2201
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenicity of anti-human factor (F) VIII monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was tested in a murine bleeding model. METHODS MAbs were injected into the tail veins of hemophilia A mice to a peak plasma concentration of 60 nm, followed by injection of human B domain-deleted FVIII at 180 U kg(-1), producing peak plasma concentrations of approximately 2 nm. At 2 h, blood loss following a 4-mm tail snip was measured. The following MAbs were tested: (i) 4A4, a type I anti-A2 FVIII inhibitor, (ii) I54 and 1B5, classical type I anti-C2 inhibitors, (iii) 2-77 and B45, non-classical type II anti-C2 inhibitors, and (iv) 2-117, a non-classical anti-C2 MAb with inhibitory activity less than 0.4 Bethesda Units per mg IgG. RESULTS All MAbs except 2-117 produced similar amounts of blood loss that were significantly greater than control mice injected with FVIII alone. Increasing the dose of FVIII to 360 U kg(-1) overcame the bleeding diathesis produced by the type II MAbs 2-77 and B45, but not the type I antibodies, 4A4, I54, and 1B5. These results were consistent with the in vitro Bethesda assay in which 4A4 completely inhibited both 1 U mL(-1) and 3 U mL(-1) FVIII, while there was 40% residual activity at saturating concentrations of 2-77 at either concentration of FVIII. CONCLUSIONS For patients with an inhibitor response dominated by non-classical anti-C2 antibodies both the in vivo and in vitro results suggest that treatment with high-dose FVIII rather than bypassing agents may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Meeks
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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2202
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Balendiran GK, Martin HJ, El-Hawari Y, Maser E. Cancer biomarker AKR1B10 and carbonyl metabolism. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 178:134-7. [PMID: 19028477 PMCID: PMC6193474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) protein superfamily, AKR1B10, is overexpressed in human liver cancers as well as in many adenocarcinoma cases due to smoking. AKR1B10 is also detected in instances of cervical and endometrial cancer in uterine cancer patients. In addition, AKR1B10 has been identified as a biomarker for non-small-cell lung cancer by a combined bioinformatics and clinical analysis. Furthermore, in breast cancer cells, fatty acid biosynthesis is regulated by AKR1B10. AKR1B10 contains 316 residues, shares 70% sequence identity with aldose reductase (AKR1B1) and has the conserved Cys residue at position 299. Carbonyl groups in some anticancer drugs and dl-glyceraldehyde are converted by AKR1B10 to their corresponding alcohols. The anticancer drug daunorubicin, which is currently used in the clinical treatment of various forms of cancer, is converted by AKR1B10 to daunorubicinol with a K(m) and k(cat) of 1.1+/-0.18 mM and 1.4+/-0.16 min(-1), respectively. This carbonyl reducing activity of AKR1B10 decreases the anticancer effectiveness of daunorubicin. Similarly, kinetic parameters K(m) and k(cat) (NADPH, DL-glyceraldehyde) for the reduction of dl-glyceraldehyde by wild-type AKR1B10 are 2.2+/-0.2 mM and 0.71+/-0.05 sec(-1), respectively. Mutation of residue 299 from Cys to Ser in AKR1B10 reduces the protein affinity for dl-glyceraldehyde and enhances AKR1B10's catalytic activity but overall catalytic efficiency is reduced. For dl-glyceraldehyde reduction that is catalyzed by the Cys299Ser mutant AKR1B10, K(m) is 15.8+/-1.0mM and k(cat) (NADPH, DL-glyceraldehyde) is 2.8+/-0.2 sec(-1). This implies that the substrate specificity of AKR1B10 is drastically affected by mutation of residue 299 from Cys to Ser. In the present paper, we use this mutation in AKR1B10 to characterize a library of compounds regarding their different inhibitory potency on the carbonyl reducing activity of wild-type and the Cys299Ser mutant AKR1B10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesaratnam K Balendiran
- Department of Chemistry, Ward Beecher Science Hall, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown State University, OH 44555, USA.
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2203
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Guo YW, Jiang HL, Shen X. A sesquiterpene quinone, dysidine, from the sponge Dysidea villosa, activates the insulin pathway through inhibition of PTPases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:333-45. [PMID: 19262557 PMCID: PMC4002405 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The sesquiterpene hydroquinones/quinones belong to one class of marine sponge metabolites, and they have received considerable attention due to their varied biological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-HIV, and anti-inflammatory action. In order to probe the potential anti-diabetic effect of the sesquiterpene hydroquinones/quinones, the effect of dysidine on the insulin pathway was studied. METHODS The promotion of glucose uptake by dysidine was studied in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. The increase in membrane-located GLUT4 by dysidine was studied in CHO-K1/GLUT4 and 3T3-L1 cells by immuno-staining. The activation of the insulin signaling pathway by dysidine was probed by Western blotting. The inhibition of PTPases by dysidine was detected in vitro. RESULTS Dysidine, found in the Hainan sponge Dysidea villosa in the Chinese South Sea, effectively activated the insulin signaling pathway, greatly promoted glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells, and showed strong insulin-sensitizing activities. The potential targets of action for dysidine were probed, and the results indicated that dysidine exhibited its cellular effects through activation of the insulin pathway, possibly through the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases, with more specific inhibition against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). CONCLUSION Our findings are expected to expand understanding of the biological activities of sesquiterpene hydroquinones/quinones, and they show that dysidine could be a potential lead compound in the development of an alternative adjuvant in insulin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Centre, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China
| | - Yan Li
- Drug Discovery and Design Centre, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China
| | - Yue-wei Guo
- Drug Discovery and Design Centre, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China
| | - Hua-liang Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Centre, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Drug Discovery and Design Centre, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China
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2204
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Kayser-Bricker KJ, Glenn MP, Lee SH, Sebti SM, Cheng JQ, Hamilton AD. Non-peptidic substrate-mimetic inhibitors of Akt as potential anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1764-71. [PMID: 19179081 PMCID: PMC4037933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Akt has emerged as a critical target for the development of anti-cancer therapies. It has been found to be amplified, overexpressed, or constitutively activated in numerous human malignancies with oncogenesis derived from the simultaneous promotion of cell survival and suppression of apoptosis. A valuable alternative to the more common ATP-mimetic based chemotherapies is a substrate-mimetic approach, which has the potential advantage of inherent specificity of the substrate-binding pocket. In this paper we present the development of high affinity non-peptidic, substrate-mimetic inhibitors based on the minimum GSK3beta substrate sequence. Optimization of initial peptidic leads resulted in the development of several classes of small molecule inhibitors, which have comparable potency to the initial peptidomimetics, while eliminating the remaining amino acid residues. We have identified the first non-peptidic substrate-mimetic lead inhibitors of Akt 29a-b, which have affinities of 17 and 12 microM, respectively. This strategy has potential to provide a useful set of molecular probes to assist in the validation of Akt as a potential target for anti-cancer drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew P. Glenn
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Said M. Sebti
- Drug Discovery Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jin Q. Cheng
- Drug Discovery Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Andrew D. Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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2205
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Gopishetty B, Zhu J, Rajan R, Sobczak AJ, Wnuk SF, Bell CE, Pei D. Probing the catalytic mechanism of S-ribosylhomocysteinase (LuxS) with catalytic intermediates and substrate analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:1243-50. [PMID: 19099445 PMCID: PMC2654206 DOI: 10.1021/ja808206w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
S-Ribosylhomocysteinase (LuxS) cleaves the thioether bond in S-ribosylhomocysteine (SRH) to produce homocysteine (Hcys) and 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione (DPD), the precursor of the type II bacterial quorum sensing molecule (AI-2). The catalytic mechanism of LuxS comprises three distinct reaction steps. The first step involves carbonyl migration from the C1 carbon of ribose to C2 and the formation of a 2-ketone intermediate. The second step shifts the C=O group from the C2 to C3 position to produce a 3-ketone intermediate. In the final step, the 3-ketone intermediate undergoes a beta-elimination reaction resulting in the cleavage of the thioether bond. In this work, the 3-ketone intermediate was chemically synthesized and shown to be chemically and kinetically competent in the LuxS catalytic pathway. Substrate analogues halogenated at the C3 position of ribose were synthesized and reacted as time-dependent inhibitors of LuxS. The time dependence was caused by enzyme-catalyzed elimination of halide ions. Examination of the kinetics of halide release and decay of the 3-ketone intermediate catalyzed by wild-type and mutant LuxS enzymes revealed that Cys-84 is the general base responsible for proton abstraction in the three reaction steps, whereas Glu-57 likely facilitates substrate binding and proton transfer during catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dehua Pei
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: (614) 688-4068; Fax: (614) 292-1532; E-mail:
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2206
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Crowley PJ, Berry EA, Cromartie T, Daldal F, Godfrey CRA, Lee DW, Phillips JE, Taylor A, Viner R. The role of molecular modeling in the design of analogues of the fungicidal natural products crocacins A and D. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:10345-55. [PMID: 18996700 PMCID: PMC2784635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extensive molecular modeling based on crystallographic data was used to aid the design of synthetic analogues of the fungicidal naturally occurring respiration inhibitors crocacins A and D, and an inhibitor binding model to the mammalian cytochrome bc(1) complex was constructed. Simplified analogues were made which showed high activity in a mitochondrial beef heart respiration assay, and which were also active against certain plant pathogens in glasshouse tests. A crystal structure was obtained of an analogue of crocacin D bound to the chicken heart cytochrome bc(1) complex, which validated the binding model and which confirmed that the crocacins are a new class of inhibitor of the cytochrome bc(1) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Crowley
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG426EY, UK.
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2207
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Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are a relatively new class of chemotherapy agents. Herein, we report a click-chemistry based approach to the synthesis of HDACi. Fourteen agents were synthesized from the combination of two alkyne and seven azido precursors. The inhibition of HDAC1 and HDAC8 was then determined by in vitro enzymatic assays, after which the cytotoxicity was evaluated in the NCI human cancer cell line screen. A lead compound 5 g (NSC746457) was discovered that inhibited HDAC1 at an IC(50) value of 104 +/- 30 nM and proved quite potent in the cancer cell line screen with GI(50) values ranging from 3.92 microM to 10 nM. Thus, this click HDACi design has provided a new chemical scaffold that has not only revealed a lead compound, but one which is easily amendable to further structural modifications given the modular nature of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peng George Wang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (+1) 614-292-9884. Fax: (+1) 614-688-3106.
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2208
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight the promise of parasite proteases as targets for development of new antiparasitic chemotherapy. Proteolytic enzymes play key roles in the life cycle of protozoan parasites or the pathogenesis of diseases they produce. These roles include processing of host or parasite surface proteins for invasion of host cells, digestion of host proteins for nutrition, and inactivation of host immune defense mediators. RECENT FINDINGS Drug development for other markets has shown that proteases are druggable targets, and protease inhibitors are now licensed or in clinical development to treat hypertension, diabetes, thrombosis, osteoporosis, infectious diseases, and cancer. Several protease targets have been validated by genetic or chemical knockout in protozoan parasites. Many other parasite proteases appear promising as targets, but require more work for validation, or to identify viable drug leads. Because homologous proteases function as key enzymes in several parasites, targeting these proteases may allow development of a single compound, or a set of similar compounds, that target multiple diseases including malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, and amebiasis. SUMMARY Proteases have been validated as targets in a number of parasitic infections. Proteases are druggable targets as evidenced by effective antiprotease drugs for the treatment of many human diseases including hypertension and AIDS. Future drug development targeting parasite proteases will be aided by the strong foundation of biochemical, structural, and computational databases already published or available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H McKerrow
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158-2330, USA.
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2209
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Ogura K, Shiga T, Yokochi M, Yuzawa S, Burke TR, Inagaki F. Solution structure of the Grb2 SH2 domain complexed with a high-affinity inhibitor. J Biomol NMR 2008; 42:197-207. [PMID: 18830565 PMCID: PMC3719385 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-008-9272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The solution structure of the growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) SH2 domain complexed with a high-affinity inhibitor containing a non-phosphorus phosphate mimetic within a macrocyclic platform was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Unambiguous assignments of the bound inhibitor and intermolecular NOEs between the Grb2 SH2 domain and the inhibitor was accomplished using perdeuterated Grb2 SH2 protein. The well-defined solution structure of the complex was obtained and compared to those by X-ray crystallography. Since the crystal structure of the Grb2 SH2 domain formed a domain-swapped dimer and several inhibitors were bound to a hinge region, there were appreciable differences between the solution and crystal structures. Based on the binding interactions between the inhibitor and the Grb2 SH2 domain in solution, we proposed a design of second-generation inhibitors that could be expected to have higher affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ogura
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12 W6, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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2210
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Magrioti V, Naxakis G, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Makriyannis A, Kokotos G. A novel monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5424-7. [PMID: 18819796 PMCID: PMC3712614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A variety of long chain 1,2-diamines and related compounds were synthesized and tested for their activity on fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacyglycerol lipase (MGL). (2S,9Z)-Octadec-9-ene-1,2-diamine selectively inhibits MGL (K(i) 21.8 microM) without significantly affecting FAAH. This compound exhibited interesting in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting that selective inhibitors of MGL may be valuable novel agents for the treatment of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 116 Mugar Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George Naxakis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | | | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 116 Mugar Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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2211
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Ghosh AK, Gong G, Grum-Tokars V, Mulhearn DC, Baker SC, Coughlin M, Prabhakar BS, Sleeman K, Johnson ME, Mesecar AD. Design, synthesis and antiviral efficacy of a series of potent chloropyridyl ester-derived SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5684-8. [PMID: 18796354 PMCID: PMC2745596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of 5-chloropyridine ester-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitors is described. Position of the carboxylate functionality is critical to potency. Inhibitor 10 with a 5-chloropyridinyl ester at position 4 of the indole ring is the most potent inhibitor with a SARS-CoV 3CLpro IC(50) value of 30 nM and an antiviral EC(50) value of 6.9 microM. Molecular docking studies have provided possible binding modes of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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2212
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Winner M, Meier J, Zierow S, Rendon BE, Chrichlow G, Riggs R, Bucala R, Leng L, Smith N, Lolis E, Trent JO, Mitchell RA. A novel, macrophage migration inhibitory factor suicide substrate inhibits motility and growth of lung cancer cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7253-7. [PMID: 18794110 PMCID: PMC2726006 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although chemokine and growth factor receptors are attractive and popular targets for cancer therapeutic intervention, structure-based targeting of the ligands themselves is generally not considered practical. New evidence indicates that a notable exception to this is macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). MIF, an autocrine- and paracrine-acting cytokine/growth factor, plays a pivotal role in both the initiation and maintenance of neoplastic diseases. MIF possesses a nonphysiologic enzymatic activity that is evolutionarily well-conserved. Although small molecule antagonists of MIFs enzymatic active site have been reported to inhibit biological activities of MIF, universally high IC(50)s have limited their clinical appeal. Using a computational virtual screening strategy, we have identified a unique small molecule inhibitor that serves as a suicide substrate for MIF, resulting in the covalent modification of the catalytically active NH(2)-terminal proline. Our studies further reveal that this compound, 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine (4-IPP), is approximately 5x to 10x times more potent in blocking MIF-dependent catalysis and lung adenocarcinoma cell migration and anchorage-independent growth than the prototypical MIF inhibitor, ISO-1. Finally, using an in silico combinatorial optimization strategy, we have identified four unique congeners of 4-IPP that exhibit MIF inhibitory activity at concentrations 10x to 20x lower than that of parental 4-IPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent Winner
- Molecular Targets Program, JG Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Jason Meier
- Structural Biology Program, JG Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Swen Zierow
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Beatriz E. Rendon
- Molecular Targets Program, JG Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Gregg Chrichlow
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | | | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Ned Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Elias Lolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - John O. Trent
- Structural Biology Program, JG Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Robert A. Mitchell
- Molecular Targets Program, JG Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202,correspondence at:, University of Louisville, Delia Baxter Research Bldg., Suite 204B, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY, Tel: (502) 852-7698, Fax: (502) 852-5679,
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2213
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease and notoriously difficult to treat. Only a small proportion is curative by surgical resection, whilst standard chemotherapy for patients with advanced disease has only modest effect with substantial toxicity. Clearly there is a need for the continual development of novel therapeutic agents to improve the current situation. Improvement of our understanding of the disease has generated a large number of studies on biological approaches targeting the molecular abnormalities of pancreatic cancer, including gene therapy and signal transduction inhibition, antiangiogenic and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, oncolytic viral therapy and immunotherapy. This article provides a review of these approaches, both investigated in the laboratories and in subsequent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hsi Wong
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.
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2214
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Kuo CJ, Shie JJ, Fang JM, Yen GR, Hsu JTA, Liu HG, Tseng SN, Chang SC, Lee CY, Shih SR, Liang PH. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 3C protease inhibitors as anti-enterovirus 71 agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7388-98. [PMID: 18583140 PMCID: PMC7125518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus (EV) belongs to the picornavirus family, which consists of over 200 medically relevant viruses. A peptidomimetic inhibitor AG7088 was developed to inhibit the 3C protease of rhinovirus (a member of the family), a chymotrypsin-like protease required for viral replication, by forming a covalent bond with the active site Cys residue. In this study, we have prepared the recombinant 3C protease from EV71 (TW/2231/98), a particular strain which causes severe outbreaks in Asia, and developed inhibitors against the protease and the viral replication. For inhibitor design, the P3 group of AG7088, which is not interacting with the rhinovirus protease, was replaced with a series of cinnamoyl derivatives directly linked to P2 group through an amide bond to simplify the synthesis. While the replacement caused decreased potency, the activity can be largely improved by substituting the alpha,beta-unsaturated ester with an aldehyde at the P1' position. The best inhibitor 10b showed EC(50) of 18 nM without apparent toxicity (CC(50)>25 microM). Our study provides potent inhibitors of the EV71 3C protease as anti-EV71 agents and facilitates the combinatorial synthesis of derivatives for further improving the inhibitory activity.
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Key Words
- ev, enterovirus
- rv, rhinovirus
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- ninta, nickel nitrilo-tri-acetic acid
- dabcyl, 4-(4-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid
- edans, 5-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid
- boc, tert-butyloxycarbonyl
- cbz, benzyloxycarbonyl
- mes, 2-n-morpholono-ethanesulfonic acid
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- protease
- picornaviridae
- inhibitor
- enterovirus
- computer modeling
- fluorogenic substrate
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jung Kuo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Jie Shie
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Rung Yen
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Chu-Nan, Taiwan
| | - John T.-A. Hsu
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Chu-Nan, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hun-Ge Liu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Nain Tseng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Cheng Chang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yin Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Liang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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2215
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Patsenker E, Popov Y, Stickel F, Jonczyk A, Goodman SL, Schuppan D. Inhibition of integrin alphavbeta6 on cholangiocytes blocks transforming growth factor-beta activation and retards biliary fibrosis progression. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:660-70. [PMID: 18538673 PMCID: PMC3505071 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Integrin alphavbeta6 is highly expressed on certain activated epithelia, where it mediates attachment to fibronectin and serves as coreceptor for the activation of latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. Because its role in liver fibrosis is unknown, we studied alphavbeta6 function in vitro and explored the antifibrotic potential of the specific alphavbeta6 antagonist EMD527040. METHODS Experimental liver fibrosis was studied in rats after bile duct ligation (BDL) and in Mdr2(abcb4)(-/-) mice. Different doses of EMD527040 were given to rats from week 2 to 6 after BDL and to Mdr2(-/-) mice from week 4 to 8. Liver collagen was quantified, and expression of alphavbeta6 and fibrosis-related transcripts was determined by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. alphavbeta6-expressing cells, bile duct proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed histologically. The effect of EMD527040 on cholangiocyte adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis, and TGF-beta1 activation was studied in vitro. RESULTS alphavbeta6 was highly expressed on proliferating bile duct epithelia in fibrosis, with 100-fold increased transcript levels in advanced fibrosis. EMD527040 attenuated bile ductular proliferation and peribiliary collagen deposition by 40%-50%, induced down-regulation of fibrogenic and up-regulation of fibrolytic genes, and improved liver architecture and function. In vitro alphavbeta6 inhibition reduced activated cholangiocyte proliferation, their adhesion to fibronectin, and endogenous activation of TGF-beta1 by 50% but did not affect bile duct apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Integrin alphavbeta6 is strongly up-regulated in proliferating bile duct epithelia and drives fibrogenesis via adhesion to fibronectin and auto/paracrine TGF-beta1 activation. Pharmacologic inhibition of alphavbeta6 potently inhibits the progression of primary and secondary biliary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Patsenker
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2216
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Abstract
Cirrhosis is defined as the histological development of regenerative nodules surrounded by fibrous bands in response to chronic liver injury, which leads to portal hypertension and end-stage liver disease. Recent advances in the understanding of the natural history and pathophysiology of cirrhosis, and in treatment of its complications, have resulted in improved management, quality of life, and life expectancy of patients. Liver transplantation remains the only curative option for a selected group of patients, but pharmacological treatments that can halt progression to decompensated cirrhosis or even reverse cirrhosis are currently being developed. This Seminar focuses on the diagnosis, complications, and management of cirrhosis, and new clinical and scientific developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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2217
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dos Reis FC, Smith BO, Santos CC, Costa TF, Scharfstein J, Coombs GH, Mottram JC, Lima APC. The role of conserved residues of chagasin in the inhibition of cysteine peptidases. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:485-90. [PMID: 18201565 PMCID: PMC2607524 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the roles of key amino acids to the action of the natural inhibitor chagasin of papain-family cysteine peptidases. A W93A substitution decreased inhibitor affinity for human cathepsin L 100-fold, while substitutions of T31 resulted in 10-100-fold increases in the K(i) for cruzipain of Trypanosoma cruzi. A T31A/T32A double mutant had increased affinity for cathepsin L but not for cruzipain, while the T31-T32 deletion drastically affected inhibition of both human and parasite peptidases. These differential effects reflect the occurrence of direct interactions between chagasin and helix 8 of cathepsin L, interactions that do not occur with cruzipain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia C.G. dos Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco G, C.C.S., Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 RJ, Brazil
| | - Brian O. Smith
- Divisions of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Camila C. Santos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco G, C.C.S., Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 RJ, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Life Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Tatiana, F.R. Costa
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco G, C.C.S., Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 RJ, Brazil
| | - Julio Scharfstein
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco G, C.C.S., Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 RJ, Brazil
| | - Graham H. Coombs
- Institute of Biomedical Life Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- Institute of Biomedical Life Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ana Paula C.A. Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco G, C.C.S., Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 RJ, Brazil
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2218
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Wheelock CE, Nishi K, Ying A, Jones PD, Colvin ME, Olmstead MM, Hammock BD. Influence of sulfur oxidation state and steric bulk upon trifluoromethyl ketone (TFK) binding kinetics to carboxylesterases and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:2114-30. [PMID: 18023188 PMCID: PMC2720161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases metabolize numerous exogenous and endogenous ester-containing compounds including the chemotherapeutic agent CPT-11, anti-influenza viral agent oseltamivir, and many agrochemicals. Trifluoromethyl ketone (TFK)-containing compounds with a sulfur atom beta to the ketone moiety are some of the most potent carboxylesterase and amidase inhibitors identified to date. This study examined the effects of alkyl chain length (i.e., steric effects) and sulfur oxidation state upon TFK inhibitor potency (IC50) and binding kinetics (k(i)). The selective carboxylesterase inhibitor benzil was used as a non-TFK containing control. These effects were examined using two commercial esterases (porcine and rabbit liver esterase) and two human recombinant esterases (hCE-1 and hCE-2) as well as human recombinant fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). In addition, the inhibition mechanism was examined using a combination of 1H NMR, X-ray crystallography, and ab initio calculations. Overall, the data show that while sulfur oxidation state profoundly affects both inhibitor potency and binding kinetics, the steric effects dominate and override the contributions of sulfur oxidation. In addition, the data suggest that inclusion of a sulfur atom beta to the ketone contributes an increase (approximately 5-fold) in inhibitor potency due to effects upon ketone hydration and/or intramolecular hydrogen bond formation. These results provide further information on the nature of the TFK binding interaction and will be useful in increasing our understanding of this basic biochemical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E. Wheelock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles väg 2 SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kosuke Nishi
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Andy Ying
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Paul D. Jones
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Michael E. Colvin
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95344
| | | | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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2219
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Abstract
Using a pyrrole-based scaffold, we developed a series of small molecules that mimic the three-dimensional arrangement of the polar and hydrophobic functional groups of the best cyclic-peptide inhibitor. Iterative optimization cycles of design, synthesis and kinetic testing has lead to an effective inhibitor of Wip1, that is selective for this phosphatase over others. The picture shows the structure of the best inhibitor bound to the active site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Bang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NCI Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | - Ettore Appella
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NCI Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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2220
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Vilsbøll T. Initial combination therapy with sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, and metformin for patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2008; 3:13-19. [PMID: 30743780 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.3.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The two incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide potentiate nutrient-dependent insulin secretion following meal ingestion. Metabolic control can be improved markedly by administration of exogenous GLP-1, but the native peptide is almost immediately degraded by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 and, therefore, has little clinical value. Oral formulations that inhibit DPP-4, thereby prolonging the duration of endogenous incretin action, have, therefore, been developed. Sitagliptin, a once-daily, orally active, competitive and fully reversible inhibitor of DPP-4, was, as first in its class, introduced to the market as Januvia™. Recently, the US FDA approved initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin (Janumet™) in order to help more patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus get closer to accepted glycemic control targets, as recommended by standard guidelines. This article reviews initial treatment with Janumet as an alternative to monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Vilsbøll
- a Department of Internal Medicine F, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Niels Andersens Vej 65, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
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2221
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Melstrom PC, Williams PL. Measuring Movement to Determine Physiological Roles of Acetylcholinesterase Classes in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Nematol 2007; 39:317-320. [PMID: 19259505 PMCID: PMC2586513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A difference in movement has been hypothesized to exist between Caenorhabditis elegans strains lacking one of two main genes for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), ace-1(+) and ace-2(+). We explored the precision of movement as an endpoint by measuring and comparing the movements of these strains (VC505 and GG202, respectively) and of N2 (wild-type). The order of movement of the strains is: N2 > VC505 > GG202; therefore, loss of the ace-2(+) gene is more detrimental to movement. We then compared the sensitivities of the three strains to an AChE inhibitor (propoxur) by generating movement-concentration curves, identifying effective concentrations that decreased movement by 50% (EC(50)), and comparing them. EC(50) show an order of: N2 approximately GG202 < VC505. Therefore, the enzymes encoded by ace-1(+) were more susceptible to propoxur than those of ace-2(+), suggesting that the innate difference in the AChE classes' contributions to movement will not always determine the strain sensitivity. Measuring movement was sufficiently precise to record differences following genetic manipulation and further chemical exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Melstrom
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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2222
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Ghosh AK, Xi K, Grum-Tokars V, Xu X, Ratia K, Fu W, Houser KV, Baker SC, Johnson ME, Mesecar AD. Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of peptidomimetic SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5876-80. [PMID: 17855091 PMCID: PMC2112940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of peptidomimetic severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitors are described. These inhibitors were designed and synthesized based upon our X-ray crystal structure of inhibitor 1 bound to SARS-CoV 3CLpro. Incorporation of Boc-Ser as the P(4)-ligand resulted in enhanced SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitory activity. Structural analysis of the inhibitor-bound X-ray structure revealed high binding affinity toward the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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2223
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Vermeulen A, Robertson B, Dalby AB, Marshall WS, Karpilow J, Leake D, Khvorova A, Baskerville S. Double-stranded regions are essential design components of potent inhibitors of RISC function. RNA 2007; 13:723-30. [PMID: 17400817 PMCID: PMC1852807 DOI: 10.1261/rna.448107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
While microRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized as playing a critical role in regulating eukaryotic gene expression, both the mechanism by which these small, noncoding RNAs function and the genes they target remain elusive. Previous studies have shown that short, single-stranded 2'-O-methyl-modified oligonucleotides that are complementary to mature microRNA sequences can interact with the miRNA-RISC nucleoprotein complex and weakly inhibit miRNA function. Here we report the identification of secondary structural elements that enhance the potency of these molecules. Incorporation of highly structured, double-stranded flanking regions around the reverse complement core significantly increases inhibitor function and allows for multi-miRNA inhibition at subnanomolar concentrations. The improved functionality of these double-stranded miRNA inhibitors may provide insights into the miRNA mechanism by suggesting the possible importance of such structures in or near endogenous miRNA target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaleen Vermeulen
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dharmacon Products, Lafayette, Colorado 80026, USA.
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2224
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Inceoglu B, Schmelzer KR, Morisseau C, Jinks SL, Hammock BD. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition reveals novel biological functions of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2007; 82:42-9. [PMID: 17164131 PMCID: PMC1904338 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Early on, intriguing biological activities were found associated with the EETs using in vitro systems. Although the EETs other than the 5,6-isomer, are quite stable chemically, they are quickly degraded enzymatically with the sEH accounting in many cases for much of the metabolism. This rapid degradation often made it difficult to associate biological effects with the administration of EETs and other lipid epoxides particularly in vivo. Thus, it is the power to inhibit the sEH that has facilitated the demonstration of many physiological processes associated with EETs and possibly other epoxy fatty acids. In the last few years it has become clear that major roles of the EETs include modulation of blood pressure and modulation of inflammatory cascades. There are a number of other physiological functions now associated with the EETs including angiogenesis, neurohormone release, cell proliferation, G protein signaling, modulation of ion channel activity, and a variety of effects associated with modulation of NFkappaB. More recently we observed a role of the EETs as modulated by sEHI in reducing non-neuropathic pain. The array of biological effects observed with sEHI illustrates the power of modulating the degradation of chemical mediators in addition to the modulation of their biosynthesis, receptor binding and signal transduction. Many of these biological effects can be modulated by sEHIs but also by the natural eicosanoids and their mimics all of which offer therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Inceoglu
- Department of Entomology and the UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Kara R. Schmelzer
- Department of Entomology and the UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and the UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Steve L. Jinks
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and the UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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2225
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Ramjee MK, Flinn NS, Pemberton TP, Quibell M, Wang Y, Watts JP. Substrate mapping and inhibitor profiling of falcipain-2, falcipain-3 and berghepain-2: implications for peptidase anti-malarial drug discovery. Biochem J 2006; 399:47-57. [PMID: 16776649 PMCID: PMC1570174 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum cysteine peptidases FP-2 (falcipain-2) and FP-3 (falcipain-3), members of the papain-like CAC1 family, are essential haemoglobinases and are therefore potential anti-malarial drug targets. To facilitate a rational drug discovery programme, in the current study we analysed the synthetic substrate and model inhibitor profiles of FP-2 and FP-3 as well as BP-2 (berghepain-2), an orthologue from the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei. With respect to substrate catalysis, FP-2 exhibited a promiscuous substrate profile based around a consensus non-primeside motif, FP-3 was somewhat more restricted and BP-2 was comparatively specific. Substrate turnover for FP-2 was driven by a basic or acidic P1 residue, whereas for FP-3 turnover occurred predominately through a basic P1 residue only, and for BP-2, turnover was again mainly through a basic P1 residue for some motifs and surprisingly a glycine in the P1 position for other motifs. Within these P1 binding elements, additional recognition motifs were observed with subtle nuances that switched substrate turnover on or off through specific synergistic combinations. The peptidases were also profiled against reversible and irreversible cysteine peptidase inhibitors. The results re-iterated the contrasting kinetic behaviour of each peptidase as observed through the substrate screens. The results showed that the substrate and inhibitor preferences of BP-2 were markedly different from those of FP-2 and FP-3. When FP-2 and FP-3 were compared to each other they also displayed similarities and some significant differences. In conclusion, the in vitro data highlights the current difficulties faced by a peptidase directed anti-malarial medicinal chemistry programme where compounds need to be identified with potent activity against at least three peptidases, each of which displays distinct biochemical traits.
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Key Words
- cysteine protease
- inhibitor
- malaria
- mapping
- substrate
- abz, 2-amino benzoic acid
- amc, 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin
- bp, berghepain
- dtt, dithiothreitol
- fmoc/tbu, fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl/t-butyl
- fp, falcipain
- fret, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- hbtu, 2-(1h-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
- hobt, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
- nle, norleucine
- nmm, n-methylmorpholine
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Ramjee
- Amura Therapeutics Limited, Horizon Park, Barton Road, Comberton, CB3 7AJ, UK.
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2226
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Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 is the most promiscuous of the human CYP enzymes and contributes to the metabolism of approximately 50% of marketed drugs. It is also the isoform most often involved in unwanted drug-drug interactions. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing CYP3A4-ligand interaction therefore would be of great importance to any drug discovery effort. Here, we present crystal structures of human CYP3A4 in complex with two well characterized drugs: ketoconazole and erythromycin. In contrast to previous reports, the protein undergoes dramatic conformational changes upon ligand binding with an increase in the active site volume by >80%. The structures represent two distinct open conformations of CYP3A4 because ketoconazole and erythromycin induce different types of coordinate shifts. The binding of two molecules of ketoconazole to the CYP3A4 active site and the clear indication of multiple binding modes for erythromycin has implications for the interpretation of the atypical kinetic data often displayed by CYP3A4. The extreme flexibility revealed by the present structures also challenges any attempt to apply computational design tools without the support of relevant experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tove Sjögren
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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2227
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Abstract
Hemophilia is a congenital disorder due to the deficiency of the activity of factor VIII (classical hemophilia A) or IX (Christmas disease or hemophilia B). Bleeding is common and may result in long-term complications or even death. Bleeding may be treated or prevented by infusion of factor concentrates however these drugs are not without risk. Clinicians often feel ill prepared to provide accurate and impartial information regarding these drugs. This review will provide the reader with an historical yet up to date perspective on blood safety as it relates to the choice of concentrates to treat hemophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Valentino
- RUSH Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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2228
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Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE, Seyed Sadr M, Jabado N, Angers-Loustau A, Agar NYR, Wu J, Bjerkvig R, Antel JP, Faury D, Rao Y, Del Maestro RF. Inhibition of medulloblastoma cell invasion by Slit. Oncogene 2006; 25:5103-12. [PMID: 16636676 PMCID: PMC2072874 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of brain tumor cells has made primary malignant brain neoplasms among the most recalcitrant to therapeutic strategies. We tested whether the secreted protein Slit2, which guides the projection of axons and developing neurons, could modulate brain tumor cell invasion. Slit2 inhibited the invasion of medulloblastoma cells in a variety of in vitro models. The effect of Slit2 was inhibited by the Robo ectodomain. Time-lapse videomicroscopy indicated that Slit2 reduced medulloblastoma invasion rate without affecting cell direction or proliferation. Both medulloblastoma and glioma tumors express Robo1 and Slit2, but only medulloblastoma invasion is inhibited by recombinant Slit2 protein. Downregulation of activated Cdc42 may contribute to this differential response. Our findings reinforce the concept that neurodevelopmental cues such as Slit2 may provide insights into brain tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Werbowetski-Ogilvie
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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2229
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Wang SX, Pandey KC, Somoza JR, Sijwali PS, Kortemme T, Brinen LS, Fletterick RJ, Rosenthal PJ, McKerrow JH. Structural basis for unique mechanisms of folding and hemoglobin binding by a malarial protease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11503-8. [PMID: 16864794 PMCID: PMC1544199 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600489103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Falcipain-2 (FP2), the major cysteine protease of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is a hemoglobinase and promising drug target. Here we report the crystal structure of FP2 in complex with a protease inhibitor, cystatin. The FP2 structure reveals two previously undescribed cysteine protease structural motifs, designated FP2(nose) and FP2(arm), in addition to details of the active site that will help focus inhibitor design. Unlike most cysteine proteases, FP2 does not require a prodomain but only the short FP2(nose) motif to correctly fold and gain catalytic activity. Our structure and mutagenesis data suggest a molecular basis for this unique mechanism by highlighting the functional role of two Tyr within FP2(nose) and a conserved Glu outside this motif. The FP2(arm) motif is required for hemoglobinase activity. The structure reveals topographic features and a negative charge cluster surrounding FP2(arm) that suggest it may serve as an exo-site for hemoglobin binding. Motifs similar to FP2(nose) and FP2(arm) are found only in related plasmodial proteases, suggesting that they confer malaria-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie X. Wang
- *Department of Pathology and the Sandler Center, Box 2550, Byers Hall N508, and
| | - Kailash C. Pandey
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, Box 0811, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - John R. Somoza
- Celera Genomics, 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Puran S. Sijwali
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, Box 0811, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Tanja Kortemme
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, and Departments of
| | | | - Robert J. Fletterick
- Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, Box 0811, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - James H. McKerrow
- *Department of Pathology and the Sandler Center, Box 2550, Byers Hall N508, and
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, and Departments of
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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2230
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Glass JR, Dickerson JC, Schultz DA. Enzyme-mediated individual nanoparticle release assay. Anal Biochem 2006; 353:209-16. [PMID: 16620746 PMCID: PMC1855152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous methods have been developed to measure the presence of macromolecular species in a sample; however, the number of methods that detect functional activity or modulators of that activity is more limited. To address this limitation, an approach was developed that uses the optical detection of nanoparticles as a measure of enzyme activity. Nanoparticles are increasingly being used as biological labels in static binding assays; here, we describe their use in a release assay format, where the enzyme-mediated liberation of individual nanoparticles from a surface is measured. A double-stranded fragment of DNA is used as the initial tether to bind the nanoparticles to a solid surface. The nanoparticle spatial distribution and number are determined using dark-field optical microscopy and digital image capture. Site-specific cleavage of the DNA tether results in nanoparticle release. The methodology and validation of this approach for measuring enzyme-mediated, individual DNA cleavage events, rapidly, with high specificity, and in real-time are described. This approach was used to detect and discriminate between nonmethylated and methylated DNA, and demonstrates a novel platform for high-throughput screening of modulators of enzyme activity.
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2231
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Fletcher S, Hamilton AD. Targeting protein-protein interactions by rational design: mimicry of protein surfaces. J R Soc Interface 2006; 3:215-33. [PMID: 16849232 PMCID: PMC1578744 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2006.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play key roles in a range of biological processes, and are therefore important targets for the design of novel therapeutics. Unlike in the design of enzyme active site inhibitors, the disruption of protein-protein interactions is far more challenging, due to such factors as the large interfacial areas involved and the relatively flat and featureless topologies of these surfaces. Nevertheless, in spite of such challenges, there has been considerable progress in recent years. In this review, we discuss this progress in the context of mimicry of protein surfaces: targeting protein-protein interactions by rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale UniversityPO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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2232
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Wogulis M, Wheelock CE, Kamita SG, Hinton AC, Whetstone PA, Hammock BD, Wilson DK. Structural studies of a potent insect maturation inhibitor bound to the juvenile hormone esterase of Manduca sexta. Biochemistry 2006; 45:4045-57. [PMID: 16566578 PMCID: PMC4275126 DOI: 10.1021/bi0521644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) is an insect hormone containing an alpha,beta-unsaturated ester consisting of a small alcohol and long, hydrophobic acid. JH degradation is required for proper insect development. One pathway of this degradation is through juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), which cleaves the JH ester bond to produce methanol and JH acid. JHE is a member of the functionally divergent alpha/beta-hydrolase family of enzymes and is a highly efficient enzyme that cleaves JH at very low in vivo concentrations. We present here a 2.7 A crystal structure of JHE from the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (MsJHE) in complex with the transition state analogue inhibitor 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP) covalently bound to the active site. This crystal structure, the first JHE structure reported, contains a long, hydrophobic binding pocket with the solvent-inaccessible catalytic triad located at the end. The structure explains many of the interactions observed between JHE and its substrates and inhibitors, such as the preference for small alcohol groups and long hydrophobic backbones. The most potent JHE inhibitors identified to date contain a trifluoromethyl ketone (TFK) moiety and have a sulfur atom beta to the ketone. In this study, sulfur-aromatic interactions were observed between the sulfur atom of OTFP and a conserved aromatic residue in the crystal structure. Mutational analysis supported the hypothesis that these interactions contribute to the potency of sulfur-containing TFK inhibitors. Together, these results clarify the binding mechanism of JHE inhibitors and provide useful observations for the development of additional enzyme inhibitors for a variety of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wogulis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Craig E. Wheelock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, 303, Briggs Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shizuo G. Kamita
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, 303, Briggs Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew C. Hinton
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, 303, Briggs Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Paul A. Whetstone
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, 303, Briggs Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, 303, Briggs Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David K. Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Corresponding Author. E-mail: Phone: (530) 752-1136 Fax: (530) 752-3085
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2233
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YANG JIANLI, ZHANG LEI, LI YAYING, YOU JIANGFENG, WU PING, ZHENG SHAOJIAN. Citrate transporters play a critical role in aluminium-stimulated citrate efflux in rice bean (Vigna umbellata) roots. Ann Bot 2006; 97:579-84. [PMID: 16446286 PMCID: PMC2803670 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aluminium (Al) stimulates the efflux of citrate from apices of rice bean (Vigna umbellata) roots. This response is delayed at least 3 h when roots are exposed to 50 microm Al, indicating that some inducible processes leading to citrate efflux are involved. The physiological bases responsible for the delayed response were examined here. METHODS The effects of several antagonists of anion channels and citrate carriers, and of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHM) on Al-stimulated citrate efflux and/or citrate content were examined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or an enzymatic method. KEY RESULTS Both anion channel inhibitors and citrate carrier inhibitors can inhibit Al-stimulated citrate efflux, with anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A-9-C, an anion channel inhibitor) and phenylisothiocyanate (PI, a citrate carrier inhibitor) the most effective inhibitors. A 6 h pulse of 50 microm Al induced a significant increase of citrate content in root apices and release of citrate. However, the increase in citrate content preceded the efflux. Furthermore, the release of citrate stimulated by the pulse treatment was inhibited by both A-9-C and PI, indicating the importance of the citrate carrier on the mitochondrial membrane and the anion channel on the plasma membrane for the Al-stimulated citrate efflux. CHM (20 microm) also significantly inhibited Al-stimulated citrate efflux, confirming that de novo protein synthesis is required for Al-stimulated citrate efflux. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the activation of genes possibly encoding citrate transporters plays a critical role in Al-stimulated citrate efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- JIAN LI YANG
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China and Key State Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - LEI ZHANG
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China and Key State Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - YA YING LI
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China and Key State Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - JIANG FENG YOU
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China and Key State Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - PING WU
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China and Key State Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - SHAO JIAN ZHENG
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China and Key State Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
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2234
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Li J, Chen J, Gui C, Zhang L, Qin Y, Xu Q, Zhang J, Liu H, Shen X, Jiang H. Discovering novel chemical inhibitors of human cyclophilin A: virtual screening, synthesis, and bioassay. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2209-24. [PMID: 16307882 PMCID: PMC7119052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a member of cyclophilins, a family of the highly homologous peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases), which can bind to cyclosporin A (CsA). CypA plays critical roles in various biological processes, including protein folding, assembly, transportation, regulation of neuron growth, and HIV replication. The discovery of CypA inhibitor is now of a great special interest in the treatment of immunological disorders. In this study, a series of novel small molecular CypA inhibitors have been discovered by using structure-based virtual screening in conjunction with chemical synthesis and bioassay. The SPECS_1 database containing 85,000 small molecular compounds was searched by virtual screening against the crystal structure of human CypA. After SPR-based binding affinity assay, 15 compounds were found to show binding affinities to CypA at submicro-molar or micro-molar level (compounds 1-15). Seven compounds were selected as the starting point for the further structure modification in considering binding activity, synthesis difficulty, and structure similarity. We thus synthesized 40 new small molecular compounds (1-6, 15, 16a-q, 17a-d, and 18a-l), and four of which (compounds 16b, 16h, 16k, and 18g) showed high CypA PPIase inhibition activities with IC50s of 2.5-6.2 microM. Pharmacological assay indicated that these four compounds demonstrated somewhat inhibition activities against the proliferation of spleen cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Drug Discovery and Design Centre, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Centre, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- Drug Discovery and Design Centre, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Han Kou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Han Kou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Han Kou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Centre, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Drug Discovery and Design Centre, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Drug Discovery and Design Centre, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Centre, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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2235
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Martina E, Stiefl N, Degel B, Schulz F, Breuning A, Schiller M, Vicik R, Baumann K, Ziebuhr J, Schirmeister T. Screening of electrophilic compounds yields an aziridinyl peptide as new active-site directed SARS-CoV main protease inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5365-9. [PMID: 16216498 PMCID: PMC7127417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus main protease, M(pro), is considered a major target for drugs suitable to combat coronavirus infections including the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In this study, comprehensive HPLC- and FRET-substrate-based screenings of various electrophilic compounds were performed to identify potential M(pro) inhibitors. The data revealed that the coronaviral main protease is inhibited by aziridine- and oxirane-2-carboxylates. Among the trans-configured aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylates the Gly-Gly-containing peptide 2c was found to be the most potent inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Martina
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Stiefl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Björn Degel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Breuning
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Schiller
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Radim Vicik
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Knut Baumann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - John Ziebuhr
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Versbacher Street 7, D-97078 Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
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2236
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Guo HX, Wang F, Yu KQ, Chen J, Bai DL, Chen KX, Shen X, Jiang HL. Novel cyclophilin D inhibitors derived from quinoxaline exhibit highly inhibitory activity against rat mitochondrial swelling and Ca2+ uptake/ release. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26:1201-11. [PMID: 16174436 PMCID: PMC7091716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate methods for identifying specific cyclophilin D (CypD) inhibitors derived from quinoxaline, thus developing possible lead compounds to inhibit mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore opening. METHODS Kinetic analysis of the CypD/inhibitor interaction was quantitatively performed by using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and fluorescence titration (FT) techniques. IC(50) values of these inhibitors were determined by PPIase inhibition activity assays. RESULTS All the equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of the seven compounds binding to CypD were below 10 mumol/L. The IC(50) values were all consistent with the SPR and FT results. Compounds GW2, 5, 6, and 7 had high inhibition activities against Ca(2+)-dependent rat liver mitochondrial swelling and Ca(2+) uptake/release. Compound GW5 had binding selectivity for CypD over CypA. CONCLUSION The agreement between the measured IC(50) values and the results of SPR and FT suggests that these methods are appropriate and powerful methods for identifying CypD inhibitors. The compounds we screened using these methods (GW1-7) are reasonable CypD inhibitors. Its potent ability to inhibit mitochondrial swelling and the binding selectivity of GW5 indicates that GW5 could potentially be used for inhibiting MPT pore opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-xia Guo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Feng Wang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Kun-qian Yu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Jing Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Dong-lu Bai
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Kai-xian Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Xu Shen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Hua-liang Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
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2237
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Hu K, Clément JF, Abrahamyan L, Strebel K, Bouvier M, Kleiman L, Mouland AJ. A human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease biosensor assay using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer. J Virol Methods 2005; 128:93-103. [PMID: 15951029 PMCID: PMC7112859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive reporter assay to measure human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease (PR) activity is described in this manuscript. This assay measures PR activity as a function of the resonance energy transfer (RET) between a donor molecule [humanized sea pansy Renilla reniformis luciferase (hRLuc)] and an energy acceptor molecule, humanized green fluorescent protein (hGFP2) when expressed in mammalian cells. This is a naturally occurring phenomenon and is an emerging and powerful technology that has significant advantages over alternative in vitro PR assays. The HIV-1 Gag-p2/Gag-p7 (p2/p7) PR site was inserted between hGFP2 and hRLuc. The newly created vector, hRLuc-p2/p7-hGFP2 was co-expressed with an HIV-1 codon-optimized PR+ or PR- Gag/Pol expressor. Expression of the hRLuc-p2/p7-hGFP2 alone or with the PR- Gag-Pol expressor generated a BRET2 indicating that the PR cleavage site was not cleaved, whereas the inclusion of the PR+ Gag-Pol produced a significant reduction in the BRET2. The inclusion of PR inhibitors Saquinavir or Amprenavir, or the expression of a p2/p7 PR substrate mutant also blocked the cleavage to result in a stable BRET2 signal. Because the HIV-1 auxiliary protein Vif has been shown to modulate the HIV-1p2/p7 cleavage, this assay was then validated in studies in which Vif was expressed. When Vif was overexpressed along with hRLuc-p2/p7-hGFP2 and PR+ Gag-Pol, the decrease in BRET2 was abrogated in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating that supraphysiologic levels of Vif block p2/p7 cleavage. An accumulation of a Gag processing intermediate was observed, indicating that p2/p7 cleavage was negatively affected. Overexpression of an RNA-binding-defective Staufen protein or a related dsRNA-binding protein TRBP had no effect on PR cleavage activity as shown by Western and BRET2 analyses. The p2/p7 processing data were confirmed by Western blot analyses. BRET is non-invasive and occurs within live cells, is measured in real time, and is not restricted to cellular compartments making it an especially attractive technology to identify small bioactive inhibitory molecules. This PR BRET2 biosensor assay can be adapted for high throughput screening of new HIV-1 PR inhibitors. It can be employed to screen for antiviral compounds that also target the proteases of other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Hu
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, 3999 Côte-Ste-Catherine Road, Montréal, Qué., Canada H3T 1E2
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2238
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Kumar M, Prashar V, Mahale S, Hosur M. Observation of a tetrahedral reaction intermediate in the HIV-1 protease-substrate complex. Biochem J 2005; 389:365-71. [PMID: 15794743 PMCID: PMC1175113 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 protease is an effective target for the design of drugs against AIDS. To help this process of drug design, three-dimensional structures have been determined of complexes between HIV-1 protease and a variety of transition-state analogue inhibitors. The true transition state, however, has not been structurally characterized. The crystal structure of the C95M/C1095A HIV-1 protease tethered dimer shows a distinctive feature in which the two flaps of the enzyme are in a 'closed conformation' even in the unliganded state. This unique feature has been utilized here to study the structure of HIV-1 protease complexed to an oligopeptide substrate of amino acid sequence His-Lys-Ala-Arg-Val-Leu*NPhe-Glu-Ala-Nle-Ser (where * denotes the cleavage site, and NPhe and Nle denote p-nitrophenylalanine and norleucine residues respectively). The X-ray structure of the complex refined against 2.03 A (0.203 nm) resolution synchrotron data shows that the substrate is trapped as a tetrahedral reaction intermediate in the crystal. The hydrogen-bonding interactions between the reaction intermediate and the catalytic aspartates are different from those observed previously using transition-state analogues. The reaction intermediate did not dissociate to release the products, possibly due to the inflexibility introduced in the flaps when the enzyme is packed inside crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- *Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Vishal Prashar
- *Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Smita Mahale
- †National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai-400074, India
| | - Madhusoodan V. Hosur
- *Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India
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2239
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Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that several unknown or ill-characterized factors strongly influence cell growth and function in culture. Isolating these factors is necessary in order to maximize culture productivities. Methylglyoxal (MG), a potent protein and nucleic acid modifying agent, has been identified as a player in the signaling pathways associated with cell death and is known to be detrimental to cultured cells. This compound is produced in all mammalian systems by spontaneous phosphate elimination from glycolytic pathway intermediates. A kinetic model that qualitatively describes the cellular distribution of protein-associated MG in the absence of enzymatic adduct formation predicted far lower levels of reversibly bound MG than measured in cultured CHO cells. This suggests that the targeted modification of proteins through enzymatically mediated mechanisms is a significant sink for cellular methylglyoxal. The model was validated with measurements of carbon flux through the glyoxalase pathway to d-lactic acid, a unique end product of MG metabolism in mammalian systems. Fluxes to d-lactic acid of up to 16.8 mmol ml-packed cells(-1) day(-1) were measured with CHO cells grown in batch culture or 100-fold more than found in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarocha Kingkeohoi
- Department of Biological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, 116 Gilmore Hall, 97331-3906 Corvallis, OR USA
| | - Frank W. R. Chaplen
- Department of Biological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, 116 Gilmore Hall, 97331-3906 Corvallis, OR USA
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2240
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Rufer AC, Thiebach L, Baer K, Klein HW, Hennig M. X-ray structure of glutathione S-transferase from Schistosoma japonicum in a new crystal form reveals flexibility of the substrate-binding site. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2005; 61:263-5. [PMID: 16511012 PMCID: PMC1952283 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309105004823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the 26 kDa glutathione S-transferase from Schistosoma japonicum (SjGST) was determined at 3 A resolution in the new space group P2(1)2(1)2(1). The structure of orthorhombic SjGST reveals unique features of the ligand-binding site and dimer interface when compared with previously reported structures. SjGST is recognized as the major detoxification enzyme of S. japonicum, a pathogenic helminth causing schistosomiasis. As resistance against the established inhibitor of SjGST, praziquantel, has been reported these results might prove to be valuable for the development of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Christian Rufer
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Research Discovery Chemistry, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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2241
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Fuentes-Prior P, Salvesen G. The protein structures that shape caspase activity, specificity, activation and inhibition. Biochem J 2004; 384:201-32. [PMID: 15450003 PMCID: PMC1134104 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The death morphology commonly known as apoptosis results from a post-translational pathway driven largely by specific limited proteolysis. In the last decade the structural basis for apoptosis regulation has moved from nothing to 'quite good', and we now know the fundamental structures of examples from the initiator phase, the pre-mitochondrial regulator phase, the executioner phase, inhibitors and their antagonists, and even the structures of some substrates. The field is as well advanced as the best known of proteolytic pathways, the coagulation cascade. Fundamentally new mechanisms in protease regulation have been disclosed. Structural evidence suggests that caspases have an unusual catalytic mechanism, and that they are activated by apparently unrelated events, depending on which position in the apoptotic pathway they occupy. Some naturally occurring caspase inhibitors have adopted classic inhibition strategies, but other have revealed completely novel mechanisms. All of the structural and mechanistic information can, and is, being applied to drive therapeutic strategies to combat overactivation of apoptosis in degenerative disease, and underactivation in neoplasia. We present a comprehensive review of the caspases, their regulators and inhibitors from a structural and mechanistic point of view, and with an aim to consolidate the many threads that define the rapid growth of this field.
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Key Words
- apoptosis
- caspase
- inhibitor
- inhibitor of apoptosis protein (iap)
- protease
- zymogen
- alps, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
- apaf-1, apoptotic protease activating factor-1
- asc/pycard, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a card/pyd- and card-containing molecule
- bir, baculoviral iap repeat
- cad, caspase-activated dnase
- card, caspase-recruitment domain
- carp, caspase-associated ring protein
- ced, cell death-defective
- clarp, caspase-like apoptosis-regulatory protein
- cradd/raidd, caspase-2 and ripk1 domain-containing adaptor with death domain/rip-associated protein with a death domain
- crma, cytokine response modifier a
- dd, death domain
- ded, death effector domain
- dff, dna fragmentation factor
- diablo, direct iap-binding protein with low pi
- diap1, drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis 1
- disc, death-inducing signalling complex
- dronc, drosophila nedd2-like caspase
- fadd, fas (tnfrsf6)-associated via death domain
- flice, fadd-like ice
- flip, flice inhibitory protein
- iap, inhibitor of apoptosis protein
- ibm, iap binding motif
- icad, inhibitor of cad
- ice, interleukin-1β-converting enzyme
- ipaf/clan, ice-protease-activating factor/card, lrr and nacht-containing protein
- lrr, leucine-rich repeat
- nacht, ntpase-domain named after naip, ciita, het-e and tp1
- nalp1, nacht, lrr and pyrin domain containing 1
- nbd, nucleotide-binding domain
- nf-κb, nuclear factor-κb
- nod, nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-containing protein
- parp, poly(adp-ribose) polymerase
- pidd, p53-induced protein with a death domain
- rick/cardiak, rip-like interacting clarp kinase/card-containing ice-associated kinase
- ring, really interesting new gene
- rip, receptor-interacting protein
- serpin, serine protease inhibitor
- smac, second mitochondrial activator of caspases
- tfpi, tissue factor pathway inhibitor
- tlr, toll-like receptor
- tnf, tumour necrosis factor
- tradd, tnfrsf1a-associated via death domain
- traf, tnf receptor-associated factor
- trail, tnf-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- xiap/birc4, x-linked iap/baculoviral iap repeat-containing 4
- p1, p2, …pn and p1′, p2′, …pm′ designate the side chains in substrates and inhibitors in the n- and c-terminal direction respectively from the p1–p1′ scissile peptide bond
- s1, s2, …sn and s1′, s2′, …sm′ refer to the cognate pockets on the protease that accept these side chains [1]
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fuentes-Prior
- *Abteilung Strukturforschung, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany and Cardiovascular Research Center, Sant Antoni Ma. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guy S. Salvesen
- †The Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death Research, Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A
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2242
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Du QS, Wang SQ, Zhu Y, Wei DQ, Guo H, Sirois S, Chou KC. Polyprotein cleavage mechanism of SARS CoV Mpro and chemical modification of the octapeptide. Peptides 2004; 25:1857-64. [PMID: 15501516 PMCID: PMC7115412 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2004] [Revised: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cleavage mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus main proteinase (M(pro) or 3CL(pro)) for the octapeptide AVLQSGFR is studied using molecular mechanics (MM) and quantum mechanics (QM). The catalytic dyad His-41 and Cys-145 in the active pocket between domain I and II seem to polarize the pi-electron density of the peptide bond between Gln and Ser in the octapeptide, leading to an increase of positive charge on C(CO) of Gln and negative charge on N(NH) of Ser. The possibility of enhancing the chemical bond between Gln and Ser based on the "distorted key" theory [Anal. Biochem. 233 (1996) 1] is examined. The scissile peptide bond between Gln and Ser is found to be solidified through "hybrid peptide bond" by changing the carbonyl group CO of Gln to CH(2) or CF(2). This leads to a break of the pi-bond system for the peptide bond, making the octapeptide (AVLQSGFR) a "distorted key" and a potential starting system for the design of anti SARS drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Shi Du
- Tianjin Normal University and Tianjin Institute of Bioinformatics and Drug Discovery (TIBDD), Tianjin 300074, China
- Institut Technologique de Montreal, Suite 168, 5253 Boul. Decarie, Montreal, Que., Canada H3W 3C3
| | - Shu-Qing Wang
- Tianjin Normal University and Tianjin Institute of Bioinformatics and Drug Discovery (TIBDD), Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Tianjin Normal University and Tianjin Institute of Bioinformatics and Drug Discovery (TIBDD), Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Tianjin Normal University and Tianjin Institute of Bioinformatics and Drug Discovery (TIBDD), Tianjin 300074, China
- Institut Technologique de Montreal, Suite 168, 5253 Boul. Decarie, Montreal, Que., Canada H3W 3C3
- Center For Research in Molecular Modeling (CERMM), Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hong Guo
- University of Tennessee, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Suzanne Sirois
- Institut Technologique de Montreal, Suite 168, 5253 Boul. Decarie, Montreal, Que., Canada H3W 3C3
| | - Kuo-Chen Chou
- Tianjin Normal University and Tianjin Institute of Bioinformatics and Drug Discovery (TIBDD), Tianjin 300074, China
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Gordon Life Science Institute, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
- Corresponding author.
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2243
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Abstract
Tyrosine kinases are important mediators of the signaling cascade, determining key roles in diverse biological processes like growth, differentiation, metabolism and apoptosis in response to external and internal stimuli. Recent advances have implicated the role of tyrosine kinases in the pathophysiology of cancer. Though their activity is tightly regulated in normal cells, they may acquire transforming functions due to mutation(s), overexpression and autocrine paracrine stimulation, leading to malignancy. Constitutive oncogenic activation in cancer cells can be blocked by selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors and thus considered as a promising approach for innovative genome based therapeutics. The modes of oncogenic activation and the different approaches for tyrosine kinase inhibition, like small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, heat shock proteins, immunoconjugates, antisense and peptide drugs are reviewed in light of the important molecules. As angiogenesis is a major event in cancer growth and proliferation, tyrosine kinase inhibitors as a target for anti-angiogenesis can be aptly applied as a new mode of cancer therapy. The review concludes with a discussion on the application of modern techniques and knowledge of the kinome as means to gear up the tyrosine kinase drug discovery process.
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2244
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Plant LD, Boyle JP, Smith IF, Peers C, Pearson HA. The production of amyloid beta peptide is a critical requirement for the viability of central neurons. J Neurosci 2003; 23:5531-5. [PMID: 12843253 PMCID: PMC6741264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) is a product of the sequential gamma- and beta-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. Inhibitors of secretase enzymes have been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Here, we investigate the effect of inhibiting these key enzymes on the viability of a range of cell types. Treatment of rat cortical neurons for 24 hr with secretase inhibitors or an antibody that binds Abeta resulted in a marked reduction in cell viability, as measured by MTT reduction. Incubation with secretase inhibitors caused similar effects on other neuronal cell types (rat cerebellar granule neurons and the human SH-SY5Y cell line). Interestingly, rat astrocytes and a number of non-neuronal cell lines investigated (HEK293, DDT1-FM2, and human teratorhabdoid tumor cells) were unaffected by incubation with secretase inhibitors. The coincubation of Abeta1-40 prevented the toxicity of secretase inhibitors in neuronal cells. Abeta1-40 was protective in a concentration-dependent manner, and its effects were significant at concentrations as low at 10 pm. Importantly, the protective effects of Abeta were Abeta size-form specific, with the Abeta1-42 size form affording limited protection and the Abeta25-35 size form having very little protective effect. The present study demonstrates that inhibition of beta-or gamma-secretase activity induces death in neuronal cells. Importantly, this toxicity, which our data suggest is a consequence of a decline in neuronal Abeta levels, was absent in non-neuronal cells. This study further supports a key physiological role for the enigmatic Abeta peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh D Plant
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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2245
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Abstract
An article appearing in this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology shows for the first time that the general anaesthetic propofol inhibits one of the enzymes catalysing endocannabinoid hydrolysis and inactivation, the fatty acid amide hydrolase, thereby enhancing the brain levels of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol in mouse brain. The authors provide evidence that this effect of propofol underlies part of the sedative effects of this compound. The importance of these findings in the light of the likely role of the endocannabinoid system in the control of sleep-wake cycles, and of the possibility of developing therapeutic drugs from substances that manipulate endocannabinoid levels, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, Fabbr 70, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy.
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2246
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Abstract
• Rice (Oryza sativa) is a typical Si-accumulating plant and it has been suggested that it has a specific uptake system for silicic acid in the roots. • Here, we characterized this specific system in rice roots. The ability of rice roots to take up Si was much higher than that of other gramineous species. • A kinetic study indicated that Si uptake was mediated by a type of proteinaceous transporter; the Km value was estimated to be 0.32 mm, suggesting that the transporter had a low affinity for silicic acid. Si uptake increased linearly with time, but pretreatment with Si did not affect the uptake of Si, suggesting that the system for Si uptake was not inducible. Mercuric chloride and phloretin, significantly inhibited Si uptake, but 4,4'-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) did not. Mercuric chloride and phloretin also inhibited water uptake, but to a lesser extent. Si uptake was unaffected by the presence of boric acid. • Taken together, the data indicate that the uptake of Si by rice roots is a transporter-mediated process and this transporter contains Cys residues but not Lys residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Tamai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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2247
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Muramatsu M, Yamada M, Takai S, Miyazaki M. Suppression of basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis by a specific chymase inhibitor, BCEAB, through the chymase-angiotensin-dependent pathway in hamster sponge granulomas. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:554-60. [PMID: 12359638 PMCID: PMC1573517 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We investigated the profound involvement of mast cell chymase, an alternative angiotensin II-generating enzyme, in angiogenesis using a specific chymase inhibitor. We also studied the functional profiles of this novel inhibitor in basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis. 2. In this study, angiogenesis was induced by daily injections of bFGF (0.3 micro g site(-1) day(-1)), angiotensin I (2 nmol site(-1) day(-1)) or angiotensin II (2 nmol site(-1) day(-1)) into sponges implanted to male hamsters subcutaneously for 7 days. Angiogenesis in the granulation tissue surrounding sponges was evaluated by measuring the haemoglobin (Hb) content and local blood flow as the parameters for angiogenesis. 3. A chymase inhibitor, BCEAB (4-[1-[[bis-(4-methyl-phenyl)-methyl]-carbamoyl]-3-(2-ethoxy-benzyl)-4-oxo-azetidine-2-yloxy]-benzoic acid), was simultaneously administered into the implanted sponges (2 or 5 nmol site(-1) day(-1), for 7 days) treated with bFGF and strongly suppressed the haemoglobin contents in sponge granulomas. In the studies using a laser doppler perfusion imager, BCEAB (5 nmol site(-1) day(-1)) also attenuated the bFGF-induced increase of local blood flow around the implanted sponge granuloma. 4. In bFGF-induced angiogenesis, chymase activity in sponge granulomas was substantially increased. It was also confirmed that the chymase activity increased by bFGF was significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by BCEAB (2, 5 nmol site(-1) day(-1)). 5. BCEAB inhibited the Hb contents and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA induced by angiotensin I but not by angiotensin II. 6. These results suggest that the significance of chymase in bFGF-induced angiogenesis was confirmed, and a novel inhibitor, BCEAB, strongly suppresses the bFGF-induced angiogenesis through the chymase-angiotensin II-VEGF dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Muramatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Japan.
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2248
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Abstract
This review focuses on selected areas that should interest both the scientist and the clinician alike: polymorphisms within the factor VIII and factor IX genes, their linkage, and their ethnic variation; a general assessment of mutations within both genes and a detailed inspection of the molecular pathology of certain mutations to illustrate the diverse cause-effect relations that exist; a summary of current knowledge on molecular aspects of inhibitor production; and an introduction to the new areas of factor VIII and factor IX catabolism. An appendix defining various terms encountered in the molecular genetics of the haemophilias is included, together with an appendix providing accession numbers and locus identification links for accessing gene and sequence information in the international nucleic acid databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bowen
- Department of Haematology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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2249
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Van Heusden J, Van Ginckel R, Bruwiere H, Moelans P, Janssen B, Floren W, van der Leede BJ, van Dun J, Sanz G, Venet M, Dillen L, Van Hove C, Willemsens G, Janicot M, Wouters W. Inhibition of all-TRANS-retinoic acid metabolism by R116010 induces antitumour activity. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:605-11. [PMID: 11870544 PMCID: PMC2375285 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2001] [Revised: 10/11/2001] [Accepted: 11/06/2001] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation and inducer of differentiation. However, the clinical use of all-trans-retinoic acid in the treatment of cancer is significantly hampered by its toxicity and the prompt emergence of resistance, believed to be caused by increased all-trans-retinoic acid metabolism. Inhibitors of all-trans-retinoic acid metabolism may therefore prove valuable in the treatment of cancer. In this study, we characterize R116010 as a new anticancer drug that is a potent inhibitor of all-trans-retinoic acid metabolism. In vitro, R116010 potently inhibits all-trans-retinoic acid metabolism in intact T47D cells with an IC(50)-value of 8.7 nM. In addition, R116010 is a selective inhibitor as indicated by its inhibition profile for several other cytochrome P450-mediated reactions. In T47D cell proliferation assays, R116010 by itself has no effect on cell proliferation. However, in combination with all-trans-retinoic acid, R116010 enhances the all-trans-retinoic acid-mediated antiproliferative activity in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, the growth of murine oestrogen-independent TA3-Ha mammary tumours is significantly inhibited by R116010 at doses as low as 0.16 mg kg(-1). In conclusion, R116010 is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of all-trans-retinoic acid metabolism, which is able to enhance the biological activity of all-trans-retinoic acid, thereby exhibiting antitumour activity. R116010 represents a novel and promising anticancer drug with an unique mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van Heusden
- Department of Oncology Discovery Research, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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2250
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Abstract
This review focuses on selected areas that should interest both the scientist and the clinician alike: polymorphisms within the factor VIII and factor IX genes, their linkage, and their ethnic variation; a general assessment of mutations within both genes and a detailed inspection of the molecular pathology of certain mutations to illustrate the diverse cause-effect relations that exist; a summary of current knowledge on molecular aspects of inhibitor production; and an introduction to the new areas of factor VIII and factor IX catabolism. An appendix defining various terms encountered in the molecular genetics of the haemophilias is included, together with an appendix providing accession numbers and locus identification links for accessing gene and sequence information in the international nucleic acid databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bowen
- Department of Haematology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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