Inflammation, vitamin B6 and related pathways

Circulating tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites are associated with all-cause mortality among patients with stage I-III colorectal cancer

Alterations within the tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathway have been linked to the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the relevance of this pathway for prognostic outcomes in CRC patients needs further elucidation. Therefore, we investigated associations between circulating concentrations of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites and all-cause mortality among CRC patients. This study utilizes data from 2102 stage I-III CRC patients participating in six prospective cohorts involved in the international FOCUS Consortium. Preoperative circulating concentrations of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid (KA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (HK), xanthurenic acid (XA), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (HAA), anthranilic acid (AA), picolinic acid (PA), and quinolinic acid (QA) were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we examined associations of above-mentioned metabolites with all-cause mortality, adjusted for potential confounders. During a median follow-up of 3.2 years (interquartile range: 2.2-4.9), 290 patients (13.8%) deceased. Higher blood concentrations of tryptophan, XA, and PA were associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (per doubling in concentrations: tryptophan: HR = 0.56; 95%CI:0.41,0.76, XA: HR = 0.74; 95%CI:0.64,0.85, PA: HR = 0.76; 95%CI:0.64,0.92), while higher concentrations of HK and QA were associated with an increased risk of death (per doubling in concentrations: HK: HR = 1.80; 95%CI:1.47,2.21, QA: HR = 1.31; 95%CI:1.05,1.63). A higher kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio, a marker of cell-mediated immune activation, was associated with an increased risk of death (per doubling: HR = 2.07; 95%CI:1.52,2.83). In conclusion, tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites may be prognostic markers of survival in CRC patients.

The gut microbiota-produced vitamin B6 mitigates alcohol-associated liver disease by attenuating hepatic oxidative stress damage

BACKGROUND

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a major clinical issue characterized by progressive stages, including hepatic steatosis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC. Patients with long-term chronic alcoholism often present with gut microbiota dysbiosis and reduced plasma levels of vitamin B6. This study aimed to verify that gut microbiota disruption in ALD significantly contributes to reduced in vivo production of vitamin B6 and to investigate the role of this reduction in the pathogenesis of ALD.

METHODS

The ALD was investigated utilizing the Gao-binge mouse model. Fecal microbial composition was analyzed in pair-fed mice and ALD mice to identify alcohol-induced functional changes in the microbiota. Additionally, liver protein expression profiles and liver and plasma metabolomic profiles were characterized to elucidate the role of vitamin B6 in ALD pathogenesis through integrated proteomic and metabolomic analyses. The findings were further validated using animal models and clinical patient samples.

RESULTS

Alcohol consumption disrupted the gut microbiota in the mice, impairing the vitamin B6 synthesis by intestinal microorganisms. Vitamin B6 deficiency aggravated the disorder of amino acid metabolism in the liver and inhibited ornithine aminotransferase expression, thereby worsening oxidative stress damage. In patients with ALD, significant disturbances of gut microbiota were observed, along with decreased intestinal vitamin B6 levels, which were negatively correlated with serum biochemical markers.

CONCLUSIONS

The imbalance of gut microbiota in ALD mice reduces vitamin B6 synthesis, which affects amino acid metabolism and glutathione synthesis in the liver, thereby exacerbating ALD. These findings suggest that vitamin B6 may play a critical protective role in ALD progression by regulating amino acid metabolism.

Genetic insights into the effect of trace elements on cardiovascular diseases: multi-omics Mendelian randomization combined with linkage disequilibrium score regression analysis

Objective

Epidemiological evidence indicates that trace elements are significantly associated with cardiovascular health. However, its causality and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between trace elements and cardiovascular disease, as well as their potential mechanism of action.

Method

Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses along with mediated and multivariate MR analyses were employed. These analyses utilized 13 trace elements as exposure variables and 20 cardiovascular diseases as outcome variables, with 4907 circulating plasma proteins, 1400 serum metabolites, 731 immune cell phenotypes, and 473 intestinal flora as potential mediators. The Bayesian weighted MR method was used to validate the MR results, and linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) was applied to explore the genetic correlation between trace elements and cardiovascular disease.

Result

Our findings indicated a positive or negative causal relationship between genetically predicted trace elements and cardiovascular disease. An analysis using the Bayesian weighted MR method demonstrated that our causal inference results were reliable. The results of the mediated MR analyses indicate that potassium may reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease by influencing the expression of the plasma proteins BDH2 and C1R. Vitamin B12 may increase the risk of coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular death by reducing the levels of VPS29 and PSME1 proteins, while vitamin C may mitigate the risk of cardiac arrest by inhibiting the expression of the TPST2 protein. In addition, potassium can reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease by lowering 4-methoxyphenyl sulfate levels. None of the instrumental variables exhibited pleiotropy in the MR analysis. A sensitivity analysis using the leave-one-out method further confirmed the robustness of our findings. LDSC results indicated a genetic correlation between multiple trace elements and various cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusion

This study uncovered the true causal relationship between trace elements and cardiovascular disease risk using genetic methods, and revealed the significant mediating role of specific plasma proteins and metabolites in this relationship.

Protective Role of Vitamin B6 Against Teratogenic Effects Induced by Lead in Chick Embryo

BACKGROUND

Heavy metals like lead (Pb) have been used by humans for a very long time, but throughout the industrial revolution, their use expanded, increasing exposure to the metal. Lead, however, has no biological purpose in the human body and is hazardous when it gets into soft tissues and organs. Lead is still used in a variety of industries, including battery manufacturing and car maintenance, despite efforts to limit its usage.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates the teratogenic and morphometric effects of lead on chick embryos and the potential ameliorative effects of vitamin B6.

METHODS

Two hundred fertilized eggs from the golden black chicken were divided into four groups: control, lead acetate, vitamin B6, and lead + vitamin B6.

RESULTS

On the 14th day, embryos were analyzed. Significant reductions in body weight and size were observed in the lead-exposed group (33.93 ± 1.27 g) compared to the control (41.12 ± 0.97 g). Pronounced deformities included rudimentary beaks, protruding eyes, tridactyl limbs, hydrocephaly, and neck deformities. Appendicular deformities like phocomelia, amelia, and abnormal phalanges growth were also noted. Vitamin B6 demonstrated therapeutic benefits, significantly improving mean embryo weight in the Lead + Vitamin B6 group (42.37 ± 0.99 g). The lead-exposed group showed a reduction in maxilla length (3.61 ± 1.30 mm) compared to the Lead + Vitamin B6 group (7.57 ± 0.79 mm). This group also showed reduced severity of muscular dystrophy and bone thinning, with signs of recovery in beak and bone sizes.

CONCLUSIONS

The study highlights vitamin B6's beneficial impact in mitigating lead's toxic effects on chick embryonic development.

Ionic liquid-based yellow-emitting carbon dots for fluorescence-smartphone dual-mode detection of vitamin B6 in milk

The determination of vitamin B6 (VB6) in food is of great significance due to its vital role in maintaining health and its necessity for ingestion through dietary sources. Therefore, based on ionic liquid-based yellow-emitting carbon dots (Y-CDs), a novel fluorescence-smartphone dual-mode method was first developed. The present method was applied to the detection of VB6 in milk. In the fluorescence method, the formation of complexes between VB6 and Y-CDs results in a significant decrease of the fluorescence intensity of Y-CDs. VB6 in milk samples was successfully determined according to this method, which exhibited a low detection limit (5 × 10-5 mg/mL) and excellent recoveries (98.80%-103.80%), demonstrating its feasibility in real sample analysis. In addition, the smartphone-based analysis method was established by researching the correlation between different VB6 concentrations and the (R + B) values of Y-CDs. When this method was applied, the detection process of VB6 was simplified. By combining the two methods, the possibility of incorrect analysis results can be effectively reduced, and the reliability of detection results can be improved through cross-validation of the two methods. Compared with traditional chromatography and electrochemical methods, the dual-mode method was more rapid, convenient, accurate, and suitable for the detection of VB6.

Baseline Inflammation but not Exercise Modality Impacts Exercise-induced Kynurenine Pathway Modulation in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: Secondary Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is an important hub in neuroimmune crosstalk that is dysregulated in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and modulated by exercise in a modality-specific manner.

Objectives

To compare changes in the KP metabolite profile of pwMS (1) following combined treatments including either high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) during a 3-week multimodal rehabilitation, (2) to evaluate exercise response in relation to baseline systemic inflammation, and (3) to investigate associations of kynurenines with physical capacity and clinical outcomes.

Methods

For this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, serum concentrations of kynurenines at baseline and after 3 weeks were determined using targeted metabolomics (LC-MS/MS). Exercise-induced changes in the KP metabolite profile according to treatment and baseline systemic inflammation (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) <3.12 versus ⩾3.12) were investigated using covariance analyses.

Results

Regardless of treatment, concentrations of tryptophan and most kynurenines decreased over time. Quinolinic acid concentration increased (p < .001). Participants with low and high NLR revealed differential exercise-induced changes in concentrations of kynurenines and NLR. The systemic inflammation markers neopterin (p = .015) and NLR (p < .001) decreased in the whole group and in participants with high NLR, respectively.

Conclusions

Combined treatments including HIIT or MICT do not differentially modulate the KP metabolite profile, with both reducing concentrations of most kynurenines. Baseline systemic inflammation may impact exercise-induced changes in the KP metabolite profile and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise in pwMS.

Trial registration

clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT04356248).

Association between dietary vitamin B6 intake and constipation: a population-based study

Background

Numerous studies have suggested a link between dietary micronutrient intake and the onset of constipation. Nevertheless, there has not been much research done on the potential relationship between vitamin B6 and constipation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dietary vitamin B6 consumption and chronic constipation are related among adult participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Method

The study made use of information from the 2009-2010 NHANES health and nutrition survey. Respondents' dietary information was gathered using 24-h dietary recalls. A range of statistical techniques, including as interaction tests, subgroup analyses, and curve fitting analyses, were used to examine the connection between dietary vitamin B6 intake and chronic constipation.

Result

This study included 3,643 patients, with 270 (7.41%) diagnosed with persistent constipation. A fully adjusted multiple logistic regression analysis found that increasing dietary vitamin B6 consumption (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.68-0.89) was linked to a lower incidence of constipation, with significance at p < 0.05. After accounting for numerous factors, the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for the third tertile compared to the reference group (first tertile) were 0.85 (0.74, 0.98), with statistical significance at p < 0.05. Furthermore, subgroup analysis and interaction assessments revealed a substantial negative link between vitamin B6 intake and the occurrence of constipation, particularly in males and alcohol drinkers (all p-values were less than 0.05).

Conclusion

This study found an inverse connection between vitamin B6 consumption and the prevalence of persistent constipation. More extensive prospective trials are needed to fully examine the long-term influence of vitamin B6 on persistent constipation.

Associations of Dietary Intake of Vitamin B6 and Plasma Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate Level With Depression in US Adults: Findings From NHANES 2005-2010

BACKGROUND

Evidence regarding the associations of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate level in plasma and dietary intake of vitamin B6 with depression risk is scarce. Accordingly, we investigated the aforementioned associations in US adults.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional study that included data from two independent samples of 12,716 and 11,967 individuals (aged ≥ 20 years) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2010. The associations of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate level in plasma and dietary intake of vitamin B6 with depression risk were examined through multivariable logistic regression. In addition, we determined dose-response associations by fitting restricted cubic splines to the data.

RESULTS

In the multivariable model, the highest quarter of dietary intake of vitamin B6 was associated with a significantly lower risk of depression compared to the lowest quarter (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.79, p < 0.001). Similarly, the highest quartile of plasma PLP levels was linked to a reduced risk of depression compared to the lowest quartile (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.62, 0.93, p < 0.01). With increasing quartiles of dietary intake of vitamin B6 and plasma PLP levels, the risk of depression also decreased accordingly (all p for trend < 0.01). Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed that for every 1-SD increase in the level of plasma lutein + zeaxanthin and dietary intake of vitamin B6, the risk of depression showed a decreasing trend (all p < 0.01). The interaction test results indicated that the dietary consumption of vitamin B6 did not significantly interact with any of the stratification factors (all p for interaction > 0.05). Moreover, no significant interaction was found between the amount of plasma PLP and any hierarchical factors (all p for interaction > 0.05), except for gender-based subgroup analysis (p for interaction > 0.05). The dose-response relationship results showed a linear decrease trend in the relationship between dietary vitamin B6 intake and plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with the risk of depression.

CONCLUSIONS

Plasma PLP levels and dietary vitamin B6 intake in the highest quartiles are associated with a lower risk of depression. These findings support the promotion of a balanced diet rich in vitamin B6. However, future randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm the effects of vitamin B6 supplementation on depression risk. We should aim for a healthy and balanced diet in terms of nutritional supplementation.

Association between serum pyridoxal 5'-phosphate levels and all-cause, cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease in adults: a population-based cohort study

Background

The association between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a topic of discussion.

Objectives

This study aimed to explore the relationship between serum PLP levels and the incidence of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and the risk of CVD among the US population.

Design

A population-based cohort study.

Methods

This study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models to assess the risk associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Weighted binary logistic regression was utilized to assess the relationship between serum PLP levels and the risk of CVD. Nonlinear associations were evaluated using multivariable-adjusted restricted cubic splines.

Results

There were 2546 cases of all-cause mortality and 867 cases of cardiovascular mortality over a mean follow-up of 11.36 years. In the fully adjusted model, the adjusted HRs with 95% CIs for all-cause mortality associated with increases in serum PLP levels corresponding to the interquartile ranges were 0.83 (0.74-0.93), 0.71 (0.63-0.80), and 0.64 (0.56-0.74), respectively. Similarly, cardiovascular mortality decreased by 0.78 (0.62-0.97), 0.63 (0.49-0.81), and 0.62 (0.50-0.77) with each quartile increase in serum PLP levels. Higher serum PLP levels confer protection against CVD risk (odds ratio: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.79-0.96). Serum PLP levels showed nonlinear relationships with risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and CVD.

Conclusion

The results of this study provide evidence that serum PLP serves as a protective factor against all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and CVD in US adults, with dose-response relationships.

Association of fish intake with all-cause mortality according to CRP levels or inflammation in older adults: a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

The relationship between inflammatory response, fish consumption, and mortality risk in older individuals is unclear. We investigated whether C-reactive protein (CRP) levels ≥ 0.1 mg/dL, fish intake, and inflammatory responses are associated with all-cause mortality risk in older adults.

METHODS

This prospective cohort study included older adults aged 85-89 years from the Kawasaki Aging and Wellbeing Project, who did not require daily care. Cohort was recruited from March 2017 to December 2018 (follow-up ended on December 31, 2021). Dietary assessment was conducted using the Brief Self-Administered Diet History Questionnaire. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for all-cause mortality in the CRP ≥ 0.1 mg/dL group; the CRP < 0.1 mg/dL group was used for reference. Within CRP ≥ 0.1 and < 0.1 mg/dL groups, participants were categorized into tertiles of fish intake. HRs and 95% CIs for all-cause mortality in the other groups were estimated using the lower tertile group as a reference.

RESULTS

The study included 996 participants (mean [standard deviation] age, 86.5 [1.37] years; 497 [49.9%] women) with a median CRP level of 0.08 (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.04-0.16). There were 162 deaths during 4,161 person-years of observation; the multivariable-adjusted HR for all-cause mortality in the CRP ≥ 0.1 mg/dL group was 1.86 (95% CI, 1.32-2.62); P < 0.001. In 577 individuals with median (IQR) fish intake of 39.3 g/1000 kcal (23.6-57.6) and CRP level of < 0.1 mg/dL, the multivariable-adjusted HR for all-cause mortality in the higher tertile group of fish intake was 1.15 (0.67-1.97); P = 0.59, non-linear P = 0.84. In 419 individuals with median (IQR) fish intake of 40.7 g/1000 kcal (25.0-60.1) and CRP level of ≥ 0.1 mg/dL, the multivariate-adjusted HR for all-cause mortality in the higher tertile group of fish intake was 0.49 (0.26-0.92); P = 0.026, non-linear P = 0.38, P-value for interaction = 0.040.

CONCLUSIONS

A negative association between fish intake and all-cause mortality was seen in older adults with elevated CRP levels, which is a mortality risk factor. While the results may be limited owing to stringent methods ensuring impartiality, they offer valuable insights for future research.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

UMIN000026053. Registered February 24, 2017.

Association between vitamin B6 levels and rheumatoid arthritis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Background

Micronutrients play a crucial role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Changes in micronutrient levels in RA patients can lead to the worsening of their condition. Though significant correlations between RA and micronutrients have been found in earlier observational studies, their underlying causal relationship is still unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the causal genetic relationships between 15 micronutrients (copper, zinc, magnesium, vitamins A, C, E, D, B6, B12, folate, carotene, iron, selenium, calcium, potassium) and RA.

Method

The exposure factors and outcome data used in the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) were derived from publicly available summary statistics data of European populations. The GWAS data for exposure factors were obtained from the OpenGWAS database. For the outcome data of RA, we utilized data from the FinnGen database. We used the MR principle to remove confounding factors and conducted MR analyses using five methods: inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode, with IVW as the primary method. Then, we identified micronutrients related to RA and performed MR analyses on these elements, including heterogeneity analysis and pleiotropy analysis such as MR-Egger intercept, MR-PRESSO method, and "leave-one-out" analysis. Finally, we conducted multivariable MR analyses and performed sensitivity analyses again.

Results

The IVW analysis revealed a relationship between vitamin B6 and RA (p: 0.029, OR: 1.766, and 95% CI: 1.062-2.938). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the validity and reliability of this result.

Conclusion

This study revealed a causal relationship between vitamin B6 and RA, with vitamin B6 being identified as a risk factor for RA. This finding could contribute to the diagnosis and supplementary treatment of RA patients, providing a reference for subsequent basic research and developing new drugs.

Aqueous Extracts of Rhus trilobata Inhibit the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response In Vitro and In Vivo

Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for approximately 74% of deaths globally. Medicinal plants have traditionally been used to treat NCDs, including diabetes, cancer, and rheumatic diseases, and are a source of anti-inflammatory compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of Rhus trilobata (Rt) extracts and fractions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation models in vitro and in vivo. The aqueous extract (RtAE) and five fractions (F2 to F6) were obtained via C18 solid-phase separation and tested in murine LPS-induced J774.1 macrophages. Key inflammatory markers, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 gene expression were measured using RT-qPCR, and PGE2 production was assessed via HPLC-DAD. The in vivo effects were tested in an LPS-induced paw edema model in Wistar rats. Results showed that RtAE at 15 μg/mL significantly decreased IL-1β and IL-6 gene expression in vitro. Fraction F6 further reduced IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 gene expression, COX-2 expression, and PGE2 production. In vivo, F6 significantly reduced LPS-induced paw edema, inflammatory infiltration, and IL-1β and COX-2 protein expression. Chemical characterization of F6 by UPLC/MS-QTOF revealed at least eight compounds with anti-inflammatory activity. These findings support the anti-inflammatory potential of RtAE and F6, reinforcing the medicinal use of Rt.

Association between dietary vitamin B6 intake and endometriosis risk: evidence from the national health and nutrition examination survey

Background

Endometriosis is a multifaceted disorder with genetic, immune, inflammatory, and multifactorial origins. Vitamin B6 serves as a pivotal coenzyme in various metabolic pathways involving lipids, hemes, nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Dysregulation or deficiency of vitamin B6 can perturb human physiology. However, the relationship between dietary vitamin B6 and endometriosis remains elusive. This study aims to explore how dietary intake of vitamin B6 is associated with the risk of endometriosis.

Methods

Using cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we analyzed information from American women aged 20-54 years between 1999 and 2006. After adjusting for relevant covariates, multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to evaluate correlations.

Results

A total of 4,453 women were included in the study. The multiple linear regression model revealed a positive association between dietary vitamin B6 intake and the risk of endometriosis, even after controlling for confounding variables. Compared to individuals with lower vitamin B6 consumption (Q1: <0.94 mg/day), the adjusted odds ratio (OR) values for dietary vitamin B6 intake and endometriosis in Q2 (0.95-1.39 mg/day), Q3 (1.40-1.99 mg/day), and Q4 (>1.90 mg/day) were 1.22 (95% CI: 0.88-1.69, p = 0.23), 1.22 (95% CI: 0.86-1.73, p = 0. 279), and 1.51 (95% CI, 1.01-2. 24, p = 0.04), respectively.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest a positive correlation between endometriosis and dietary vitamin B6 intake. Further investigations are imperative to establish a causal relationship between dietary vitamin B6 intake and endometriosis.

Circulating levels of micronutrients and risk of osteomyelitis: a Mendelian randomization study

Background

Few observational studies have investigated the effect of micronutrients on osteomyelitis, and these findings are limited by confounding and conflicting results. Therefore, we conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to evaluate the association between blood levels of eight micronutrients (copper, selenium, zinc, vitamin B12, vitamin C, and vitamin D, vitamin B6, vitamin E) and the risk of osteomyelitis.

Methods

We performed the two-sample and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) to investigate causation, where instrument variables for the predictor (micronutrients) were derived from the summary data of micronutrients from independent cohorts of European ancestry. The outcome instrumental variables were used from the summary data of European-ancestry individuals (n = 486,484). The threshold of statistical significance was set at p < 0.00625.

Results

We found a significant causal association that elevated zinc heightens the risk of developing osteomyelitis in European ancestry individuals OR = 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI) [1.07, 1.43]; p = 4.26E-03]. Similarly, vitamin B6 showed a similar significant causal effect on osteomyelitis as a risk factor OR = 2.78 (95% CI [1.34, 5.76]; p = 6.04E-03; in the secondary analysis). Post-hoc analysis suggested this result (vitamin B6). However, the multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) provides evidence against the causal association between zinc and osteomyelitis OR = 0.98(95% CI [-0.11, 0.07]; p = 7.20E-1). After searching in PhenoScanner, no SNP with confounding factors was found in the analysis of vitamin B6. There was no evidence of a reverse causal impact of osteomyelitis on zinc and vitamin B6.

Conclusion

This study supported a strong causal association between vitamin B6 and osteomyelitis while reporting a dubious causal association between zinc and osteomyelitis.

Parkinson's disease is characterized by vitamin B6-dependent inflammatory kynurenine pathway dysfunction

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multisystem disorder clinically characterized by motor, non-motor, and premotor manifestations. Pathologically, PD involves neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, striatal dopamine deficiency, and accumulation of intracellular inclusions containing aggregates of α-synuclein. Recent studies demonstrate that PD is associated with dysregulated metabolic flux through the kynurenine pathway (KP), in which tryptophan is converted to kynurenine (KYN), and KYN is subsequently metabolized to neuroactive compounds quinolinic acid (QA) and kynurenic acid (KA). This multicenter study used highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry to compare blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) KP metabolites between 158 unimpaired older adults and 177 participants with PD. Results indicate that increased neuroexcitatory QA/KA ratio in both plasma and CSF of PD participants associated with peripheral and cerebral inflammation and vitamin B6 deficiency. Furthermore, increased QA tracked with CSF tau and severity of both motor and non-motor PD clinical dysfunction. Importantly, plasma and CSF kynurenine metabolites classified PD participants with a high degree of accuracy (AUC = 0.897). Finally, analysis of metabolite data revealed subgroups with distinct KP profiles, and these were subsequently found to display distinct PD clinical features. Together, these data further support the hypothesis that the KP serves as a site of brain and periphery crosstalk, integrating B-vitamin status, inflammation and metabolism to ultimately influence PD clinical manifestation.

Electrochemical sensing of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) by adapted carbon paste electrode

The recent investigation targets to use adapted carbon paste (CP) with copper nanoparticles (CuNs) operating in a phosphate buffer (PBS) medium with a pH range of 5.0-8.0, to synthesize a novel, susceptible, and simple electrochemical sensor for the detection of one of the most important drugs, vitamin B6. Copper (Cu) is one of the most three common essential trace elements found in the bodies of both humans and animals, along with iron and zinc for all crucial physiological and biochemical functions. Its properties, which are assessed using a variety of methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), have also drawn a lot of attention recently. We considered the effects of pH, buffer, scan rate, interference, and calibration curve. The susceptible electrode's linear calibration curve encompassed concentration values between 8.88 and 1000.0 µM. The calculated limits of detection and quantification were 32.12 and 107.0 µM, respectively. Furthermore, this method was established in real human urine samples and drug validation which have been shown satisfactory results for vitamin B6 detection.

Evidence of size-dependent toxicity of polystyrene nano- and microplastics in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) during the intestinal regeneration

Microplastics are ubiquitous pollutants in the global marine environment. However, few studies have adequately explored the different toxic mechanisms of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in aquatic organisms. The sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, is a key organism in the marine benthic ecosystem due to its crucial roles in biogeochemical cycles and food web. This study investigated the bioaccumulation and adverse effects of polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics (PS-M/NPs) of different sizes (20 μm, 1 μm and 80 nm) in the regenerated intestine of A. japonicus using multi-omics analysis. The results showed that after 30-day exposure at the concentration of 0.1 mg L-1, PS-MPs and PS-NPs accumulated to 155.41-175.04 μg g-1 and 337.95 μg g-1, respectively. This excessive accumulation led to increased levels of antioxidases (SOD, CAT, GPx and T-AOC) and reduced activities of immune enzymes (AKP, ACP and T-NOS), indicating oxidative damage and compromised immunity in the regenerated intestine. PS-NPs had more profound negative impacts on cell proliferation and differentiation compared to PS-MPs. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that PS-NPs primarily affected pathways related to cellular components, e.g., ribosome, and oxidative phosphorylation. In comparison, PS-MPs had greater influences on actin-related organization and organic compound metabolism. In the PS-M/NPs-treated groups, differentially expressed metabolites were mainly amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol phospholipid, and purine nucleosides. Additionally, microbial community reconstruction in the regenerated intestine was severely disrupted by the presence of PS-M/NPs. In the PS-NPs group, Burkholderiaceae abundance significantly increased while Rhodobacteraceae abundance decreased. Correlation analyses demonstrated that intestinal regeneration of A. japonicus was closely linked to its enteric microorganisms. These microbiota-host interactions were notably affected by different PS-M/NPs, with PS-NPs exposure causing the most remarkable disruption of mutual symbiosis. The multi-omic approaches used here provide novel insights into the size-dependent toxicity of PS-M/NPs and highlight their detrimental effects on invertebrates in M/NPs-polluted marine benthic ecosystems.

Investigating the Impact of Nutrition and Oxidative Stress on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Background/Objectives: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by difficulty maintaining attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. While the cause of this disorder is still unclear, recent studies have stated that heredity is important in the development of ADHD. This is linked to a few comorbidities, including depression, criminal behavior, and anxiety. Although genetic factors influence ADHD symptoms, there are also non-genetic factors, one of which is oxidative stress (OS), which plays a role in the pathogenesis and symptoms of ADHD. This review aims to explore the role of OS in ADHD and its connection to antioxidant enzyme levels, as well as the gut-brain axis (GBA), focusing on diet and its influence on ADHD symptoms, particularly in adults with comorbid conditions. Methods: The literature search included the main available databases (e.g., Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar). Articles in the English language were taken into consideration and our screening was conducted based on several words such as "ADHD", "oxidative stress", "diet", "gut-brain axis", and "gut microbiota." The review focused on studies examining the link between oxidative stress and ADHD, the role of the gut-brain axis, and the potential impact of dietary interventions. Results: Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the development and manifestation of ADHD symptoms. Studies have shown that individuals with ADHD exhibit reduced levels of key antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as a diminished total antioxidant status (TOS) compared to healthy controls. Additionally, there is evidence of a close bidirectional interaction between the nervous system and gut microbiota, mediated by the gut-brain axis. This relationship suggests that dietary interventions targeting gut health may influence ADHD symptoms and related comorbidities. Conclusions: Oxidative stress and the gut-brain axis are key factors in the pathogenesis of ADHD, particularly in adults with comorbid conditions. A better understanding of these mechanisms could lead to more targeted treatments, including dietary interventions, to mitigate ADHD symptoms. Further research is required to explore the therapeutic potential of modulating oxidative stress and gut microbiota in the management of ADHD.

The Efficacy of Vitamins in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Vitamins are known to affect the regulation of several biochemical and metabolic pathways that influence cellular function. Adequate amounts of both hydrophilic and lipophilic vitamins are required for maintaining normal cardiac and vascular function, but their deficiencies can contribute to cardiovascular abnormalities. In this regard, a deficiency in the lipophilic vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, and E, as well as in the hydrophilic vitamins, such as vitamin C and B, has been associated with suboptimal cardiovascular function, whereas additional intakes have been suggested to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Here, we have attempted to describe the association between low vitamin status and cardiovascular disease, and to offer a discussion on the efficacy of vitamins. While there are inconsistencies in the impact of a deficiency in vitamins on the development of cardiovascular disease and the benefits associated with supplementation, this review proposes that specific vitamins may contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease in individuals at risk rather than serve as an adjunct therapy.

Macrogenomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Mechanisms of Gut Microbiota and Microbial Metabolites in Diarrhea of Weaned Piglets

Recent studies have shown a correlation between piglet diarrhea and the gut microbiota. However, the precise mechanism by which intestinal microorganisms and their metabolites influence diarrhea in weaned piglets remains unclear. This study explored differences in the gut microbiota and associated metabolites between healthy and diarrheic-weaned piglets using macrogenomic and metabolomic analyses. The histomorphological results showed that diarrheic piglets had shorter jejunal and ileal villi, some of which were shed, compared to healthy piglets. Substantial differences in gut microbial diversity and metabolites were also observed, with Bacteroidaceae bacterium and Caudoviricetes being the main differential organisms that were strongly correlated with host status. Microbial functions, mainly the metabolism of carbohydrates, glycans, lipids, and amino acids, as well as related enzyme activities, were substantially different. The major differential metabolites were carnosine, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxal, methylimidazoleacetic acid, indole-3-acetaldehyde, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. These metabolites were enriched in beta-alanine, histidine, tryptophan, and vitamin B6 metabolism, and in the pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathways. Combined macrogenomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that carnosine, vitamin B5, and pyridoxal were negatively correlated with Caudoviricetes; methylimidazoleacetic acid, indole-3-acetaldehyde, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were positively correlated with Caudoviricetes. Whereas carnosine and vitamin B5 were positively correlated with Bacteroidaceae bacterium, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was negatively correlated. The decreased abundance of Bacteroidaceae bacterium and the increased abundance of Caudoviricetes and related metabolites likely contribute to post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. Therefore, the abundance of Bacteroidaceae bacterium and Caudoviricetes can likely serve as potential markers for identifying and preventing diarrhea in post-weaning piglets.

Urinary Epinephrine Sulfate Can Predict Cardiovascular Risk in Moderate-to-Severe OSA: A Metabolomics-Based Study

Purpose

There are currently no ideal indicators for predicting the cardiovascular risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study aimed to employ urinary metabolomics to detect early cardiovascular risk in patients with moderate-to-severe OSA.

Patients and Methods

Male participants who underwent polysomnography from November 2020 to May 2021 were screened. Clinical data, polysomnography data and urine samples were collected. Untargeted metabolomics analyses of urine were performed. Multivariate analyses and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were subsequently performed to identify potential biomarkers. Associations between metabolites and clinical indicators and cardiovascular risk were examined through linear regression analyses with interaction and mediation analyses.

Results

Thirty-six male participants were included in the study, comprising 22 males with moderate-to-severe OSA and 14 age-matched controls, with an average age of 39.6 ± 9.2 years. We identified 65 metabolites in the study, involving pathways including pyrimidine, androgen, estrogen, vitamin B6 and sulfate/sulfite metabolism. Among them, epinephrine sulfate was the most significantly altered metabolite. ROC analyses highlighted that epinephrine sulfate had the highest area under the curve (AUC=0.883) for detecting moderate-to-severe OSA. Epinephrine sulfate was statistically correlated with OSA severity, hypoxia-related indicators (apnea-hypopnea index: r=0.685; oxygen desaturation index: r=0.743, p<0.0001), arterial stiffness (arterial augmentation index: r=0.361, p=0.031) and long-term cardiovascular risk (Framingham cardiovascular risk: r=0.375, p=0.024). Linear regression analysis revealed that epinephrine sulfate was significantly associated with an increased in the Framingham risk (β = 0.004, 95% CI = 0.000-0.009, p = 0.049), with the effect partly mediated by systolic blood pressure (27.6%) and not moderated by other factors. Additionally, it also significantly associated with the increased in the arterial augmentation index (β = 0.019, 95% CI = 0.000-0.037, p = 0.046), with the effect fully mediated by blood pressure and not moderated by other indices statistically.

Conclusion

There are significant metabolic pathway alterations in moderate-to-severe OSA patients. Urinary epinephrine sulfate markedly predicts early cardiovascular risk in OSA patients.

Vitamin B6 Cofactor Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate Conjugated Papain-Stabilized Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters for Switch-on Detection of Zinc(II)

In this study, fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) conjugated with pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) were synthesized, characterized, and used for Zn2+ fluorescence turn-on sensing. PLP was conjugated over the surface of papain-stabilized fluorescent gold nanoclusters (pap-AuNCs; λex = 380 nm, λem = 670 nm) by forming imine linkage. Due to this modification, the red color emitting pap-AuNCs changed to orange color emitting nanoclusters PLP_pap-AuNCs. The nano-assembly PLP_pap-AuNCs detect Zn2+ selectively by showing a notable fluorescence enhancement at 477 nm. Zn2+ detection with PLP_pap-AuNCs was quick and easy, with an estimated detection limit of 0.14 µM. Further, paper strips and cotton buds coated with PLP_pap-AuNCs were developed for affordable on-site visual detection of Zn2+. Finally, the detection of Zn2+ in actual environmental water samples served as validation of the usefulness of PLP_pap-AuNCs.

Mass spectrum oriented metabolomics for evaluating the efficacy and discovering the mechanism of Shaofuzhuyu Decoction for endometriosis of cold coagulation and blood stasis

Shaofuzhuyu Decoction (SFZYD) is a classical formula for treating endometriosis of cold coagulation and blood stasis (ECB). The clinical efficacy is definite, but the potential mechanisms require further exploration. The study aimed to reveal the metabolic mechanisms of SFZYD for treating ECB using mass spectrum oriented metabolomics. Firstly, the study has used metabolomics data to identify biomarkers and to investigate metabolic pathways. Then, the targets of SFZYD for treating ECB were dug by building and analyzing a biological network of biomarkers. Finally, the obtained targets were validated by molecular docking. This study found that SFZYD could significantly improve the biochemical indicators and metabolic abnormalities of ECB. A total of 18 ECB-related biomarkers in 7 pathways were identified. SFZYD was able to regulate the levels of 14 biomarkers that were involved in 5 metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the study yielded 119 SFZYD active ingredients, 1119 target proteins associated with endometriosis, 610 targets associated with biomarkers, 727 GO functions, and 159 KEGG pathways. Biological network analysis constructed a network diagram of herbs-ingredients-targets-biomarkers, and found 6 key active ingredients and 9 core targets. Molecular docking showed high affinities between key ingredients and core targets. This study elucidated that SFZYD plays a role in treating ECB through multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway.

Effects of 1, 2-bis (2,4, 6-tribromophenoxy) ethane and bis (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate on serum metabolic and lipid profiles in male rats

This study explored the effects of 1, 2-bis (2,4, 6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and bis (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) on serum metabolites and lipids in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Rats were orally gavaged 250 mg/kg bw of BTBPE and 500 mg/kg bw of TBPH for 28 consecutive days. Serum samples were collected for metabolomics and lipidomics analysis. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to explore changes in rat metabolic patterns. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression models were established using serum levels of total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), and rats' grouping information as variables to screen for robust differential substances. SuperPred was the database to obtain potential targets. The metabolomics and lipidomics results showed that BTBPE and TBPH had an impact on rat metabolic patterns, affecting pathways such as vitamin B6 synthesis. For BTBPE treatment, pyridoxal and ceramide (Cer) 24:0;4O were selected as differential substances related to thyroid hormones. For TBPH treatment, dehydroascorbic acid, acylcarnitine (CAR) 19:0, and diglyceride (DG) 38:4 were selected as differential substances related to thyroid hormones. Serotonin 2c receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 were chosen as potential targets of BTBPE and TBPH, respectively. In conclusion, this study found that BTBPE and TBPH impacted the metabolism of rats, and this effect may be related to changes in thyroid function.

Role of antioxidants supplementation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a critical narrative review

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by itching, epidermal barrier dysfunction, and an unbalanced inflammatory reaction. AD pathophysiology involves a dysregulated immune response driven by T helper-2 cells. Many factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), are involved in AD pathogenesis by causing cellular damage and inflammation resulting in skin barrier dysfunction. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of natural molecules and antioxidant compounds, highlighting their potential therapeutic value in AD prevention and management. They include vitamin D, vitamin E, pyridoxine, Vitamin C, carotenoids, and melatonin. Some studies report a statistically significant association between antioxidant levels and improvement in AD, however, there are conflicting results in which antioxidant supplementation, especially Vitamin D, did not result in improvement in AD. Therefore, the clinical efficacy of these dietary nutritional factors in the treatment of AD needs to be further evaluated in clinical trials. Meanwhile, antioxidants can be incorporated into the management of AD patients in a personalized manner, tailored to the severity of the disease, comorbidities, and individual needs.

Exploring the interaction and impact of probiotic and commensal bacteria on vitamins, minerals and short chain fatty acids metabolism

There is increasing evidence that probiotic and commensal bacteria play a role in substrate metabolism, energy harvesting and intestinal homeostasis, and may exert immunomodulatory activities on human health. In addition, recent research suggests that these microorganisms interact with vitamins and minerals, promoting intestinal and metabolic well-being while producing vital microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In this regard, there is a flourishing field exploring the intricate dynamics between vitamins, minerals, SCFAs, and commensal/probiotic interactions. In this review, we summarize some of the major hypotheses beyond the mechanisms by which commensals/probiotics impact gut health and their additional effects on the absorption and metabolism of vitamins, minerals, and SCFAs. Our analysis includes comprehensive review of existing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies, with particular focus on the potential interaction between commensals/probiotics and micronutrients. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps and outline directions for future research in this evolving field.

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone is a direct inhibitor of human and murine pyridoxal phosphatase

Vitamin B6 deficiency has been linked to cognitive impairment in human brain disorders for decades. Still, the molecular mechanisms linking vitamin B6 to these pathologies remain poorly understood, and whether vitamin B6 supplementation improves cognition is unclear as well. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate phosphatase (PDXP), an enzyme that controls levels of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the co-enzymatically active form of vitamin B6, may represent an alternative therapeutic entry point into vitamin B6-associated pathologies. However, pharmacological PDXP inhibitors to test this concept are lacking. We now identify a PDXP and age-dependent decline of PLP levels in the murine hippocampus that provides a rationale for the development of PDXP inhibitors. Using a combination of small-molecule screening, protein crystallography, and biolayer interferometry, we discover, visualize, and analyze 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) as a direct and potent PDXP inhibitor. 7,8-DHF binds and reversibly inhibits PDXP with low micromolar affinity and sub-micromolar potency. In mouse hippocampal neurons, 7,8-DHF increases PLP in a PDXP-dependent manner. These findings validate PDXP as a druggable target. Of note, 7,8-DHF is a well-studied molecule in brain disorder models, although its mechanism of action is actively debated. Our discovery of 7,8-DHF as a PDXP inhibitor offers novel mechanistic insights into the controversy surrounding 7,8-DHF-mediated effects in the brain.

Consistent Multi-Omic Relationships Uncover Molecular Basis of Pediatric Asthma IgE Regulation

Serum total immunoglobulin E levels (total IgE) capture the state of the immune system in relation to allergic sensitization. High levels are associated with airway obstruction and poor clinical outcomes in pediatric asthma. Inconsistent patient response to anti-IgE therapies motivates discovery of molecular mechanisms underlying serum IgE level differences in children with asthma. To uncover these mechanisms using complementary metabolomic and transcriptomic data, abundance levels of 529 named metabolites and expression levels of 22,772 genes were measured among children with asthma in the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP, N=564) and the Genetic Epidemiology of Asthma in Costa Rica Study (GACRS, N=309) via the TOPMed initiative. Gene-metabolite associations dependent on IgE were identified within each cohort using multivariate linear models and were interpreted in a biochemical context using network topology, pathway and chemical enrichment, and representation within reactions. A total of 1,617 total IgE-dependent gene-metabolite associations from GACRS and 29,885 from CAMP met significance cutoffs. Of these, glycine and guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) were associated with the most genes in both cohorts, and the associations represented reactions central to glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism and arginine and proline metabolism. Pathway and chemical enrichment analysis further highlighted additional related pathways of interest. The results of this study suggest that GAA may modulate total IgE levels in two independent pediatric asthma cohorts with different characteristics, supporting the use of L-Arginine as a potential therapeutic for asthma exacerbation. Other potentially new targetable pathways are also uncovered.

Immunotoxicity of 2-Acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole in BALB/c mice with different vitamin B6 nutritional statuses

Caramel color is a widely used food pigment, and 2-Acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole (THI) is a by-products of Class III caramel color. Some studies have shown that THI can reduce the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes. However, the comprehensive mechanism of THI immunotoxicity requires further study. In this study, the effects of THI on lymphocyte count, humoral immunity, cellular immunity and nonspecific immunity were determined and the effect of the nutritional status of VB6 on THI immunotoxicity was evaluated. Female BALB/c mice were divided into 3 groups and fed chow containing different doses of VB6: VB6-normal (6 mg/kg VB6), VB6-deprived (0.5 mg/kg VB6) or VB6-enhanced (12 mg/kg VB6) feed. Each group was further divided into 4 subgroups and treated with THI (0.5, 2.5 or 12.5 mg/kg bw) or the solvent control by gavage for 30 days. The thymic cortical thickness was measured with ViewPoint; the proportions of major immune cells and T cells in peripheral blood and tissues were detected via flow cytometry; the transformation and proliferation abilities of T and B cells were detected via T and B lymphocyte proliferation assays; NK cell activity was assessed via lactate dehydrogenase assays; humoral immune function was assessed via plaque-forming cell assays; and the immune function of T lymphocytes was assessed via delayed type hypersensitivity assays. The results showed that compared with those in the corresponding control group, the white blood cell count and lymphocyte count decreased significantly in all the VB6-deprived groups, in the 2.5 and 12.5 mg/kg VB6 groups, and in the 12.5 mg/kg VB6-enhanced group. With increasing THI dose, the thymic cortical layer became thinner. In the thymus, THI increased the proportions of CD3+ T cells and mature CD8+ T cells and decreased the proportions of immature double-positive, double-negative T cells and CD69-expressing lymphocytes. The proportions of naïve T cells and Tcm (central memory T) cells related to homing decreased. The proportion of mature T cells in the spleen decreased significantly. The proliferation of T cells stimulated by ConA decreased after THI exposure. VB6-deficient mice were more sensitive to THI immunotoxicity, and supplementation with VB6 had a certain protective effect on these mice. The results of the PFC and NK cell activity assays indicated that THI exposure might not affect humoral immune or innate immune function.

Enantioselective bioaccumulation and toxicological effects of chiral neonicotinoid sulfoxaflor in rats

Sulfoxaflor is a widely used fourth-generation neonicotinoid pesticide, which has been detected in biological and environmental samples. Sulfoxaflor can potentially be exposed to humans via the food chain, thus understanding its toxic effects and enantioselective bioaccumulation is crucial. In this study, toxicokinetics, bioaccumulation, tissue distribution and enantiomeric profiles of sulfoxaflor in rats were investigated through single oral exposure and 28-days continuous exposure experiment. Sulfoxaflor mainly accumulated in liver and kidney, and the (-)-2R,3R-sulfoxaflor and (-)-2S,3R-sulfoxaflor had higher enrichment than their enantiomers in rats. The toxicological effects were evaluated after 28-days exposure. Slight inflammation in liver and kidney were observed by histopathology. Sphingolipid, amino acid, and vitamin B6 metabolism pathways were significantly disturbed in metabonomics analysis. These toxicities were in compliance with dose-dependent effects. These results improve understanding of enantioselective bioaccumulation and the potential health risk of sulfoxaflor.

RENAL PROTECTIVE EFFECT AND CLINICAL ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN B 6 IN PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the protective effect and possible mechanisms of vitamin B 6 against renal injury in patients with sepsis. Methods: A total of 128 patients with sepsis who met the entry criteria in multiple centers were randomly divided into experimental (intravenous vitamin B 6 therapy) and control (intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride therapy) groups based on usual care. Clinical data, the inflammatory response indicators interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and endothelin-1 (ET-1), the oxidative stress response indicators superoxide dismutase, glutathione and malondialdehyde, and renal function (assessed by blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and renal resistance index monitored by ultrasound) were compared between the two groups. Results: After 7 d of treatment, the IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and ET-1 levels in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group, the oxidative stress response indicators were significantly improved in the experimental group and the blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and renal resistance index values in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in the rate of renal replacement therapy and 28 d mortality ( P > 0.05). However, the intensive care unit length of stay and the total hospitalization expenses in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: The administration of vitamin B 6 in the treatment of patients with sepsis attenuates renal injury, and the mechanism may be related to pyridoxine decreasing the levels of inflammatory mediators and their regulation by redox stress.

Fasting-Induced Molting Impacts the Intestinal Health by Altering the Gut Microbiota

Fasting-induced molting (FIM) is a common method used to improve the laying performance of aged laying hens. Nevertheless, this approach may impose various stresses on chickens, such as disruptions in intestinal flora and inflammation issues within the intestines. However, the impact of an imbalance in intestinal flora on intestinal health during the FIM process remains elusive. Therefore, intestinal injury, the microbiome, and the metabolome were analyzed individually and integrated to elucidate the impact of the intestinal flora on intestinal health during the FIM process. The findings indicated that fasting resulted in a notable reduction in villus height and villus/crypt ratio, coupled with elevated levels of intestinal inflammation and permeability. During the fasting period, microbiota compositions changed. The abundance of Escherichia_Shigella increased, while the abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-013 and Lactobacillus decreased. Escherichia_Shigella was positively correlated with Citrinin and Sterobilin, which lead to intestinal inflammation. Ruminococcaceae_UCG-013 and Lactobacillus exhibited positive correlations with Lanthionine and reduced Glutathione, thereby reducing intestinal inflammation. This study screened the intestinal probiotics, Ruminococcaceae UCG-013 and Lactobacillus, that influence gut health during the fasting period, providing an experimental basis for improving gut microbiota and reducing intestinal inflammation during the FIM process.

Colonic Microbiota Improves Fiber Digestion Ability and Enhances Absorption of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Local Pigs of Hainan

Compared to commercial breeds, Chinese local pig breeds have a greater ability to digest dietary fiber, which may be due to differences in intestinal microbiota. In this study, we fed Ding'an and DLY pigs high and low levels of dietary fiber, respectively, to investigate factors contributing to high dietary fiber adaption in Ding'an pigs. Twelve Ding'an pigs and DLY pigs were randomly divided into a 2 (diet) × 2 (breed) factorial experiment (n = 3). Compared with commercial pigs, Ding'an pigs have a stronger ability to digest dietary fiber. Prevotella was more prevalent in Ding'an pigs than in DLY pigs, which may be an important reason for the stronger ability of fiber degradation in Ding'an pigs. When the effects of feed and breed factors are considered, differences in abundance of 31 species and 14 species, respectively, may result in a greater ability of fiber degradation in Ding'an pigs. Among them, Prevotella. sp. CAG:520 may be a newly discovered bacterium related to fiber degradation, which positively correlated with many fiber-degrading bacteria (r > 0.7). We also found that the concentration of plant metabolites with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects was higher in the colonic chyme of Ding'an pigs after increasing the fiber content, which resulted in the downregulated expression of inflammatory factors in colonic mucosa. Spearman's correlation coefficient revealed a strong correlation between microbiota and the apparent digestibility of dietary fiber (r > 0.7). The mRNA expressions of SLC16A1, PYY, and GCG were significantly increased in the colonic mucosa of Ding'an pigs fed on high-fiber diets, which indicates that Ding'an pigs have an enhanced absorption of SCFAs. Our results suggested that an appropriate increase in dietary fiber content can reduce the inflammatory response and improve feed efficiency in Ding'an pigs, and differences in the intestinal microbial composition may be an important reason for the difference in the fiber degradation capacity between the two breeds of pigs.

Enhancement of vitamin B6 production driven by omics analysis combined with fermentation optimization

BACKGROUND

Microbial engineering aims to enhance the ability of bacteria to produce valuable products, including vitamin B6 for various applications. Numerous microorganisms naturally produce vitamin B6, yet the metabolic pathways involved are rigorously controlled. This regulation by the accumulation of vitamin B6 poses a challenge in constructing an efficient cell factory.

RESULTS

In this study, we conducted transcriptome and metabolome analyses to investigate the effects of the accumulation of pyridoxine, which is the major commercial form of vitamin B6, on cellular processes in Escherichia coli. Our omics analysis revealed associations between pyridoxine and amino acids, as well as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Based on these findings, we identified potential targets for fermentation optimization, including succinate, amino acids, and the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Through targeted modifications, we achieved pyridoxine titers of approximately 514 mg/L in shake flasks and 1.95 g/L in fed-batch fermentation.

CONCLUSION

Our results provide insights into pyridoxine biosynthesis within the cellular metabolic network for the first time. Our comprehensive analysis revealed that the fermentation process resulted in a remarkable final yield of 1.95 g/L pyridoxine, the highest reported yield to date. This work lays a foundation for the green industrial production of vitamin B6 in the future.

Species-level characterization of saliva and dental plaque microbiota reveals putative bacterial and functional biomarkers of periodontal diseases in dogs

Periodontal diseases are among the most common bacterial-related pathologies affecting the oral cavity of dogs. Nevertheless, the canine oral ecosystem and its correlations with oral disease development are still far from being fully characterized. In this study, the species-level taxonomic composition of saliva and dental plaque microbiota of 30 healthy dogs was investigated through a shallow shotgun metagenomics approach. The obtained data allowed not only to define the most abundant and prevalent bacterial species of the oral microbiota in healthy dogs, including members of the genera Corynebacterium and Porphyromonas, but also to identify the presence of distinct compositional motifs in the two oral microniches as well as taxonomical differences between dental plaques collected from anterior and posterior teeth. Subsequently, the salivary and dental plaque microbiota of 18 dogs affected by chronic gingival inflammation and 18 dogs with periodontitis were compared to those obtained from the healthy dogs. This analysis allowed the identification of bacterial and metabolic biomarkers correlated with a specific clinical status, including members of the genera Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium as microbial biomarkers of a healthy and diseased oral status, respectively, and genes predicted to encode for metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties as metabolic biomarkers of a healthy status.

GWAS of Folate Metabolism With Gene-environment Interaction Analysis Revealed the Possible Role of Lifestyles in the Control of Blood Folate Metabolites in Japanese: The J-MICC Study

BACKGROUND

The present genome-wide association study (GWAS) aimed to reveal the genetic loci associated with folate metabolites, as well as to detect related gene-environment interactions in Japanese.

METHODS

We conducted the GWAS of plasma homocysteine (Hcy), folic acid (FA), and vitamin B12 (VB12) levels in the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study participants who joined from 2005 to 2012, and also estimated gene-environment interactions. In the replication phase, we used data from the Yakumo Study conducted in 2009. In the discovery phase, data of 2,263 participants from four independent study sites of the J-MICC Study were analyzed. In the replication phase, data of 573 participants from the Yakumo Study were analyzed.

RESULTS

For Hcy, MTHFR locus on chr 1, NOX4 on chr 11, CHMP1A on chr 16, and DPEP1 on chr 16 reached genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8). MTHFR also associated with FA, and FUT2 on chr 19 associated with VB12. We investigated gene-environment interactions in both studies and found significant interactions between MTHFR C677T and ever drinking, current drinking, and physical activity >33% on Hcy (β = 0.039, 0.038 and -0.054, P = 0.018, 0.021 and <0.001, respectively) and the interaction of MTHFR C677T with ever drinking on FA (β = 0.033, P = 0.048).

CONCLUSION

The present GWAS revealed the folate metabolism-associated genetic loci and gene-environment interactions with drinking and physical activity in Japanese, suggesting the possibility of future personalized cardiovascular disease prevention.

Multiple Cofactor Engineering Strategies to Enhance Pyridoxine Production in Escherichia coli

Pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6, is an essential cofactor in numerous cellular processes. Its importance in various applications has led to a growing interest in optimizing its production through microbial biosynthesis. However, an imbalance in the net production of NADH disrupts intracellular cofactor levels, thereby limiting the efficient synthesis of pyridoxine. In our study, we focused on multiple cofactor engineering strategies, including the enzyme design involved in NAD+-dependent enzymes and NAD+ regeneration through the introduction of heterologous NADH oxidase (Nox) coupled with the reduction in NADH production during glycolysis. Finally, the engineered E. coli achieved a pyridoxine titer of 676 mg/L in a shake flask within 48 h by enhancing the driving force. Overall, the multiple cofactor engineering strategies utilized in this study serve as a reference for enhancing the efficient biosynthesis of other target products.

Vitamin B6 ameliorates acute pancreatitis by suppressing the caspase3 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a prevalent exocrine inflammatory disorder of the pancreas characterized by pancreatic inflammation and injury to acinar cells. Vitamin B6 (VB6) is a vital nutrient that plays a significant role in preserving human health and has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.

METHODS

This study aimed to explore the potential pancreatic protective effects of VB6 in mitigating pancreatic inflammation and apoptosis induced by taurocholate sodium (TLCS) in an AP model and to assess the underlying mechanism of action. AP was induced in Sprague‒Dawley (SD) rats through TLCS administration and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated AR42J cells, followed by treatment with VB6.

RESULTS

Various parameters associated with AP were assessed in both plasma and pancreatic tissues. VB6 has been shown to ameliorate the severity of AP through various mechanisms. It effectively reduces the levels of serum amylase, lipase, and inflammatory factors, thereby mitigating histological injury to the pancreas. Moreover, VB6 inhibited pancreatic apoptosis by downregulating bax expression and up-regulating Bcl2 expression in TLCS-treated rats. Additionally, VB6 suppressed the expression of caspase3. The anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of VB6 observed in LPS-treated AR42J cells are consistent with those observed in a rat model of AP.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that VB6 exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects through inhibition of the caspase3 signaling pathway and has a protective effect against AP.

Neopterin, kynurenine metabolites, and indexes related to vitamin B6 are associated with post-stroke cognitive impairment: The Nor-COAST study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

We have previously shown that systemic inflammation was associated with post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). Because neopterin, kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites, and B6 vitamers are linked to inflammation, in our study we investigated whether those biomarkers were associated with PSCI.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The Norwegian Cognitive Impairment After Stroke study is a prospective multicenter cohort study of patients with acute stroke recruited from May 2015 through March 2017. Plasma samples of 422 participants (59 % male) with ischemic stroke from the index hospital stay and 3 months post-stroke were available for analyses of neopterin, KP metabolites, and B6 vitamers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Mixed linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, and creatinine, were used to assess whether there were associations between those biomarkers and cognitive outcomes, measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale (MoCA) at 3-, 18-, and 36-month follow-up.

RESULTS

Participants had a mean (SD) age of 72 (12) years, with a mean (SD) National Institutes of HealthStroke Scale score of 2.7 (3.6) at Day 1. Higher baseline values of quinolinic acid, PAr (i.e., an inflammatory marker based on vitamin B6 metabolites), and HKr (i.e., a marker of functional vitamin B6 status based on selected KP metabolites) were associated with lower MoCA score at 3, 18, and 36 months post-stroke (p < 0.01). Higher baseline concentrations of neopterin and 3-hydroxykynurenine were associated with lower MoCA scores at 18 and 36 months, and higher concentrations of xanthurenic acid were associated with higher MoCA score at 36 months (p < 0.01). At 3 months post-stroke, higher concentrations of neopterin and lower values of pyridoxal 5́-phosphate were associated with lower MoCA scores at 18- and 36-month follow-up, while lower concentrations of picolinic acid were associated with a lower MoCA score at 36 months (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Biomarkers and metabolites of systemic inflammation, including biomarkers of cellular immune activation, indexes of vitamin B6 homeostasis, and several neuroactive metabolites of the KP pathway, were associated with PSCI.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02650531.

Trimethylamine N-oxide, β-alanine, tryptophan index, and vitamin B6-related dietary patterns in association with stroke risk

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The aim of this study was to examine the associations of dietary patterns derived by reduced-rank regression (RRR) model reflecting variation in novel biomarkers (trimethylamine N-oxide, β-alanine, tryptophan index, and vitamin B6) with stroke risk.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We performed analyses based on a community-based cohort study "the Prospective Follow-up Study on Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in China (PFS-CMMC)". Factor loadings were calculated by RRR using 11 food groups collected via a validated food frequency questionnaire and the four response variables based on its nested case-control data (393 cases of stroke vs. 393 matched controls). Dietary pattern scores were derived by applying the factor loadings to the food groups in the entire cohort (n = 15,518). The associations of dietary pattern with the stroke risk were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. The dietary pattern characterized with higher intakes of red meat and poultry but lower intakes of fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, and fish/seafoods were identified for further analyses. The hazard ratios (HR) for the highest vs. lowest quartile was 1.55 [95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.18-2.03, P trend = 0.001] for total stroke, 2.96 [95 % CI: 1.53-5.71, P trend <0.001] for non-ischemic stroke, after adjustment for sex, age, educational attainment, current smoking, current drinking, body mass index, total energy intake, family history of stroke, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.

CONCLUSION

Our findings highlight the importance of limited meat intake and increased intakes of fresh vegetables, fruits, and fish/seafoods in the prevention of stroke among Chinese adults.

Vitamin B6 alleviates chronic sleep deprivation-induced hippocampal ferroptosis through CBS/GSH/GPX4 pathway

Several studies have found that sleep deprivation (SD) can lead to neuronal ferroptosis and affect hippocampal function. However, there are currently no effective interventions. Vitamin B6 is a co-factor for key enzymes in the transsulfuration pathway which is critical for maintaining cell growth in the presence of cysteine deprivation. The results showed that SD inhibited cystine-glutamate antiporter light chain subunit xCT protein expression and caused cysteine deficiency, which reduced the synthesis of the glutathione (GSH) to trigger neuronal ferroptosis. Nissl staining further revealed significant neuronal loss and shrinkage in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus in SD mice. Typical ferroptotic indicators characterized by lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation were showed in the hippocampus after sleep deprivation. As expected, vitamin B6 could alleviate hippocampal ferroptosis by upregulating the expression of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) in the transsulfuration pathway, thereby replenishing the intracellular deficient GSH and restoring the expression of GPX4. Similar anti-ferroptotic effects of vitamin B6 were demonstrated in HT-22 cells treated with ferroptosis activator erastin. Furthermore, vitamin B6 had no inhibitory effect on erastin-induced ferroptosis in CBS-knockout HT22 cells. Our findings suggested chronic sleep deprivation caused hippocampal ferroptosis by disrupting the cyst(e)ine/GSH/GPX4 axis. Vitamin B6 alleviated sleep deprivation-induced ferroptosis by enhancing CBS expression in the transsulfuration pathway.

Preliminary Study on the Pathogenic Mechanism of Jujube Flower Disease in Honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica) Based on Midgut Transcriptomics

Honeybees are prone to poisoning, also known as jujube flower disease, after collecting nectar from jujube flowers, resulting in the tumultuous demise of foragers. The prevalence of jujube flower disease has become one of the main factors affecting the development of the jujube and beekeeping industries in Northern China. However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying jujube flower disease in honeybees are poorly understood. Herein, we first conducted morphological observations of the midgut using HE-staining and found that jujube flower disease-affected honeybees displayed midgut damage with peritrophic membrane detachment. Jujube flower disease was found to increase the activity of chitinase and carboxylesterase (CarE) and decrease the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and the content of CYP450 in the honeybee midgut. Transcriptomic data identified 119 differentially expressed genes in the midgut of diseased and healthy honeybees, including CYP6a13, CYP6a17, CYP304a1, CYP6a14, AADC, and AGXT2, which are associated with oxidoreductase activity and vitamin binding. In summary, collecting jujube flower nectar could reduce antioxidant and detoxification capacities of the honeybee midgut and, in more severe cases, damage the intestinal structure, suggesting that intestinal damage might be the main cause of honeybee death due to jujube nectar. This study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of jujube flower disease in honeybees.

Associations of serum vitamin B6 status with the risks of cardiovascular, cancer, and all-cause mortality in the elderly

Background

There are few studies investigating the relationship between serum vitamin B6 and mortality risk in the elderly. This study hereby evaluated the associations between biomarkers of serum vitamin B6 status and cardiovascular, cancer, and all-cause mortality risks in the elderly.

Methods

Our study included a total of 4,881 participants aged 60 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2010. Serum vitamin B6 status was estimated based on levels of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA), and vitamin B6 turnover rate (4-PA/PLP) detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. Survival status and corresponding causes of death were matched through the National Death Index records through December 31, 2019. Multivariate Cox regression model was adopted to assess the relationships between serum vitamin B6 status and the risk of mortality.

Results

During a median follow-up period of 10.33 years, 507 cardiovascular deaths, 426 cancer deaths, and 1995 all-cause deaths were recorded, respectively. In the multivariate-adjusted Cox model, the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the highest versus the lowest quartiles of PLP, 4-PA, and 4-PA/PLP were 0.70(0.54-0.90), 1.33(0.88-2.02), and 2.01(1.41-2.79) for cardiovascular mortality, 0.73(0.52-1.02), 1.05(0.71-1.57), and 1.95(1.25-3.05) for cancer mortality, and 0.62(0.53-0.74), 1.05(0.82-1.34), and 2.29(1.87-2.79) for all-cause mortality, respectively.

Conclusion

Our study found that lower serum PLP levels were associated with increased risks of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality among the elderly population. And higher vitamin B6 turnover rate was associated with increased risks of cardiovascular, cancer, and all-cause mortality.

Transsulfuration and folate pathways in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Metabolomic assessment of the transsulfuration and folic acid biochemical pathways could lead to the identification of promising biomarkers of nitric oxide dysregulation and oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of transsulfuration (methionine, homocysteine, and cysteine) and folic acid (folic acid, vitamin B6 , and vitamin B12 ) metabolites in RA patients in remission and healthy controls. Electronic databases were searched from inception to 15 July 2023 for relevant articles. We assessed the risk of bias using the JBI checklist and the certainty of evidence using GRADE.

RESULTS

In 28 eligible studies, compared to controls, RA patients had significantly higher concentrations of homocysteine (standardized mean difference, SMD = 0.74, 95% CI 0.54-0.93, p < 0.001; low certainty of evidence) and methionine (SMD = 1.00, 95% CI 0.57-1.44, p < 0.001; low certainty) and lower concentrations of vitamin B6 (SMD = -6.62, 95% CI -9.65 to -3.60, p < 0.001; low certainty). By contrast, there were non-significant between-group differences in vitamin B12 and folic acid. In meta-regression and subgroup analysis, there were no associations between the effect size and several study and patient characteristics except for homocysteine (year of publication, C-reactive protein, triglycerides, and analytical method) and folic acid (biological matrix).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of our study suggest that homocysteine, methionine, and vitamin B6 are promising biomarkers to assess nitric oxide dysregulation and oxidative stress in RA. (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023461081).

Mapping drug biology to disease genetics to discover drug impacts on the human phenome

Motivation

Medications can have unexpected effects on disease, including not only harmful drug side effects, but also beneficial drug repurposing. These effects on disease may result from hidden influences of drugs on disease gene networks. Then, discovering how biological effects of drugs relate to disease biology can both provide insight into the mechanism of latent drug effects, and can help predict new effects.

Results

Here, we develop Draphnet, a model that integrates molecular data on 429 drugs and gene associations of nearly 200 common phenotypes to learn a network that explains drug effects on disease in terms of these molecular signals. We present evidence that our method can both predict drug effects, and can provide insight into the biology of unexpected drug effects on disease. Using Draphnet to map a drug's known molecular effects to downstream effects on the disease genome, we put forward disease genes impacted by drugs, and we suggest a new grouping of drugs based on shared effects on the disease genome. Our approach has multiple applications, including predicting drug uses and learning drug biology, with implications for personalized medicine.

Availability and implementation

Code to reproduce the analysis is available at https://github.com/RDMelamed/drug-phenome.

Inflammation, the kynurenines, and mucosal injury during human experimental enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important cause of diarrhea in children and travelers, especially in low- and middle-income countries. ETEC is a non-invasive gut pathogen colonizing the small intestinal wall before secreting diarrhea-inducing enterotoxins. We sought to investigate the impact of ETEC infection on local and systemic host defenses by examining plasma markers of inflammation and mucosal injury as well as kynurenine pathway metabolites. Plasma samples from 21 volunteers experimentally infected with ETEC were collected before and 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after ingesting the ETEC dose, and grouped based on the level of intestinal ETEC proliferation: 14 volunteers experienced substantial proliferation (SP) and 7 had low proliferation (LP). Plasma markers of inflammation, kynurenine pathway metabolites, and related cofactors (vitamins B2 and B6) were quantified using targeted mass spectrometry, whereas ELISA was used to quantify the mucosal injury markers, regenerating islet-derived protein 3A (Reg3a), and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein 2 (iFABP). We observed increased concentrations of plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), neopterin, kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (KTR), and Reg3a in the SP group following dose ingestion. Vitamin B6 forms, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and pyridoxal, decreased over time in the SP group. CRP, SAA, and pyridoxic acid ratio correlated with ETEC proliferation levels. The changes following experimental ETEC infection indicate that ETEC, despite causing a non-invasive infection, induces systemic inflammation and mucosal injury when proliferating substantially, even in cases without diarrhea. It is conceivable that ETEC infections, especially when repeated, contribute to negative health impacts on children in ETEC endemic areas.

Metabolomics study of graphene nuangong acupoint plaster for primary dysmenorrhea

Primary dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological disease with typical clinical symptoms and diverse treatment methods. Acupoint patch therapy is one of the traditional external treatments of traditional Chinese medicine, with a long history, and has been widely used in the treatment of many diseases in China. Graphene nuangong acupoint plaster (GNGAP) developed based on traditional acupoints and new materials have been used in the clinical treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, and satisfactory therapeutic effects have been achieved. However, the underlying mechanisms of GNGAP still need further investigation. In this study, we used estradiol benzoate combined with oxytocin intraperitoneally to establish dysmenorrhea model rats, and observed the torsion response, uterine organ coefficients, prostaglandin levels and metabolite changes of rats with dysmenorrhea model after the intervention of GNGAP, to elucidate the mechanism of the effect of GNGAP. Compared with normal rats, the dysmenorrhea model rats exhibited increased writhing response and latency time, increased uterine organ coefficient, and significant changes in 79 metabolites. Twenty-three significantly enriched pathways were discovered, including amino acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and ovarian steroidogenesis, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea. Compared with the model group, the torsion response, latency time and uterine organ coefficient of rats in the acupoint patch group were significantly improved, and nine uterine metabolites were significantly altered, among which metabolites such as 4-pyridoxic acid, d-glucarate and Phenol were identified as potential biomarkers for the therapeutic effects of GNGAP. Vitamin B6 metabolism, Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and Tyrosine metabolism were enriched in nine metabolic pathways. These findings contribute to the screening study of potential pathological metabolic pathways in primary dysmenorrhea. Additionally, they reveal the biological effects of GNGAP in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea at the metabolite level.

Relation of the kynurenine pathway with normal age: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is gaining more attention as a common pathway involved in age-related conditions. However, which changes in the KP occur due to normal ageing is still largely unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the available evidence for associations of KP metabolites with age.

METHODS

We used an broad search strategy and included studies up to October 2023.

RESULTS

Out of 8795 hits, 55 studies were eligible for the systematic review. These studies suggest that blood levels of tryptophan decrease with age, while blood and cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine and its ratio with tryptophan increase. Studies investigating associations between cerebrospinal fluid and blood levels of kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid with age reported either positive or non-significant findings. However, there is a large heterogeneity across studies. Additionally, most studies were cross-sectional, and only few studies investigated associations with other downstream kynurenines.

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review suggests that levels of kynurenines are positively associated with age. Larger and prospective studies are needed that also investigate a more comprehensive panel of KP metabolites and changes during the life-course.

Discovery and characterization of natural product luteolin as an effective inhibitor of human pyridoxal kinase

Pyridoxal kinase (PDXK) is an essential enzyme in the synthesis of pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, which plays a pivotal role in maintaining the enzyme activity necessary for cell metabolism. Thus, PDXK has garnered attention as a potential target for metabolism regulation and tumor therapy. Despite this interest, existing PDXK inhibitors have faced limitations, including weak suppressive activity, unclear mechanisms of action, and associated toxic side effects. In this study, we present the discovery of a novel PDXK inhibitor, luteolin, through a high-throughput screening approach based on enzyme activity. Luteolin, a natural product, exhibits micromolar-level affinity for PDXK and effectively inhibits the enzyme's activity in vitro. Our crystal structures reveal that luteolin occupies the ATP binding pocket through hydrophobic interactions and a weak hydrogen bonding pattern, displaying reversible characteristics as confirmed by biochemical assays. Moreover, luteolin disrupts vitamin B6 metabolism by targeting PDXK, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of leukemia cells. This research introduces a novel screening method for identifying high-affinity and potent PDXK inhibitors and sheds light on clarification of the structural mechanism of PDXK-luteolin for subsequent structure optimization of inhibitors.

B Vitamins, Glucoronolactone and the Immune System: Bioavailability, Doses and Efficiency

The present review deals with two main ingredients of energy/power drinks: B vitamins and glucuronolactone and their possible effect on the immune system. There is a strong relationship between the recommended daily dose of selected B vitamins and a functional immune system. Regarding specific B vitamins: (1) Riboflavin is necessary for the optimization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the fight against bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. (2) Niacin administered within normal doses to obese rats can change the phenotype of skeletal fibers, and thereby affect muscle metabolism. This metabolic phenotype induced by niacin treatment is also confirmed by stimulation of the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of free fatty acids (FFAs) and oxidative phosphorylation at this level. (3) Vitamin B5 effects depend primarily on the dose, thus large doses can cause diarrhea or functional disorders of the digestive tract whereas normal levels are effective in wound healing, liver detoxification, and joint health support. (4) High vitamin B6 concentrations (>2000 mg per day) have been shown to exert a significant negative impact on the dorsal root ganglia. Whereas, at doses of approximately 70 ng/mL, sensory symptoms were reported in 80% of cases. (5) Chronic increases in vitamin B12 have been associated with the increased incidence of solid cancers. Additionally, glucuronolactone, whose effects are not well known, represents a controversial compound. (6) Supplementing with D-glucarates, such as glucuronolactone, may help the body's natural defense system function better to inhibit different tumor promoters and carcinogens and their consequences. Cumulatively, the present review aims to evaluate the relationship between the selected B vitamins group, glucuronolactone, and the immune system and their associations to bioavailability, doses, and efficiency.