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Nascimento FRF, Gomes EA, Russo M, Lepique AP. Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 is a master regulator of the cross talk between macrophages and L929 fibrosarcoma cells for nitric oxide dependent tumoricidal activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117782. [PMID: 25659093 PMCID: PMC4449231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage tumoricidal activity relies, mainly, on the release of Tumor Necrosis
Factor alpha (TNFα) and/or on reactive oxygen or nitrogen intermediates. In
the present work, we investigated the cytotoxic activity of resident peritoneal
macrophages against L929 fibrosarcoma cell line in vitro and
in vivo. Resident macrophages lysed L929 cells in a mechanism
independent of TNFα and cell-to-cell contact. The cytotoxic activity was
largely dependent on nitric oxide (NO) release since treatment with L-NAME (NOS
inhibitor) inhibited L929 cells killing. Macrophages from mice with targeted deletion
of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) together with L929 cells produced less NO and
displayed lower, but still significant, tumoricidal activity. Notably, NO production
and tumor lysis were abolished in co-cultures with macrophages deficient in
Interferon Regulatory Factor, IRF-1. Importantly, the in vitro
findings were reproduced in vivo as IRF-1 deficient animals
inoculated i.p with L929 cells were extremely susceptible to tumor growth and their
macrophages did not produce NO, while WT mice killed L929 tumor cells and their
macrophages produced high levels of NO. Our results indicate that IRF-1 is a master
regulator of bi-directional interaction between macrophages and tumor cells. Overall,
IRF-1 was essential for NO production by co-cultures and macrophage tumoricidal
activity in vitro as well as for the control of tumor growth
in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R. F. Nascimento
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal
University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Eliane A. Gomes
- Department of Imunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of
São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Department of Imunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of
São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana P. Lepique
- Department of Imunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of
São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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152
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Cuenca AG, Joiner DN, Gentile LF, Cuenca AL, Wynn JL, Kelly-Scumpia KM, Scumpia PO, Behrns KE, Efron PA, Nacionales D, Lui C, Wallet SM, Reeves WH, Mathews CE, Moldawer LL. TRIF-dependent innate immune activation is critical for survival to neonatal gram-negative sepsis. J Immunol 2015; 194:1169-77. [PMID: 25548220 PMCID: PMC4297742 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that neonatal immunity is functionally distinct from adults. Although TLR signaling through the adaptor protein, MyD88, has been shown to be critical for survival to sepsis in adults, little is known about the role of MyD88 or TRIF in neonatal sepsis. We demonstrate that TRIF(-/-) but not MyD88(-/-) neonates are highly susceptible to Escherichia coli peritonitis and bacteremia. This was associated with decreased innate immune recruitment and function. Importantly, we found that the reverse was true in adults that MyD88(-/-) but not TRIF(-/-) or wild-type adults are susceptible to E. coli peritonitis and bacteremia. In addition, we demonstrate that TRIF but not MyD88 signaling is critical for the TLR4 protective adjuvant effect we have previously demonstrated. These data suggest a differential requirement for the survival of neonates versus adults to Gram-negative infection, and that modulation of TRIF in neonates can be used to augment survival to neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Cuenca
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Dallas N Joiner
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Lori F Gentile
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Angela L Cuenca
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - James L Wynn
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kindra M Kelly-Scumpia
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Kevin E Behrns
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Philip A Efron
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Dina Nacionales
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Chao Lui
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610; and
| | - Westley H Reeves
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610;
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153
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Gondorf F, Berbudi A, Buerfent BC, Ajendra J, Bloemker D, Specht S, Schmidt D, Neumann AL, Layland LE, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Chronic filarial infection provides protection against bacterial sepsis by functionally reprogramming macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004616. [PMID: 25611587 PMCID: PMC4303312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths immunomodulate their hosts and induce a regulatory, anti-inflammatory milieu that prevents allergies and autoimmune diseases. Helminth immunomodulation may benefit sepsis outcome by preventing exacerbated inflammation and severe pathology, but the influence on bacterial clearance remains unclear. To address this, mice were chronically infected with the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis (L.s.) and the outcome of acute systemic inflammation caused by i.p. Escherichia coli injection was determined. L.s. infection significantly improved E. coli-induced hypothermia, bacterial clearance and sepsis survival and correlated with reduced concentrations of associated pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and a less pronounced pro-inflammatory macrophage gene expression profile. Improved sepsis outcome in L.s.-infected animals was mediated by macrophages, but independent of the alternatively activated macrophage subset. Endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria that are present in most human pathogenic filariae, as well as L.s., signal via TLR2 and modulate macrophage function. Here, gene expression profiles of peritoneal macrophages from L.s.-infected mice revealed a downregulation of genes involved in TLR signaling, and pulsing of macrophages in vitro with L.s. extract reduced LPS-triggered activation. Subsequent transfer improved sepsis outcome in naïve mice in a Wolbachia- and TLR2-dependent manner. In vivo, phagocytosis was increased in macrophages from L.s.-infected wild type, but not TLR2-deficient animals. In association, L.s. infection neither improved bacterial clearance in TLR2-deficient animals nor ameliorated E. coli-induced hypothermia and sepsis survival. These results indicate that chronic L.s. infection has a dual beneficial effect on bacterial sepsis, reducing pro-inflammatory immune responses and improving bacterial control. Thus, helminths and their antigens may not only improve the outcome of autoimmune and allergic diseases, but may also present new therapeutic approaches for acute inflammatory diseases that do not impair bacterial control. As the human immune system evolved in the presence of helminth infections, it is postulated that improved hygiene and subsequent loss of helminth infections and their immunomodulatory functions contributed to the sharp increase of autoimmune diseases and allergies over the last decades. Accordingly, helminth-induced anti-inflammatory, regulatory immune responses ameliorate allergy and autoimmune diseases and are likely to impact other immunological disorders including sepsis. Sepsis is an exacerbated, systemic inflammatory disease that occurs when pathogens cannot be locally confined and spread via the blood stream. Thus, efficient sepsis therapies should reduce excessive inflammation without impairing protective immune responses. In the present study we demonstrate that chronic filarial infection modulates macrophages to a less pro-inflammatory phenotype with improved phagocytic capacity. This immunomodulation reduces sepsis-induced inflammation and hypothermia and clears bacteria more efficiently thus improving sepsis survival. Moreover, we found that Wolbachia, the endosymbiotic bacteria of filariae, play a crucial role in triggering the correct macrophage response via TLR2. Thus, our observations suggest that helminths and helminth-derived antigens may not only present new treatment options for allergies and autoimmune diseases, but may also allow treatment of sepsis caused inflammation without impairing bacterial control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Gondorf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Afiat Berbudi
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benedikt C. Buerfent
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jesuthas Ajendra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominique Bloemker
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Specht
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Neumann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E. Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P. Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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154
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Yu Q, Nie SP, Wang JQ, Huang DF, Li WJ, Xie MY. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates the antitumor host response induced by Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:517-525. [PMID: 25549720 DOI: 10.1021/jf5041096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1)-induced antitumor activity. In vitro, the apoptosis rate of S-180 cells was increased in PSG-1-induced peritoneal macrophage derived from C3H/HeN (wild-type) mice, but not from C3H/HeJ (TLR4-deficient) mice. In the S-180 tumor model, phagocytosis, NO and ROS release, phosphorylation of MAPKs and Akt, and expression of NF-κB were increased by PSG-1 in peritoneal macrophage derived from C3H/HeN mice. Furthermore, PSG-1 elevated Th1 cytokine production and enhanced the cytotoxic activity of CTL and NK cells in C3H/HeN mice. In addition, PSG-1 decreased the tumor weight and increased the apoptosis rate and caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities of tumor derived from the C3H/HeN mice. However, none of these activities were observed in C3H/HeJ mice. In summary, these findings demonstrated that the antitumor activity of PSG-1 is mediated by TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
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155
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Katoch M, Khajuria A, Sharma PR, Saxena AK. Immunosuppressive potential of Botryosphaeria dothidea, an endophyte isolated from Kigelia africana. Pharm Biol 2015; 53:85-91. [PMID: 25237890 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.910673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT For years, natural products from microbes have been used as drugs. Endophytes are the most important fungi that produce many novel metabolites for potential use in pharmacology and agriculture. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to explore new endophytes for novel natural products. MATERIALS AND METHODS An endophyte BAK-I was isolated from the bark of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Beneth (Bignoniaceae). BAK-I was characterized morphologically and on the basis of ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences. BAK-I was fermented to yield an extract, which was evaluated for its anticancer, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities, using MTT, agar well-diffusion, tube dilution method, lymphocyte proliferation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) (by macrophages) evaluation assays. For lymphocyte proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokines studies, four concentrations were evaluated 10, 30, 100, and 1000 µg/mL and the experiments were conducted for 72 and 48 h, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The BAK-I showed pink cottony growth. SEM studies showed smooth fusoid-oblong conidia with a truncated base. Furthermore, ITS-5.8S rDNA sequence showed 99% homology with the Botryosphaeria dothidea strain suggesting that the endophyte is a strain of the genus Botryosphaeria. Less than 50% growth inhibition of SF295, Lung A-549, and THP-1 cancer cell lines after treatment with BAK-I extract suggested that it did not have significant cytotoxic potential, whereas it is bactericidal for Gram-positive pathogens MRSA and VRE with MIC value 200 and 250 µg/mL, respectively. To elucidate its immunomodulation potential, splenocyte proliferation studies showed that BAK-1 suppressed the T cell proliferation by 50%. TNF-α evaluation studies also showed that the extract inhibited TNF-α production in a concentration-dependent manner suggesting that it had immunosuppressive potential. Inhibition at 10 µg/mL was found to be 55% as against 48% using β-methasone. CONCLUSION The results suggested that BAK-I extract can be used as a potential immunosuppressive agent.
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156
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Hasegawa K, Akieda-Asai S, Fujii Y, Bae CR, Yasuda M, Date Y. Guanylin-Guanylyl cyclase-C signaling in macrophages regulates mesenteric fat inflammation induced by high-fat diet. Endocr J 2015; 62:939-47. [PMID: 26249840 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej15-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanylin (Gn), a bioactive peptide, and its receptor, guanylyl cyclase-C (GC-C), are primarily present in the intestine and maintain homeostasis in body fluids. Recently, rats whose macrophages overexpress Gn and GC-C were found to be resistant to diet-induced obesity. Considering that obesity is strongly related to a chronic inflammatory state in white adipose tissues, it is possible that Gn-GC-C macrophages contribute to the regulation of inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the inflammatory state of mesenteric fat in rats transgenic for both Gn and GC-C (double-transgenic [dTg] rats) by evaluating the levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a second messenger of Gn-GC-C, cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), and phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a target protein of PKG. The levels of cGMP in dTg rats was higher than in WT rats fed the same diet. Although there were no significant differences in levels of PKG and phosphorylated VASP between WT and dTg rats fed a standard diet (STD), these levels in dTg rats fed a high fat diet (HFD) were markedly increased compared with levels in HFD WT rats. Furthermore, mRNA levels of proinflammatory factors in mesenteric fat were lower in HFD dTg rats than in HFD WT rats and were similar to levels in STD WT and dTg rats. These results indicate that the Gn-GC-C system in macrophages regulates the cGMP-PKG-VASP pathway and controls obesity through the downregulation of proinflammatory factors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Gastrointestinal Hormones/genetics
- Gastrointestinal Hormones/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/enzymology
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/immunology
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/metabolism
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/pathology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Male
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Natriuretic Peptides/genetics
- Natriuretic Peptides/metabolism
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/immunology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Panniculitis, Peritoneal/etiology
- Panniculitis, Peritoneal/immunology
- Panniculitis, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Panniculitis, Peritoneal/pathology
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Transgenic
- Receptors, Enterotoxin
- Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/agonists
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Second Messenger Systems
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Hasegawa
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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157
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Wunderlich R, Ernst A, Rödel F, Fietkau R, Ott O, Lauber K, Frey B, Gaipl US. Low and moderate doses of ionizing radiation up to 2 Gy modulate transmigration and chemotaxis of activated macrophages, provoke an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu, but do not impact upon viability and phagocytic function. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:50-61. [PMID: 24730395 PMCID: PMC4260896 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign painful and inflammatory diseases have been treated for decades with low/moderate doses of ionizing radiation (LD-X-irradiation). Tissue macrophages regulate initiation and resolution of inflammation by the secretion of cytokines and by acting as professional phagocytes. Having these pivotal functions, we were interested in how activated macrophages are modulated by LD-X-irradiation, also with regard to radiation protection issues and carcinogenesis. We set up an ex-vivo model in which lipopolysaccharide pre-activated peritoneal macrophages (pMΦ) of radiosensitive BALB/c mice, mimicking activated macrophages under inflammatory conditions, were exposed to X-irradiation from 0·01 Gy up to 2 Gy. Afterwards, the viability of the pMΦ, their transmigration and chemotaxis, the phagocytic behaviour, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and underlying signalling pathways were determined. Exposure of pMΦ up to a single dose of 2 Gy did not influence their viability and phagocytic function, an important fact regarding radiation protection. However, significantly reduced migration, but increased chemotaxis of pMΦ after exposure to 0·1 or 0·5 Gy, was detected. Both might relate to the resolution of inflammation. Cytokine analyses revealed that, in particular, the moderate dose of 0·5 Gy applied in low-dose radiotherapy for inflammatory diseases results in an anti-inflammatory cytokine microenvironment of pMΦ, as the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β was reduced and that of the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β increased. Further, the reduced secretion of IL-1β correlated with reduced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, starting at exposure of pMΦ to 0·5 Gy of X-irradiation. We conclude that inflammation is modulated by LD-X-irradiation via changing the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wunderlich
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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158
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Bandyopadhyay GK, Lu M, Avolio E, Siddiqui JA, Gayen JR, Wollam J, Vu CU, Chi NW, O'Connor DT, Mahata SK. Pancreastatin-dependent inflammatory signaling mediates obesity-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes 2015; 64:104-16. [PMID: 25048197 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A knockout (Chga-KO) mice exhibit enhanced insulin sensitivity despite obesity. Here, we probed the role of the chromogranin A-derived peptide pancreastatin (PST: CHGA(273-301)) by investigating the effect of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on insulin sensitivity of these mice. We found that on a high-fat diet (HFD), Chga-KO mice (KO-DIO) remain more insulin sensitive than wild-type DIO (WT-DIO) mice. Concomitant with this phenotype is enhanced Akt and AMPK signaling in muscle and white adipose tissue (WAT) as well as increased FoxO1 phosphorylation and expression of mature Srebp-1c in liver and downregulation of the hepatic gluconeogenic genes, Pepck and G6pase. KO-DIO mice also exhibited downregulation of cytokines and proinflammatory genes and upregulation of anti-inflammatory genes in WAT, and peritoneal macrophages from KO mice displayed similarly reduced proinflammatory gene expression. The insulin-sensitive, anti-inflammatory phenotype of KO-DIO mice is masked by supplementing PST. Conversely, a PST variant peptide PSTv1 (PST-NΔ3: CHGA(276-301)), lacking PST activity, simulated the KO phenotype by sensitizing WT-DIO mice to insulin. In summary, the reduced inflammation due to PST deficiency prevented the development of insulin resistance in KO-DIO mice. Thus, obesity manifests insulin resistance only in the presence of PST, and in its absence obesity is dissociated from insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam K Bandyopadhyay
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Minh Lu
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Ennio Avolio
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | - Joshua Wollam
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Christine U Vu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Nai-Wen Chi
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Daniel T O'Connor
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
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159
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Bacchetta J, Chun RF, Gales B, Zaritsky JJ, Leroy S, Wesseling-Perry K, Boregaard N, Rastogi A, Salusky IB, Hewison M. Antibacterial responses by peritoneal macrophages are enhanced following vitamin D supplementation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116530. [PMID: 25549329 PMCID: PMC4280222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), who usually display low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D), are at high risk of infection, notably those undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). We hypothesized that peritoneal macrophages from PD patients are an important target for vitamin D-induced antibacterial activity. Dialysate effluent fluid was obtained from 27 non-infected PD patients. Flow cytometry indicated that PD cells were mainly monocytic (37.9±17.7% cells CD14+/CD45+). Ex vivo analyses showed that PD cells treated with 25D (100 nM, 6 hrs) or 1,25D (5 nM, 6 hrs) induced mRNA for antibacterial cathelicidin (CAMP) but conversely suppressed mRNA for hepcidin (HAMP). PD cells from patients with peritonitis (n = 3) showed higher baseline expression of CAMP (18-fold±9, p<0.05) and HAMP (64-fold±7) relative to cells from non-infected patients. In 12 non-infected PD patients, oral supplementation with a single dose of vitamin D2 (100,000 IU) increased serum levels of 25D from 18±8 to 41±15 ng/ml (p = 0.002). This had no significant effect on PD cell CD14/CD45 expression, but mRNA for HAMP was suppressed significantly (0.5-fold, p = 0.04). Adjustment for PD cell CD14/CD45 expression using a mixed linear statistical model also revealed increased expression of CAMP (mRNA in PD cells and protein in effluent) in vitamin D-supplemented patients. These data show for the first time that vitamin D supplementation in vitro and in vivo promotes innate immune responses that may enhance macrophage antibacterial responses in patients undergoing PD. This highlights a potentially important function for vitamin D in preventing infection-related complications in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Bacchetta
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle à l’Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon et Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rene F. Chun
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Gales
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua J. Zaritsky
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sandrine Leroy
- Unité d’épidémiologie des maladies émergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Katherine Wesseling-Perry
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Niels Boregaard
- Department of Hematology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anjay Rastogi
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Isidro B. Salusky
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Hewison
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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160
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Pavan C, Rabolli V, Tomatis M, Fubini B, Lison D. Why does the hemolytic activity of silica predict its pro-inflammatory activity? Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:76. [PMID: 25522817 PMCID: PMC4318150 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hemolytic activity of inhaled particles such as silica has been widely investigated in the past and represents a usual toxicological endpoint to characterize particle reactivity despite the fact that red blood cells (RBCs) are not involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation or fibrosis caused by some inhaled particles. The inflammatory process induced by silica starts with the activation of the inflammasome, which leads to the release of mature IL-1β. One of the upstream mechanisms causing activation of the inflammasome is the labilization of the phagolysosomal membrane after particle phagocytosis. Considering RBC lysis as a model of membrane damage, we evaluated the relationship between hemolytic activity and inflammasome-dependent release of IL-1β for a panel of selected silica particles, in search of the toxicological significance of the hemolytic activity of an inhaled particle. METHODS Well-characterized silica particles, including four quartz samples and a vitreous silica, with different surface properties and hemolytic potential were tested for their capacity to induce inflammasome-dependent release of IL-1β in LPS-primed primary murine peritoneal macrophages by ELISA and Western blot analysis. The mechanisms of IL-1β maturation and release were clarified by using ASC-deficient cells and inhibitors of phagocytosis and cathepsin B. RESULTS The silica samples induced dose-dependent hemolysis and IL-1β release of different amplitudes. A significant correlation between IL-1β release and hemolytic activity was evidenced (r = 0.827) by linear regression analysis. IL-1β release was completely abolished in ASC-deficient cells and reduced by inhibitors, confirming the involvement of the inflammasome and the requirement of phagocytosis and cathepsin B for activation. CONCLUSIONS The same physico-chemical properties of silica particles which are relevant for the lysis of the RBC membrane also appear implicated in the labilization of the phagolysosome, leading to inflammasome activation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. These findings strengthen the relevance of the hemolysis assay to predict the pro-inflammatory activity of silica dusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Virginie Rabolli
- Louvain Center for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52 - bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department of Chemistry, "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Bice Fubini
- Department of Chemistry, "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain Center for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52 - bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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161
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Goldberg R, Rubinstein AM, Gil N, Hermano E, Li JP, van der Vlag J, Atzmon R, Meirovitz A, Elkin M. Role of heparanase-driven inflammatory cascade in pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2014; 63:4302-13. [PMID: 25008182 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Renal involvement is a major medical concern in the diabetic population, and with the global epidemic of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy (DN) became the leading cause of end-stage renal failure in the Western world. Heparanase (the only known mammalian endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate) is essentially involved in DN pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the exact mode of heparanase action in sustaining the pathology of DN remains unclear. Here we describe a previously unrecognized combinatorial circuit of heparanase-driven molecular events promoting chronic inflammation and renal injury in individuals with DN. These events are fueled by heterotypic interactions among glomerular, tubular, and immune cell compartments, as well as diabetic milieu (DM) components. We found that under diabetic conditions latent heparanase, overexpressed by glomerular cells and posttranslationally activated by cathepsin L of tubular origin, sustains continuous activation of kidney-damaging macrophages by DM components, thus creating chronic inflammatory conditions and fostering macrophage-mediated renal injury. Elucidation of the mechanism underlying the enzyme action in diabetic kidney damage is critically important for the proper design and future implementation of heparanase-targeting therapeutic interventions (which are currently under intensive development and clinical testing) in individuals with DN and perhaps other complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Goldberg
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel M Rubinstein
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Natali Gil
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Hermano
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruth Atzmon
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amichay Meirovitz
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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162
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Dai Z, Su D, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Hu B, Ye H, Jabbar S, Zeng X. Immunomodulatory activity in vitro and in vivo of verbascose from mung beans (Phaseolus aureus). J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:10727-10735. [PMID: 25317918 DOI: 10.1021/jf503510h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the immunostimulatory activity of verbascose from mung beans (Phaseolus aureus) was evaluated by using in vitro cell models and in vivo animal models. The results of in vitro experiments showed that verbascose could enhance the ability of devouring neutral red of peritoneal macrophages and promote the release of nitric oxide and immune reactive molecules such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, interferon (IFN)-α, and IFN-γ. Treatment with verbascose at a dose of 200 μg/mL exhibited the best effects. For assay in vivo, administration of verbascose at a medium dose of 90 mg/kg body weight could significantly increase the index of spleen, activity of lysozyme in spleen and serum, hemolysin level in serum, and swelling rate of earlap in the delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) of immunosuppressed mice. All of the results suggested that verbascose had potent immunostimulatory activity and could be explored as a potential natural immunomodulatory agent in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Dai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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163
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Akhmatov ÉA, Sorokina EV, Ignatova OM, Cherkasova LS. [Influence of Staphylococcus vaccine on functional activity of antigen-presenting cells]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2014:48-53. [PMID: 25816513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study the influence of staphylococcus vaccine on functional activity of antigen-presenting cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice intraperitoneally received 500 μg of "Staphylovac" vaccine. Phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus 1991 was determined in animals at various time intervals. Phagocytic index (PI) and phagocytic number (PN) in smears made at 30 and 60 minutes of incubation were calculated. Dendritic cells (DC) were obtained from bone marrow precursors during cultivation with 20 ng/ml GM-CSF and 20 ng/ml IL-4 (BioSource International Inc., Belgium). At day 6 of incubation staphylococcus vaccine (50 μg/ml) was added to immature cells for induction pf DC maturation. DC phenotype evaluation was carried out by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies against cell antigens (Beckman Culter, USA). RESULTS PI at 30 and 60 minutes of incubation increased by 0.12 - 1.4 times and 1.11 - 1.52 times, respectively, compared with control. PN at 30 minutes of incubation of cells with microbial suspension increased from 8.6 to 11.4% against 5.9% in control, at 60 minutes of incubation--from 7.7 to 8.1% against 5.1% in control. In DC culture during their incubation with the vaccine, content of cells with expression of intercellular adhesion marker CD38, antigen presenting marker MHCII and DC terminal differentiation marker CD83 increased. Expression of CD34 and CD14 was also noted, that may give evidence on partial direction of cell differentiation to macrophages. CONCLUSION "Staphylovac" vaccine during intraperitoneal administrationt to mice had activating influence on functional activity of antigen-presenting cells and peritoneal macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, CD34/genetics
- Antigens, CD34/immunology
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/microbiology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/microbiology
- Freeze Drying
- Gene Expression
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/genetics
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Staphylococcal Infections/immunology
- Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
- Staphylococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Staphylococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Staphylococcal Vaccines/chemistry
- Staphylococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/chemistry
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
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Jorsaraei SGA, Maliji G, Azadmehr A, Moghadamnia AA, Faraji AA. Immunotoxicity effects of carbaryl in vivo and in vitro. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 38:838-844. [PMID: 25461543 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbaryl is a pesticide for controlling pests in agricultural industry. To determine of immunotoxicity effects of carbaryl, rats were exposure with carbaryl for 28 days. The lymphoid organ weight, lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α cytokines level were measured, respectively. Exposure with carbaryl significantly reduced both thymus and spleen weight and also suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. In addition, carbaryl significantly decreased IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-1β and TNF-α and also increased IL-4, IL-10 cytokines. These findings suggest that exposure to carbaryl can induce immunotoxicity effects on lymphoid organ weight, suppresses the functions of lymphocyte and macrophage, Th2 polarization in Th1/Th2 balance by reducing of IFN-γ and increasing of IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines. Therefore, carbaryl can contribute to the development of allergic, autoimmune, cancer or infection diseases through immunotoxicity effects and unbalancing of Th1/Th2 immune response however, further study is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghorban Maliji
- Department of Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abbas Azadmehr
- Department of Immunology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Moghadamnia
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Faraji
- Medical School, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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165
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Vannella KM, Barron L, Borthwick LA, Kindrachuk KN, Narasimhan PB, Hart KM, Thompson RW, White S, Cheever AW, Ramalingam TR, Wynn TA. Incomplete deletion of IL-4Rα by LysM(Cre) reveals distinct subsets of M2 macrophages controlling inflammation and fibrosis in chronic schistosomiasis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004372. [PMID: 25211233 PMCID: PMC4161449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice expressing a Cre recombinase from the lysozyme M-encoding locus (Lyz2) have been widely used to dissect gene function in macrophages and neutrophils. Here, we show that while naïve resident tissue macrophages from IL-4Rαflox/deltaLysMCre mice almost completely lose IL-4Rα function, a large fraction of macrophages elicited by sterile inflammatory stimuli, Schistosoma mansoni eggs, or S. mansoni infection, fail to excise Il4rα. These F4/80hiCD11bhi macrophages, in contrast to resident tissue macrophages, express lower levels of Lyz2 explaining why this population resists LysMCre-mediated deletion. We show that in response to IL-4 and IL-13, Lyz2loIL-4Rα+ macrophages differentiate into an arginase 1-expressing alternatively-activated macrophage (AAM) population, which slows the development of lethal fibrosis in schistosomiasis. In contrast, we identified Lyz2hiIL-4Rα+ macrophages as the key subset of AAMs mediating the downmodulation of granulomatous inflammation in chronic schistosomiasis. Our observations reveal a limitation on using a LysMCre mouse model to study gene function in inflammatory settings, but we utilize this limitation as a means to demonstrate that distinct populations of alternatively activated macrophages control inflammation and fibrosis in chronic schistosomiasis. Chronic injury and inflammation lead to irreversible fibrosis in a range of diseases and infections. Macrophages alternatively activated by the immune system are capable of regulating inflammation and fibrosis, but our understanding of the source and function of these cells is incomplete. Mice genetically engineered to specifically prevent macrophages from becoming alternatively activated have been used to study the cells' role following infection with the parasite, Schistosoma mansoni. To our surprise, we found these mice prevent alternative activation only in macrophages that have had time to mature and some, perhaps more nascent, macrophages can become alternatively activated following exposure to S. mansoni eggs. We detected lower expression of Lyz2 gene in these cells, leading to less expression of the enzyme excising the receptor gene necessary for alternative activation. Following S. mansoni infection, the livers of these mice have similar levels of fibrosis but significantly more inflammation compared to controls. We conclude that during schistosomiasis, distinct populations of alternatively activated macrophages control inflammation and fibrosis: macrophages expressing low levels of Lyz2 express Arg1 and thus are sufficient to control fibrosis, while more mature Lyz2-expressing macrophages are required for downmodulation of egg-induced inflammation in chronic schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Vannella
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luke Barron
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lee A. Borthwick
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Tissue Fibrosis and Repair Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen N. Kindrachuk
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Prakash Babu Narasimhan
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Hart
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Thompson
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandra White
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Allen W. Cheever
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thirumalai R. Ramalingam
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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166
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Wang F, Huang L, Peng ZZ, Tang YT, Lu MM, Peng Y, Mel WJ, Wu L, Mo ZH, Meng J, Tao LJ. Losartan inhibits LPS + ATP-induced IL-1beta secretion from mouse primary macrophages by suppressing NALP3 inflammasome. Pharmazie 2014; 69:680-684. [PMID: 25272939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES IL-1beta is a potent proinflammatory, pro-fibrogenetic and pro-athrosclerosis cytokine which has been shown to play an important role in an expanding number of noninfectious, chronic inflammatory conditions including cardiovascular disease, renal fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and even type 2 diabetes. Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist widely used for the treatment of hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and congestive heart failure. In this study, we attempted to clarify whether losartan has an inhibitory effect on IL-1beta. To further elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-IL-1beta property of losartan, we studied the LPS+ATP-induced activation of NALP3 inflammasome which controls the muturation and secretion of IL-1beta. METHODS LPS and ATP were used to stimulate the release of IL-1beta from thioglycollate-elicited macrophages from BALB/c mice. The production of IL-1beta was evaluated by ELISA assay and NALP3, caspase-1, IL-beta mRNA levels were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In cultured thioglycollate-elicited macrophages, we observed that LPS + ATP greatly enhanced IL-1 beta secretion (6938.00 +/- 83.45; P < 0.05) and the mRNA levels of NALP3, caspase-1 which are two main components of NALP3 inflammasome (60.88 +/- 8.28; 1.31 +/- 0.04, P < 0.05 for both). The macrophages co-cultured with losartan showed low production of IL-1beta (3907.50 +/- 143.61; P < 0.05) and low production of NALP3, caspase-1mRNA (29.82 +/- 6.92; 1.12 +/- 0.05, P < 0.05 for both). Losartan did not reduce IL-1beta mRNA(P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the NALP3 inflammasome is up-regulated and activated in the mouse macrophage in response to LPS + ATP stimulation. Losartan is able to suppress the LPS + ATP-induced production of IL-1beta protein. In addition, this effectmay be partially mediated by suppressing NALP3 inflammasome activation.
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167
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Parker KH, Sinha P, Horn LA, Clements VK, Yang H, Li J, Tracey KJ, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. HMGB1 enhances immune suppression by facilitating the differentiation and suppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5723-33. [PMID: 25164013 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation often precedes malignant transformation and later drives tumor progression. Likewise, subversion of the immune system plays a role in tumor progression, with tumoral immune escape now well recognized as a crucial hallmark of cancer. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are elevated in most individuals with cancer, where their accumulation and suppressive activity are driven by inflammation. Thus, MDSCs may define an element of the pathogenic inflammatory processes that drives immune escape. The secreted alarmin HMGB1 is a proinflammatory partner, inducer, and chaperone for many proinflammatory molecules that MDSCs develop. Therefore, in this study, we examined HMGB1 as a potential regulator of MDSCs. In murine tumor systems, HMGB1 was ubiquitous in the tumor microenvironment, activating the NF-κB signal transduction pathway in MDSCs and regulating their quantity and quality. We found that HMGB1 promotes the development of MDSCs from bone marrow progenitor cells, contributing to their ability to suppress antigen-driven activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, HMGB1 increased MDSC-mediated production of IL-10, enhanced crosstalk between MDSCs and macrophages, and facilitated the ability of MDSCs to downregulate expression of the T-cell homing receptor L-selectin. Overall, our results revealed a pivotal role for HMGB1 in the development and cancerous contributions of MDSCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/physiology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Female
- HMGB1 Protein/physiology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- L-Selectin/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/physiology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Stem Cells/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Escape
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Parker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pratima Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lucas A Horn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Virginia K Clements
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Jianhua Li
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
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168
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Rei M, Gonçalves-Sousa N, Lança T, Thompson RG, Mensurado S, Balkwill FR, Kulbe H, Pennington DJ, Silva-Santos B. Murine CD27(-) Vγ6(+) γδ T cells producing IL-17A promote ovarian cancer growth via mobilization of protumor small peritoneal macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3562-70. [PMID: 25114209 PMCID: PMC4151711 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403424111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated inflammation mobilizes a variety of leukocyte populations that can inhibit or enhance tumor cell growth in situ. These subsets include γδ T cells, which can infiltrate tumors and typically provide large amounts of antitumor cytokines, such as IFN-γ. By contrast, we report here that in a well-established transplantable (ID8 cell line) model of peritoneal/ovarian cancer, γδ T cells promote tumor cell growth. γδ T cells accumulated in the peritoneal cavity in response to tumor challenge and could be visualized within solid tumor foci. Functional characterization of tumor-associated γδ T cells revealed preferential production of interleukin-17A (IL-17), rather than IFN-γ. Consistent with this finding, both T cell receptor (TCR)δ-deficient and IL-17-deficient mice displayed reduced ID8 tumor growth compared with wild-type animals. IL-17 production by γδ T cells in the tumor environment was essentially restricted to a highly proliferative CD27((-)) subset that expressed Vγ6 instead of the more common Vγ1 and Vγ4 TCR chains. The preferential expansion of IL-17-secreting CD27((-)) Vγ6((+)) γδ T cells associated with the selective mobilization of unconventional small peritoneal macrophages (SPMs) that, in comparison with large peritoneal macrophages, were enriched for IL-17 receptor A, and for protumor and proangiogenic molecular mediators, which were up-regulated by IL-17. Importantly, SPMs were uniquely and directly capable of promoting ovarian cancer cell proliferation. Collectively, this work identifies an IL-17-dependent lymphoid/myeloid cross-talk involving γδ T cells and SPMs that promotes tumor cell growth and thus counteracts cancer immunosurveillance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Female
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/classification
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Rei
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; and
| | - Natacha Gonçalves-Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Telma Lança
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Richard G Thompson
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Mensurado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Frances R Balkwill
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hagen Kulbe
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Pennington
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom;
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
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Torroella-Kouri M, Rodríguez D, Caso R. Alterations in macrophages and monocytes from tumor-bearing mice: evidence of local and systemic immune impairment. Immunol Res 2014; 57:86-98. [PMID: 24203436 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are cells of the innate immune system involved in critical activities such as maintaining tissue homeostasis and immune surveillance. Pro-inflammatory macrophages M1 are responsible for the inflammatory response, while M2 macrophages are associated with the immunosuppressive repair phase of tissue remodeling. Most cancers are associated with chronic inflammation, and a high number of macrophages in tumors have been associated with tumor progression. Much effort has been made in elucidating the mechanisms through which macrophages contribute to tumor development, yet much less is known about the initial mechanisms by which tumors modify macrophages. Our work has focused on identifying the mechanisms by which macrophages from tumor hosts are modified by tumors. We have shown that peritoneal macrophages are significantly altered in mice bearing advanced mammary tumors and are not M1 or M2 polarized, but express a mixture of both transcriptional programs. These macrophages are less differentiated and more prone to apoptosis, resulting in increased myelopoiesis as a compensation to regenerate macrophage progenitors in the marrow. Macrophages in the tumor microenvironment are also neither M1 nor M2 cells and through a display of different mechanisms are even more impaired than their peripheral counterparts. Finally, systemic blood monocytes, precursors of tissue macrophages, are also altered in tumor bearers and show a mixed program of pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. We conclude that there is evidence for local and systemic immune impairment in tumor hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Torroella-Kouri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Rosentiel Medical School Building, Room 3123A, Miami, FL, 33136, USA,
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170
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Abstract
Peritoneal cells from intact and BCG-infected mice were explanted in vitro. In these cultures, multinucleated macrophages in different number of nuclei were formed. The intensity of multinucleated cell formation was higher in cultures from BCG-infected mice. Increasing role of amitosis in the formation of multinucleated macrophages with relatively high number of nuclei was noted with presumable domination of cell fusion mechanism. Relatively high level of IL-1α expression was noted only in the population of binucleated macrophages of BCG-infected mice in comparison with mononuclear cells. It was found macrophages from BCG-infected mice demonstrate a kind of "lineage commitment" towards multinucleated cells, which manifested in culture in initially high and increasing (with increasing the number of nuclei in cells) expression of granulocyte-macrophage CSF and TNF-α as well as initially high amitotic activity of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Iljine
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Novosibirsk State Medical University, Russia.
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171
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Satchidanandam V, Kumar N, Jumani RS, Challu V, Elangovan S, Khan NA. The glycosylated Rv1860 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits dendritic cell mediated TH1 and TH17 polarization of T cells and abrogates protective immunity conferred by BCG. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004176. [PMID: 24945624 PMCID: PMC4055742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported interferon gamma secretion by human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in response to recombinant E. coli-expressed Rv1860 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) as well as protection of guinea pigs against a challenge with virulent MTB following prime-boost immunization with DNA vaccine and poxvirus expressing Rv1860. In contrast, a Statens Serum Institute Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG-SSI) recombinant expressing MTB Rv1860 (BCG-TB1860) showed loss of protective ability compared to the parent BCG strain expressing the control GFP protein (BCG-GFP). Since Rv1860 is a secreted mannosylated protein of MTB and BCG, we investigated the effect of BCG-TB1860 on innate immunity. Relative to BCG-GFP, BCG-TB1860 effected a significant near total reduction both in secretion of cytokines IL-2, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10, and up regulation of co-stimulatory molecules MHC-II, CD40, CD54, CD80 and CD86 by infected bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC), while leaving secreted levels of TGF-β unchanged. These effects were mimicked by BCG-TB1860His which carried a 6-Histidine tag at the C-terminus of Rv1860, killed sonicated preparations of BCG-TB1860 and purified H37Rv-derived Rv1860 glycoprotein added to BCG-GFP, but not by E. coli-expressed recombinant Rv1860. Most importantly, BMDC exposed to BCG-TB1860 failed to polarize allogeneic as well as syngeneic T cells to secrete IFN-γ and IL-17 relative to BCG-GFP. Splenocytes from mice infected with BCG-SSI showed significantly less proliferation and secretion of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-17, but secreted higher levels of IL-10 in response to in vitro restimulation with BCG-TB1860 compared to BCG-GFP. Spleens from mice infected with BCG-TB1860 also harboured significantly fewer DC expressing MHC-II, IL-12, IL-2 and TNF-α compared to mice infected with BCG-GFP. Glycoproteins of MTB, through their deleterious effects on DC may thus contribute to suppress the generation of a TH1- and TH17-dominated adaptive immune response that is vital for protection against tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB), although recognized as an infectious disease for centuries, is still the leading cause of human deaths, claiming a million lives annually. Successful control of TB, either through drugs or effective preventive vaccines has not been achieved despite decades of research. We have studied the role for mannosylated protein Rv1860 of MTB in interfering with the early response of dendritic cells, which belong to the host's innate immune arsenal, to this mycobacterium. We were able to show that incorporating the gene coding for Rv1860 of MTB into the safe vaccine strain BCG resulted in loss of BCG's protective ability in the guinea pig animal model. Using primary mouse bone marrow derived dendritic cells in vitro as well as spleen dendritic cells from infected mice, we show in this study that exposure to mannosylated Rv1860 leads to loss of dendritic cell functions such as cytokine secretion and T cell activation. This leads to defective downstream T cell responses to the mycobacteria. We suggest that altering or extinguishing the expression of such glycoproteins by mycobacteria may be a strategy for developing better vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Satchidanandam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv S. Jumani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay Challu
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shobha Elangovan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Naseem A. Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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172
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Owen KA, Meyer CB, Bouton AH, Casanova JE. Activation of focal adhesion kinase by Salmonella suppresses autophagy via an Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and promotes bacterial survival in macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004159. [PMID: 24901456 PMCID: PMC4047085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has emerged as an important antimicrobial host defense mechanism that not only orchestrates the systemic immune response, but also functions in a cell autonomous manner to directly eliminate invading pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella have evolved adaptations to protect themselves from autophagic elimination. Here we show that signaling through the non-receptor tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is actively manipulated by the Salmonella SPI-2 system in macrophages to promote intracellular survival. In wild-type macrophages, FAK is recruited to the surface of the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), leading to amplified signaling through the Akt-mTOR axis and inhibition of the autophagic response. In FAK-deficient macrophages, Akt/mTOR signaling is attenuated and autophagic capture of intracellular bacteria is enhanced, resulting in reduced bacterial survival. We further demonstrate that enhanced autophagy in FAK−/− macrophages requires the activity of Atg5 and ULK1 in a process that is distinct from LC3-assisted phagocytosis (LAP). In vivo, selective knockout of FAK in macrophages resulted in more rapid clearance of bacteria from tissues after oral infection with S. typhimurium. Clearance was correlated with reduced infiltration of inflammatory cell types into infected tissues and reduced tissue damage. Together, these data demonstrate that FAK is specifically targeted by S. typhimurium as a novel means of suppressing autophagy in macrophages, thereby enhancing their intracellular survival. Salmonella enterica is a food- and water-borne pathogen that has evolved closely with vertebrate hosts. Two medically relevant serovars include S. typhimurium, which causes gastroenteritis and S. typhi, which is the causative agent of typhoid fever. Host cells can utilize a process called autophagy, normally involved in the elimination of defective proteins and organelles, to capture and degrade intracellular pathogens. Enteric Salmonella express numerous virulence factors that enable the bacterium to subvert host defense mechanisms. Here we report that Salmonella specifically activates the host molecule focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in macrophages, triggering a signaling cascade that suppresses the autophagic elimination of intracellular bacteria. A key regulator of autophagy in mammalian cells is the target of rapamycin, mTOR, which transmits inhibitory signals that downregulate the autophagic response. We show that Salmonella-induced FAK activation leads to the Akt-dependent activation of mTOR, thereby repressing autophagic signaling. Inhibition of autophagy results in increased bacterial survival, while in FAK-deficient cells, autophagy is enhanced and intracellular Salmonella are eliminated. We also show that in mice lacking macrophage-specific FAK, animals were less susceptible to oral Salmonella infection. Together, these data identify FAK as a novel regulator of autophagy in macrophages with broad implications for host survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Owen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Corey B. Meyer
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Amy H. Bouton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James E. Casanova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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173
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Cammarata M, Parisi MG, Benenati G, Vasta GR, Parrinello N. A rhamnose-binding lectin from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) plasma agglutinates and opsonizes pathogenic bacteria. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 44:332-40. [PMID: 24486534 PMCID: PMC4607264 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of rhamnose-binding lectins (RBLs) in teleost fish eggs led to the identification of a novel lectin family characterized by a unique sequence motif and a structural fold, and initially proposed to modulate fertilization. Further studies of the RBL tissue localization and gene organization were also suggestive of role(s) in innate immunity. Here we describe the purification, and biochemical and functional characterization of a novel RBL (DlRBL) from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) serum. The purified DlRBL had electrophoretic mobilities corresponding to 24 kDa and 100 kDa under reducing and non-reducing conditions, respectively, suggesting that in plasma the DlRBL is present as a physiological homotetramer. DlRBL subunit transcripts revealed an open reading frame encoding 212 amino acid residues that included two tandemly-arrayed carbohydrate-recognition domains, and an 18-residue signal sequence at the N-terminus. The deduced size of 24.1 kDa for the mature protein was in good agreement with the subunit size of the isolated lectin. Binding activity of DlRBL for rabbit erythrocytes could be inhibited in the presence of rhamnose or galactose, did not require calcium, and was optimal at around 20°C and within the pH 6.5-8.0 range. DlRBL agglutinated Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and exposure of formalin-killed Escherichia coli to DlRBL enhanced their phagocytosis by D. labrax peritoneal macrophages relative to the unexposed controls. Taken together, the results suggest that plasma DlRBL may play a role in immune recognition of microbial pathogens and facilitate their clearance by phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cammarata
- Department of Biological, Chemical, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Department of Biological, Chemical, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gigliola Benenati
- Department of Biological, Chemical, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, IMET, Suite 236, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Nicolò Parrinello
- Department of Biological, Chemical, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
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174
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Aguilar EC, Leonel AJ, Teixeira LG, Silva AR, Silva JF, Pelaez JMN, Capettini LSA, Lemos VS, Santos RAS, Alvarez-Leite JI. Butyrate impairs atherogenesis by reducing plaque inflammation and vulnerability and decreasing NFκB activation. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:606-613. [PMID: 24602606 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Butyrate is a four-carbon fatty acid that presents anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and apoptotic properties in colon and several cell lines. Because atherosclerosis has important oxidative and inflammatory components, butyrate could reduce oxidation and inflammation, impairing atherogenesis. We evaluated the effects of butyrate supplementation of butyrate on atherosclerosis and its mechanisms of action. METHODS AND RESULTS ApoE knockout mice were fed on chow diet or 1% butyrate-supplemented chow diet (Butyrate) for 10 weeks to assess atherosclerosis lesions area and inflammatory status. Macrophage and endothelial cells were also pretreated with butyrate (0.5 mM) for 2 h before oxLDL stimulation to study oxLDL uptake and pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Butyrate reduced atherosclerosis in the aorta by 50%. In the aortic valve, butyrate reduced CCL2, VCAM1 and MMP2 productions in the lesion site, resulting in a lower migration of macrophage and increased collagen depositions in the lesion and plaque stability. When EA.hy926 cells were pretreated with butyrate, oxLDL uptake, CD36, VCAM1, CCL2 TNF, IL1β and IL6 productions were reduced, whereas IL10 production was increased. These effects were accompanied by a lower activation of NFκB due to a lower nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit. CONCLUSION Oral butyrate is able to slow the progression of atherosclerosis by reducing adhesion and migration of macrophages and increasing plaque stability. These actions are linked to the reduction of CD36 in macrophages and endothelial cells, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and lower activation of NFκB all of these data support a possible role for butyrate as an atheroprotective agent.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Antioxidants/metabolism
- Antioxidants/therapeutic use
- Aorta/immunology
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Valve/immunology
- Aortic Valve/metabolism
- Aortic Valve/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/diet therapy
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Butyric Acid/metabolism
- Butyric Acid/therapeutic use
- CD36 Antigens/antagonists & inhibitors
- CD36 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line
- Cell Movement
- Cell Nucleus
- Cells, Cultured
- Dietary Supplements
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Humans
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/prevention & control
- Protein Transport
- Transcription Factor RelA/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A J Leonel
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L G Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A R Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J F Silva
- Department of Pharmagology of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J M N Pelaez
- Department of Pharmagology of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L S A Capettini
- Department of Pharmagology of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - V S Lemos
- Department of Pharmagology of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - R A S Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J I Alvarez-Leite
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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175
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Ishida-Fujii K, Sato R, Goto S, Yang XP, Kuboki H, Hirano SI, Sato M. Prevention of PathogenicEscherichia coliInfection in Mice and Stimulation of Macrophage Activation in Rats by an Oral Administration of ProbioticLactobacillus caseiI-5. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:866-73. [PMID: 17420603 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus casei I-5 isolated from an alcohol fermentation broth enhanced immunity and prevented pathogenic infection as a probiotic. Mice fed with I-5 cells for 11 days prior to an intraperitoneal challenge with pathogenic Escherichia coli Juhl exhibited a high survival rate compared with the control group. Rats fed with I-5 cells for 10 days significantly increased the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages. In a cell culture system employing peritoneal macrophages from rats, the I-5 administration activated NF-kappaB stimulated by LPS. It also enhanced LPS-stimulated IL-12 and TNF-alpha production, but not IL-6 production. These results show that L. casei I-5 effectively prevented infection by pathogenic E. coli possibly through the activation of peritoneal macrophages. The strain would be useful to prevent pathogenic microbial infections in humans and farm animals.
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176
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Festuccia WT, Pouliot P, Bakan I, Sabatini DM, Laplante M. Myeloid-specific Rictor deletion induces M1 macrophage polarization and potentiates in vivo pro-inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95432. [PMID: 24740015 PMCID: PMC3989321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) axis plays a central role in attenuating inflammation upon macrophage stimulation with toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) relays signal from PI3K to Akt but its role in modulating inflammation in vivo has never been investigated. To evaluate the role of mTORC2 in the regulation of inflammation in vivo, we have generated a mouse model lacking Rictor, an essential mTORC2 component, in myeloid cells. Primary macrophages isolated from myeloid-specific Rictor null mice exhibited an exaggerated response to TLRs ligands, and expressed high levels of M1 genes and lower levels of M2 markers. To determine whether the loss of Rictor similarly affected inflammation in vivo, mice were either fed a high fat diet, a situation promoting chronic but low-grade inflammation, or were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which mimics an acute, severe septic inflammatory condition. Although high fat feeding contributed to promote obesity, inflammation, macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue and systemic insulin resistance, we did not observe a significant impact of Rictor loss on these parameters. However, mice lacking Rictor exhibited a higher sensitivity to sceptic shock when injected with LPS. Altogether, these results indicate that mTORC2 is a key negative regulator of macrophages TLR signalling and that its role in modulating inflammation is particularly important in the context of severe inflammatory challenges. These observations suggest that approaches aimed at modulating mTORC2 activity may represent a possible therapeutic approach for diseases linked to excessive inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Festuccia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philippe Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Inan Bakan
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - David M. Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Koch Center for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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177
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Feng X, Qin H, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Zhou F, Wu H, Ding S, Niu Z, Lu Y, Shen P. Chrysin attenuates inflammation by regulating M1/M2 status via activating PPARγ. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:503-14. [PMID: 24704474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chrysin (5,7-di-OH-flavone), a widely distributed natural flavonoid, has been well documented for involving in various biological activities, especially in regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activity as a modest modulator. However, the exact molecular mechanism is still unrevealed. In the current study, for the first time, we discovered that, chrysin not only significantly attenuated inflammation in high-fat feeding mice, but also alleviated high fat diet-induced hepatic, muscular steatosis in obese mice without altering the body weight. Chrysin decreases the infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue in obese mice. In addition, chrysin was also found to induce an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and decreases M1 phenotype, both in peritoneal macrophages of obese mice and cultured macrophages in vitro, and thereby, chrysin changed the M1/M2 status. Our data further showed that chrysin regulated the phenotype of macrophages through enhancing the transcriptional activation of PPARγ and the expression of its target genes. Taken together, we conclude that chrysin may serve as an effective modulator of PPARγ during the pathogenesis of inflammation, thereby our findings shed light on the potential therapeutic feature of chrysin in recovering inflammatory diseases via regulating M1/M2 status.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/immunology
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue/pathology
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fatty Liver/drug therapy
- Fatty Liver/immunology
- Fatty Liver/metabolism
- Fatty Liver/pathology
- Flavonoids/administration & dosage
- Flavonoids/adverse effects
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Flavonoids/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Myositis/drug therapy
- Myositis/immunology
- Myositis/metabolism
- Myositis/pathology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Obesity/physiopathology
- PPAR gamma/agonists
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haohan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qian Shi
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), TX 78229, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Feifei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haochen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Sen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhiyuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Pingping Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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178
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Liao YR, Lin JY. Quercetin, but not its metabolite quercetin-3-glucuronide, exerts prophylactic immunostimulatory activity and therapeutic antiinflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-treated mouse peritoneal macrophages ex vivo. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:2872-2880. [PMID: 24620730 DOI: 10.1021/jf405630h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the prophylactic or therapeutic effects of quercetin (Q) and its metabolite quercetin-3-glucuronide (Q3G) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in mouse peritoneal macrophages ex vivo. Changes in pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine secretion profiles were determined. The results showed that Q or Q3G in vitro treatments lower than 50 μM did not exhibit cytotoxicity on macrophages. At noncytotoxic doses, Q and Q3G, particularly Q, administration in a prophylactic ex vivo model increased pro-/antiinflammatory cytokine secretion ratios by macrophages in the absence or presence of LPS. Quercetin, but not Q3G, administration in a therapeutic ex vivo model decreased pro-/antiinflammatory cytokine secretion ratios in the absence or presence of LPS. Our results indicated that Q and Q3G administrations in a prophylactic manner might act as an immunostimulatory agent, but Q presented better ability than Q3G. Quercetin might have a therapeutic, but not prophylactic, effect on spontaneous or LPS-induced inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Liao
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University , 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
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179
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Xiao F, Liu C, Zhang T, Yu G, Cui G. [Early maternal deprivation decreases the immunological function of F1 generation offspring in mice]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2014; 30:360-362. [PMID: 24721401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the changes of immunological function in F1 generation offspring after suffering early maternal deprivation. METHODS Using Wistar rats, the maternal deprivation models were established according to our previous study. Their F1 generation offspring were enrolled for this study. The mass and indexes of spleen and thymus were measured. The phagocytosis assay was used to detect the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages. The proliferation of T lymphocytes was detected by MTT assay. ELISA was employed to determine the IL-2 level in serum. RESULTS The maternal deprivation decreased the mass and indexes of spleen and thymus of their offspring. The phagocytic function of macrophage, proliferation of T lymphocytes and IL-2 level in serum of F1 generation offspring were also reduced. CONCLUSION The immunological function declines in F1 generation offspring after suffering early maternal deprivation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Guozhong Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Guoli Cui
- First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
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180
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Través PG, Pardo V, Pimentel-Santillana M, González-Rodríguez Á, Mojena M, Rico D, Montenegro Y, Calés C, Martín-Sanz P, Valverde AM, Boscá L. Pivotal role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in the macrophage response to pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory challenge. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1125. [PMID: 24625984 PMCID: PMC3973223 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been suggested as an attractive target to improve insulin sensitivity in different cell types. In the present work, we have investigated the effect of PTP1B deficiency on the response of human and murine macrophages. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches in mice and silencing PTP1B in human macrophages with specific siRNAs, we have demonstrated that PTP1B deficiency increases the effects of pro-inflammatory stimuli in both human and rodent macrophages at the time that decreases the response to alternative stimulation. Moreover, the absence of PTP1B induces a loss of viability in resting macrophages and mainly after activation through the classic pathway. Analysis of early gene expression in macrophages treated with pro-inflammatory stimuli confirmed this exacerbated inflammatory response in PTP1B-deficient macrophages. Microarray analysis in samples from wild-type and PTP1B-deficient macrophages obtained after 24 h of pro-inflammatory stimulation showed an activation of the p53 pathway, including the excision base repair pathway and the insulin signaling pathway in the absence of PTP1B. In animal models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine challenge as a way to reveal in vivo inflammatory responses, animals lacking PTP1B exhibited a higher rate of death. Moreover, these animals showed an enhanced response to irradiation, in agreement with the data obtained in the microarray analysis. In summary, these results indicate that, although inhibition of PTP1B has potential benefits for the treatment of diabetes, it accentuates pro-inflammatory responses compromising at least macrophage viability.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Survival
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Galactosamine
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/enzymology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1/deficiency
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Través
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - V Pardo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pimentel-Santillana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Á González-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Mojena
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Rico
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Montenegro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Calés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - P Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - A M Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- IB-Alberto Sols, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain. Tel: +34 91585400; Fax: +34 915854401; E-mail: (AMV) or Tel/Fax: +34 914972747; E-mail: (LB)
| | - L Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- IB-Alberto Sols, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain. Tel: +34 91585400; Fax: +34 915854401; E-mail: (AMV) or Tel/Fax: +34 914972747; E-mail: (LB)
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181
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Hueza IM, Raspantini PCF, Raspantini LER, Latorre AO, Górniak SL. Zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin, is an immunotoxic compound. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1080-95. [PMID: 24632555 PMCID: PMC3968378 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6031080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the toxic effects of zearalenone (ZEA) on the immune function. Ovariectomised rats were treated daily by gavage with 3.0 mg/kg of ZEA for 28 days. Body weight gain, food consumption, haemotological parameters, lymphoid organs, and their cellularities were evaluated. Moreover, acquired immune responses and macrophage activity were also assessed. ZEA promoted reduction in body weight gain, which is not fully explained by diminished food consumption. Despite no effect on haematological parameters, ZEA caused thymic atrophy with histological and thymocyte phenotype changes and decrease in the B cell percentage in the spleen. With respect to acquired and innate immune responses, no statistically significant differences in delayed-type hypersensitivity were noticed; however, in the ZEA-treated rats, antibody production and peroxide release by macrophages were impaired. The observed results could be related to ZEA activity on ERs; thus, ZEA is an immunotoxic compound similar to estrogen and some endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis M Hueza
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP-Diadema), Diadema 09913-030, S.P., Brazil.
| | - Paulo Cesar F Raspantini
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 05508-270, S.P., Brazil.
| | - Leonila Ester R Raspantini
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 05508-270, S.P., Brazil.
| | - Andreia O Latorre
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 05508-270, S.P., Brazil.
| | - Silvana L Górniak
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 05508-270, S.P., Brazil.
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182
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Zhang X, Zhou H, Xu Y, Liu J, Xie H, Kong X, Xie Y, Yan J. [Toll-like receptor 4 promotes macrophage foam cell formation induced by oxidized low-density/β₂-glycoprotein I/β₂-glycoprotein I antibodies complex]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2014; 42:208-213. [PMID: 24831477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on oxidized low-density/β₂-glycoprotein I/β₂-glycoprotein I (ox-LDL/β₂GPI/anti-β₂GPI) antibodies complex induced macrophage foam cell formation. METHODS The peritoneal macrophages were separated from TLR4 intact C3H/HeN mice and TLR4 defective C3H/HeJ mice. The cells were treated with ox-LDL, ox-LDL/β₂GPI, ox-LDL/anti-β₂GPI, anti-β₂GPI/β₂GPI, ox-LDL/β₂GPI/anti-β₂GPI, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 48 h and the foam cells were identified by Oil red O staining for intracellular lipids. The total cellular RNA and the protein lysates were collected. The levels of tissue factor (TF) mRNA in two groups were detected by real-time PCR (RT-PCR), and the expression of phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 was detected by Western blotting. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion from peritoneal macrophages was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS Compared with C3H/HeJ mice, lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeN mice were significantly increased and phosphorylation-NF-κB expression was significantly upregulated after stimulating by ox-LDL/β₂GPI/anti-β₂GPI complex (P < 0.01). TF mRNA and MCP-1 expression were also upregulated post ox-LDL/β₂GPI/anti-β₂GPI complex stimulation [TF mRNA: 0.041 ± 0.023 vs. 0.005 ± 0.003; MCP-1: (6 200.2 ± 6.4) pg/ml vs. (803.3 ± 5.5) pg/ml, P < 0.01]. CONCLUSION TLR4 can enhance ox-LDL/β₂GPI/anti-β₂GPI complex induced peritoneal macrophage foam cell formation via upregulating phosphorylation-NF-κB, TF and MCP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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183
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Hung CL, Chang AJ, Kuo XK, Sheu F. Molecular cloning and function characterization of a new macrophage-activating protein from Tremella fuciformis. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:1526-1535. [PMID: 24400969 DOI: 10.1021/jf403835c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Silver ear mushroom ( Tremella fuciformis ) is an edible fungus with health benefits. In this study, we purified a new T. fuciformis protein (TFP) and demonstrated its ability to activate primary murine macrophages. The isolation procedure involved ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion exchange chromatography. TFP naturally formed a 24 kDa homodimeric protein and did not contain glycan residues. The TFP gene was cloned using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends method, and the cDNA sequence of TFP was composed of 408 nucleotides with a 336 nucleotide open reading frame encoding a 112 amino acid protein. TFP was capable of stimulating TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, and IL-12 production in addition to CD86/MHC class II expression, mRNA expression of M1-type chemokines, and nuclear NF-κB accumulation in murine peritoneal macrophage cells. Furthermore, TFP failed to stimulate TLR4-neutralized and TLR4-knockout macrophages, suggesting that TLR4 is a required receptor for TFP signaling on macrophages. Taken together, these results indicate that TFP may be an important bioactive compound from T. fuciformis that induces M1-polarized activation through a TLR4-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Liang Hung
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture and ‡Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10673, Taiwan, R.O.C
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184
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Flores-García A, Velarde-Félix JS, Garibaldi-Becerra V, Rangel-Villalobos H, Torres-Bugarín O, Zepeda-Carrillo EA, Ruíz-Bernés S, Ochoa-Ramírez LA. Recombinant murine IL-12 promotes a protective Th1/cellular response in Mongolian gerbils infected with Sporothrix schenckii. J Chemother 2014; 27:87-93. [PMID: 24548095 DOI: 10.1179/1973947814y.0000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii. It is known to be mainly contained by Th1 responses. As IL-12 is crucial for Th1 response, we investigated if treatment with recombinant murine IL-12 (rmIL-12) promoted Th1 immunity and/or clinical improvement in an experimental sporotrichosis gerbil model. Gerbils were inoculated with S. schenckii in the footpad and treated with rmIL-12. Seven days post infection there was a significant increase in macrophage phagocytosis and oxidative burst, and in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in rmIL-12 treated gerbils, as well as a ∼10-fold increase of serum IFN-gamma and a decrease of IL-4 and IL-10. Moreover, rmIL-12 substantially decreased (∼70%) S. schenckii burden in liver and spleen and improved the clinical outcome preventing footpad ulcer and tail nodules observed in untreated gerbils. Our study demonstrates that rmIL-12 promotes Th1 immune response against S. schenckii favouring its clearance and preventing clinical symptoms.
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185
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Yang WS, Jeong D, Yi YS, Lee BH, Kim TW, Htwe KM, Kim YD, Yoon KD, Hong S, Lee WS, Cho JY. Myrsine seguinii ethanolic extract and its active component quercetin inhibit macrophage activation and peritonitis induced by LPS by targeting to Syk/Src/IRAK-1. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 151:1165-1174. [PMID: 24378351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Myrsine seguinii H. LÉVEILLÉ (syn. Rapanea neriifolia) (Myrsinaceae) is a medicinal plants traditionally used in Myanmar to treat infectious and inflammatory diseases. Since none of reports have systematically demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activity of this plant, we aimed to mechanistically understand the regulatory roles of the plant in inflammatory responses using the ethanolic extract of Myrsine seguinii (Ms-EE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Activated macrophages and peritonitis symptoms induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were employed. HPLC analysis was used to identify active components. To characterize direct target enzymes, kinase assay was established. RESULTS Ms-EE inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG)E2 in RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages stimulated by LPS. This extract suppressed the mRNA expression of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 genes by down-regulating the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP-1). Interestingly, it was found that Ms-EE can directly suppress the enzyme activities of Syk, Src, and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1). Similarly, orally administered Ms-EE inhibited the phosphorylation of Src and Syk in peritoneal exudate-derived cells prepared from peritonitis. Finally, HPLC analysis clearly demonstrated that quercetin is a major active component with suppressing activity on the release of inflammatory mediators (NO and PGE2), and the enzyme activities of Src, Syk, and IRAK-1. CONCLUSION Ms-EE containing quercetin negatively modulates macrophage-mediated in vitro inflammatory responses and LPS-induced peritonitis by blocking the Src/Syk/NF-κB and IRAK-1/AP-1 pathways, which contributes to its major ethnopharmacological use as an anti-inflammatory herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Division of Biological Resources Coordination, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Khin Myo Htwe
- Popa Mountain Park, Forest Department, Kyaukpadaung Township, Mandalay Division, Myanmar
| | - Young-Dong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Dong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Shin Lee
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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186
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Tu Y, Hu Y, Fan G, Chen Z, Liu L, Man D, Liu S, Tang C, Zhang Y, Dai W. Protective effects of membrane-anchored and secreted DNA vaccines encoding fatty acid-binding protein and glutathione S-transferase against Schistosoma japonicum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86575. [PMID: 24466157 PMCID: PMC3900569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to explore the high performance bivalent DNA-based vaccine against schistosomes, SjFABP and Sj26GST were selected and used to construct a vaccine. Two strategies were used to construct the bivalent DNA vaccine. In the first strategy, a plasmid encoding antigen in the secreted form was used, while in the other, a plasmid encoding a truncated form of SjFABP and Sj26GST targeted to the cell surface was used. Various parameters, including antibody and cytokine response, proliferation, histopathological examination, and characterization of T cell subsets were used to evaluate the type of immune response and the level of protection against challenge infection. Injection with secreted pIRES-sjFABP-sj26GST significantly increased the levels of antibody, splenocyte proliferation, and production of IFN-γ, compared with membrane-anchored groups. Analysis of splenic T cell subsets showed that the secreted vaccine significantly increased the percentage of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells. Liver immunopathology (size of liver granulomas) was significantly reduced in the secreted group compared with the membrane-anchored groups. Moreover, challenge experiments showed that the worm and egg burdens were significantly reduced in animals immunized with recombinant vaccines. Most importantly, secreted Sj26GST-SjFABP markedly enhanced protection, by reducing worm and egg burdens by 31.8% and 24.78%, respectively, while the membrane-anchored group decreased worm and egg burdens by 24.80% and 18.80%, respectively. Taken together, these findings suggest that the secretory vaccine is more promising than the membrane-anchored vaccine, and provides support for the development and application of this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (WD); (YH)
| | - Guorun Fan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dandan Man
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuojie Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chengwu Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wuxing Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (WD); (YH)
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187
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Han JE, Wui SR, Kim KS, Cho YJ, Cho WJ, Lee NG. Characterization of the structure and immunostimulatory activity of a vaccine adjuvant, de-O-acylated lipooligosaccharide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85838. [PMID: 24465739 PMCID: PMC3899070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. LPS elicits strong immunopathological responses during bacterial infection, and the lipid A moiety of LPS is responsible for this immunostimulatory activity. Lipid A exerts its biological activity by sending signals via TLR4 present on immune cells, and TLR4 agonists have been a target for vaccine adjuvant. Previously, we demonstrated an adjuvant activity of deacylated lipooligosaccharide (dLOS) to viral and bacterial antigens. In this study, we characterized the chemical structure of dLOS and evaluated its immunostimulatory activity on mouse and human immune cells in comparison with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). dLOS consists of a core oligosaccharide lacking the terminal glucose residue, a glucosamine disaccharide with two phosphate groups, and two N-linked acyl groups. dLOS was similar to MPL in induction of cytokine production in mouse peritoneal macrophages, but was a more potent activator in human monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). Results of an analysis of allogeneic T cell responses revealed that dLOS induces Th1, Th2, and Th17-type immune responses in a dose-dependent manner. The immunostimulatory activities of dLOS were completely abrogated in TLR4−/− mice, which confirms its TLR4-dependency. These results suggest that in the presence of the core oligosaccharide, O-linked acyl groups of LPS are dispensable for activating the TLR4 signaling pathway. dLOS did not cause any pathological effects or death at 0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg per kg body weight in mice in the acute toxicity tests. This result suggests that dLOS has a low toxicity. dLOS should be considered for further development as a safe and effective adjuvant for human vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Acylation
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Structure
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/deficiency
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Han
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, College of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Ri Wui
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, College of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Sung Kim
- Research & Development Center, EyeGene, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Je Cho
- Research & Development Center, EyeGene, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Je Cho
- Yonsei University Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Gyong Lee
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, College of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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188
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Lund ME, O'Brien BA, Hutchinson AT, Robinson MW, Simpson AM, Dalton JP, Donnelly S. Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86289. [PMID: 24466007 PMCID: PMC3897667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with helminth parasites prevent/attenuate auto-inflammatory disease. Here we show that molecules secreted by a helminth parasite could prevent Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. When delivered at 4 weeks of age (coincident with the initiation of autoimmunity), the excretory/secretory products of Fasciola hepatica (FhES) prevented the onset of T1D, with 84% of mice remaining normoglycaemic and insulitis-free at 30 weeks of age. Disease protection was associated with suppression of IFN-γ secretion from autoreactive T cells and a switch to the production of a regulatory isotype (from IgG2a to IgG1) of autoantibody. Following FhES injection, peritoneal macrophages converted to a regulatory M2 phenotype, characterised by increased expression levels of Ym1, Arg-1, TGFβ and PD-L1. Expression of these M2 genetic markers increased in the pancreatic lymph nodes and the pancreas of FhES-treated mice. In vitro, FhES-stimulated M2 macrophages induced the differentiation of Tregs from splenocytes isolated from naïve NOD mice. Collectively, our data shows that FhES contains immune-modulatory molecules that mediate protection from autoimmune diabetes via the induction and maintenance of a regulatory immune environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Lund
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. O'Brien
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew T. Hutchinson
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Ann M. Simpson
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John P. Dalton
- Institute of Parasitology, McDonald Campus, McGill University, St. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheila Donnelly
- The i3 Institute, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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189
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Rothchild AC, Jayaraman P, Nunes-Alves C, Behar SM. iNKT cell production of GM-CSF controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003805. [PMID: 24391492 PMCID: PMC3879349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are activated during infection, but how they limit microbial growth is unknown in most cases. We investigated how iNKT cells suppress intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) replication. When co-cultured with infected macrophages, iNKT cell activation, as measured by CD25 upregulation and IFNγ production, was primarily driven by IL-12 and IL-18. In contrast, iNKT cell control of Mtb growth was CD1d-dependent, and did not require IL-12, IL-18, or IFNγ. This demonstrated that conventional activation markers did not correlate with iNKT cell effector function during Mtb infection. iNKT cell control of Mtb replication was also independent of TNF and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. By dissociating cytokine-driven activation and CD1d-restricted effector function, we uncovered a novel mediator of iNKT cell antimicrobial activity: GM-CSF. iNKT cells produced GM-CSF in vitro and in vivo in a CD1d-dependent manner during Mtb infection, and GM-CSF was both necessary and sufficient to control Mtb growth. Here, we have identified GM-CSF production as a novel iNKT cell antimicrobial effector function and uncovered a potential role for GM-CSF in T cell immunity against Mtb. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the cause of tuberculosis, a leading cause of sickness and death worldwide. Although much is known about CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to Mtb, the role of other T cell subsets is poorly understood. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor and recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d. Although iNKT cells participate in the immune response to many different pathogens, little is known about how iNKT cells directly kill microbes. We previously showed that when co-cultured with Mtb-infected macrophages, iNKT cells inhibit intracellular Mtb replication. Now, we used this model to dissociate the signals that induce iNKT cell activation markers including IFNγ production, from the signals that activate iNKT cell antimicrobial activity. This allowed us to uncover a novel antimicrobial effector function produced by iNKT cells: GM-CSF. GM-CSF is essential for immunity to Mtb, but its role has never been defined. This study is the first report to demonstrate a protective function of GM-CSF production by any T cell subset during Mtb infection. T cell production of GM-CSF should be considered as a potential mechanism of antimicrobial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa C. Rothchild
- Program in Immunology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pushpa Jayaraman
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cláudio Nunes-Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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190
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Vinogradova TI, Vitovskaia ML, Zabolotnykh NV, Kovalenko AL, Ariél' BM, Shchegoleva RA. [The influence of immunotropic drugs on reparative processes in the lungs experimental chemotherapy drug resistant tuberculosis]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2014; 77:11-15. [PMID: 25322647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is revealed that Roncoleukin (12.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, 5 injections a day), Betaleukin (0.1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, 1 time in 3 days (5 weeks)), Bestim (0.1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, 10 injections), cycloferon (3.6 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, 3 times a week for 6 weeks), Glutoxim (40 mg/kg subcutaneously (4 weeks)and the preparation of succinic acid remaxol (at a dose of 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally, daily 14 introduction), when you enter them in a comprehensive drug therapy pilot MDR tuberculosis in mice produce a positive effect on the regression of inflammation in the lung tissue, stimulate local immunity of the lungs, activate and digestive absorption capacity of peritoneal macrophages an average of 1.4 and 1.9, p < 0.05, inhibited the tuberculosis infection and chemotherapy.
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191
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Lei L, Li HX, Pan SB, Yan FH. [Expression of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid-1 in innate response to Porphyromonas gingivalis in macrophages]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2013; 48:730-733. [PMID: 24495723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid-1(TREM-1) in innate response to Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg) in mice macrophages and its potential role in periodontitis development. METHODS Peritoneal macrophages from mice were harvested, separated and cultured, then challenged with viable Pg. Transcription and protein expression in macrophages were assessed with real time PCR and flow cytometry respectively.LP-17 peptide (10, 100 and 1000 µg/L) was utilized to block TREM-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by enzyme linked absorbent analysis. RESULTS At 2 h after Pg challenge, transcription of TREM-1 was significantly up-regulated after Pg challenge[(7.99 ± 1.11) fold vs blank]. At 24 h after bacteria infection, increased TREM-1 expression was demonstrated by flow cytometry, with mean fluorescent intensity increasing from (7.05 ± 1.85) in blank group to (13.17 ± 2.33) in experimental group. Proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6) production was significantly decreased after blocking TREM-1 by LP-17 peptide(100 and 1000 µg/L). CONCLUSIONS TREM-1 enhanced innate immune response to Pg in macrophages, which may facilitate periodontitis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Lei
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Fujian Medical University & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | | | | | - Fu-hua Yan
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology,Nanjing University & Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing 210008, China,
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192
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Yeh HY, Shoemaker CA, Klesius PH. Chemotactic activity of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), recombinant cyclophilin A. J Fish Dis 2013; 36:1041-1046. [PMID: 23634847 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Yeh
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
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193
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Singh AK, Tripathi YB, Pandey N, Singh DP, Tripathi D, Srivastava ON. Enhanced antilipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced changes in macrophage functions by Rubia cordifolia (RC) embedded with Au nanoparticles. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:217-223. [PMID: 23774043 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we have shown that gold nanoparticles (Au (NPs)) embedded in Rubia cordifolia (RC) matrix (RC-Au (NPs)) exhibit a high therapeutic value relating to its anti-inflammatory characteristics. It was prepared by utilizing the reducing properties of RC to convert HAuCl4 into Au (NPs). In order to compare its effectiveness, with respect to Au (NPs), the latter was synthesized separately by reducing HAuCl4 with lemon extract. These Au (NPs) along with RC-Au (NPs) were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The enhancement in anti-inflammatory characteristics was assessed as its inhibitory potential for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) release, by rat peritoneal macrophages. The RC-Au (NPs) significantly enhanced its potential to inhibit NO release, which was reported in terms of inhibitory concentration for 50% inhibition (IC50=11.98 ng/ml), as compared to either RC extract (IC50=47 × 10(3)ng/ml) or to Au (NPs) (IC50=587.50 ng/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yamini B Tripathi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Nidhi Pandey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - D P Singh
- Department of Physics, University of Santiago, Chile
| | - Deepshikha Tripathi
- R and D Centre, Prof SN Tripathi Memorial Foundation, Gandhi Nagar, Naria, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - O N Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India 2210055.
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194
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Lin CY, Roberts GW, Kift-Morgan A, Donovan KL, Topley N, Eberl M. Pathogen-specific local immune fingerprints diagnose bacterial infection in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:2002-9. [PMID: 24179164 PMCID: PMC3839555 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and timely diagnosis of bacterial infection is crucial for effective and targeted treatment, yet routine microbiological identification is inefficient and often delayed to an extent that makes it clinically unhelpful. The immune system is capable of a rapid, sensitive and specific detection of a broad spectrum of microbes, which has been optimized over millions of years of evolution. A patient's early immune response is therefore likely to provide far better insight into the true nature and severity of microbial infections than conventional tests. To assess the diagnostic potential of pathogen-specific immune responses, we characterized the local responses of 52 adult patients during episodes of acute peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis by multicolor flow cytometry and multiplex ELISA, and defined the immunologic signatures in relation to standard microbiological culture results and to clinical outcomes. We provide evidence that unique local "immune fingerprints" characteristic of individual organisms are evident in PD patients on the day of presentation with acute peritonitis and discriminate between culture-negative, Gram-positive, and Gram-negative episodes of infection. Those humoral and cellular parameters with the most promise for defining disease-specific immune fingerprints include the local levels of IL-1β, IL-10, IL-22, TNF-α, and CXCL10, as well as the frequency of local γδ T cells and the relative proportion of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages among total peritoneal cells. Our data provide proof of concept for the feasibility of using immune fingerprints to inform the design of point-of-care tests that will allow rapid and accurate infection identification and facilitate targeted antibiotic prescription and improved patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Yu Lin
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gareth W. Roberts
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Kift-Morgan
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Kieron L. Donovan
- Department of Nephrology and Transplant, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Institute of Translation, Innovation, Methodology and Engagement, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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195
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Nomi H, Tashiro-Yamaji J, Miura-Takeda S, Shimizu T, Azuma H, Ueda H, Katsuoka Y, Kubota T, Yoshida R. Infiltration of H-2d-Specific Cytotoxic Macrophage with Unique Morphology into Rejection Site of Allografted Meth A (H-2d) Tumor Cells in C57BL/6 (H-2b) Mice. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:297-306. [PMID: 17380049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is assumed that CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) mediate direct lysis of allografts and that their growth, differentiation, and activation are dependent upon cytokine production by CD4(+) helper T lymphocytes. In the present study, the effector cells responsible for the rejection of i.p. allografted, CTL-resistant Meth A tumor cells from C57BL/6 mice were characterized. The cytotoxic activity was associated exclusively with peritoneal exudate cells and not with the cells in lymphoid organs or blood. On day 8, when the cytotoxic activity reached a peak, 3 types of cells (i.e., lymphocytes, granulocytes, and macrophages) infiltrated into the rejection site; and allograft-induced macrophages (AIM) were cytotoxic against the allograft. Bacterially-elicited macrophages also exhibited cytotoxic activity (approximately 1/2 of that of AIM) against Meth A cells, whereas the cytotoxic activity of AIM against these cells but not that of bacterially-elicited macrophages was completely inhibited by the addition of donor (H-2(d))-type lymphoblasts, suggesting H-2(d)-specific cytotoxicity of AIM against Meth A cells. In contrast, resident macrophages were inactive toward Meth A cells. Morphologically, the three-dimensional appearance of AIM showed them to be unique large elongated cells having radiating peripheral filopodia and long cord-like extensions arising from their cytoplasmic surfaces. The ultrastructural examination of AIM revealed free ribosomes in their cytoplasm, which was often deformed by numerous large digestive vacuoles. These results indicate that AIM are the H-2(d)-specific effector cells for allografted Meth A cells and are a more fully activated macrophage with unique morphological features.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/ultrastructure
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens/ultrastructure
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Transplantation/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayahito Nomi
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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196
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Shinji H, Kamada M, Seki K, Tajima A, Iwase T, Masuda S. Expression and Distribution of Very Late Antigen-5 in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages upon Ingestion of Fibronectin-BoundStaphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:63-71. [PMID: 17237600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many pathogens colonize host tissues by binding to the extracellular matrix via their cell surface adhesion molecules, which are called MSCRAMMs (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules). Staphylococcus aureus expresses several of these adhesion molecules, some of which bind to fibronectin. Of these adhesion molecules, fibronectin-binding proteins play a role in the pathogenicity of S. aureus, although it is not yet clear whether they enhance its virulence. We have previously shown that fibronectin-bound S. aureus is efficiently phagocytosed by thioglycolate-induced mouse peritoneal macrophages. Bacterial ingestion is mediated by Very Late Antigen-5 (VLA-5; alpha5beta1 integrin) and is accompanied by the formation of adhesion complexes. Here we show that the expression of VLA-5 is restricted to thioglycolate-induced inflammatory macrophages and is not found in the resident macrophages. When cells were in suspension, alpha5 integrin was not expressed on the surface of either resident or inflammatory macrophages, whereas in adherent cells, this integrin was distributed on the surface of inflammatory but not resident macrophages. A high level of this integrin was present in the cytoplasmic region only in inflammatory macrophages. In agreement with this, fibronectin-mediated phagocytosis of S. aureus was observed only in the inflammatory macrophages. In inflammatory macrophages ingesting fibronectin-bound S. aureus, alpha5 integrin was concentrated close to the phagocytosed bacteria. This change in distribution was not found in macrophages ingesting untreated bacteria. Together with our previous work, these results indicate that, upon ingestion of fibronectin-bound S. aureus, VLA-5 accumulates in the area of phagocytosis in inflammatory macrophages, where it forms adhesion complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Shinji
- Department of Microbiology (II), The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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197
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Hassan F, Islam S, Koide N, Mu MM, Ito H, Mori I, Yoshida T, Yokochi T. Role of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) for Vacuole Formation in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Stimulated Macrophages. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:807-15. [PMID: 15557738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) on vacuole formation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was examined. LPS definitely induced the formation of vacuoles in RAW 264.7 cells and SB202190 as a p38 specific inhibitor also induced slight vacuole formation. The simultaneous treatment with LPS and SB202190 induced many more vacuoles in RAW 264.7 cells than the treatment with LPS or SB202190 alone, and the vacuoles were extraordinarily large in size. On the other hand, an inactive inhibitor of p38 MAPK did not augment LPS-induced vacuole formation. Further, the inhibitors of other MAPKs and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathways did not affect it. The extraordinarily large vacuoles in RAW 264.7 cells treated with LPS and SB202190 were possibly formed via fusion of small vacuoles. However, SB202190 did not augment vacuole formation in CpG DNA or interferon (IFN)-gamma-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The role of p38 MAPK in the vacuole formation in LPS-stimulated macrophages is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdaus Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Research Center for Infectious Disease, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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198
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Basso B, Marini V. Experimental Chagas disease. Innate immune response in Balb/c mice previously vaccinated with Trypanosoma rangeli. I. The macrophage shows immunological memory: Reality or fiction? Immunobiology 2013; 219:275-84. [PMID: 24321621 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chagas' disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major vector borne health problem in Latin America and an emerging or re-emerging infectious disease in several countries. Immune response to T. cruzi infection is highly complex and involves many components, both regulators and effectors. Although different parasites have been shown to activate different mechanisms of innate immunity, T. cruzi is often able to survive and replicate in its host because they are well adapted to resisting host defences. An experimental model for vaccinating mice with Trypanosoma rangeli, a parasite closely related to T. cruzi, but nonpathogenic to humans, has been designed in our laboratory, showing protection against challenge with T. cruzi infection. The aim of this work was to analyze some mechanisms of the early innate immune response in T. rangeli vaccinated mice challenged with T. cruzi. For this purpose, some interactions were studied between T. cruzi and peritoneal macrophages of mice vaccinated with T. rangeli, infected or not with T. cruzi and the levels of some molecules or soluble mediators which could modify these interactions. The results in vaccinated animals showed a strong innate immune response, where the adherent cells of the vaccinated mice revealed important phagocytic activity, and some soluble mediator (Respiratory Burst: significantly increase, p ≤ 0.03; NO: the levels of vaccinated animals were lower than those of the control group; Arginasa: significantly increase, p ≤ 0.04). The results showed an important role in the early elimination of the parasites and their close relation with the absence of histological lesions that these animals present with regard to the only infected mice. This behaviour reveals that the macrophages act with some type of memory, recognizing the antigens to which they have previously been exposed, in mice were vaccinated with T. rangeli, which shares epitopes with T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Basso
- Department of Paediatrics, Neonatology Service, Medicine School, National Cordoba University, Argentina; National Co-ordination of Vector Control, Argentina.
| | - V Marini
- Department of Immunology Medicine School, Catholic University of Cordoba, Argentina
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199
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Ni WY, Wu MF, Liao NC, Yeh MY, Lu HF, Hsueh SC, Liu JY, Huang YP, Chang CH, Chung JG. Extract of medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill enhances the non-specific and adaptive immune activities in BALB/c mice. In Vivo 2013; 27:779-786. [PMID: 24292582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) is traditionally used against a wide range of conditions such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, foot-and-mouth disease and chronic hepatitis C infection. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of AbM. For the non-specific immune response experiments, a total of 40 female BALB/c mice were divided into control (group 1) and experimental (groups 2-4) groups of 10 animals each. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were orally-administered high (819 mg/kg), medium (273 mg/kg) and low (136.5 mg/kg) doses of AbM daily for six weeks and then six parameters related to non-specific immune response were detected. For the adaptive immune response experiments, 40 female mice were similarly divided into four groups. After six weeks of treatment, animals were immunized with the OVA immunogen. Two weeks later, splenocytes and sera were collected. Four parameters related to adaptive immune response were evaluated. We found that feeding mice with AbM extract increased the IgG level in serum, promoted phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages and elevated the activity of Natural killer cells. We also found that the highest dose of AbM increased interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels in splenocytes and that a medium dose increased interferon-γ. The levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) were reduced or unchanged. T-helper type 1 cytokine levels were increased. AbM increased the humoral immune response and also affected the cellular immune response. These results provide evidence that AbM can modulate innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ya Ni
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C. ; Dr. Chuan-Hsun Chang, Department of Nutrition Therapy, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, No. 45 Cheng Hsin Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C. E-mail:
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200
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Lin JJ, Lin JH, Hsu SC, Weng SW, Huang YP, Tang NY, Lin JG, Chung JG. Alpha-phellandrene promotes immune responses in normal mice through enhancing macrophage phagocytosis and natural killer cell activities. In Vivo 2013; 27:809-814. [PMID: 24292586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
α-Phellandrene, a natural compound from natural plants, has been used in the food and perfume industry. We investigated the effects of α-phellandrene on the immune responses on normal murine cells in vivo. Normal BALB/c mice were treated orally with or without α-phellandrene at 0, 1, 5 and 25 mg/kg and olive oil as a positive control for two weeks. Results indicated that α-phellandrene did not change the weight of animals when compared to olive oil (vehicle for α-phellandrene)-treated groups. After flow cytometric assay of blood samples it was shown that α-phellandrene increased the percentage of CD3 (T-cell marker), CD11b (monocytes) and MAC3 (macrophages), but reduced the percentage of CD19 (B-cell marker) cell surface markers in α-phellandrene-treated groups, compared to untreated groups. α-Phellandrene promoted the phagocytosis of macrophages from blood samples at 5 and 25 mg/kg treatment and promoted natural killer cell activity from splenocytes at 25 mg/kg. Furthermore, α-phellandrene increased B-cell proliferation at 25 mg/kg with or without stimulation but promoted cell proliferation only at 25 mg/kg treatment with stimulation. Based on these observations, 25 mg/kg with α-phellandrene seems to have promoted immune responses in this murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Jyh Lin
- China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan. Tel: +886 422053366 ext. 2161,
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