoma brucei ribose 5-phosphate isomerase B is reported. Biochemical studies confirmed enzyme isomerase activity and its downregulation by RNAi affected mainly parasites infectivity in vivo. Overall this study shows that ribose 5-phosphate isomerase depletion is detrimental for parasites infectivity under host pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Loureiro
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Faria
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Christine Clayton
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH cv Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- Protein Crystallography Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nilanjan Roy
- Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study & Research in Biotechnology & Allied Sciences, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Dist-Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Siva
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (ACdS); (JT)
| | - Joana Tavares
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (ACdS); (JT)
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Ilboudo H, Bras-Gonçalves R, Camara M, Flori L, Camara O, Sakande H, Leno M, Petitdidier E, Jamonneau V, Bucheton B. Unravelling human trypanotolerance: IL8 is associated with infection control whereas IL10 and TNFα are associated with subsequent disease development. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004469. [PMID: 25375156 PMCID: PMC4223068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In West Africa, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), is associated with a great diversity of infection outcomes. In addition to patients who can be diagnosed in the early hemolymphatic phase (stage 1) or meningoencephalitic phase (stage 2), a number of individuals can mount long-lasting specific serological responses while the results of microscopic investigations are negative (SERO TL+). Evidence is now increasing to indicate that these are asymptomatic subjects with low-grade parasitemia. The goal of our study was to investigate the type of immune response occurring in these “trypanotolerant” subjects. Cytokines levels were measured in healthy endemic controls (n = 40), stage 1 (n = 10), early stage 2 (n = 19), and late stage 2 patients (n = 23) and in a cohort of SERO TL+ individuals (n = 60) who were followed up for two years to assess the evolution of their parasitological and serological status. In contrast to HAT patients which T-cell responses appeared to be activated with increased levels of IL2, IL4, and IL10, SERO TL+ exhibited high levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL8 and TNFα) and an almost absence of IL12p70. In SERO TL+, high levels of IL10 and low levels of TNFα were associated with an increased risk of developing HAT whereas high levels of IL8 predicted that serology would become negative. Further studies using high throughput technologies, hopefully will provide a more detailed view of the critical molecules or pathways underlying the trypanotolerant phenotype. Whereas immunological mechanisms involved in the control of trypanosome infections have been extensively studied in animal models, knowledge of how Trypanosoma brucei gambiense interacts with its human hosts lags far behind. In this study we measured cytokine levels in sleeping sickness patients and individuals who were apparently able to control infection to subdetection levels over long periods of time or who were engaged in a process of self-cure as demonstrated by the disappearance of specific antibodies. In contrast to patients, trypanotolerant subjects were characterized by a strong inflammatory response with elevated levels of IL8, IL6, and TNFα. This study indicates that both protective immune responses and markers of disease development exist in human T. brucei. gambiense infection and constitute an important step forward to identify new diagnostic or therapeutic targets in the fight against sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidou Ilboudo
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de Recherches sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rachel Bras-Gonçalves
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Laurence Flori
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1313 GABI, F78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Oumou Camara
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Hassane Sakande
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de Recherches sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mamadou Leno
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Elodie Petitdidier
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de Recherches sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée
- * E-mail:
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22
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Alsford S, Currier RB, Guerra-Assunção JA, Clark TG, Horn D. Cathepsin-L can resist lysis by human serum in Trypanosoma brucei brucei. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004130. [PMID: 24830321 PMCID: PMC4022737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Closely related African trypanosomes cause lethal diseases but display distinct host ranges. Specifically, Trypanosoma brucei brucei causes nagana in livestock but fails to infect humans, while Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cause sleeping sickness in humans. T. b. brucei fails to infect humans because it is sensitive to innate immune complexes found in normal human serum known as trypanolytic factor (TLF) 1 and 2; the lytic component is apolipoprotein-L1 in both TLFs. TLF resistance mechanisms of T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense are now known to arise through either gain or loss-of-function, but our understanding of factors that render T. b. brucei susceptible to lysis by human serum remains incomplete. We conducted a genome-scale RNA interference (RNAi) library screen for reduced sensitivity to human serum. Among only four high-confidence ‘hits’ were all three genes previously shown to sensitize T. b. brucei to human serum, the haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor (HpHbR), inhibitor of cysteine peptidase (ICP) and the lysosomal protein, p67, thereby demonstrating the pivotal roles these factors play. The fourth gene identified encodes a predicted protein with eleven trans-membrane domains. Using chemical and genetic approaches, we show that ICP sensitizes T. b. brucei to human serum by modulating the essential cathepsin, CATL, a lysosomal cysteine peptidase. A second cathepsin, CATB, likely to be dispensable for growth in in vitro culture, has little or no impact on human-serum sensitivity. Our findings reveal major and novel determinants of human-serum sensitivity in T. b. brucei. They also shed light on the lysosomal protein-protein interactions that render T. b. brucei exquisitely sensitive to lytic factors in human serum, and indicate that CATL, an important potential drug target, has the capacity to resist these factors. The interplay among host innate immunity and resistance mechanisms in African trypanosomes has a major impact on the host range of these tsetse-fly transmitted parasites, defining their ability to cause disease in humans. A genome-scale RNAi screen identified a highly restricted set of four genes that sensitise trypanosomes to human serum: those encoding the haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor, a predicted trans-membrane channel, a lysosomal membrane-protein and the cysteine peptidase inhibitor. An analysis of the cysteine peptidases revealed cathepsin-L as the protease regulated by the inhibitor – and with the capacity to render the parasite resistant to lysis by human serum. These findings emphasise the importance of parasite factors for the delivery and stability of host toxins. They also shed light on the control of proteolysis by parasites and potential unanticipated consequences of therapies that target the parasite proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Alsford
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel B. Currier
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Taane G. Clark
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Lejon V, Mumba Ngoyi D, Kestens L, Boel L, Barbé B, Kande Betu V, van Griensven J, Bottieau E, Muyembe Tamfum JJ, Jacobs J, Büscher P. Gambiense human african trypanosomiasis and immunological memory: effect on phenotypic lymphocyte profiles and humoral immunity. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003947. [PMID: 24603894 PMCID: PMC3946376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, experimental infection with Trypanosoma brucei causes decreased bone marrow B-cell development, abolished splenic B-cell maturation and loss of antibody mediated protection including vaccine induced memory responses. Nothing is known about this phenomenon in human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), but if occurring, it would imply the need of revaccination of HAT patients after therapy and abolish hope for a HAT vaccine. The effect of gambiense HAT on peripheral blood memory T- and B-cells and on innate and vaccine induced antibody levels was examined. The percentage of memory B- and T-cells was quantified in peripheral blood, prospectively collected in DR Congo from 117 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infected HAT patients before and six months after treatment and 117 controls at the same time points. Antibodies against carbohydrate antigens on red blood cells and against measles were quantified. Before treatment, significantly higher percentages of memory B-cells, mainly T-independent memory B-cells, were observed in HAT patients compared to controls (CD20+CD27+IgM+, 13.0% versus 2.0%, p<0.001). The percentage of memory T-cells, mainly early effector/memory T-cells, was higher in HAT (CD3+CD45RO+CD27+, 19.4% versus 16.7%, p = 0.003). After treatment, the percentage of memory T-cells normalized, the percentage of memory B-cells did not. The median anti-red blood cell carbohydrate IgM level was one titer lower in HAT patients than in controls (p<0.004), and partially normalized after treatment. Anti-measles antibody concentrations were lower in HAT patients than in controls (medians of 1500 versus 2250 mIU/ml, p = 0.02), and remained so after treatment, but were above the cut-off level assumed to provide protection in 94.8% of HAT patients, before and after treatment (versus 98.3% of controls, p = 0.3). Although functionality of the B-cells was not verified, the results suggest that immunity was conserved in T.b. gambiense infected HAT patients and that B-cell dysfunction might not be that severe as in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Lejon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
| | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Luc Kestens
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Boel
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Victor Kande Betu
- Programme Nationale de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | | | - Jan Jacobs
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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WRING STEPHEN, GAUKEL ERIC, NARE BAKELA, JACOBS ROBERT, BEAUDET BETH, BOWLING TANA, MERCER LUKE, BACCHI CYRUS, YARLETT NIGEL, RANDOLPH RYAN, PARHAM ROBIN, REWERTS CINDY, PLATNER JACOB, DON ROBERT. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics utilizing unbound target tissue exposure as part of a disposition-based rationale for lead optimization of benzoxaboroles in the treatment of Stage 2 Human African Trypanosomiasis. Parasitology 2014; 141:104-18. [PMID: 24007596 PMCID: PMC3884839 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201300098x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY This review presents a progression strategy for the discovery of new anti-parasitic drugs that uses in vitro susceptibility, time-kill and reversibility measures to define the therapeutically relevant exposure required in target tissues of animal infection models. The strategy is exemplified by the discovery of SCYX-7158 as a potential oral treatment for stage 2 (CNS) Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). A critique of current treatments for stage 2 HAT is included to provide context for the challenges of achieving target tissue disposition and the need for establishing pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) measures early in the discovery paradigm. The strategy comprises 3 stages. Initially, compounds demonstrating promising in vitro activity and selectivity for the target organism over mammalian cells are advanced to in vitro metabolic stability, barrier permeability and tissue binding assays to establish that they will likely achieve and maintain therapeutic concentrations during in-life efficacy studies. Secondly, in vitro time-kill and reversibility kinetics are employed to correlate exposure (based on unbound concentrations) with in vitro activity, and to identify pharmacodynamic measures that would best predict efficacy. Lastly, this information is used to design dosing regimens for pivotal pharmacokinetic-pharmacodyamic studies in animal infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- STEPHEN WRING
- SCYNEXIS Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - ERIC GAUKEL
- SCYNEXIS Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - BAKELA NARE
- SCYNEXIS Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - ROBERT JACOBS
- SCYNEXIS Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - BETH BEAUDET
- SCYNEXIS Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - TANA BOWLING
- SCYNEXIS Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - LUKE MERCER
- SCYNEXIS Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - CYRUS BACCHI
- Haskins Laboratory, Pace University, New York, New York, USA
| | - NIGEL YARLETT
- Haskins Laboratory, Pace University, New York, New York, USA
| | - RYAN RANDOLPH
- SCYNEXIS Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - ROBIN PARHAM
- SCYNEXIS Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - CINDY REWERTS
- SCYNEXIS Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - JACOB PLATNER
- Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - ROBERT DON
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
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Leong S, Simo G, Camara M, Jamonneau V, Kabore J, Ilboudo H, Bucheton B, Hoheisel JD, Clayton C. The miRNA and mRNA Signatures of Peripheral Blood Cells in Humans Infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67312. [PMID: 23826264 PMCID: PMC3695006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple, reliable tools for diagnosis of human African Trypanosomiases could ease field surveillance and enhance patient care. In particular, current methods to distinguish patients with (stage II) and without (stage I) brain involvement require samples of cerebrospinal fluid. We describe here an exploratory study to find out whether miRNAs from peripheral blood leukocytes might be useful in diagnosis of human trypanosomiasis, or for determining the stage of the disease. Using microarrays, we measured miRNAs in samples from Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-infected patients (9 stage I, 10 stage II), 8 seronegative parasite-negative controls and 12 seropositive, but parasite-negative subjects. 8 miRNAs (out of 1205 tested) showed significantly lower expression in patients than in seronegative, parasite-negative controls, and 1 showed increased expression. There were no clear differences in miRNAs between patients in different disease stages. The miRNA profiles could not distinguish seropositive, but parasitologically negative samples from controls and results within this group did not correlate with those from the trypanolysis test. Some of the regulated miRNAs, or their predicted mRNA targets, were previously reported changed during other infectious diseases or cancer. We conclude that the changes in miRNA profiles of peripheral blood lymphocytes in human African trypanosomiasis are related to immune activation or inflammation, are probably disease-non-specific, and cannot be used to determine the disease stage. The approach has little promise for diagnostics but might yield information about disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smiths Leong
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsche Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gustave Simo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, West Cameroon
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine en Guinée, Conakry, Guinée
- Centre international de recherche-développement sur l’elevage en zone subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Centre international de recherche-développement sur l’elevage en zone subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité mixte de recherche 177 (UMR-177), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Kabore
- Centre international de recherche-développement sur l’elevage en zone subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Centre international de recherche-développement sur l’elevage en zone subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Centre international de recherche-développement sur l’elevage en zone subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité mixte de recherche 177 (UMR-177), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Jörg D. Hoheisel
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsche Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Clayton
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Tiberti N, Hainard A, Lejon V, Courtioux B, Matovu E, Enyaru JC, Robin X, Turck N, Kristensson K, Ngoyi DM, Vatunga GML, Krishna S, Büscher P, Bisser S, Ndung’u JM, Sanchez JC. Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin as marker of the meningo-encephalitic stage of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40909. [PMID: 22815865 PMCID: PMC3399808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sleeping sickness, or human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), is a protozoan disease that affects rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa. Determination of the disease stage, essential for correct treatment, represents a key issue in the management of patients. In the present study we evaluated the potential of CXCL10, CXCL13, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MMP-9, B2MG, neopterin and IgM to complement current methods for staging Trypanosoma brucei gambiense patients. Methods and Findings Five hundred and twelve T. b. gambiense HAT patients originated from Angola, Chad and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (D.R.C.). Their classification as stage 2 (S2) was based on the number of white blood cells (WBC) (>5/µL) or presence of parasites in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF concentration of the eight markers was first measured on a training cohort encompassing 100 patients (44 S1 and 56 S2). IgM and neopterin were the best in discriminating between the two stages of disease with 86.4% and 84.1% specificity respectively, at 100% sensitivity. When a validation cohort (412 patients) was tested, neopterin (14.3 nmol/L) correctly classified 88% of S1 and S2 patients, confirming its high staging power. On this second cohort, neopterin also predicted both the presence of parasites, and of neurological signs, with the same ability as IgM and WBC, the current reference for staging. Conclusions This study has demonstrated that neopterin is an excellent biomarker for staging T. b. gambiense HAT patients. A rapid diagnostic test for detecting this metabolite in CSF could help in more accurate stage determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiberti
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Hainard
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- INSERM UMR1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Enock Matovu
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Charles Enyaru
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Xavier Robin
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Turck
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi
- Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, D. R. Congo
| | | | - Sanjeev Krishna
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Infection, St. George’s, University of London, London, Great Britain
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Bisser
- INSERM UMR1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Clerinx J, Vlieghe E, Asselman V, Van de Casteele S, Maes MB, Lejon V. Human African trypanosomiasis in a Belgian traveller returning from the Masai Mara area, Kenya, February 2012. Euro Surveill 2012; 17:20111. [PMID: 22433595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A Belgian traveller was diagnosed with human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) due to Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense nine days after visiting the Masai Mara area in Kenya. He presented with an inoculation chancre and was treated with suramin within four days of fever onset. Two weeks earlier, HAT was also reported in a German traveller who had visited the Masai Mara area. Because no cases have occurred in the area for over 12 years, this may indicate a focal cluster of HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Clerinx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Wolf T, Wichelhaus T, Gottig S, Kleine C, Brodt HR, Just-Nuebling G. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in a German traveller returning from the Masai Mara area, Kenya, January 2012. Euro Surveill 2012; 17:20114. [PMID: 22433594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In January 2012, a case of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) has been identified in Germany in a traveller returning from the Masai Mara area in Kenya. The 62-year-old man had travelled to the Masai Mara game park from 18 to 19 January 2012 and developed fever on 28 January. The infection with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense was confirmed by laboratory testing three days hereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine 2 - Infectious Diseases, Hospital of the J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Price HP, Hodgkinson MR, Curwen RS, MacLean LM, Brannigan JA, Carrington M, Smith BA, Ashford DA, Stark M, Smith DF. The orthologue of Sjögren's syndrome nuclear autoantigen 1 (SSNA1) in Trypanosoma brucei is an immunogenic self-assembling molecule. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31842. [PMID: 22363749 PMCID: PMC3282761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (PSS) is a highly prevalent autoimmune disease, typically manifesting as lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands leading to chronically impaired lacrimal and salivary secretion. Sjögren's Syndrome nuclear autoantigen 1 (SSNA1 or NA14) is a major specific target for autoantibodies in PSS but the precise function and clinical relevance of this protein are largely unknown. Orthologues of the gene are absent from many of the commonly used model organisms but are present in Chlamyodomonas reinhardtii (in which it has been termed DIP13) and most protozoa. We report the functional characterisation of the orthologue of SSNA1 in the kinetoplastid parasite, Trypanosoma brucei. Both TbDIP13 and human SSNA1 are small coiled-coil proteins which are predicted to be remote homologues of the actin-binding protein tropomyosin. We use comparative proteomic methods to identify potential interacting partners of TbDIP13. We also show evidence that TbDIP13 is able to self-assemble into fibril-like structures both in vitro and in vivo, a property which may contribute to its immunogenicity. Endogenous TbDIP13 partially co-localises with acetylated α-tubulin in the insect procyclic stage of the parasite. However, deletion of the DIP13 gene in cultured bloodstream and procyclic stages of T. brucei has little effect on parasite growth or morphology, indicating either a degree of functional redundancy or a function in an alternative stage of the parasite life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen P Price
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom.
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Grab DJ, Nikolskaia OV, Inoue N, Thekisoe OMM, Morrison LJ, Gibson W, Dumler JS. Using detergent to enhance detection sensitivity of African trypanosomes in human CSF and blood by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1249. [PMID: 21829738 PMCID: PMC3149022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, with its advantages of simplicity, rapidity and cost effectiveness, has evolved as one of the most sensitive and specific methods for the detection of a broad range of pathogenic microorganisms including African trypanosomes. While many LAMP-based assays are sufficiently sensitive to detect DNA well below the amount present in a single parasite, the detection limit of the assay is restricted by the number of parasites present in the volume of sample assayed; i.e. 1 per µL or 10(3) per mL. We hypothesized that clinical sensitivities that mimic analytical limits based on parasite DNA could be approached or even obtained by simply adding detergent to the samples prior to LAMP assay. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS For proof of principle we used two different LAMP assays capable of detecting 0.1 fg genomic DNA (0.001 parasite). The assay was tested on dilution series of intact bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood with or without the addition of the detergent Triton X-100 and 60 min incubation at ambient temperature. With human CSF and in the absence of detergent, the LAMP detection limit for live intact parasites using 1 µL of CSF as the source of template was at best 10(3) parasites/mL. Remarkably, detergent enhanced LAMP assay reaches sensitivity about 100 to 1000-fold lower; i.e. 10 to 1 parasite/mL. Similar detergent-mediated increases in LAMP assay analytical sensitivity were also found using DNA extracted from filter paper cards containing blood pretreated with detergent before card spotting or blood samples spotted on detergent pretreated cards. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This simple procedure for the enhanced detection of live African trypanosomes in biological fluids by LAMP paves the way for the adaptation of LAMP for the economical and sensitive diagnosis of other protozoan parasites and microorganisms that cause diseases that plague the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Grab
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Vitouley HS, Mungube EO, Allegye-Cudjoe E, Diall O, Bocoum Z, Diarra B, Randolph TF, Bauer B, Clausen PH, Geysen D, Sidibe I, Bengaly Z, Van den Bossche P, Delespaux V. Improved PCR-RFLP for the detection of diminazene resistance in Trypanosoma congolense under field conditions using filter papers for sample storage. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1223. [PMID: 21814586 PMCID: PMC3144178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Sèna Vitouley
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Erick Ouma Mungube
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Oumar Diall
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Boucader Diarra
- Pan African Tsetse and Typanosomosis Eradication Programme (PATTEC), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Burkhard Bauer
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter-Henning Clausen
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Geysen
- Institut of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Issa Sidibe
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Peter Van den Bossche
- Institut of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Gadelha C, Holden JM, Allison HC, Field MC. Specializations in a successful parasite: what makes the bloodstream-form African trypanosome so deadly? Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 179:51-8. [PMID: 21763356 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most trypanosomatid parasites have both arthropod and mammalian or plant hosts, and the ability to survive and complete a developmental program in each of these very different environments is essential for life cycle progression and hence being a successful pathogen. For African trypanosomes, where the mammalian stage is exclusively extracellular, this presents specific challenges and requires evasion of both the acquired and innate immune systems, together with adaptation to a specific nutritional environment and resistance to mechanical and biochemical stresses. Here we consider the basis for these adaptations, the specific features of the mammalian infective trypanosome that are required to meet these challenges, and how these processes both inform on basic parasite biology and present potential therapeutic targets.
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Brown JE, Patterson LH, Williamson J, Brown JR. Method for Analysis, and Distribution Profile, of Covalently-linked Ferritin-daunorubicin Conjugate in the Blood of Trypanosome-infected Mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 44:48-51. [PMID: 1350628 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb14362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Daunorubicin is a highly potent trypanocide in-vitro but is inactive in-vivo. When daunorubicin is conjugated to bovine serum albumin or horse spleen ferritin using Schiffs base linkages, the complex is trypanocidal in-vitro and in-vivo. We have developed novel analytical methods, using HPLC with fluorimetric detection, for the quantitation of daunorubicin and doxorubicin in biological samples, either as unconjugated drug, or when covalently linked to macromolecules or particles. Ferritin-daunorubicin conjugate (25 mg kg−1) was administered intraperitoneally to mice infected with monomorphic Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense; peak plasma levels occurred after 1·5 h, and were 5 times higher than those resulting from administration of an equivalent amount of unconjugated daunorubicin. Plasma levels then declined rapidly (t½ for 1–6 h period was 0·58 and 0·86 h respectively for conjugated and unconjugated daunorubicin). However, higher plasma levels were seen 24 h after treatment, suggesting the distribution profile of daunorubicin when conjugated to ferritin is multiphasic with resultant high levels of daunorubicin obtained for a prolonged time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Brown
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health and Life Sciences, Leicester Polytechnic, UK
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Amrouni D, Meiller A, Gautier-Sauvigné S, Piraud M, Bouteille B, Vincendeau P, Buguet A, Cespuglio R. Cerebral changes occurring in arginase and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) in a rat model of sleeping sickness. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16891. [PMID: 21408057 PMCID: PMC3052300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathophysiology of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) was analyzed in a HAT animal model (rat infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei). With this model, it was previously reported that trypanosomes were capable of limiting trypanocidal properties carried by NO by decreasing its blood concentration. It was also observed that brain NO concentration, contrary to blood, increases throughout the infection process. The present approach analyses the brain impairments occurring in the regulations exerted by arginase and NG, NG–dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) on NO Synthases (NOS). In this respect: (i) cerebral enzymatic activities, mRNA and protein expression of arginase and DDAH were determined; (ii) immunohistochemical distribution and morphometric parameters of cells expressing DDAH-1 and DDAH-2 isoforms were examined within the diencephalon; (iii) amino acid profiles relating to NOS/arginase/DDAH pathways were established. Methodology/Principal Findings Arginase and DDAH activities together with mRNA (RT-PCR) and protein (western-blot) expressions were determined in diencephalic brain structures of healthy or infected rats at various days post-infection (D5, D10, D16, D22). While arginase activity remained constant, that of DDAH increased at D10 (+65%) and D16 (+51%) in agreement with western-blot and amino acids data (liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry). Only DDAH-2 isoform appeared to be up-regulated at the transcriptional level throughout the infection process. Immunohistochemical staining further revealed that DDAH-1 and DDAH-2 are contained within interneurons and neurons, respectively. Conclusion/Significance In the brain of infected animals, the lack of change observed in arginase activity indicates that polyamine production is not enhanced. Increases in DDAH-2 isoform may contribute to the overproduction of NO. These changes are at variance with those reported in the periphery. As a whole, the above processes may ensure additive protection against trypanosome entry into the brain, i.e., maintenance of NO trypanocidal pressure and limitation of polyamine production, necessary for trypanosome growth.
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MESH Headings
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Amino Acids/blood
- Amino Acids/chemistry
- Animals
- Arginase/genetics
- Arginase/metabolism
- Biosynthetic Pathways
- Brain/enzymology
- Brain/parasitology
- Brain/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Male
- Mass Spectrometry
- Models, Biological
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei
- Trypanosomiasis, African/blood
- Trypanosomiasis, African/enzymology
- Trypanosomiasis, African/parasitology
- Trypanosomiasis, African/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Donia Amrouni
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine, EA 4170 and Plateau NeuroChem, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Meiller
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine, EA 4170 and Plateau NeuroChem, Lyon, France
| | - Sabine Gautier-Sauvigné
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine, EA 4170 and Plateau NeuroChem, Lyon, France
| | - Monique Piraud
- Laboratoire des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Centre de Biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Bouteille
- Université de Limoges, Faculté de Médecine, EA 3174 and IFR 145 GEIST, Limoges, France
| | | | - Alain Buguet
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine, EA 4170 and Plateau NeuroChem, Lyon, France
| | - Raymond Cespuglio
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine, EA 4170 and Plateau NeuroChem, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
African trypanosomes are responsible for sleeping sickness in man and nagana in cattle, which are both tremendous health burdens in Africa. Most African trypanosome species are killed by human serum. This is due to a serum trypanolytic particle specific of some old world monkeys and great apes, an HDL subclass containing two proteins which appeared recently in mammalian evolution, apolipoprotein L1 and haptoglobin related protein. Nevertheless, two African trypanosome species, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense are able to infect humans, because they developed resistance to trypanolysis. Resistance to human serum in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is due to a single gene called SRA. This mechanism of lysis-resistance is therefore an example of a natural drug-antidote system which evolved during a pathogen-host arms race. The lysis and resistance mechanisms, their molecular components as well as their mode of action are reviewed. I also discuss how components of the system would be suitable drug targets and how the system could be engineered to generate an effective synthetic drug.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigenic Variation
- Apolipoprotein L1
- Apolipoproteins/chemistry
- Apolipoproteins/genetics
- Apolipoproteins/pharmacology
- Cattle
- Drug Resistance/genetics
- Drug Resistance/immunology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genes, Protozoan
- Humans
- Lipoproteins, HDL/blood
- Lipoproteins, HDL/chemistry
- Lipoproteins, HDL/genetics
- Lipoproteins, HDL/pharmacology
- Models, Biological
- Trypanocidal Agents/chemistry
- Trypanocidal Agents/pharmacology
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/drug effects
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/genetics
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/immunology
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense/drug effects
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense/genetics
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense/immunology
- Trypanosomiasis, African/blood
- Trypanosomiasis, African/drug therapy
- Trypanosomiasis, African/parasitology
- Variant Surface Glycoproteins, Trypanosoma/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology and Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Ectoparasites, IBMM (Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet,6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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Anosa VO. Studies on the parasitaemia, plasma volumes, leucocyte and bone marrow cell counts, and the moribund state in Trypanosoma brucei infection of splenectomised and intact mice. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 2010; 27:169-80. [PMID: 7467993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1980.tb01904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Soudan B, Tetaert D, Hublart M, Racadot A, Croix D, Boersma A. Experimental "chronic" African trypanosomiasis: endocrine dysfunctions generated by parasitic components released during the tryptanolytic phase in rats. Exp Clin Endocrinol 2009; 101:166-72. [PMID: 8223986 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1211225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The disorders of the gonadotropic axis have been studied during the course of a "chronic" african trypanosomiasis induced experimentally in rats inoculated by the variant Trypanosoma brucei brucei AnTat 1.1.E. The levels of serum and pituitary LH as well as serum testosterone and corticosterone have been determined, during the infestation, at a particular period of the circadian cycle, in regard to the parasitemia variations. In addition, the inoculation of trypanosomal component fractions [obtained by concanavalin-A sepharose chromatography (conA-components)], has been performed in an attempt to define more exactly the nature of factor(s) producing the hypotestosteronemia in rats. This work evidenced that the hormonal parameter levels were predominantly decreased at the trypanolytic phase during the evolution of the disease. The action towards the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis was attributed not only to peculiar trypanosomal enzyme(s) [a serine, thiol-dependent, cation sensitive endoprotease with a post-proline cleaving activity (purified from unretained conA fraction)], but also to protein and/or glycoprotein factor(s) released by the trypanosomes (components with affinity to the lectin).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Soudan
- Unité INSERM n. 16, CHR, Lille, France
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Pays E, Vanhollebeke B. [The controversial story of the human trypanolytic factor]. Med Sci (Paris) 2008; 24:792-3. [PMID: 18950568 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20082410792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Thuita JK, Kagira JM, Mwangangi D, Matovu E, Turner CMR, Masiga D. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense transmitted by a single tsetse fly bite in vervet monkeys as a model of human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e238. [PMID: 18846231 PMCID: PMC2565695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the pathogenicity of tsetse (Glossina pallidipes)-transmitted cloned strains of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in vervet monkeys. Tsetse flies were confirmed to have mature trypanosome infections by xenodiagnosis, after which nine monkeys were infected via the bite of a single infected fly. Chancres developed in five of the nine (55.6%) monkeys within 4 to 8 days post infection (dpi). All nine individuals were successfully infected, with a median pre-patent period of 4 (range = 4-10) days, indicating that trypanosomes migrated from the site of fly bite to the systemic circulation rapidly and independently of the development of the chancre. The time lag to detection of parasites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was a median 16 (range = 8-40) days, marking the onset of central nervous system (CNS, late) stage disease. Subsequently, CSF white cell numbers increased above the pre-infection median count of 2 (range = 0-9) cells/microl, with a positive linear association between their numbers and that of CSF trypanosomes. Haematological changes showed that the monkeys experienced an early microcytic-hypochromic anaemia and severe progressive thrombocytopaenia. Despite a 3-fold increase in granulocyte numbers by 4 dpi, leucopaenia occurred early (8 dpi) in the monkey infection, determined mainly by reductions in lymphocyte numbers. Terminally, leucocytosis was observed in three of nine (33%) individuals. The duration of infection was a median of 68 (range = 22-120) days. Strain and individual differences were observed in the severity of the clinical and clinical pathology findings, with two strains (KETRI 3741 and 3801) producing a more acute disease than the other two (KETRI 3804 and 3928). The study shows that the fly-transmitted model accurately mimics the human disease and is therefore a suitable gateway to understanding human African trypanosomiasis (HAT; sleeping sickness).
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Affiliation(s)
- John K. Thuita
- Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, (KARI-TRC), Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - John M. Kagira
- Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, (KARI-TRC), Kikuyu, Kenya
| | | | - Enock Matovu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - C. M. R. Turner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, and Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Masiga
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Lysophospholipids are ubiquitous intermediates in a variety of metabolic and signalling pathways in eukaryotic cells. We have reported recently that lysoglycerophosphatidylcholine (lyso-GPCho) synthesis in the insect form of the ancient eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei is mediated by a novel phospholipase A1 (TbPLA1). In the present study, we show that despite equal levels of TbPLA1 gene expression in wild-type insect and bloodstream trypomastigotes, both TbPLA1 enzyme levels and lysoGPCho metabolites are approx. 3-fold higher in the bloodstream form. Both of these parasite stages synthesize identical molecular species of lysoGPCho. TbPLA1 null mutants in the bloodstream form of the parasite are viable, but are deficient in lysoGPCho synthesis, a defect that can be overcome by the expression of an ectopic copy of TbPLA1. The biochemical attributes of TbPLA1-mediated lysoGPCho synthesis were examined in vitro using recombinant TbPLA1. Although TbPLA1 possesses an active-site serine residue, it is insensitive to serine-modifying reagents, such as di-isopropyl fluorophosphate and PMSF, a characteristic shared by lipases that possess lid-sheltered catalytic triads. TbPLA1 does not require metal co-factors for activity, but it does require interfacial activation prior to catalysis. Results from size-exclusion chromatography and binding kinetics analysis revealed that TbPLA1 activation by Triton X-100/GPCho mixed micelle surfaces was not specific and did not require the pre-formation of a specific enzyme-substrate complex to achieve surface binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S. Richmond
- Wellcome Trust Biocentre, Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Terry K. Smith
- Wellcome Trust Biocentre, Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Ogbadoyi EO, Abdulganiy AO, Adama TZ, Okogun JI. In vivo trypanocidal activity of Annona senegalensis Pers. leaf extract against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 112:85-9. [PMID: 17418511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy of African trypanosomiasis still remains far from being satisfactory. There is the urgent need for therapeutic agents that are effective, affordable and accessible to the rural poor in Africa who bear most of the disease burden. Root preparations of Annona senegalensis Pers. is claimed by traditional medicine practitioners to be effective in the treatment of sleeping sickness. Validation of this claim, evaluation of the therapeutic effects of other parts of the plant, and standardization of the preparations are necessary in order to fully exploit the chemotherapeutic potentials of this plant. We have evaluated the chemotherapeutic effects of extracts of the leaves, whole root, root and stem bark of the plant in experimental trypanosomiasis. Crude and partially purified aqueous extracts of the leaves, at a dose of 200mg/kg body weight per day completely cured experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in mice. Sub-inoculation of blood and cerebrospinal fluid drawn from the cured mice into healthy mice failed to produce any infection within 60 days of post-inoculation. Pre-treatment of healthy mice with the crude extract before infection did not prevent establishment of infection. Administration of 5000mg/kg body weight of the crude extract did not lead to fatality in mice. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of tannin, phlobatanin, and saponin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O Ogbadoyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Bosso Road, Minna, Nigeria.
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Oluyinka OO, Mairo IH, Ajanusi JA, David O, Sekoni V, Nok AJ. Semen sialic acid surge and modulation of alpha-L-fucosidase activity: possible link to loss in reproductive capacity during trypanosomiasis. Cell Biochem Funct 2007; 26:154-61. [PMID: 17487932 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The profiles of semen sialic acid and the enzyme alpha-L-fucosidase were studied in rams undergoing chronic infection by Trypanosoma congolense. Our data showed a significant surge in the level of sialic acid with parasitaemia. The pattern followed a polynomial function we had reported for erythrocyte sialic acid in mice undergoing acute infection by T. congolense. The activity of the enzyme alpha-fucosidase decreased progressively with approximately 60% decrease at the end of the 14 weeks of infection. Representative semen samples from the control and infected rams were subjected to kinetic characterization. While the uninfected semen sample showed two active pH peaks at 4.5-5.5 and at 6.8-7.2, respectively, there was an apparent shift to only a single pH optimum at 4.5-5.5 for the pathological semen. The fucosidases from both sources were optimally active at 35 degrees C albeit with contrasting activation energies (E(a)) with values 20.58 and 35 kJ/mol for the control and infected semen, respectively. Kinetic studies using methylumbelliferyl-beta-fucoside (4MU-Fuc) as substrate gave K(M) and V(max) values of 3.25 microM and 14.6 micromol. min(-1) mg(-1), respectively for the control semen. The values for the infected semen were 18.25 microM and 10.5 micromol. min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. The significance of these results is discussed as they relate to loss in reproductive capacity in trypanosomoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okubanjo O Oluyinka
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Maina NWN, Oberle M, Otieno C, Kunz C, Maeser P, Ndung'u JM, Brun R. Isolation and propagation of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense from sleeping sickness patients in south Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101:540-6. [PMID: 17275053 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at isolating Trypanosoma brucei gambiense from human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) patients from south Sudan. Fifty HAT patients identified during active screening surveys were recruited, most of whom (49/50) were in second-stage disease. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from the patients were cryopreserved using Triladyl as the cryomedium. The samples were stored at -150 degrees C in liquid nitrogen vapour in a dry shipper. Eighteen patient stabilates could be propagated in immunosuppressed Mastomys natalensis and/or SCID mice. Parasitaemia was highest in SCID mice. Further subpassages in M. natalensis increased the virulence of the trypanosomes and all 18 isolates recovered from M. natalensis or SCID mice became infective to other immunosuppressed mouse breeds. A comparison of immunosuppressed M. natalensis and Swiss White, C57/BL and BALB/c mice demonstrated that all rodent breeds were susceptible after the second subpassage and developed a parasitaemia >10(6)/ml by Day 5 post infection. The highest parasitaemias were achieved in C57/BL and BALB/c mice. These results indicate that propagation of T. b. gambiense isolates after initial isolation in immunosuppressed M. natalensis or SCID mice can be done in a range of immunosuppressed rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi W N Maina
- Trypanosomiasis Research Centre (TRC) of KARI, PO Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya
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Biryomumaisho S, Katunguka-Rwakishaya E. The pathogenesis of anaemia in goats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma brucei: Use of the myeloid:erythroid ratio. Vet Parasitol 2007; 143:354-7. [PMID: 16982150 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the development of anaemia in Small East African goats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma brucei. Experimental goats received a primary trypanosome challenge on day 0, treated with diminazene aceturate on day 49 and received a secondary trypanosome challenge on day 77 of the 136-day experiment. Both primary and secondary challenges were characterised by reduced peripheral erythrocyte counts, fall in packed cell volume (PCV), hypohaemoglobinaemia and reductions in the myeloid:erythroid ratios (M:E) compared with the uninfected goats. The progressive reduction in the M:E ratios denoted increased erythrogenesis in response to increased destruction of erythrocytes in blood by infecting trypanosomes or their products. The more rapid fall in M:E ratio in T. congolense infections shows that this parasite causes more severe clinical pathological effects in goats than T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Biryomumaisho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Abstract
Yankassa sheep (20) were grouped into A and B and infected with Trypanosoma congolense isolated from a cow and maintained in mice. Two milliliter x 10(7) parasites were used to infect group A. The course of the infection and serum trace minerals (Iron, (Fe) and Copper, (Cu) were studied and determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). There was significant drop in concentration of iron (p<0.001) Post Infection (pi) while that of copper, no significant change (p>0.05). The values of the contemporaneously uninfected control sheep were significantly higher for iron and not for copper. Sheep are susceptible to isolate from cow and passaged in mice and with the fluctuating concentrations of Fe and consistency of Cu, it may suggest that these minerals may have a role in the pathogenesis of trypanosomosis due to T. congolense.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Neils
- Department of Animal Production, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria
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Ralston KS, Hill KL. Trypanin, a component of the flagellar Dynein regulatory complex, is essential in bloodstream form African trypanosomes. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e101. [PMID: 17009870 PMCID: PMC1579245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trypanosoma brucei flagellum is a multifunctional organelle with critical roles in motility, cellular morphogenesis, and cell division. Although motility is thought to be important throughout the trypanosome lifecycle, most studies of flagellum structure and function have been restricted to the procyclic lifecycle stage, and our knowledge of the bloodstream form flagellum is limited. We have previously shown that trypanin functions as part of a flagellar dynein regulatory system that transmits regulatory signals from the central pair apparatus and radial spokes to axonemal dyneins. Here we investigate the requirement for this dynein regulatory system in bloodstream form trypanosomes. We demonstrate that trypanin is localized to the flagellum of bloodstream form trypanosomes, in a pattern identical to that seen in procyclic cells. Surprisingly, trypanin RNA interference is lethal in the bloodstream form. These knockdown mutants fail to initiate cytokinesis, but undergo multiple rounds of organelle replication, accumulating multiple flagella, nuclei, kinetoplasts, mitochondria, and flagellum attachment zone structures. These findings suggest that normal flagellar beat is essential in bloodstream form trypanosomes and underscore the emerging concept that there is a dichotomy between trypanosome lifecycle stages with respect to factors that contribute to cell division and cell morphogenesis. This is the first time that a defined dynein regulatory complex has been shown to be essential in any organism and implicates the dynein regulatory complex and other enzymatic regulators of flagellar motility as candidate drug targets for the treatment of African sleeping sickness. African trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that cause African sleeping sickness, a fatal disease with devastating health and economic consequences. These parasites are indigenous to a 9 million-km2 area of sub-Saharan Africa where 60 million people live at risk of infection every day. In addition to the tremendous human health burden posed by trypanosomes, their infection of wild and domestic animals presents a barrier to sustained economic development of vast regions of otherwise productive land. Current drugs used for treatment of sleeping sickness are antiquated, toxic, and often ineffective; thus, there is a dire need for the development of innovative approaches for therapeutic intervention. Trypanosomes are highly motile and this motility requires coordinated regulation of axonemal dynein, a molecular motor that drives beating of the parasite's flagellum. In the present work, the authors demonstrate that the protein trypanin, which is part of a signaling system that regulates the flagellar dynein motor, is essential in bloodstream stage African trypanosomes. This surprising finding raises the possibility that numerous enzymes and regulatory proteins that are necessary for flagellar motility may represent novel targets for chemotherapeutic intervention in African sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Ralston
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kent L Hill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Ngotho M, Maina N, Kagira J, Royo F, Farah IO, Hau J. IL-10 is up regulated in early and transitional stages in vervet monkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Parasitol Int 2006; 55:243-8. [PMID: 16901747 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 has been suggested as a possible parameter for human African trypanosomiasis stage determination. However, conclusive experimental studies have not been carried out to evaluate this, which is a prerequisite before a potential test can be validated in humans for diagnostic purposes. We used the vervet monkey model of trypanosomiasis to scrutinize IL-10 in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Five adult males were experimentally infected with T. b. rhodesiense. The infected animals became anemic and exhibited weight loss. Parasitemia was patent after 3 days and fluctuated around 3.7 x 10(7) trypanosomes/ml throughout the experimental period. The total CSF white cell counts increased from pre-infection means around 3 cells/micro l to a peak of 30 cells/micro l, 42 days post-infection (DPI). IL-10 was not detectable (<2 pg/ml) in serum prior to infection. IL-10 serum concentrations increased to 273 pg/ml 10 DPI coinciding with the first peak of parasitemia. Thereafter the levels declined to a mean value of 77 pg/ml 34 DPI followed by a significant rise to a second peak of 304 pg/ml (p<0.008) 42 DPI. There was no detectable IL-10 in CSF. IL-10 synthesis is thus stimulated both in the early and transitional stages of experimental trypanosomiasis. That IL-10 is produced in early stage disease is an interesting finding unlikely to be detected in humans where it is difficult to determine the exact time of infection. The IL-10 peak observed on day 42 of infection might indicate onset of parasite neuroinvasion coinciding with a peak in white blood cell counts in the blood and CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maina Ngotho
- KARI-Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kikuyu, Kenya
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Cherenet T, Sani RA, Speybroeck N, Panandam JM, Nadzr S, Van den Bossche P. A comparative longitudinal study of bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the Amhara Region, northwest Ethiopia. Vet Parasitol 2006; 140:251-8. [PMID: 16675127 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the incidence of trypanosome infections in cattle in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the Amhara Region of northwest Ethiopia. A total of six sentinel herds were established and the cattle observed during a period of 8 consecutive months. The prevalence of seropositive cattle was high in both the tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones. The average monthly incidence of trypanosome infection, determined using molecular diagnostic tools, was 20.9% and 25.7% in the tsetse-free and the tsetse-infested zones, respectively. In the tsetse-free, Trypanosoma vivax was responsible for 90.9% of the cattle trypanosome infections. In the tsetse-infested zone, Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax contributed almost equally to the trypanosome infections in cattle. Trypanosome infection, regardless of species, resulted in anaemia as evidenced by a significant decrease in the packed cell volume of the infected animal. The outcome of this longitudinal study suggests that control of trypanosomiasis in the Amhara Region cannot be achieved by tsetse control alone. Supplemental measures to include drug therapy and biting fly control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cherenet
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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