201
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Duke SO. Glyphosate: The world's most successful herbicide under intense scientific scrutiny. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1025-1026. [PMID: 29582591 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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202
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Tétard‐Jones C, Sabbadin F, Moss S, Hull R, Neve P, Edwards R. Changes in the proteome of the problem weed blackgrass correlating with multiple- herbicide resistance. Plant J 2018; 94:709-720. [PMID: 29575327 PMCID: PMC5969246 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide resistance in grass weeds is now one of the greatest threats to sustainable cereal production in Northern Europe. Multiple-herbicide resistance (MHR), a poorly understood multigenic and quantitative trait, is particularly problematic as it provides tolerance to most classes of chemistries currently used for post-emergence weed control. Using a combination of transcriptomics and proteomics, the evolution of MHR in populations of the weed blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) has been investigated. While over 4500 genes showed perturbation in their expression in MHR versus herbicide sensitive (HS) plants, only a small group of proteins showed >2-fold changes in abundance, with a mere eight proteins consistently associated with this class of resistance. Of the eight, orthologues of three of these proteins are also known to be associated with multiple drug resistance (MDR) in humans, suggesting a cross-phyla conservation in evolved tolerance to chemical agents. Proteomics revealed that MHR could be classified into three sub-types based on the association with resistance to herbicides with differing modes of action (MoA), being either global, specific to diverse chemistries acting on one MoA, or herbicide specific. Furthermore, the proteome of MHR plants were distinct from that of HS plants exposed to a range of biotic (insect feeding, plant-microbe interaction) and abiotic (N-limitation, osmotic, heat, herbicide safening) challenges commonly encountered in the field. It was concluded that MHR in blackgrass is a uniquely evolving trait(s), associated with changes in the proteome that are distinct from responses to conventional plant stresses, but sharing common features with MDR in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tétard‐Jones
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon‐TyneNE1 7RUUK
| | | | - Stephen Moss
- Stephen Moss Consulting7 Alzey GardensHarpendenHertfordshireAL5 5SZUK
| | - Richard Hull
- Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireAL5 2JQUK
| | - Paul Neve
- Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireAL5 2JQUK
| | - Robert Edwards
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon‐TyneNE1 7RUUK
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203
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Liu F, Cao Y. Expression of the 5-enoylpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase domain from the Acremonium sp. aroM complex enhances resistance to glyphosate. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:855-864. [PMID: 29478157 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discover and isolate a glyphosate-resistant gene from a microorganism through gene mining. RESULTS The full aroM gene from Acremonium sp. (named aroMA.sp.) was cloned using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The transcriptional expression level of each domain increased significantly after glyphosate treatment in the aroMA.sp. complex and reached its maximum at 48 h. The aroA domain of the aroMA.sp. (named aroA A.sp.) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the product was purified through Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Furthermore, 45 KDa was indicated by SDS-PAGE and its enzyme activity was optimal at 30 °C and PH 7.0. The Ki/Km value of aroAA.sp. was 0.106, and the E. coli BL21 harboring aroAA.sp. could grow in the M9 minimal medium with 100 mM glyphosate. CONCLUSION The aroAA.sp. from the aroMA.sp. complex had high enzyme activity and glyphosate resistance. Therefore, this research offers a new strategy for improving glyphosate resistance using the aroA domain of the aroM complex in the fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Plant Science Department, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueping Cao
- Plant Science Department, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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204
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Wechsler SJ, McFadden JR, Smith DJ. What do farmers' weed control decisions imply about glyphosate resistance? Evidence from surveys of US corn fields. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1143-1154. [PMID: 28444878 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first case of glyphosate-resistant weeds in the United States was documented in 1998, 2 years after the commercialization of genetically engineered herbicide-resistant (HR) corn and soybeans. Currently, over 15 glyphosate-resistant weed species affect US crop production areas. These weeds have the potential to reduce yields, increase costs, and lower farm profitability. The objective of our study is to develop a behavioral model of farmers' weed management decisions and use it to analyze weed resistance to glyphosate in US corn farms. RESULTS On average, we find that weed control increased US corn yields by 3700 kg ha-1 (worth approximately $US 255 ha-1 ) in 2005 and 3500 kg ha-1 (worth approximately $US 575 ha-1 ) in 2010. If glyphosate resistant weeds were absent, glyphosate killed approximately 99% of weeds, on average, when applied at the label rate in HR production systems. Average control was dramatically lower in states where glyphosate resistance was widespread. CONCLUSION We find that glyphosate resistance had a significant impact on weed control costs and corn yields of US farmers in 2005 and 2010. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Wechsler
- US Department of Agriculture - Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan R McFadden
- US Department of Agriculture - Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David J Smith
- US Department of Agriculture - Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, USA
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205
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Ou J, Stahlman PW, Jugulam M. Reduced absorption of glyphosate and decreased translocation of dicamba contribute to poor control of kochia (Kochia scoparia) at high temperature. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1134-1142. [PMID: 27766747 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant growth temperature is one of the important factors that can influence postemergent herbicide efficacy and impact weed control. Control of kochia (Kochia scoparia), a major broadleaf weed throughout the North American Great Plains, often is unsatisfactory when either glyphosate or dicamba are applied on hot summer days. We tested effects of plant growth temperature on glyphosate and dicamba phytotoxicity on two Kansas kochia populations (P1 and P2) grown under the following three day/night (d/n) temperature regimes: T1, 17.5/7.5°C; T2, 25/15°C; and T3, 32.5/22.5°C. RESULTS Visual injury and above-ground dry biomass data from herbicide dose-response experiments indicated greater susceptibility to both glyphosate and dicamba when kochia was grown under the two cooler temperature regimes, i.e. T1 and T2. At T1, the ED50 of P1 and P2 kochia were 39 and 36 g ha-1 of glyphosate and 52 and 105 g ha-1 of dicamba, respectively. In comparison, at T3 the ED50 increased to 173 and 186 g ha-1 for glyphosate and 106 and 410 g ha-1 for dicamba, respectively, for P1 and P2. We also investigated the physiological basis of decreased glyphosate and dicamba efficacy under elevated temperatures. Kochia absorbed more glyphosate at T1 and T2 compared to T3. Conversely, there was more dicamba translocated towards meristems at T1 and T2, compared to T3. CONCLUSION Reduced efficacy of dicamba or glyphosate to control kochia under elevated temperatures can be attributed to decreased absorption and translocation of glyphosate and dicamba, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to apply glyphosate or dicamba when the temperature is low (e.g. d/n temperature at 25/15°C) and seedlings are small (less than 12 cm) to maximize kochia control. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ou
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Phillip W Stahlman
- Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, 1232 240th Avenue, Hays, KS, USA
| | - Mithila Jugulam
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS, USA
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206
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Pereira JL, Galdino TVS, Silva GAR, Picanço MC, Silva AA, Corrêa AS, Martins JC. Effects of glyphosate on the non-target leaf beetle Cerotoma arcuata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in field and laboratory conditions. J Environ Sci Health B 2018; 53:447-453. [PMID: 29624468 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1455363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the glyphosate application effects on the Cerotoma arcuata Oliver (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) population in glyphosate-resistant soybean crops. Field studies were conducted with glyphosate and the insecticide endosulfan to observe the effects of these pesticides on C. arcuata, on its damages in the crop and on the populations of natural enemies in glyphosate-resistant soybean crops. Moreover, the lethal and behavioral sublethal response of C. arcuata to glyphosate and endosulfan was conducted in the laboratory. The results of the field and laboratory experiments showed that glyphosate caused moderate toxicity and high irritability in C. arcuata and that endosulfan caused high toxicity and irritability. Therefore, the direct effect of glyphosate on C. arcuata was negative and does not explain the population increases of this pest in glyphosate-resistant soybean. However, the glyphosate also decreased the density of predators. Thus, the negative effect of glyphosate on the predators may be related to population increases of C. arcuata in glyphosate-resistant soybean crops, however, more studies are needed to better evidence this relationship. This study suggests that glyphosate can impact other non-target organisms, such as herbivorous insects and natural enemies and that the use of this herbicide will need to be carefully stewarded to prevent potential disturbances in beneficial insect communities in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardel L Pereira
- a UniversidadeLuterana do Brasil (ULBRA) , Itumbiara , Goiás , Brazil
| | - Tarcísio V S Galdino
- b Departamento de Fitotecnia , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Geverson A R Silva
- c Departamento de Entomologia , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Picanço
- b Departamento de Fitotecnia , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
- c Departamento de Entomologia , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Antônio A Silva
- b Departamento de Fitotecnia , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Alberto S Corrêa
- d Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia , Universidade de São Paulo , Piracicaba , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Júlio C Martins
- e Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano , Teixeira de Freitas , Bahia , Brazil
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207
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Brabham C, Stork J, Barrett M, DeBolt S. Grass cell walls have a role in the inherent tolerance of grasses to the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:878-884. [PMID: 29087620 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) are pre-emergence herbicides that inhibit anisotropic cell expansion resulting in a severely swollen and stunted growth phenotype. Resistance to group 21 CBIs, such as isoxaben, is conferred by missense mutations in CELLOSE SYNTHASE A (CesA) genes required for primary cell wall synthesis, concluding that this is their in vivo target. RESULTS Herein, we show that grasses exhibit tolerance to group 21 CBIs and explore the mechanism of tolerance to isoxaben in the grass Brachypodium distachyon (L.). Comparative genomics failed to identify synonymous point mutations that have been found to confer isoxaben resistance in the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). Brachypodium did not metabolize 14 C-isoxaben. We next explored the role of grass-specific non-cellulosic cell wall components, specifically the hemicellulose polysaccharide mix linkage glucans (MLG), as a potential tolerance mechanism by compensating for the loss of cellulose during cell elongation. A partial-transcriptional knockdown T-DNA insertion was found in a key MLG synthesis gene, Cellulose synthase-like F6 (CslF6) and this mutant was found to be 2.1 times more sensitive to isoxaben than wild-type plants. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the composition and compensatory response of grass cell walls may be a factor in conferring tolerance to group 21 CBIs. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Brabham
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael Barrett
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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208
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Chen J, Yu Q, Owen M, Han H, Powles S. Dinitroaniline herbicide resistance in a multiple-resistant Lolium rigidum population. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:925-932. [PMID: 29148165 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pre-emergence dinitroaniline herbicides (such as trifluralin and pendimethalin) are vital to Australian no-till farming systems. A Lolium rigidum population collected from the Western Australian grain belt with a 12-year trifluralin use history was characterised for resistance to dinitroaniline, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase)- and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. Target-site resistance mechanisms were investigated. RESULTS This L. rigidum population exhibited 32-fold resistance to trifluralin, as compared with the susceptible population. It also displayed 12- to 30-fold cross-resistance to other dinitroaniline herbicides (pendimethalin, ethalfluralin and oryzalin). In addition, this population showed multiple resistance to commonly used post-emergence ACCase- and ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Two target-site α-tubulin gene mutations (Val-202-Phe and Thr-239-Ile) previously documented in other dinitroaniline-resistant weed species were identified, and some known target-site mutations in ACCase (Ile-1781-Leu, Asp-2078-Gly and Cys-2088-Arg) and ALS (Pro-197-Gln/Ser) were found in the same population. An agar-based Petri dish screening method was established for the rapid diagnosis of resistance to dinitroaniline herbicides. CONCLUSION Evolution of target-site resistance to both pre- and post-emergence herbicides was confirmed in a single L. rigidum population. The α-tubulin mutations Val-202-Phe and Thr-239-Ile, documented here for the first time in L. rigidum, are likely to be responsible for dinitroaniline resistance in this population. Early detection of dinitroaniline herbicide resistance and integrated weed management strategies are needed to maintain the effectiveness of dinitroaniline herbicides. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Chen
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (AHRI), School of Agriculture & Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Qin Yu
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (AHRI), School of Agriculture & Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Mechelle Owen
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (AHRI), School of Agriculture & Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Heping Han
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (AHRI), School of Agriculture & Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Stephen Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (AHRI), School of Agriculture & Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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209
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Ou J, Thompson CR, Stahlman PW, Bloedow N, Jugulam M. Reduced Translocation of Glyphosate and Dicamba in Combination Contributes to Poor Control of Kochia scoparia: Evidence of Herbicide Antagonism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5330. [PMID: 29593313 PMCID: PMC5871845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kochia scoparia is a troublesome weed across the Great Plains of North America. Glyphosate and dicamba have been used for decades to control K. scoparia. Due to extensive selection, glyphosate- and dicamba-resistant (GDR) K. scoparia have evolved in the USA. Herbicide mixtures are routinely used to improve weed control. Herbicide interactions if result in an antagonistic effect can significantly affect the management of weeds, such as K. scoparia. To uncover the interaction of glyphosate and dicamba when applied in combination in K. scoparia management the efficacies of different doses of glyphosate plus dicamba were evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions using GDR and a known glyphosate- and dicamba-susceptible (GDS) K. scoparia. The results of greenhouse and field studies suggest that the combination of glyphosate and dicamba application controlled GDS, but glyphosate alone provided a better control of GDR K. scoparia compared to glyphosate plus dicamba combinations. Furthermore, investigation of the basis of this response suggested glyphosate and dicamba interact antagonistically and consequently, the translocation of both herbicides was significantly reduced resulting in poor control of K. scoparia. Therefore, a combination of glyphosate plus dicamba may not be a viable option to control GDR K. scoparia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ou
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Curtis R Thompson
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Phillip W Stahlman
- Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, 1232 240th Avenue, Hays, KS, 67601, USA
| | - Nicholas Bloedow
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Dickens Hall 011, 1116 Mid-Campus Drive N, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Mithila Jugulam
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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210
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Yu Y. A Novel Role of Ring Chromosomes as Evolutionary Drivers of Herbicide Resistance. Plant Physiol 2018; 176:1892-1893. [PMID: 29630499 PMCID: PMC5841723 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Yu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
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211
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Maroli AS, Nandula VK, Duke SO, Gerard P, Tharayil N. Comparative Metabolomic Analyses of Ipomoea lacunosa Biotypes with Contrasting Glyphosate Tolerance Captures Herbicide-Induced Differential Perturbations in Cellular Physiology. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:2027-2039. [PMID: 29278495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-tolerant Ipomoea lacunosa is emerging as a problematic weed in the southeastern United States. Metabolomic profiling was conducted to examine the innate physiology and the glyphosate induced perturbations in two biotypes of I. lacunosa (WAS and QUI) that had contrasting glyphosate tolerance. Compared to the less tolerant QUI-biotype, the innate metabolism of the more tolerant WAS-biotype was characterized by a higher abundance of amino acids, and pyruvate; whereas the sugar profile of the QUI biotype was dominated by the transport sugar sucrose. Glyphosate application (80 g ae/ha) caused similar shikimate accumulation in both biotypes. Compared to QUI, in WAS, the content of aromatic amino acids was less affected by glyphosate treatment, and the content of Ala, Val, Ile, and Pro increased. However, the total sugars decreased by ∼75% in WAS, compared to ∼50% decrease in QUI. The innate, higher proportional abundance, of the transport-sugar sucrose in QUI coud partly explain the higher translocation and greater sensitivity of this biotype to glyphosate. The decrease in sugars, accompanied by an increase in amino acids could delay feedback regulation of upstream enzymes of the shikimate acid pathway in WAS, which could contribute to a greater glyphosate tolerance. Our study, through a metabolomics approach, provides complementary data that elucidates the cellular physiology of herbicide tolerance in Ipomoea lacunosa biotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amith S Maroli
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Vijay K Nandula
- Crop Production Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture , Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, United States
| | - Stephen O Duke
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture , Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Patrick Gerard
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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212
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Dauer J, Hulting A, Carlson D, Mankin L, Harden J, Mallory-Smith C. Gene flow from single and stacked herbicide-resistant rice (Oryza sativa): modeling occurrence of multiple herbicide-resistant weedy rice. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:348-355. [PMID: 28834651 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Provisia™ rice (PV), a non-genetically engineered (GE) quizalofop-resistant rice, will provide growers with an additional option for weed management to use in conjunction with Clearfield® rice (CL) production. Modeling compared the impact of stacking resistance traits versus single traits in rice on introgression of the resistance trait to weedy rice (also called red rice). Common weed management practices were applied to 2-, 3- and 4-year crop rotations, and resistant and multiple-resistant weedy rice seeds, seedlings and mature plants were tracked for 15 years. RESULTS Two-year crop rotations resulted in resistant weedy rice after 2 years with abundant populations (exceeding 0.4 weedy rice plants m-2 ) occurring after 7 years. When stacked trait rice was rotated with soybeans in a 3-year rotation and with soybeans and CL in a 4-year rotation, multiple-resistance occurred after 2-5 years with abundant populations present in 4-9 years. When CL rice, PV rice, and soybeans were used in 3- and 4-year rotations, the median time of first appearance of multiple-resistance was 7-11 years and reached abundant levels in 10-15 years. CONCLUSION Maintaining separate CL and PV rice systems, in rotation with other crops and herbicides, minimized the evolution of multiple herbicide-resistant weedy rice through gene flow compared to stacking herbicide resistance traits. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Dauer
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Andrew Hulting
- Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Dale Carlson
- BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Luke Mankin
- BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John Harden
- BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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213
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Balabanova D, Remans T, Vassilev A, Cuypers A, Vangronsveld J. Possible involvement of glutathione S-transferases in imazamox detoxification in an imidazolinone-resistant sunflower hybrid. J Plant Physiol 2018; 221:62-65. [PMID: 29247888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of crops to herbicides can be due to target site based resistance or non-target site based resistance mechanisms or a combination of both. In non-target site resistance, the detoxification efficiency plays a major role by involvement of enzymes such as P450s, GTs, GSTs and ABC transporters. The resistance of the first commercial Clearfield sunflower hybrids (Imisun trait) to herbicides of imidazolinone group is based on a combination of both types of resistance. The target site resistance consists of a mutation in Ahasl1 gene, encoding the synthesis of the AHAS enzyme. The non-target site resistance is supposed to be due to intensified herbicide disposal and is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to detect the fast response of the glutathione-mediated detoxification system in IMI-R and IMI-S sunflower hybrids to the herbicide imazamox and to study the possible participation of GSTs in the enhancement of the hybrids' tolerance. The obtained results allow to presume that GSTs are involved in imazamox detoxification in the sunflower Imisun trait and thus contributing to its non-target site resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobrinka Balabanova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Agricultural University of Plovdiv, 12 Mendeleev str., 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tony Remans
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Andon Vassilev
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Agricultural University of Plovdiv, 12 Mendeleev str., 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Paul MJ, Nuccio ML, Basu SS. Are GM Crops for Yield and Resilience Possible? Trends Plant Sci 2018; 23:10-16. [PMID: 28969999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crop yield improvements need to accelerate to avoid future food insecurity. Outside Europe, genetically modified (GM) crops for herbicide- and insect-resistance have been transformative in agriculture; other traits have also come to market. However, GM of yield potential and stress resilience has yet to impact on food security. Genes have been identified for yield such as grain number, size, leaf growth, resource allocation, and signaling for drought tolerance, but there is only one commercialized drought-tolerant GM variety. For GM and genome editing to impact on yield and resilience there is a need to understand yield-determining processes in a cell and developmental context combined with evaluation in the grower environment. We highlight a sugar signaling mechanism as a paradigm for this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Paul
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | | | - Shib Sankar Basu
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Current address: Symmetry Bioanalytics LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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215
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Burns EE, Keith BK, Refai MY, Bothner B, Dyer WE. Constitutive redox and phosphoproteome changes in multiple herbicide resistant Avena fatua L. are similar to those of systemic acquired resistance and systemic acquired acclimation. J Plant Physiol 2018; 220:105-114. [PMID: 29169105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are routinely confronted with numerous biotic and abiotic stressors, and in response have evolved highly effective strategies of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and systemic acquired acclimation (SAA), respectively. A much more evolutionarily recent abiotic stress is the application of herbicides to control weedy plants, and their intensive use has selected for resistant weed populations that cause substantial crop yield losses and increase production costs. Non-target site resistance (NTSR) to herbicides is rapidly increasing worldwide and is associated with alterations in generalized stress defense networks. This work investigated protein post-translational modifications associated with NTSR in multiple herbicide resistant (MHR) Avena fatua, and their commonalities with those of SAR and SAA. We used proteomic, biochemical, and immunological approaches to compare constitutive protein profiles in MHR and herbicide susceptible (HS) A. fatua populations. Phosphoproteome and redox proteome surveys showed that post-translational modifications of proteins with functions in core cellular processes were reduced in MHR plants, while those involved in xenobiotic and stress response, reactive oxygen species detoxification and redox maintenance, heat shock response, and intracellular signaling were elevated in MHR as compared to HS plants. More specifically, MHR plants contained constitutively elevated levels of three protein kinases including the lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase LecRK2, a well-characterized component of SAR. Analyses of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and protein levels did not reveal constitutive differences between MHR and HS plants. The overall results support the idea that herbicide stress is perceived similarly to other abiotic stresses, and that A. fatua NTSR shares analogous features with SAR and SAA. We speculate that MHR A. fatua's previous exposure to sublethal herbicide doses, as well as earlier evolution under a diversity of abiotic and biotic stressors, has led to a heightened state of stress preparedness that includes NTSR to a number of unrelated herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Burns
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, PO Box 173150, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Barbara K Keith
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, PO Box 173150, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Mohammed Y Refai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Research, PO Box 173400, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Research, PO Box 173400, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - William E Dyer
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, PO Box 173150, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States.
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216
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Kumar V, Jha P. First report of Ser653Asn mutation endowing high-level resistance to imazamox in downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.). Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2585-2591. [PMID: 28734097 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bromus tectorum L. is one of the most troublesome grass weed species in cropland and non-cropland areas of the northwestern USA. In summer 2016, a B. tectroum accession (R) that survived imazamox at the field-use rate (44 g ha-1 ) in an imidazolinone-tolerant (IMI-tolerant or Clearfield™) winter wheat field was collected from a wheat field in Carter County, MT, USA. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance profile of the B. tectroum R accession to imazamox and other ALS inhibitors, and investigate the mechanism of resistance to imazamox. RESULTS The R B. tectorum accession had a high-level resistance (110.1-fold) to imazamox (IMI) and low to moderate-levels cross-resistance to pyroxsulam (TP) (4.6-fold) and propoxycarbazone (SCT) (13.9-fold). The R accession was susceptible to sulfosulfuron (SU) and quizalofop and clethodim (ACCase inhibitors), paraquat (PS I inhibitor), glyphosate (EPSPS inhibitor) and glufosinate (GS inhibitor). Sequence analysis of the ALS gene revealed a single, target-site Ser653Asn mutation in R plants. Pretreatment of malathion followed by imazamox at 44 or 88 g ha-1 did not reverse the resistance phenotype. CONCLUSION This is the first report of evolution of cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in B. tectorum. A single-point mutation, Ser653Asn, was identified, conferring the high-level resistance to imazamox. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipan Kumar
- Montana State University-Bozeman, Department of Research Centers, Southern Agricultural Research Center, Huntley, MT, USA
| | - Prashant Jha
- Montana State University-Bozeman, Department of Research Centers, Southern Agricultural Research Center, Huntley, MT, USA
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217
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Larran AS, Palmieri VE, Perotti VE, Lieber L, Tuesca D, Permingeat HR. Target-site resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in Amaranthus palmeri from Argentina. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2578-2584. [PMID: 28703943 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbicide-resistant weeds are a serious problem worldwide. Recently, two populations of Amaranthus palmeri with suspected cross-resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides (R1 and R2) were found by farmers in two locations in Argentina (Vicuña Mackenna and Totoras, respectively). We conducted studies to confirm and elucidate the mechanism of resistance. RESULTS We performed in vivo dose-response assays, and confirmed that both populations had strong resistance to chlorimuron-ethyl, diclosulam and imazethapyr when compared with a susceptible population (S). In vitro ALS activity inhibition tests only indicated considerable resistance to imazethapyr and chlorimuron-ethyl, indicating that other non-target mechanisms could be involved in diclosulam resistance. Subsequently, molecular analysis of als nucleotide sequences revealed three single base-pair mutations producing substitutions in amino acids previously associated with resistance to ALS inhibitors, A122, W574, and S653. CONCLUSION This is the first report of als resistance alleles in A. palmeri in Argentina. The data support the involvement of a target-site mechanism of resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro S Larran
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR-CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla, Argentina
| | - Valeria E Palmieri
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla, Argentina
| | - Valeria E Perotti
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla, Argentina
| | - Lucas Lieber
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla, Argentina
| | - Daniel Tuesca
- Cátedra de Malezas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla, Argentina
| | - Hugo R Permingeat
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR-CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla, Argentina
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218
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Nakka S, Godar AS, Thompson CR, Peterson DE, Jugulam M. Rapid detoxification via glutathione S-transferase (GST) conjugation confers a high level of atrazine resistance in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri). Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2236-2243. [PMID: 28500680 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) is an economically troublesome, aggressive and damaging weed that has evolved resistance to six herbicide modes of action including photosystem II (PS II) inhibitors such as atrazine. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism and inheritance of atrazine resistance in Palmer amaranth. RESULTS A population of Palmer amaranth from Kansas (KSR) had a high level (160 - 198-fold more; SE ±21 - 26) of resistance to atrazine compared to the two known susceptible populations MSS and KSS, from Mississippi and Kansas, respectively. Sequence analysis of the chloroplastic psbA gene did not reveal any known mutations conferring resistance to PS II inhibitors, including the most common Ser264Gly substitution for triazine resistance. However, the KSR plants rapidly conjugated atrazine at least 24 times faster than MSS via glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. Furthermore, genetic analyses of progeny generated from reciprocal crosses of KSR and MSS demonstrate that atrazine resistance in Palmer amaranth is a nuclear trait. CONCLUSION Although triazine resistance in Palmer amaranth was reported more than 20 years ago in the USA, this is the first report elucidating the underlying mechanism of resistance to atrazine. The non-target-site based metabolic resistance to atrazine mediated by GST activity may predispose the Palmer amaranth populations to have resistance to other herbicide families, and the nuclear inheritance of the trait in this dioecious species further exacerbates the propensity for its rapid spread. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Nakka
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Amar S Godar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Curtis R Thompson
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Dallas E Peterson
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mithila Jugulam
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Manhattan, KS, USA
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219
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Laforest M, Soufiane B, Simard MJ, Obeid K, Page E, Nurse RE. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase overexpression in herbicide-resistant large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis). Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2227-2235. [PMID: 28755464 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes is increasing and this report of an acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor-resistant Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop. from southwestern Ontario is another example. The identified weed escaped control in an onion and carrot rotation in which graminicides were used for several consecutive years. Our goal was to characterize the level and mechanism of resistance of the biotype. RESULTS The biotype was resistant to all five ACCase inhibitor herbicides tested. Gene-expression profiling was performed because none of the mutations known to confer resistance in the ACCase gene were detected. RNASeq and quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) results indicated that transcription of ACCase was 3.4-9.3 times higher in the resistant biotype than the susceptible biotype. ACCase gene copy number was determined by qPCR to be five to seven times higher in the resistant compared with the susceptible biotype. ACCase gene overexpression was directly related to the increase of the ACCase gene copy number. CONCLUSION Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that overexpression of the herbicide target gene ACCase confers resistance to the herbicide. This is the first reported case of target gene duplication conferring resistance to a herbicide other than glyphosate. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry See related Article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Laforest
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
| | - Brahim Soufiane
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Simard
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
| | - Kristen Obeid
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Harrow Research and Development Centre, Harrow, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Page
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Harrow Research and Development Centre, Harrow, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert E Nurse
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Harrow Research and Development Centre, Harrow, Ontario, Canada
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220
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Keith BK, Burns EE, Bothner B, Carey CC, Mazurie AJ, Hilmer JK, Biyiklioglu S, Budak H, Dyer WE. Intensive herbicide use has selected for constitutively elevated levels of stress-responsive mRNAs and proteins in multiple herbicide-resistant Avena fatua L. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2267-2281. [PMID: 28485049 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive use of herbicides has led to the evolution of two multiple herbicide-resistant (MHR) Avena fatua (wild oat) populations in Montana that are resistant to members of all selective herbicide families available for A. fatua control in US small grain crops. We used transcriptome and proteome surveys to compare constitutive changes in MHR and herbicide-susceptible (HS) plants associated with non-target site resistance. RESULTS Compared to HS plants, MHR plants contained constitutively elevated levels of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with functions in xenobiotic catabolism, stress response, redox maintenance and transcriptional regulation that are similar to abiotic stress-tolerant phenotypes. Proteome comparisons identified similarly elevated proteins including biosynthetic and multifunctional enzymes in MHR plants. Of 25 DEGs validated by RT-qPCR assay, differential regulation of 21 co-segregated with flucarbazone-sodium herbicide resistance in F3 families, and a subset of 10 of these were induced or repressed in herbicide-treated HS plants. CONCLUSION Although the individual and collective contributions of these DEGs and proteins to MHR remain to be determined, our results support the idea that intensive herbicide use has selected for MHR populations with altered, constitutively regulated patterns of gene expression that are similar to those in abiotic stress-tolerant plants. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Keith
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Erin E Burns
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Research, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Charles C Carey
- Research Cyberinfrastructure, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Aurélien J Mazurie
- Research Cyberinfrastructure, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jonathan K Hilmer
- Information Technology Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Sezgi Biyiklioglu
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Hikmet Budak
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - William E Dyer
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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221
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Yang XF, Lei K, Kong CH, Xu XH. Effect of allelochemical tricin and its related benzothiazine derivative on photosynthetic performance of herbicide-resistant barnyardgrass. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 143:224-230. [PMID: 29183596 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing knowledge of allelochemicals as leads for new herbicides, relatively little is known about the mode of action of allelochemical-based herbicides on herbicide-resistant weeds. In this study, herbicidal activities of a series of allelochemical tricin-derived compounds were evaluated. Subsequently, a benzothiazine derivative 3-(2-chloro-4-methanesulfonyl)-benzoyl-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-1,1-dioxide with 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibiting activity was identified as a target compound on photosynthetic performance of penoxsulam-resistant versus -susceptible barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Regardless of barnyardgrass biotype, the benzothiazine derivative greatly affected chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, ETR1min and NPQ1min), reduced the chloroplast fluorescence levels and expression of HPPD gene. In particular, the benzothiazine derivative interfered with photosynthetic performance of resistant barnyardgrass more effectively than the allelochemical tricin itself. These results showed that the benzothiazine derivative effectively inhibited the growth of resistant barnyardgrass and its mode of action on photosynthesis system was similar to HPPD-inhibiting sulcotrione, making it an ideal lead compound for further development of allelochemical-based herbicide discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Fang Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kang Lei
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chui-Hua Kong
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiao-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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222
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Davis AS, Frisvold GB. Are herbicides a once in a century method of weed control? Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2209-2220. [PMID: 28618159 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of any pesticide is an exhaustible resource that can be depleted over time. For decades, the dominant paradigm - that weed mobility is low relative to insect pests and pathogens, that there is an ample stream of new weed control technologies in the commercial pipeline, and that technology suppliers have sufficient economic incentives and market power to delay resistance - supported a laissez faire approach to herbicide resistance management. Earlier market data bolstered the belief that private incentives and voluntary actions were sufficient to manage resistance. Yet, there has been a steady growth in resistant weeds, while no new commercial herbicide modes of action (MOAs) have been discovered in 30 years. Industry has introduced new herbicide tolerant crops to increase the applicability of older MOAs. Yet, many weed species are already resistant to these compounds. Recent trends suggest a paradigm shift whereby herbicide resistance may impose greater costs to farmers, the environment, and taxpayers than earlier believed. In developed countries, herbicides have been the dominant method of weed control for half a century. Over the next half-century, will widespread resistance to multiple MOAs render herbicides obsolete for many major cropping systems? We suggest it would be prudent to consider the implications of such a low-probability, but high-cost development. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Davis
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - George B Frisvold
- Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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223
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Gao Y, Pan L, Sun Y, Zhang T, Dong L, Li J. Resistance to quinclorac caused by the enhanced ability to detoxify cyanide and its molecular mechanism in Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 143:231-238. [PMID: 29183597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quinclorac, an auxin-type herbicide, is widely used to control barnyardgrass and some dicotyledon weeds. Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis, a variety of E. crus-galli (L.) Beauv., is widespread in China and some populations have resistance to quinclorac. E. crus-galli var. zelayensis seeds with varying sensitivity to quinclorac were used in the present study. The expression of the ADP/ATP carrier protein (ANT) gene, which plays an important role in the maintenance of cellular energy balance, dramatically rose in the S biotype after exposure to quinclorac, while no change was found in two R biotypes. The activity of β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS), which is the key enzyme for cyanide degradation, was higher in two R biotypes than in the S biotype before and after treatment with quinclorac. One single-nucleotide difference was detected in the EcCAS gene of two R biotypes compared with the S biotype. The nucleotide change, which caused one amino acid substitution, replacing Methionine (Met)-295 with Lysine (Lys)-295 in the two R biotypes, which are same as the rice β-CAS gene at this position. In addition, EcCAS gene expression was higher in the two R biotypes than in the S biotype. In conclusion, β-CAS may play a crucial role in the resistance of E. crus-galli var. zelayensis to quinclorac. EcCAS gene mutation and higher gene expression may enhance the activity of β-CAS to avoid the accumulation of toxic cyanide in resistant populations, thus contributing to the resistance mechanism of E. crus-galli var. zelayensis. to quinclorac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Lang Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Liyao Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Jun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China.
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224
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Tranel PJ. Herbicide-resistance mechanisms: gene amplification is not just for glyphosate. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2225-2226. [PMID: 28755431 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
See related Article
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Tranel
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
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225
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Brookes G, Taheripour F, Tyner WE. The contribution of glyphosate to agriculture and potential impact of restrictions on use at the global level. GM Crops Food 2017; 8:216-228. [PMID: 29035143 PMCID: PMC5790413 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2017.1390637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses the potential economic and environmental impacts that would arise if restrictions on glyphosate use resulted in the world no longer planting genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GM HT) crops. 'First round' impacts are the loss of farm level and aggregate impacts associated with the widespread use of GM HT crops (tolerant to glyphosate). There would be an annual loss of global farm income gains of $6.76 billion and lower levels of global soybean, corn and canola production equal to 18.6 million tonnes, 3.1 million tonnes and 1.44 million tonnes respectively. There would be an annual environmental loss associated with a net increase in the use of herbicides of 8.2 million kg of herbicide active ingredient (+1.7%), and a larger net negative environmental impact, as measured by the environmental impact quotient (EIQ 11 Kovach J et al1. ) indicator of a 12.4%. Also, there would be additional carbon emissions arising from increased fuel usage and decreased soil carbon sequestration, equal to the equivalent of adding 11.77 million cars to the roads. Global welfare impacts based on these farm level impacts (identified through use of the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model GTAP-BIO) point to global production of soybeans and rapeseed falling by 3.7% and 0.7% respectively, partially offset by increases in other oilseeds (notably palm oil). World prices of all grains, oilseeds and sugar are expected to rise, especially soybeans (+5.4%) and rapeseed (+2%). The welfare impacts are mostly negative, with global welfare falling by $7,408 million per year. Land use changes will arise, with an additional cropping area of 762,000 ha, of which 53% derives from new land brought into cropping agriculture, including 167,000 of deforestation. These land use changes are likely to induce the generation of an additional 234,000 million kg of carbon dioxide emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Brookes
- PG Economics, PG Economics, Dorchester, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Farzad Taheripour
- Dept of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Wallace E. Tyner
- Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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226
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Darmency H, Colbach N, Le Corre V. Relationship between weed dormancy and herbicide rotations: implications in resistance evolution. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:1994-1999. [PMID: 28485118 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is suggested that selection for late germinating seed cohorts is significantly associated with herbicide resistance in some cropping systems. In turn, it is conceivable that rotating herbicide modes of action selects for populations with mutations for increased secondary dormancy, thus partially overcoming the delaying effect of rotation on resistance evolution. Modified seed dormancy could affect management strategies - like herbicide rotation - that are used to prevent or control herbicide resistance. Here, we review the literature for data on seed dormancy and germination dynamics of herbicide-resistant versus susceptible plants. Few studies use plant material with similar genetic backgrounds, so there are few really comparative data. Increased dormancy and delayed germination may co-occur with resistance to ACCase inhibitors, but there is no clear-cut link with resistance to other herbicide classes. Population shifts are due in part to pleiotropic effects of the resistance genes, but interaction with the cropping system is also possible. We provide an example of a model simulation that accounts for genetic diversity in the dormancy trait, and subsequent consequences for various cropping systems. We strongly recommend adding more accurate and detailed mechanistic modelling to the current tools used today to predict the efficiency of prevention and management of herbicide resistance. These models should be validated through long-term experimental designs including mono-herbicide versus chemical rotation in the field. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Darmency
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Nathalie Colbach
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Valérie Le Corre
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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227
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Nepomuceno M, Chinchilla N, Varela RM, Molinillo JM, Lacret R, Alves PL, Macias FA. Chemical evidence for the effect of Urochloa ruziziensis on glyphosate-resistant soybeans. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2071-2078. [PMID: 28345304 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean (Glycine max) is an important oleaginous legume that has been cultivated in new areas in Brazil, including pastures. Problems of reduced production yields have been reported by soybean growers when the crop is sown immediately after desiccation of pastures of Urochloa spp. using glyphosate. The objective of this work was to extract, isolate and identify the major chemicals from U. ruziziensis that have phytotoxic activity and to evaluate the possible relation between this effect and reduced soybean yield. RESULTS U. ruziziensis plants at the flowering stage were desiccated using glyphosate at 1.44 kg ha-1 . The plants were collected between five and ten days after treatment. Extracts of dried and ground shoots were obtained by sequential extraction with hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. The results of wheat coleoptile bioassays indicated that the methanol extract was more inhibitory than the dichloromethane extract regardless of glyphosate application. CONCLUSION Protodioscin, a steroidal saponin, was isolated from the extract as the major component and the activities of this compound were in good agreement with those found for the extract. The release of this compound into the soil is a plausible explanation for the decrease in production observed in transgenic soybean crop after desiccation of U. ruziziensis. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariluce Nepomuceno
- Department of Applied Biology to Agropecuary, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Nuria Chinchilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José Mg Molinillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rodney Lacret
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pedro Lca Alves
- Department of Applied Biology to Agropecuary, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Macias
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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228
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Liu W, Bai S, Jia S, Guo W, Zhang L, Li W, Wang J. Comparison of ALS functionality and plant growth in ALS-inhibitor susceptible and resistant Myosoton aquaticum L. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 142:111-116. [PMID: 29107233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide target-site resistance mutations may cause pleiotropic effects on plant ecology and physiology. The effect of several known (Pro197Ser, Pro197Leu Pro197Ala, and Pro197Glu) target-site resistance mutations of the ALS gene on both ALS functionality and plant vegetative growth of weed Myosoton aquaticum L. (water chickweed) have been investigated here. The enzyme kinetics of ALS from four purified water chickweed populations that each homozygous for the specific target-site resistance-endowing mutations were characterized and the effect of these mutations on plant growth was assessed via relative growth rate (RGR) analysis. Plants homozygous for Pro197Ser and Pro197Leu exhibited higher extractable ALS activity than susceptible (S) plants, while all ALS mutations with no negative change in ALS kinetics. The Pro197Leu mutation increased ALS sensitivity to isoleucine and valine, and Pro197Glu mutation slightly increased ALS sensitivity to isoleucine. RGR results indicated that none of these ALS resistance mutations impose negative pleiotropic effects on relative growth rate. However, resistant (R) seeds had a lowed germination rate than S seeds. This study provides baseline information on ALS functionality and plant growth characteristics associated with ALS inhibitor resistance-endowing mutations in water chickweed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Shuang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Sisi Jia
- Taian Entry-Exit Inspection And Quarantine Bureau, Tai'an 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Wenlei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
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229
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Ntoanidou S, Madesis P, Diamantidis G, Eleftherohorinos I. Trp574 substitution in the acetolactate synthase of Sinapis arvensis confers cross-resistance to tribenuron and imazamox. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 142:9-14. [PMID: 29107252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rate-response experiments with nine putative resistant wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) populations from Greece showed cross-resistance to tribenuron and imazamox. The calculated GR50 values [herbicide rate (gaiha-1) required for 50% reduction of fresh weight] of the nine resistant (R) populations ranged from 51.8 to 555.6gaitribenuronha-1 and from 66.3 to 900.4gaiimazamoxha-1. Regarding the susceptible population, GR50 value was not estimated for tribenuron as its lower treatment reduced fresh weight by >95%, whereas the respective value for imazamox was 0.5gaiha-1. Gene sequencing of als revealed that a point mutation at Trp574 position, leading to amino acid substitution by Leu in the ALS enzyme was present and the likely cause of resistance. The in vitro activity of the ALS enzyme indicated I50 values (herbicide concentration required for 50% reduction of the ALS activity) ranging from 19.11 to 217.45μM for tribenuron, whereas the respective value for the S population was 1.17μM. All populations were susceptible to MCPA at the recommended rate. These results strongly support that cross-resistance of 9 S. arvensis populations was due a point mutation of the als gene, which resulted in a less sensitive ALS enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ntoanidou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Agriculture, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P Madesis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences-CERTH, 6th Km. Charilaou-Thermi Road, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Diamantidis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Agriculture, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - I Eleftherohorinos
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Agriculture, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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230
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Matthews BA, Launis KL, Bauman PA, Juba NC. Double-Mutated 5-Enol Pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate Synthase Protein Expressed in MZHG0JG Corn (Zea mays L.) Has No Impact on Toxicological Safety and Nutritional Composition. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:8459-8465. [PMID: 28892386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
MZHG0JG corn will offer growers the flexibility to alternate between herbicides with two different modes of action in their weed-management programs, helping to mitigate and manage the evolution of herbicide resistance in weed populations. The proteins conferring herbicide tolerence in MZHG0JG corn, double-mutated 5-enol pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase protein (mEPSPS) and phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT), as well as the MZHG0JG corn event, have been assessed by regulatory authorities globally and have been determined to be safe for humans, animals, and the environment. In addition to the safety data available for these proteins, further studies were conducted on MZHG0JG corn to assess levels of mEPSPS as compared to previously registered genetically modified (GM) corn. The results support the conclusion of no impact on toxicological safety or nutritional composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Matthews
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC , Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Karen L Launis
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC , Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Patricia A Bauman
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC , Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Nicole C Juba
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC , Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
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231
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Taylor M, Bickel A, Mannion R, Bell E, Harrigan GG. Dicamba-Tolerant Soybeans (Glycine max L.) MON 87708 and MON 87708 × MON 89788 Are Compositionally Equivalent to Conventional Soybean. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:8037-8045. [PMID: 28825823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide-tolerant crops can expand both tools for and timing of weed control strategies. MON 87708 soybean has been developed through genetic modification and confers tolerance to the dicamba herbicide. As part of the safety assessment conducted for new genetically modified (GM) crop varieties, a compositional assessment of MON 87708 was performed. Levels of key soybean nutrients and anti-nutrients in harvested MON 87708 were compared to levels of those components in a closely related non-GM variety as well as to levels measured in other conventional soybean varieties. From this analysis, MON 87708 was shown to be compositionally equivalent to its comparator. A similar analysis conducted for a stacked trait product produced by conventional breeding, MON 87708 × MON 89788, which confers tolerance to both dicamba and glyphosate herbicides, reached the same conclusion. These results are consistent with other results that demonstrate no compositional impact of genetic modification, except in those cases where an impact was an intended outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Taylor
- Monsanto Company , 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Anna Bickel
- Monsanto Company , 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Rhonda Mannion
- Monsanto Company , 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Erin Bell
- Monsanto Company , 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - George G Harrigan
- Monsanto Company , 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
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232
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Song D, Wu G, Vrinten P, Qiu X. Development of imidazolinone herbicide tolerant borage (Borago officinalis L.). Plant Sci 2017; 262:74-80. [PMID: 28716422 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Borage (Borago officinalis) is an annual herb that produces a high level of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) in its seed oil. Due to the recognized health benefits of GLA, borage is now commercially cultivated worldwide. However, an herbicide-tolerant variety for effective weed management has not yet been developed. Here we report the generation and characterization of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) induced borage mutant lines tolerant to the herbicide imidazolinone. An EMS-mutagenized borage population was generated by using a series of concentrations of EMS to treat mature borage seeds. Screening of the M2 and M3 borage plants using an herbicide treatment resulted in the identification of two imidazolinone-tolerant lines. Sequence analysis of two acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) genes, AHAS1 and AHAS2, from the mutant (tolerant) and wild type (susceptible) borage plants showed that single nucleotide substitutions which resulted in amino acid changes occurred in AHAS1 and AHAS2, respectively in the two tolerant lines. A KASP marker was then developed to differentiate the homozygous susceptible, homozygous tolerant and heterozygous borage plants. An in vitro assay showed that homozygous tolerant borage carrying the AHAS1 mutation retained significantly higher AHAS activity than susceptible borage across different imazamox concentrations. A herbicide dose response test indicated that the line with the AHAS1 mutation could tolerate four times the normally used field concentration of "Solo" herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Song
- Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Guohai Wu
- Bioriginal Food & Science Corporation, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Xiao Qiu
- Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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233
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Panozzo S, Milani A, Scarabel L, Balogh Á, Dancza I, Sattin M. Occurrence of Different Resistance Mechanisms to Acetolactate Synthase Inhibitors in European Sorghum halepense. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:7320-7327. [PMID: 28767243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Four Hungarian and two Italian Sorghum halepense populations harvested in maize fields were investigated to elucidate the levels and mechanisms underlying acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors resistance. The two Italian populations were highly cross-resistant to all ALS inhibitors tested, and the variant ALS allele Leu574 was identified in most of the plants; no differences were observed when the plants were treated with herbicide plus malathion. This suggests that the main resistance mechanism is target-site mediated. The Hungarian populations proved to be controlled by imazamox, while they were resistant to sulfonylureas and bispyribac-Na. All Hungarian populations, but not all plants of population 12-49H, presented the variant allele Glu376. This is the first documented occurrence of the Asp-376-Glu substitution in S. halepense. ALS enzyme bioassay and treatment with malathion confirmed that at least in plants of two populations the resistance is very likely due to both target-site and enhanced metabolism of P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Panozzo
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF) - CNR , viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Andrea Milani
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF) - CNR , viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Laura Scarabel
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF) - CNR , viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Ákos Balogh
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG , Schwarzwaldallee 215, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Istvan Dancza
- Syngenta Kft. , Aliz. str. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maurizio Sattin
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF) - CNR , viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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234
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Skelton JJ, Simpson DM, Peterson MA, Riechers DE. Biokinetic Analysis and Metabolic Fate of 2,4-D in 2,4-D-Resistant Soybean (Glycine max). J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:5847-5859. [PMID: 28650629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The Enlist weed control system allows the use of 2,4-D in soybean but slight necrosis in treated leaves may be observed in the field. The objectives of this research were to measure and compare uptake, translocation, and metabolism of 2,4-D in Enlist (E, resistant) and non-AAD-12 transformed (NT, sensitive) soybeans. The adjuvant from the Enlist Duo herbicide formulation (ADJ) increased 2,4-D uptake (36%) and displayed the fastest rate of uptake (U50= 0.2 h) among treatments. E soybean demonstrated a faster rate of 2,4-D metabolism (M50= 0.2 h) compared to NT soybean, but glyphosate did not affect 2,4-D metabolism. Metabolites of 2,4-D in E soybean were qualitatively different than NT. Applying 2,4-D-ethylhexyl ester instead of 2,4-D choline (a quaternary ammonium salt) eliminated visual injury to E soybean, likely due to the time required for initial de-esterification and bioactivation. Excessive 2,4-D acid concentrations in E soybean resulting from ADJ-increased uptake may significantly contribute to foliar injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Skelton
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David M Simpson
- Dow AgroSciences LLC , Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Mark A Peterson
- Dow AgroSciences LLC , Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Dean E Riechers
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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235
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Qu RY, Yang JF, Liu YC, Chen Q, Hao GF, Niu CW, Xi Z, Yang GF. Computational design of novel inhibitors to overcome weed resistance associated with acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) P197L mutant. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:1373-1381. [PMID: 27748000 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGOUND Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS; EC 2.2.1.6) is the first common enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the branched-chain amino acids in plants and a wide range of microorganisms. With the long-term and wide application of AHAS inhibitors, weed resistance is becoming a global problem, which leads to an urgent demand for novel inhibitors to antagonize both wild-type and resistant AHAS. RESULTS Pyrimidinyl salicylic acid derivatives, as one of the main classes of commercial AHAS herbicides, show potential anti-resistant bioactivity to wild-type and P197L mutant. In current work, a series of novel 2-benzoyloxy-6-pyrimidinyl salicylic acid derivatives were designed through fragment-based drug discovery. Fortunately, the newly synthesized compounds showed good inhibitory activity against both wild-type and P197L mutant. Some compounds not only had a lower resistance factor value but also showed excellent inhibitory activity against wild-type AHAS and P197L mutant. Furthermore, greenhouse experiments showed compound 11m displayed almost 100% inhibition against both wild-type and high-resistant Descurainia sophia at a dosage of 150 g a.i. ha-1 . CONCLUSION The present work indicated that the 2-benzoyloxy-6-pyrimidinyl salicylic acid motif was well worth further optimization. Also, compound 11m could be used as a potential anti-resistant AHAS herbicide, which requires further research. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Wei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjing, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjing, 300071, People's Republic of China
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236
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Jalaludin A, Yu Q, Zoellner P, Beffa R, Powles SB. Characterisation of glufosinate resistance mechanisms in Eleusine indica. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:1091-1100. [PMID: 28094896 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An Eleusine indica population has evolved resistance to glufosinate, a major post-emergence herbicide of global agriculture. This population was analysed for target-site (glutamine synthetase) and non-target-site (glufosinate uptake, translocation and metabolism) resistance mechanisms. RESULTS Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity extracted from susceptible (S) and resistant (R*) plants was equally sensitive to glufosinate inhibition, with IC50 values of 0.85 mm and 0.99 mm, respectively. The extractable GS activity was also similar in S and R* samples. Foliar uptake of [14 C]-glufosinate did not differ in S and R* plants, nor did glufosinate net uptake in leaf discs. Translocation of [14 C]-glufosinate into untreated shoots and roots was also similar in both populations, with 44% to 47% of the herbicide translocated out from the treated leaf 24 h after treatment. The HPLC and LC-MS analysis of glufosinate metabolism revealed no major metabolites in S or R* leaf tissue. CONCLUSIONS Glufosinate resistance in this resistant population is not due to an insensitive GS, or increased activity, or altered glufosinate uptake and translocation, or enhanced glufosinate metabolism. Thus, target-site resistance is likely excluded and the exact resistance mechanism(s) remain to be determined. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jalaludin
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | - Qin Yu
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Zoellner
- Research Technologies Bayer AG, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Roland Beffa
- Weed Resistance Research Centre, Bayer AG, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephen B Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
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Dominguez-Valenzuela JA, Gherekhloo J, Fernández-Moreno PT, Cruz-Hipolito HE, Alcántara-de la Cruz R, Sánchez-González E, De Prado R. First confirmation and characterization of target and non-target site resistance to glyphosate in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) from Mexico. Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 115:212-218. [PMID: 28384561 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Following the introduction of glyphosate-resistant (GR)-cotton crops in Mexico, farmers have relied upon glyphosate as being the only herbicide for in-season weed control. Continuous use of glyphosate within the same year and over multiple successive years has resulted in the selection of glyphosate resistance in Palmer amaranth (Amarantus palmeri). Dose-response assays confirmed resistance in seven different accessions. The resistance ratio based on GR50 values (50% growth reduction) varied between 12 and 83. At 1000 μM glyphosate, shikimic acid accumulation in the S-accession was 30- to 2-fold higher at compared to R-accessions. At 96 h after treatment, 35-44% and 61% of applied 14C-glyphosate was taken up by leaves of plants from R- and S-accessions, respectively. At this time, a significantly higher proportion of the glyphosate absorbed remained in the treated leaf of R-plants (55-69%) compared to S-plants (36%). Glyphosate metabolism was low and did not differ between resistant and susceptible plants. Glyphosate was differentially metabolized to AMPA and glyoxylate in plants of R- and S-accessions, although it was low in both accessions (<10%). There were differences in 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme activity by 50% (I50) between R- and S-accessions. However, no significant differences were found in the basal EPSPS activity (μmol inorganic phosphate μg-1 total soluble protein min-1) between R- and S-accessions. A point mutation Pro-106-Ser was evidenced in three accessions. The results confirmed the resistance of Palmer amaranth accessions to glyphosate collected from GR-cotton crops from Mexico. This is the first study demonstrating glyphosate-resistance in Palmer amaranth from Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javid Gherekhloo
- Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | | | | | | | - Eduardo Sánchez-González
- Department of Agricultural Parasitology, Chapingo Autonomous University, Road México-Texcoco Km. 38.5, 56230 Texcoco, Mexico.
| | - Rafael De Prado
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Edaphology, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.
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238
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Frisvold GB, Bagavathiannan MV, Norsworthy JK. Positive and normative modeling for Palmer amaranth control and herbicide resistance management. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:1110-1120. [PMID: 28139047 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic optimization models are normative; they solve for what growers 'ought to do' to maximize some objective, such as long-run profits. While valuable for research, such models are difficult to solve computationally, limiting their applicability to grower resistance management education. While discussing properties of normative models in general, this study presents results of a specific positive model of herbicide resistance management, applied to Palmer amaranth control on a representative cotton farm. This positive model compares a proactive resistance management strategy to a reactive strategy with lower short-run costs, but greater risk of herbicide resistance developing. RESULTS The proactive strategy can pay for itself within 1-4 years, with a yield advantage of 4% or less if the yield advantage begins within 1-2 years of adoption. Whether the proactive strategy is preferable is sensitive to resistance onset and yield losses, but less sensitive to cotton prices or baseline yields. Industry rebates to encourage residual herbicide use (to delay resistance to post-emergence treatments) may be too small to alter grower behavior or they may be paid to growers who would have used residuals anyway. Rebates change grower behavior over a relatively narrow range of model parameters. The size of rebates needed to induce a grower to adopt the proactive strategy declines significantly if growers extend their planning horizon from 1 year to 3-4 years. CONCLUSIONS Whether proactive resistance management is more profitable than a reactive strategy is more sensitive to biological parameters than economic ones. Simulation results suggest growers with longer time horizons (perhaps younger ones) would be more responsive to rebate programs. More empirical work is needed to determine how much rebates increase residual use above what would occur without them. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Frisvold
- Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jason K Norsworthy
- Department of Crop, Soil, & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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239
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Beckie HJ, Harker KN. Our top 10 herbicide-resistant weed management practices. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:1045-1052. [PMID: 28160383 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although proactive or reactive herbicide-resistant weed management (HRWM) practices have been recommended to growers in different agroecoregions globally, there is a need to identify and prioritise those having the most impact in mitigating or managing herbicide selection pressure in the northern Great Plains of North America. Our perspective on this issue is based on collaborative research, extension activities and dialogue with growers or farming experience (cereal, oilseed and pulse crop production) during the past 30 years. We list our top 10 HRWM practices, concluding with the number 1 practice which is the foundation of the other nine practices: crop diversity. Although our top 10 HRWM practices have broad applicability across agroecoregions, their ranking may vary widely. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh J Beckie
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - K Neil Harker
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
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240
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Somerville GJ, Powles SB, Walsh MJ, Renton M. Why was resistance to shorter-acting pre-emergence herbicides slower to evolve? Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:844-851. [PMID: 28019070 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Across several agricultural systems the evolution of herbicide resistance has occurred more rapidly to post-emergence than pre-emergence herbicides; however, the reasons for this are not clear. We used a new simulation model to investigate whether interactions between differences in order of application and weed cohorts affected could explain this historically observed difference between the herbicide groups. RESULTS A 10 year delay in resistance evolution was predicted for a shorter-acting residual pre-emergence (cf. post-emergence), when all other parameters were identical. Differences in order of application between pre- and post-emergence herbicides had minimal effect on rates of resistance evolution when similar weed cohorts were affected. CONCLUSION This modelling suggested that the historically observed lower levels of resistance to pre-emergence herbicides are most likely to be due to the smaller number of weed cohorts affected by many pre-emergence herbicides. The lower number of weed cohorts affected by pre-emergence herbicides necessitated the use of additional, effective control measures, thereby reducing resistance evolution. This study highlights the advantages of applying multiple control measures to each weed cohort. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle J Somerville
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen B Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael J Walsh
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Renton
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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241
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Colbach N, Darmency H, Fernier A, Granger S, Le Corre V, Messéan A. Simulating changes in cropping practices in conventional and glyphosate-resistant maize. II. Weed impacts on crop production and biodiversity. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:13121-13135. [PMID: 28386883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Overreliance on the same herbicide mode of action leads to the spread of resistant weeds, which cancels the advantages of herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops. Here, the objective was to quantify, with simulations, the impact of glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds on crop production and weed-related wild biodiversity in HT maize-based cropping systems differing in terms of management practices. We (1) simulated current conventional and probable HT cropping systems in two European regions, Aquitaine and Catalonia, with the weed dynamics model FLORSYS; (2) quantified how much the presence of GR weeds contributed to weed impacts on crop production and biodiversity; (3) determined the effect of cultural practices on the impact of GR weeds and (4) identified which species traits most influence weed-impact indicators. The simulation study showed that during the analysed 28 years, the advent of glyphosate resistance had little effect on plant biodiversity. Glyphosate-susceptible populations and species were replaced by GR ones. Including GR weeds only affected functional biodiversity (food offer for birds, bees and carabids) and weed harmfulness when weed effect was initially low; when weed effect was initially high, including GR weeds had little effect. The GR effect also depended on cultural practices, e.g. GR weeds were most detrimental for species equitability when maize was sown late. Species traits most harmful for crop production and most beneficial for biodiversity were identified, using RLQ analyses. None of the species presenting these traits belonged to a family for which glyphosate resistance was reported. An advice table was built; the effects of cultural practices on crop production and biodiversity were synthesized, explained, quantified and ranked, and the optimal choices for each management technique were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Colbach
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, 17 rue Sully, F-21065, Dijon, France.
| | - Henri Darmency
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Alice Fernier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Granger
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Valérie Le Corre
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
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242
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Fernández P, Alcántara R, Osuna MD, Vila-Aiub MM, Prado RD. Forward selection for multiple resistance across the non-selective glyphosate, glufosinate and oxyfluorfen herbicides in Lolium weed species. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:936-944. [PMID: 27447950 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Mediterranean area, Lolium species have evolved resistance to glyphosate after decades of continual use without other alternative chemicals in perennial crops (olive, citrus and vineyards). In recent years, oxyfluorfen alone or mixed with glyphosate and glufosinate has been introduced as a chemical option to control dicot and grass weeds. RESULTS Dose-response studies confirmed that three glyphosate-resistant Lolium weed species (L. rigidum, L. perenne, L. multiflorum) collected from perennial crops in the Iberian Peninsula have also evolved resistance to glufosinate and oxyfluorfen herbicides, despite their recent introduction. Based on the LD50 resistance parameter, the resistance factor was similar among Lolium species and ranged from 14- to 21-fold and from ten- to 12-fold for oxyfluorfen and glufosinate respectively. Similarly, about 14-fold resistance to both oxyfluorfen and glufosinate was estimated on average for the three Lolium species when growth reduction (GR50 ) was assessed. This study identified oxyfluorfen resistance in a grass species for the first time. CONCLUSION A major threat to sustainability of perennial crops in the Iberian Peninsula is evident, as multiple resistance to non-selective glyphosate, glufosinate and oxyfluorfen herbicides has evolved in L. rigidum, L. perenne and L. multiflorum weeds. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fernández
- Departamento de Química Agrícola y Edafología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ricardo Alcántara
- Departamento de Química Agrícola y Edafología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María D Osuna
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), Guadajira-Badajoz, Spain
| | - Martin M Vila-Aiub
- IFEVA-CONICET - Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael De Prado
- Departamento de Química Agrícola y Edafología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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243
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Rey-Caballero J, Menéndez J, Osuna MD, Salas M, Torra J. Target-site and non-target-site resistance mechanisms to ALS inhibiting herbicides in Papaver rhoeas. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 138:57-65. [PMID: 28456305 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Target-site and non-target-site resistance mechanisms to ALS inhibitors were investigated in multiple resistant (tribenuron-methyl and 2,4-D) and only 2,4-D resistant, Spanish corn poppy populations. Six amino-acid replacements at the Pro197 position (Ala197, Arg197, His197, Leu197, Thr197 and Ser197) were found in three multiple resistant populations. These replacements were responsible for the high tribenuron-methyl resistance response, and some of them, especially Thr197 and Ser197, elucidated the cross-resistant pattern for imazamox and florasulam, respectively. Mutations outside of the conserved regions of the ALS gene (Gly427 and Leu648) were identified, but not related to resistance response. Higher mobility of labeled tribenuron-methyl in plants with multiple resistance was, however, similar to plants with only 2,4-D resistance, indicating the presence of non-target-site resistance mechanisms (NTSR). Metabolism studies confirmed the presence of a hydroxy imazamox metabolite in one of the populations. Lack of correlation between phenotype and genotype in plants treated with florasulam or imazamox, non-mutated plants surviving imazamox, tribenuron-methyl translocation patterns and the presence of enhanced metabolism revealed signs of the presence of NTSR mechanisms to ALS inhibitors in this species. On this basis, selection pressure with ALS non-SU inhibitors bears the risk of promoting the evolution of NTSR mechanisms in corn poppy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Rey-Caballero
- Department d'Hortofructicultura, Botànica i Jardineria, Agrotecnio, Universitat de Lleida, Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Spain
| | - Julio Menéndez
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Campus Universitario de La Rábida, 21071 Palos de la Frontera, Huelva, Spain
| | - Maria D Osuna
- "Finca La Orden-Valdesequera" Research Centre, Ctra. A-V, Km372, 06187 Guadajira, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Marisa Salas
- DuPont de Nemours, Reu Delarivière Lefoullon, La Defense Cedex, Paris 92064, France
| | - Joel Torra
- Department d'Hortofructicultura, Botànica i Jardineria, Agrotecnio, Universitat de Lleida, Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Spain.
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Colbach N, Fernier A, Le Corre V, Messéan A, Darmency H. Simulating changes in cropping practises in conventional and glyphosate-tolerant maize. I. Effects on weeds. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:11582-11600. [PMID: 28324251 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops such as those tolerant to glyphosate simplify weed management and make it more efficient, at least at short-term. Overreliance on the same herbicide though leads to the spread of resistant weeds. Here, the objective was to evaluate, with simulations, the impact on the advent of glyphosate resistance in weeds of modifications in agricultural practises resulting from introducing HT maize into cropping systems. First, we included a single-gene herbicide resistance submodel in the existing multispecific FLORSYS model. Then, we (1) simulated current conventional and probable HT cropping systems in two European regions, Aquitaine and Catalonia, (2) compared these systems in terms of glyphosate resistance, (3) identified pertinent cultural practises influencing glyphosate resistance, and (4) investigated correlations between cultural practises and species traits, using RLQ analyses. The simulation study showed that, during the analysed 28 years, (1) glyphosate spraying only results in glyphosate resistance in weeds when combined with other cultural factors favouring weed infestation, particularly no till; (2) pre-sowing glyphosate applications select more for herbicide resistance than post-sowing applications on HT crops; and (3) glyphosate spraying selects more for species traits avoiding exposure to the herbicide (e.g. delayed early growth, small leaf area) or compensating for fitness costs (e.g. high harvest index) than for actual resistance to glyphosate, (4) actual resistance is most frequent in species that do not avoid glyphosate, either via plant size or timing, and/or in less competitive species, (5) in case of efficient weed control measures, actual resistance proliferates best in outcrossing species. An advice table was built, with the quantitative, synthetic ranking of the crop management effects in terms of glyphosate-resistance management, identifying the optimal choices for each management technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Colbach
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, 17 rue Sully, F-21065, Dijon, France.
| | - Alice Fernier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Valérie Le Corre
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | | | - Henri Darmency
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
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245
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Gomes MP, Bicalho EM, Smedbol É, Cruz FVDS, Lucotte M, Garcia QS. Glyphosate Can Decrease Germination of Glyphosate-Resistant Soybeans. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:2279-2286. [PMID: 28245120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of different concentrations of glyphosate acid and one of its formulations (Roundup) on seed germination of two glyphosate-resistant (GR) and one non-GR variety of soybean. As expected, the herbicide affected the shikimate pathway in non-GR seeds but not in GR seeds. We observed that glyphosate can disturb the mitochondrial electron transport chain, leading to H2O2 accumulation in soybean seeds, which was, in turn, related to lower seed germination. In addition, GR seeds showed increased activity of antioxidant systems when compared to non-GR seeds, making them less vulnerable to oxidative stress induced by glyphosate. The differences in the responses of GR varieties to glyphosate exposure corresponded to their differences in enzymatic activity related to H2O2 scavenging and mitochondrial complex III (the proposed site of ROS induction by glyphosate). Our results showed that glyphosate ought to be used carefully as a pre-emergence herbicide in soybean field crop systems because this practice may reduce seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, 31270-970 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elisa Monteze Bicalho
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, 31270-970 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Élise Smedbol
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, 31270-970 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- GEOTOP & Institut des Sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Montréal , C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fernanda Vieira da Silva Cruz
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, 31270-970 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marc Lucotte
- GEOTOP & Institut des Sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Montréal , C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Queila Souza Garcia
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, 31270-970 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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246
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Busi R, Gaines TA, Powles S. Phorate can reverse P450 metabolism-based herbicide resistance in Lolium rigidum. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:410-417. [PMID: 27643926 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate insecticides can inhibit specific cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in metabolic herbicide resistance mechanisms, leading to synergistic interactions between the insecticide and the herbicide. In this study we report synergistic versus antagonistic interactions between the organophosphate insecticide phorate and five different herbicides observed in a population of multiple herbicide-resistant Lolium rigidum. RESULTS Phorate synergised with three different herbicide modes of action, enhancing the activity of the ALS inhibitor chlorsulfuron (60% LD50 reduction), the VLCFAE inhibitor pyroxasulfone (45% LD50 reduction) and the mitosis inhibitor trifluralin (70% LD50 reduction). Conversely, phorate antagonised the two thiocarbamate herbicides prosulfocarb and triallate with a 12-fold LD50 increase. CONCLUSION We report the selective reversal of P450-mediated metabolic multiple resistance to chlorsulfuron and trifluralin in the grass weed L. rigidum by synergistic interaction with the insecticide phorate, and discuss the putative mechanistic basis. This research should encourage diversity in herbicide use patterns for weed control as part of a long-term integrated management effort to reduce the risk of selection of metabolism-based multiple herbicide resistance in L. rigidum. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Busi
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Todd Adam Gaines
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stephen Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Dong F, Mitchell PD, Davis VM, Recker R. Impact of atrazine prohibition on the sustainability of weed management in Wisconsin maize production. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:425-434. [PMID: 27101520 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversy has surrounded atrazine owing to its susceptibility to leaching and run-off, with regular calls for a ban or restrictions on its use. In the context of a decreasing trend in the percentage of US maize using no-till since 2008, coinciding with the trend of glyphosate-resistant weeds becoming problematic in the Midwestern United States, we empirically examine how atrazine use restrictions have impacted the diversity of weed management practices used by Wisconsin maize farmers. RESULTS Using survey data from farms inside and outside atrazine prohibition areas, we found that prohibiting atrazine did not directly impact tillage practices, but rather it increased the adoption of herbicide-resistant seed, which then increased adoption of conservation tillage systems. We also found that prohibiting atrazine and using herbicide-resistant seed reduced the number of herbicide sites of action used. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that prohibiting atrazine reduced the diversity of weed management practices, which increased the risk of herbicide resistance. Our concern is that a regulatory policy to address one issue (atrazine in groundwater) has induced farmer responses that increase problems with another issue (herbicide-resistant weeds) that longer term will contribute to water quality problems from increased soil erosion and offset the initial benefits. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Dong
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul D Mitchell
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vince M Davis
- Formerly Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ross Recker
- Formerly Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Liu C, Bridges ME, Kaundun SS, Glasgow L, Owen MD, Neve P. A generalised individual-based algorithm for modelling the evolution of quantitative herbicide resistance in arable weed populations. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:462-474. [PMID: 27174645 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simulation models are useful tools for predicting and comparing the risk of herbicide resistance in weed populations under different management strategies. Most existing models assume a monogenic mechanism governing herbicide resistance evolution. However, growing evidence suggests that herbicide resistance is often inherited in a polygenic or quantitative fashion. Therefore, we constructed a generalised modelling framework to simulate the evolution of quantitative herbicide resistance in summer annual weeds. RESULTS Real-field management parameters based on Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer (syn. rudis) control with glyphosate and mesotrione in Midwestern US maize-soybean agroecosystems demonstrated that the model can represent evolved herbicide resistance in realistic timescales. Sensitivity analyses showed that genetic and management parameters were impactful on the rate of quantitative herbicide resistance evolution, whilst biological parameters such as emergence and seed bank mortality were less important. CONCLUSION The simulation model provides a robust and widely applicable framework for predicting the evolution of quantitative herbicide resistance in summer annual weed populations. The sensitivity analyses identified weed characteristics that would favour herbicide resistance evolution, including high annual fecundity, large resistance phenotypic variance and pre-existing herbicide resistance. Implications for herbicide resistance management and potential use of the model are discussed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Herbicide Bioscience, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berks, UK
| | - Melissa E Bridges
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warks, UK
| | | | - Les Glasgow
- Herbicide Product Management, Syngenta, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Micheal Dk Owen
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Paul Neve
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warks, UK
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Pedroso RM, Al-Khatib K, Hanson BD, Fischer AJ. A high-throughput, modified ALS activity assay for Cyperus difformis and Schoenoplectus mucronatus seedlings. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 135:78-81. [PMID: 28043335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyperus difformis L. (CYPDI) and Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla (SCHMU) are major weeds of California (CA) rice, where resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitors was identified in several CYPDI and SCHMU populations that have also evolved resistance to photosystem II (PSII)-inhibiting herbicides. The mechanism of ALS resistance in these populations remains to be clarified but this information is crucial in a weed management program, especially in a scenario where resistance to multiple herbicides has been identified. ALS activity assays are commonly used to diagnose resistance to ALS-inhibitors, but protocols currently available are burdensome for the study of CYPDI and SCHMU, as they require large amounts of plant material from young seedlings and have low yields. Our objective was to investigate the ALS resistance mechanism in suspected ALS-resistant (R) CYPDI and SCHMU biotypes using a modified ALS activity assay that requires less plant material. ALS enzymes from suspected R biotypes were at least 10,000-fold less sensitive to bensulfuron-methyl than susceptible (S) cohorts, indicating ALS resistance that is likely due to an altered target-site. Protein concentration (mgg-1 tissue) did not differ between R and S biotypes within each species, suggesting that R biotypes do not over produce ALS enzymes. CYPDI biotypes had up to 4-fold more protein per mg of tissue than SCHMU biotypes, but up to 7-fold more acetoin per mg-1 protein was quantified in SCHMU, suggesting greater ALS catalytic ability in SCHMU biotypes, regardless of their herbicide resistance status. Our optimized protocol to measure ALS activity allowed for up to a 3-fold increase in the number of assays performed per g of leaf tissue. The modified assay may be useful for measuring ALS activity in other weed species that also produce small amount of foliage in early growth stages when protein in tissue is most abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Pedroso
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Kassim Al-Khatib
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Bradley D Hanson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Albert J Fischer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Jenkins MB, Locke MA, Reddy KN, McChesney DS, Steinriede RW. Impact of glyphosate-resistant corn, glyphosate applications and tillage on soil nutrient ratios, exoenzyme activities and nutrient acquisition ratios. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:78-86. [PMID: 27491933 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report results of the last two years of a 7 year field experiment designed to test the null hypothesis: applications of glyphosate on glyphosate-resistant (GR) and non-resistant (non-GR) corn (Zea mays L.) under conventional tillage and no-till would have no effect on soil exoenzymes and microbial activity. RESULTS Bulk soil (BS) and rhizosphere soil (RS) macronutrient ratios were not affected by either GR or non-GR corn, or glyphosate applications. Differences observed between exoenzyme activities were associated with tillage rather than glyphosate applications. In 2013, nutrient acquisition ratios for bulk and rhizosphere soils indicated P limitations, but sufficient assimilable N. In 2014, P limitations were observed for bulk and rhizosphere soils, in contrast to balanced C and N acquisition ratios in rhizosphere soils. Stoichiometric relationships indicated few differences between glyphosate and non-glyphosate treatments. Negative correlations between C:P and N:P nutrient ratios and nutrient acquisition ratios underscored the inverse relation between soil nutrient status and microbial community exoenzyme activities. CONCLUSIONS Inconsistent relationships between microbial community metabolic activity and exoenzyme activity indicated an ephemeral effect of glyphosate on BS exoenzyme activity. Except for ephemeral effects, glyphosate applications appeared not to affect the function of the BS and RS exoenzymes under conventional tillage or no-till. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Jenkins
- National Sedimentation Laboratory, Water Quality and Ecology Research Unit, USDA - Agriculture Research Service, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Martin A Locke
- National Sedimentation Laboratory, Water Quality and Ecology Research Unit, USDA - Agriculture Research Service, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Krishna N Reddy
- Crop Production Systems Research Unit, USDA - Agriculture Research Service, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Daniel S McChesney
- National Sedimentation Laboratory, Water Quality and Ecology Research Unit, USDA - Agriculture Research Service, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - R Wade Steinriede
- National Sedimentation Laboratory, Water Quality and Ecology Research Unit, USDA - Agriculture Research Service, Oxford, MS, USA
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