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Martinez-Murillo PA, Huttner A, Lemeille S, Medaglini D, Ottenhoff THM, Harandi AM, Didierlaurent AM, Siegrist CA. Refined innate plasma signature after rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP immunization is shared among adult cohorts in Europe and North America. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1279003. [PMID: 38235127 PMCID: PMC10791923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1279003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During the last decade Ebola virus has caused several outbreaks in Africa. The recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored Zaire Ebola (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP) vaccine has proved safe and immunogenic but is reactogenic. We previously identified the first innate plasma signature response after vaccination in Geneva as composed of five monocyte-related biomarkers peaking at day 1 post-immunization that correlates with adverse events, biological outcomes (haematological changes and viremia) and antibody titers. In this follow-up study, we sought to identify additional biomarkers in the same Geneva cohort and validate those identified markers in a US cohort. Methods Additional biomarkers were identified using multiplexed protein biomarker platform O-link and confirmed by Luminex. Principal component analysis (PCA) evaluated if these markers could explain a higher variability of the vaccine response (and thereby refined the initial signature). Multivariable and linear regression models evaluated the correlations of the main components with adverse events, biological outcomes, and antibody titers. External validation of the refined signature was conducted in a second cohort of US vaccinees (n=142). Results Eleven additional biomarkers peaked at day 1 post-immunization: MCP2, MCP3, MCP4, CXCL10, OSM, CX3CL1, MCSF, CXCL11, TRAIL, RANKL and IL15. PCA analysis retained three principal components (PC) that accounted for 79% of the vaccine response variability. PC1 and PC2 were very robust and had different biomarkers that contributed to their variability. PC1 better discriminated different doses, better defined the risk of fever and myalgia, while PC2 better defined the risk of headache. We also found new biomarkers that correlated with reactogenicity, including transient arthritis (MCP-2, CXCL10, CXCL11, CX3CL1, MCSF, IL-15, OSM). Several innate biomarkers are associated with antibody levels one and six months after vaccination. Refined PC1 correlated strongly in both data sets (Geneva: r = 0.97, P < 0.001; US: r = 0.99, P< 0.001). Conclusion Eleven additional biomarkers refined the previously found 5-biomarker Geneva signature. The refined signature better discriminated between different doses, was strongly associated with the risk of adverse events and with antibody responses and was validated in a separate cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Andrea Martinez-Murillo
- Center of Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angela Huttner
- Center for Vaccinology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Research, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Lemeille
- Center of Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ali M. Harandi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Vaccine Evaluation Centre, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Arnaud M. Didierlaurent
- Center of Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Center of Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Vaccinology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Kyrrestad I, Larsen AK, Sánchez Romano J, Simón-Santamaría J, Li R, Sørensen KK. Infection of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells with Muromegalovirus muridbeta1 involves binding to neuropilin-1 and is dynamin-dependent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1249894. [PMID: 38029264 PMCID: PMC10665495 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1249894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) are scavenger cells with a remarkably high capacity for clearance of several blood-borne macromolecules and nanoparticles, including some viruses. Endocytosis in LSEC is mainly via the clathrin-coated pit mediated route, which is dynamin-dependent. LSEC can also be a site of infection and latency of betaherpesvirus, but mode of virus entry into these cells has not yet been described. In this study we have investigated the role of dynamin in the early stage of muromegalovirus muridbeta1 (MuHV-1, murid betaherpesvirus 1, murine cytomegalovirus) infection in mouse LSECs. LSEC cultures were freshly prepared from C57Bl/6JRj mouse liver. We first examined dose- and time-dependent effects of two dynamin-inhibitors, dynasore and MitMAB, on cell viability, morphology, and endocytosis of model ligands via different LSEC scavenger receptors to establish a protocol for dynamin-inhibition studies in these primary cells. LSECs were challenged with MuHV-1 (MOI 0.2) ± dynamin inhibitors for 1h, then without inhibitors and virus for 11h, and nuclear expression of MuHV-1 immediate early antigen (IE1) measured by immune fluorescence. MuHV-1 efficiently infected LSECs in vitro. Infection was significantly and independently inhibited by dynasore and MitMAB, which block dynamin function via different mechanisms, suggesting that initial steps of MuHV-1 infection is dynamin-dependent in LSECs. Infection was also reduced in the presence of monensin which inhibits acidification of endosomes. Furthermore, competitive binding studies with a neuropilin-1 antibody blocked LSEC infection. This suggests that MuHV-1 infection in mouse LSECs involves virus binding to neuropilin-1 and occurs via endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingelin Kyrrestad
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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3
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Carriazo S, Abasheva D, Duarte D, Ortiz A, Sanchez-Niño MD. SCARF Genes in COVID-19 and Kidney Disease: A Path to Comorbidity-Specific Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16078. [PMID: 38003268 PMCID: PMC10671056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has killed ~7 million persons worldwide. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the most common risk factor for severe COVID-19 and one that most increases the risk of COVID-19-related death. Moreover, CKD increases the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), and COVID-19 patients with AKI are at an increased risk of death. However, the molecular basis underlying this risk has not been well characterized. CKD patients are at increased risk of death from multiple infections, to which immune deficiency in non-specific host defenses may contribute. However, COVID-19-associated AKI has specific molecular features and CKD modulates the local (kidney) and systemic (lung, aorta) expression of host genes encoding coronavirus-associated receptors and factors (SCARFs), which SARS-CoV-2 hijacks to enter cells and replicate. We review the interaction between kidney disease and COVID-19, including the over 200 host genes that may influence the severity of COVID-19, and provide evidence suggesting that kidney disease may modulate the expression of SCARF genes and other key host genes involved in an effective adaptive defense against coronaviruses. Given the poor response of certain CKD populations (e.g., kidney transplant recipients) to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and their suboptimal outcomes when infected, we propose a research agenda focusing on CKD to develop the concept of comorbidity-specific targeted therapeutic approaches to SARS-CoV-2 infection or to future coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Carriazo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
- RICORS2040, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Daria Abasheva
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (D.D.)
| | - Deborah Duarte
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (D.D.)
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- RICORS2040, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (D.D.)
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- RICORS2040, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (D.D.)
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Braadt L, Naumann M, Freuer D, Schmitz T, Linseisen J, Ertl M. Novel inflammatory biomarkers associated with stroke severity: results from a cross-sectional stroke cohort study. Neurol Res Pract 2023; 5:31. [PMID: 37468969 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-023-00259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide and its occurrence is expected to increase in the future. Blood biomarkers have proven their usefulness in identification and monitoring of the disease. Stroke severity is a major factor for estimation of prognosis and risk of recurrent events, but knowledge on respective blood biomarkers is still scarce. Stroke pathophysiology comprises a multitude of ischemia-induced inflammatory and immune mediated responses. Therefore, the assessment of an immune-related panel in correlation with stroke severity seems promising. METHODS In the present cross-sectional evaluation, a set of 92 blood biomarkers of a standardized immune panel were gathered (median 4.6 days after admission) and related to stroke severity measures, assessed at hospital admission of acute stroke patients. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine associations between biomarkers and modified Rankin Scale (mRS), linear regression models were used for associations with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale. RESULTS 415 patients (mean age 69 years; 41% female) were included for biomarker analysis. C-type lectin domain family 4 member G (CLEC4G; OR = 2.89, 95% CI [1.49; 5.59], padj = 0.026, Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4; OR = 2.38, 95% CI [1.43; 3.98], padj = 0.019), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (IL6; OR = 1.97, 95% CI [1.49; 2.62], padj < 0.001) were positively associated with stroke severity measured by mRS, while Lymphocyte antigen 75 (LY75; OR = 0.37, 95% CI [0.19; 0.73], padj = 0.049) and Integrin alpha-11 (ITGA11 OR = 0.24, 95% CI [0.14, 0.40] padj < 0.001) were inversely associated. When investigating the relationships with the NIHSS, IL-6 (β = 0.23, 95% CI [0.12, 0.33] padj = 0.001) and ITGA11 (β = - 0.60, 95% CI [- 0.83, - 0.37] padj < 0.001) were significantly associated. CONCLUSIONS Higher relative concentrations of plasma CLEC4G, CKAP4, and IL-6 were associated with higher stroke severity, whereas LY75 and ITGA11 showed an inverse association. Future research might show a possible use as therapeutic targets and application in individual risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lino Braadt
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Naumann
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Freuer
- Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Timo Schmitz
- Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Linseisen
- Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ertl
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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5
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Torinsson Naluai Å, Östensson M, Fowler PC, Abrahamsson S, Andersson B, Lassesson S, Jacobsson F, Oscarsson M, Bohman A, Harandi AM, Bende M. Transcriptomics unravels molecular changes associated with cilia and COVID-19 in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6592. [PMID: 37085563 PMCID: PMC10121071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32944-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a common upper respiratory tract complication where the pathogenesis is largely unknown. Herein, we investigated the transcriptome profile in nasal mucosa biopsies of CRSwNP patients and healthy individuals. We further integrated the transcriptomics data with genes located in chromosomal regions containing genome-wide significant gene variants for COVID-19. Among the most significantly upregulated genes in polyp mucosa were CCL18, CLEC4G, CCL13 and SLC9A3. Pathways involving "Ciliated epithelial cells" were the most differentially expressed molecular pathways when polyp mucosa and non-polyp mucosa from the same patient was compared. Natural killer T-cell (NKT) and viral pathways were the most statistically significant pathways in the mucosa of CRSwNP patients compared with those of healthy control individuals. Upregulated genes in polyp mucosa, located within the genome-wide associated regions of COVID-19, included LZTFL1, CCR9, SLC6A20, IFNAR1, IFNAR2 and IL10RB. Interestingly, the second most over-expressed gene in our study, CLEC4G, has been shown to bind directly to SARS-CoV-2 spike's N-terminal domain and mediate its entry and infection. Our results on altered expression of genes related to cilia and viruses point to the de-regulation of viral defenses in CRSwNP patients, and may give clues to future intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Torinsson Naluai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Core Facilities, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Malin Östensson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Core Facilities, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Philippa C Fowler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sanna Abrahamsson
- Core Facilities, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Andersson
- Core Facilities, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stina Lassesson
- Core Facilities, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frida Jacobsson
- Core Facilities, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Oscarsson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Anton Bohman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ali M Harandi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mats Bende
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
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6
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Prenzler S, Rudrawar S, Waespy M, Kelm S, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Haselhorst T. The role of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like-lectin-1 (siglec-1) in immunology and infectious disease. Int Rev Immunol 2023; 42:113-138. [PMID: 34494938 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1931171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Siglec-1, also known as Sialoadhesin (Sn) and CD169 is highly conserved among vertebrates and with 17 immunoglobulin-like domains is Siglec-1 the largest member of the Siglec family. Expression of Siglec-1 is found primarily on dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and interferon induced monocyte. The structure of Siglec-1 is unique among siglecs and its function as a receptor is also different compared to other receptors in this class as it contains the most extracellular domains out of all the siglecs. However, the ability of Siglec-1 to internalize antigens and to pass them on to lymphocytes by allowing dendritic cells and macrophages to act as antigen presenting cells, is the main reason that has granted Siglec-1's key role in multiple human disease states including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, autoimmune diseases, cell-cell signaling, immunology, and more importantly bacterial and viral infections. Enveloped viruses for example have been shown to manipulate Siglec-1 to increase their virulence by binding to sialic acids present on the virus glycoproteins allowing them to spread or evade immune response. Siglec-1 mediates dissemination of HIV-1 in activated tissues enhancing viral spread via infection of DC/T-cell synapses. Overall, the ability of Siglec-1 to bind a variety of target cells within the immune system such as erythrocytes, B-cells, CD8+ granulocytes and NK cells, highlights that Siglec-1 is a unique player in these essential processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Prenzler
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Santosh Rudrawar
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mario Waespy
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sørge Kelm
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Immune Checkpoint and Other Receptor-Ligand Pairs Modulating Macrophages in Cancer: Present and Prospects. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235963. [PMID: 36497444 PMCID: PMC9736575 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint blocking, has become the primary anti-tumor treatment in recent years. However, the current immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy is far from satisfactory. Macrophages are a key component of anti-tumor immunity as they are a common immune cell subset in tumor tissues and act as a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Hence, understanding the regulation of macrophage activation in tumor tissues by receptor-ligand interaction will provide promising macrophage-targeting strategies to complement current adaptive immunity-based immunotherapy and traditional anti-tumor treatment. This review aims to offer a systematic summary of the current advances in number, structure, expression, biological function, and interplay of immune checkpoint and other receptor-ligand between macrophages and tumor cells.
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8
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Achom A, Das R, Pakray P. An improved Fuzzy based GWO algorithm for predicting the potential host receptor of COVID-19 infection. Comput Biol Med 2022; 151:106050. [PMID: 36334362 PMCID: PMC9404081 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has infected millions worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein uses Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) for entering and fusing the host cell membrane. However, interaction with spike protein receptors and protease processing are not the only factors determining coronaviruses' entry. Several proteases mediate the entry of SARS-CoV-2 virus into the host cell. Identifying receptor factors helps understand tropism, transmission, and pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection in humans. The paper aims to identify novel viral receptor or membrane proteins that are transcriptionally and biologically similar to ACE2 and TMPRSS2 through a fuzzy clustering technique that employs the Grey wolf optimizer (GWO) algorithm for finding the optimal cluster center. The exploratory and exploitation capability of GWO algorithm is improved by hybridizing mutation and crossover operators of the evolutionary algorithm. Also, the genetic diversity of the grey wolf population is enhanced by eliminating weak individuals from the population. The proposed clustering algorithm's effectiveness is shown by detecting novel viral receptors and membrane proteins associated with the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The expression profiles of ACE2 protein and its co-receptor factor are analyzed and compared with single-cell transcriptomics profiling using the Seurat R toolkit, mass spectrometry (MS), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our advanced clustering method infers that cell that expresses high ACE2 level are more affected by SARS-CoV-infection. So, SARS-CoV-2 virus affects lung, intestine, testis, heart, kidney, and liver more severely than brain, bone marrow, skin, spleen, etc. We have identified 58 novel viral receptors and 816 membrane proteins, and their role in the pathogenicity mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been studied. Besides, our study confirmed that Neuropilins (NRP1), G protein-coupled receptor 78 (GPR78), C-type lectin domain family 4 member M (CLEC4M), Kringle containing transmembrane protein 1 (KREMEN1), Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1), A Disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), Furin, Neuregulin-1,(NRG1), Basigin or CD147 and Poliovirus receptor (PVR) are the potential co-receptors of SARS-CoV-2 virus. A significant finding is that heparin derivative glycosaminoglycans could block the replication of SARS-CoV-2 virus inside the host cytoplasm. The membrane protein N-Deacetylase/N-Sulfotransferase-2 (NDST2), Extostosin protein (EXT1, EXT2, and EXT3), Glucuronic acid epimerase (GLCE), and Xylosyltransferase I, II (XYLT1, XYLT2) could act as the therapeutic target for inhibiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Drugs such as carboplatin and gemcitabine are effective in such situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amika Achom
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Mizoram, Aizwal, 796001, Mizoram, India.
| | - Ranjita Das
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Mizoram, Aizwal, 796001, Mizoram, India.
| | - Partha Pakray
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Silchar, 788003, Assam, India.
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9
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ACE2-Independent Alternative Receptors for SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112535. [PMID: 36423144 PMCID: PMC9692829 DOI: 10.3390/v14112535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is highly contagious and remains a major public health challenge despite the availability of effective vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the binding of its spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in concert with accessory receptors/molecules that facilitate viral attachment, internalization, and fusion. Although ACE2 plays a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 replication, its expression profiles are not completely associated with infection patterns, immune responses, and clinical manifestations. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 infects cells that lack ACE2, and the infection is resistant to monoclonal antibodies against spike RBD in vitro, indicating that some human cells possess ACE2-independent alternative receptors, which can mediate SARS-CoV-2 entry. Here, we discuss these alternative receptors and their interactions with SARS-CoV-2 components for ACE2-independent viral entry. These receptors include CD147, AXL, CD209L/L-SIGN/CLEC4M, CD209/DC-SIGN/CLEC4L, CLEC4G/LSECtin, ASGR1/CLEC4H1, LDLRAD3, TMEM30A, and KREMEN1. Most of these receptors are known to be involved in the entry of other viruses and to modulate cellular functions and immune responses. The SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant exhibits altered cell tropism and an associated change in the cell entry pathway, indicating that emerging variants may use alternative receptors to escape the immune pressure against ACE2-dependent viral entry provided by vaccination against RBD. Understanding the role of ACE2-independent alternative receptors in SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and pathogenesis may provide avenues for the prevention of infection by SARS-CoV-2 variants and for the treatment of COVID-19.
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10
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Bertuzzi S, Peccati F, Serna S, Artschwager R, Notova S, Thépaut M, Jiménez-Osés G, Fieschi F, Reichardt NC, Jiménez-Barbero J, Ardá A. Immobilization of Biantennary N-Glycans Leads to Branch Specific Epitope Recognition by LSECtin. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1415-1423. [PMID: 36313162 PMCID: PMC9615123 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The molecular recognition features of LSECtin toward asymmetric N-glycans have been scrutinized by NMR and compared to those occurring in glycan microarrays. A pair of positional glycan isomers (LDN3 and LDN6), a nonelongated GlcNAc4Man3 N-glycan (G0), and the minimum binding epitope (the GlcNAcβ1-2Man disaccharide) have been used to shed light on the preferred binding modes under both experimental conditions. Strikingly, both asymmetric LDN3 and LDN6 N-glycans are recognized by LSECtin with similar affinities in solution, in sharp contrast to the results obtained when those glycans are presented on microarrays, where only LDN6 was efficiently recognized by the lectin. Thus, different results can be obtained using different experimental approaches, pointing out the tremendous difficulty of translating in vitro results to the in vivo environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bertuzzi
- Basque
Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Chemical Glycobiology Group, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Francesca Peccati
- Basque Research
& Technology Alliance (BRTA), Computational Chemistry Group, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology
Group, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Raik Artschwager
- Glycotechnology
Group, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
- Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68th Street, New
York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Simona Notova
- CNRS,
CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, University
of Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Michel Thépaut
- CNRS,
CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, University
of Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Basque Research
& Technology Alliance (BRTA), Computational Chemistry Group, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Franck Fieschi
- CNRS,
CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, University
of Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- E-mail:
| | - Niels C. Reichardt
- Glycotechnology
Group, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Basque
Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Chemical Glycobiology Group, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, II Faculty of Science
and Technology University of the Basque Country, EHU-UPV, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Ana Ardá
- Basque
Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Chemical Glycobiology Group, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- E-mail:
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11
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Li R, Bhandari S, Martinez-Zubiaurre I, Bruun JA, Urbarova I, Smedsrød B, Simón-Santamaría J, Sørensen KK. Changes in the proteome and secretome of rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells during early primary culture and effects of dexamethasone. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273843. [PMID: 36054185 PMCID: PMC9439253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are specialized fenestrated scavenger endothelial cells involved in the elimination of modified plasma proteins and tissue turnover waste macromolecules from blood. LSECs also participate in liver immune responses. A challenge when studying LSEC biology is the rapid loss of the in vivo phenotype in culture. In this study, we have examined biological processes and pathways affected during early-stage primary culture of rat LSECs and checked for cell responses to the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone. Methods LSECs from male Sprague Dawley rats were cultured on type I collagen in 5% oxygen atmosphere in DMEM with serum-free supplements for 2 and 24 h. Quantitative proteomics using tandem mass tag technology was used to examine proteins in cells and supernatants. Validation was done with qPCR, ELISA, multiplex immunoassay, and caspase 3/7 assay. Cell ultrastructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and scavenger function by quantitative endocytosis assays. Results LSECs cultured for 24 h showed a characteristic pro-inflammatory phenotype both in the presence and absence of IL-1β, with upregulation of cellular responses to cytokines and interferon-γ, cell-cell adhesion, and glycolysis, increased expression of fatty acid binding proteins (FABP4, FABP5), and downregulation of several membrane receptors (STAB1, STAB2, LYVE1, CLEC4G) and proteins in pyruvate metabolism, citric acid cycle, fatty acid elongation, amino acid metabolism, and oxidation-reduction processes. Dexamethasone inhibited apoptosis and improved LSEC viability in culture, repressed inflammatory and immune regulatory pathways and secretion of IL-1β and IL-6, and further upregulated FABP4 and FABP5 compared to time-matched controls. The LSEC porosity and endocytic activity were reduced at 24 h both with and without dexamethasone but the dexamethasone-treated cells showed a less stressed phenotype. Conclusion Rat LSECs become activated towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype during early culture. Dexamethasone represses LSEC activation, inhibits apoptosis, and improves cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruomei Li
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sabin Bhandari
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Jack-Ansgar Bruun
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ilona Urbarova
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bård Smedsrød
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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12
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Khan AA, Jain SK, Rai M, Panda S. Exploring SARS-CoV2 host-pathogen interactions and associated fungal infections cross-talk: Screening of targets and understanding pathogenesis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4351-4359. [PMID: 35965662 PMCID: PMC9364728 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 associated opportunistic fungal infections have posed major challenges in recent times. Global scientific efforts have identified several SARS-CoV2 host-pathogen interactions in a very short time span. However, information about the molecular basis of COVID-19 associated opportunistic fungal infections is not readily available. Previous studies have identified a number of host targets involved in these opportunistic fungal infections showing association with COVID-19 patients. We screened host targets involved in COVID-19-associated opportunistic fungal infections, in addition to host-pathogen interaction data of SARS-CoV2 from well-known and widely used biological databases. Venn diagram was prepared to screen common host targets involved in studied COVID-19-associated fungal infections. Moreover, an interaction network of studied disease targets was prepared with STRING to identify important targets on the basis of network biological parameters. The host-pathogen interaction (HPI) map of SARS-CoV2 was also prepared and screened to identify interactions of the virus with targets involved in studied fungal infections. Pathway enrichment analysis of host targets involved in studied opportunistic fungal infections and the subset of those involved in SARS-CoV2 HPI were performed separately. This data-based analysis screened six common targets involved in all studied fungal infections, among which CARD9 and CYP51A1 were involved in host-pathogen interactions with SARS-CoV2. Moreover, several signaling pathways such as integrin signaling were screened, which were associated with disease targets involved in SARS-CoV2 HPI. The results of this study indicate several host targets deserving detailed investigation to develop strategies for the management of SARS-CoV2-associated fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Arif Khan
- Division of Microbiology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudhir K Jain
- School of Studies in Microbiology, Vikram University, Ujjain (MP), India
| | - Mahendra Rai
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.,Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi Pin-110029, India
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13
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Chen D, Ou Z, Zhu J, Wang H, Ding P, Luo L, Ding X, Sun C, Lan T, Sahu SK, Wu W, Yuan Y, Wu W, Qiu J, Zhu Y, Yue Q, Jia Y, Wei Y, Qin Q, Li R, Zhao W, Lv Z, Pu M, Lv B, Yang S, Chang A, Wei X, Chen F, Yang T, Wei Z, Yang F, Zhang P, Guo G, Li Y, Hua Y, Liu H. Screening of cell-virus, cell-cell, gene-gene crosstalk among animal kingdom at single cell resolution. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e886. [PMID: 35917402 PMCID: PMC9345398 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact animal origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains obscure and understanding its host range is vital for preventing interspecies transmission. METHODS Herein, we applied single-cell sequencing to multiple tissues of 20 species (30 data sets) and integrated them with public resources (45 data sets covering 26 species) to expand the virus receptor distribution investigation. While the binding affinity between virus and receptor is essential for viral infectivity, understanding the receptor distribution could predict the permissive organs and tissues when infection occurs. RESULTS Based on the transcriptomic data, the expression profiles of receptor or associated entry factors for viruses capable of causing respiratory, blood, and brain diseases were described in detail. Conserved cellular connectomes and regulomes were also identified, revealing fundamental cell-cell and gene-gene cross-talks from reptiles to humans. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study provides a resource of the single-cell atlas of the animal kingdom which could help to identify the potential host range and tissue tropism of viruses and reveal the host-virus co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Chen
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,Suzhou Institute of Systems MedicineSuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Zhihua Ou
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Unknown Pathogen IdentificationBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Jiacheng Zhu
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Haoyu Wang
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Peiwen Ding
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lihua Luo
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiangning Ding
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chengcheng Sun
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | | | - Weiying Wu
- The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain‐Machine IntegrationSchool of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yuting Yuan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Wendi Wu
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Jiaying Qiu
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yixin Zhu
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qizhen Yue
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yi Jia
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Yanan Wei
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Qiuyu Qin
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Runchu Li
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Wandong Zhao
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Zhiyuan Lv
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Mingyi Pu
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | | | - Shangchen Yang
- College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | | | | | | | - Tao Yang
- China National GeneBankShenzhenChina
| | | | - Fan Yang
- China National GeneBankShenzhenChina
| | - Peijing Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Guoji Guo
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | | | - Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of SilvicultureProtection and UtilizationGuangdong Academy of ForestryGuangzhouChina
| | - Huan Liu
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina,College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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14
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Huang X, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Cao X, Wang D, Yan J, Wei T, Dai X, Xu Z, Ren Q. Characterization of four spliced isoforms of a transmembrane C-type lectin from Procambarus clarkii and their function in facilitating WSSV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:1127-1138. [PMID: 35870750 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectin (CTL) is an important pattern recognition receptor that play vital functions in the innate immunity. Many soluble CTLs in crustacean participate in the inhibition or promotion of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. However, whether transmembrane CTLs participate in WSSV infection in crustacean remains unknown. In the present study, four spliced isoforms of a transmembrane CTL (designated as PcTlec) from Procambarus clarkii were identified for the first time. The genome structure of PcTlec contains eight exons, six known introns, and one unknown intron. PcTlec-isoform1 is produced by intron retention, whereas PcTlec-isoform3 and PcTlec-isoform4 are produced by exon skipping. All of them contain the transmembrane domain and characteristic carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Four PcTlec isoforms were mainly expressed in the hepatopancreas, stomach, and intestine. After WSSV challenge, the expression levels of PcTlec-isoform1-4 in the intestine were upregulated. The knockdown of the region shared by four PcTlec isoforms evidently decreased the expression of WSSV envelope protein VP28 and the copies of viral particles. A recombinant protein (rPcTlec-CRD) containing the CRD that was shared by four PcTlec isoforms was acquired by procaryotic expression system. The injection of purified rPcTlec-CRD protein evidently increased the VP28 expression and WSSV copies during viral infection. Moreover, rPcTlec-CRD could directly bind to WSSV and interact with VP28 protein. These findings indicate that new-found transmembrane CTL isoforms in P. clarkii may act as viral receptors that facilitate WSSV infection. This study contributes to the recognition and understanding of the functions of transmembrane CTLs in crustacean in the infection of host by WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210017, China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Xunyuan Cao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Tianxiang Wei
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoling Dai
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210017, China.
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
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15
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Outlook of therapeutic and diagnostic competency of nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review. Anal Biochem 2022; 640:114546. [PMID: 34995616 PMCID: PMC8730734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The newly emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) continues to infect humans, and no completely efficient treatment has yet been found. Antibody therapy is one way to control infection caused by COVID-19, but the use of classical antibodies has many disadvantages. Heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) are single-domain antibodies derived from the Camelidae family. The variable part of these antibodies (Nanobodies or VHH) has interesting properties such as small size, identify criptic epitopes, stability in harsh conditions, good tissue permeability and cost-effective production causing nanobodies have become a good candidate in the treatment and diagnosis of viral infections. METHODS Totally 157 records (up to November 10, 2021), were recognized to be reviewed in this study. 62 studies were removed after first step screening due to their deviation from inclusion criteria. The remaining 95 studies were reviewed in details. After removing articles that were not in the study area, 45 remaining studies met the inclusion criteria and were qualified to be included in the systematic review. RESULTS In this systematic review, the application of nanobodies in the treatment and detection of COVID-19 infection was reviewed. The results of this study showed that extensive and sufficient studies have been performed in the field of production of nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus and the obtained nanobodies have a great potential for use in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus. CONCLUSION According to the obtained results, it was found that nanobodies can be used effectively in the treatment and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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16
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Forni D, Sironi M, Cagliani R. Evolutionary history of type II transmembrane serine proteases involved in viral priming. Hum Genet 2022; 141:1705-1722. [PMID: 35122525 PMCID: PMC8817155 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are a family of trypsin-like membrane-anchored serine proteases that play key roles in the regulation of some crucial processes in physiological conditions, including cardiac function, digestion, cellular iron homeostasis, epidermal differentiation, and immune responses. However, some of them, in particular TTSPs expressed in the human airways, were identified as host factors that promote the proteolytic activation and spread of respiratory viruses such as influenza virus, human metapneumovirus, and coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Given their involvement in viral priming, we hypothesized that members of the TTSP family may represent targets of positive selection, possibly as the result of virus-driven pressure. Thus, we investigated the evolutionary history of sixteen TTSP genes in mammals. Evolutionary analyses indicate that most of the TTSP genes that have a verified role in viral proteolytic activation present signals of pervasive positive selection, suggesting that viral infections represent a selective pressure driving the evolution of these proteases. We also evaluated genetic diversity in human populations and we identified targets of balancing selection in TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4. This scenario may be the result of an ancestral and still ongoing host–pathogen arms race. Overall, our results provide evolutionary information about candidate functional sites and polymorphic positions in TTSP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy.
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17
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Lassa virus glycoprotein complex review: insights into its unique fusion machinery. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:230708. [PMID: 35088070 PMCID: PMC8844875 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), an arenavirus endemic to West Africa, causes Lassa fever—a lethal hemorrhagic fever. Entry of LASV into the host cell is mediated by the glycoprotein complex (GPC), which is the only protein located on the viral surface and comprises three subunits: glycoprotein 1 (GP1), glycoprotein 2 (GP2), and a stable signal peptide (SSP). The LASV GPC is a class one viral fusion protein, akin to those found in viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, Ebola virus (EBOV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). These viruses are enveloped and utilize membrane fusion to deliver their genetic material to the host cell. Like other class one fusion proteins, LASV-mediated membrane fusion occurs through an orchestrated sequence of conformational changes in its GPC. The receptor-binding subunit, GP1, first engages with a host cell receptor then undergoes a unique receptor switch upon delivery to the late endosome. The acidic pH and change in receptor result in the dissociation of GP1, exposing the fusion subunit, GP2, such that fusion can occur. These events ultimately lead to the formation of a fusion pore so that the LASV genetic material is released into the host cell. Interestingly, the mature GPC retains its SSP as a third subunit—a feature that is unique to arenaviruses. Additionally, the fusion domain contains two separate fusion peptides, instead of a standard singular fusion peptide. Here, we give a comprehensive review of the LASV GPC components and their unusual features.
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18
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Pizzato M, Baraldi C, Boscato Sopetto G, Finozzi D, Gentile C, Gentile MD, Marconi R, Paladino D, Raoss A, Riedmiller I, Ur Rehman H, Santini A, Succetti V, Volpini L. SARS-CoV-2 and the Host Cell: A Tale of Interactions. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2021.815388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a virus to spread between individuals, its replication capacity and the clinical course of the infection are macroscopic consequences of a multifaceted molecular interaction of viral components with the host cell. The heavy impact of COVID-19 on the world population, economics and sanitary systems calls for therapeutic and prophylactic solutions that require a deep characterization of the interactions occurring between virus and host cells. Unveiling how SARS-CoV-2 engages with host factors throughout its life cycle is therefore fundamental to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the viral infection and to design antiviral therapies and prophylactic strategies. Two years into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, this review provides an overview of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the host cell, with focus on the machinery and compartments pivotal for virus replication and the antiviral cellular response. Starting with the interaction with the cell surface, following the virus replicative cycle through the characterization of the entry pathways, the survival and replication in the cytoplasm, to the mechanisms of egress from the infected cell, this review unravels the complex network of interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the host cell, highlighting the knowledge that has the potential to set the basis for the development of innovative antiviral strategies.
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19
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Bhandari S, Larsen AK, McCourt P, Smedsrød B, Sørensen KK. The Scavenger Function of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells in Health and Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:757469. [PMID: 34707514 PMCID: PMC8542980 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.757469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to give an outline of the blood clearance function of the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in health and disease. Lining the hundreds of millions of hepatic sinusoids in the human liver the LSECs are perfectly located to survey the constituents of the blood. These cells are equipped with high-affinity receptors and an intracellular vesicle transport apparatus, enabling a remarkably efficient machinery for removal of large molecules and nanoparticles from the blood, thus contributing importantly to maintain blood and tissue homeostasis. We describe here central aspects of LSEC signature receptors that enable the cells to recognize and internalize blood-borne waste macromolecules at great speed and high capacity. Notably, this blood clearance system is a silent process, in the sense that it usually neither requires or elicits cell activation or immune responses. Most of our knowledge about LSECs arises from studies in animals, of which mouse and rat make up the great majority, and some species differences relevant for extrapolating from animal models to human are discussed. In the last part of the review, we discuss comparative aspects of the LSEC scavenger functions and specialized scavenger endothelial cells (SECs) in other vascular beds and in different vertebrate classes. In conclusion, the activity of LSECs and other SECs prevent exposure of a great number of waste products to the immune system, and molecules with noxious biological activities are effectively “silenced” by the rapid clearance in LSECs. An undesired consequence of this avid scavenging system is unwanted uptake of nanomedicines and biologics in the cells. As the development of this new generation of therapeutics evolves, there will be a sharp increase in the need to understand the clearance function of LSECs in health and disease. There is still a significant knowledge gap in how the LSEC clearance function is affected in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabin Bhandari
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT) - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anett Kristin Larsen
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT) - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Peter McCourt
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT) - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bård Smedsrød
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT) - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karen Kristine Sørensen
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT) - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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20
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Trbojević-Akmačić I, Petrović T, Lauc G. SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein binding to multiple host receptors enables cell entry and infection. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:611-623. [PMID: 34542788 PMCID: PMC8450557 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection displays a wide array of clinical manifestations. Although some risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and outcomes have been identified the underlying biologic mechanisms are still not well understood. The surface SARS-CoV-2 proteins are heavily glycosylated enabling host cell interaction and viral entry. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified to be the main host cell receptor enabling SARS-CoV-2 cell entry after interaction with its S glycoprotein. However, recent studies report SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein interaction with other cell receptors, mainly C-type lectins which recognize specific glycan epitopes facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry to susceptible cells. Here, we are summarizing the main findings on SARS-CoV-2 interactions with ACE2 and other cell membrane surface receptors and soluble lectins involved in the viral cell entry modulating its infectivity and potentially playing a role in subsequent clinical manifestations of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tea Petrović
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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21
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Cell Entry of Animal Coronaviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101977. [PMID: 34696406 PMCID: PMC8540712 DOI: 10.3390/v13101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses and can cause deadly diseases in animals and humans. Cell entry is the first and essential step of successful virus infection and can be divided into two ongoing steps: cell binding and membrane fusion. Over the past two decades, stimulated by the global outbreak of SARS-CoV and pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, numerous efforts have been made in the CoV research. As a result, significant progress has been achieved in our understanding of the cell entry process. Here, we review the current knowledge of this essential process, including the viral and host components involved in cell binding and membrane fusion, molecular mechanisms of their interactions, and the sites of virus entry. We highlight the recent findings of host restriction factors that inhibit CoVs entry. This knowledge not only enhances our understanding of the cell entry process, pathogenesis, tissue tropism, host range, and interspecies-transmission of CoVs but also provides a theoretical basis to design effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to control CoVs infection.
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22
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A Naturally Occurring Polymorphism in the Base of Sudan Virus Glycoprotein Decreases Glycoprotein Stability in a Species-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2021; 95:e0107321. [PMID: 34232742 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01073-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudan virus (SUDV) is one of five filoviruses that compose the genus Ebolavirus that has been responsible for episodic outbreaks in Central Africa. While the SUDV glycoprotein (GP) structure has been solved, GP residues that affect SUDV entry have not been extensively examined; many of the entry characteristics of SUDV GP are inferred from studies with the Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) GP. Here, we investigate the effect on virus entry of a naturally occurring polymorphism in SUDV GP. Two of the earliest SUDV isolates contain glutamine at residue 95 (Q95) within the base region of GP1, whereas more recent SUDV isolates and GPs from all other ebolaviruses carry lysine at this position (K95). A K95Q change dramatically decreased titers of pseudovirions bearing SUDV GP, whereas the K95Q substitution in EBOV GP had no effect on titer. We evaluated virus entry to identify SUDV GP Q95-specific entry defects. The presence of Q95 in either EBOV or SUDV GP resulted in enhanced sensitivity of GP to proteolytic processing, yet this could not account for the SUDV-specific decrease in GP Q95 infectivity. We found that SUDV GP Q95 pseudovirions were more sensitive to imipramine, a GP-destabilizing antiviral. In contrast, SUDV GP K95 was more stable, requiring elevated temperatures to inhibit virus infection. Thus, the residue present at GP 95 has a critical role in stabilizing the SUDV glycoprotein, whereas this polymorphism has no effect on EBOV GP stability. These results provide novel insights into filovirus species-specific GP structure that affects virus infectivity. IMPORTANCE Filovirus outbreaks are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding the structural constraints of filoviral GPs that control virus entry into cells is critical for rational development of novel antivirals to block infection. Here, we identify a naturally occurring glutamine (Q) to lysine (K) polymorphism at residue 95 as a critical determinant of Sudan virus GP stability but not Zaire Ebola virus GP stability. We propose that glutamine at residue 95 in Sudan virus GP mediates decreased virus entry, thereby reducing infectivity. Our findings highlight a unique structural characteristic of Sudan virus GP that affects GP-mediated functionality. Further, it provides a cautionary note for the development of future broad-spectrum filovirus antivirals.
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23
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Genome-wide CRISPR activation screen identifies candidate receptors for SARS-CoV-2 entry. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 65:701-717. [PMID: 34431042 PMCID: PMC8384091 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-1990-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has created a global health crisis. SARS-CoV-2 infects varieties of tissues where the known receptor ACE2 is low or almost absent, suggesting the existence of alternative viral entry pathways. Here, we performed a genome-wide barcoded-CRISPRa screen to identify novel host factors that enable SARS-CoV-2 infection. Beyond known host proteins, i.e., ACE2, TMPRSS2, and NRP1, we identified multiple host components, among which LDLRAD3, TMEM30A, and CLEC4G were confirmed as functional receptors for SARS-CoV-2. All these membrane proteins bind directly to spike’s N-terminal domain (NTD). Their essential and physiological roles have been confirmed in either neuron or liver cells. In particular, LDLRAD3 and CLEC4G mediate SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection in an ACE2-independent fashion. The identification of the novel receptors and entry mechanisms could advance our understanding of the multiorgan tropism of SARS-CoV-2, and may shed light on the development of COVID-19 countermeasures.
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24
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Hoffmann D, Mereiter S, Jin Oh Y, Monteil V, Elder E, Zhu R, Canena D, Hain L, Laurent E, Grünwald-Gruber C, Klausberger M, Jonsson G, Kellner MJ, Novatchkova M, Ticevic M, Chabloz A, Wirnsberger G, Hagelkruys A, Altmann F, Mach L, Stadlmann J, Oostenbrink C, Mirazimi A, Hinterdorfer P, Penninger JM. Identification of lectin receptors for conserved SARS-CoV-2 glycosylation sites. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108375. [PMID: 34375000 PMCID: PMC8420505 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
New SARS‐CoV‐2 variants are continuously emerging with critical implications for therapies or vaccinations. The 22 N‐glycan sites of Spike remain highly conserved among SARS‐CoV‐2 variants, opening an avenue for robust therapeutic intervention. Here we used a comprehensive library of mammalian carbohydrate‐binding proteins (lectins) to probe critical sugar residues on the full‐length trimeric Spike and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS‐CoV‐2. Two lectins, Clec4g and CD209c, were identified to strongly bind to Spike. Clec4g and CD209c binding to Spike was dissected and visualized in real time and at single‐molecule resolution using atomic force microscopy. 3D modelling showed that both lectins can bind to a glycan within the RBD‐ACE2 interface and thus interferes with Spike binding to cell surfaces. Importantly, Clec4g and CD209c significantly reduced SARS‐CoV‐2 infections. These data report the first extensive map and 3D structural modelling of lectin‐Spike interactions and uncovers candidate receptors involved in Spike binding and SARS‐CoV‐2 infections. The capacity of CLEC4G and mCD209c lectins to block SARS‐CoV‐2 viral entry holds promise for pan‐variant therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hoffmann
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Mereiter
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yoo Jin Oh
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Vanessa Monteil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Rong Zhu
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Daniel Canena
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Lisa Hain
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Laurent
- Department of Biotechnology and BOKU Core Facility Biomolecular & Cellular Analysis, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Miriam Klausberger
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gustav Jonsson
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Max J Kellner
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melita Ticevic
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antoine Chabloz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Astrid Hagelkruys
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stadlmann
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Department for Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Vilella F, Wang W, Moreno I, Roson B, Quake SR, Simon C. Single-cell RNA Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Factors in the Preconceptional Human Endometrium. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:2709-2719. [PMID: 34329437 PMCID: PMC8385818 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are SARS-CoV-2 canonical cell entry machinery, consisting of ACE2, TMPRSS2, NRP1 and LY6E, or alternative potential cell entry machinery, consisting of BSG, ANPEP, CD209, CLEC4G, TMPRSS4, TMPRSS11A, FURIN, CTSB, CTSL and IFITM1, expressed in the human endometrium across the menstrual cycle? SUMMARY ANSWER Analysis of cell entry factors for SARS-CoV-2 by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) in the preconceptional human endometrium reveals low risk of infection. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Gene expression datasets from bulk endometrial tissue show no significant expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2. This is in contrast to reported expression of ACE2 at the single-cell level in the decidua and trophoblast cells at the maternal–fetal interface in early pregnancy, as well as vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This analysis of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry machinery gene expression was conducted by scRNAseq in 73 181 human endometrial cells isolated from endometrial biopsies obtained from 27 donors across the menstrual cycle. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS ScRNAseq examined the expression of genes encoding cell entry machinery for SARS-CoV-2. The raw data were from a previously published dataset. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE ScRNAseq analysis showed no significant expression of ACE2 in stromal or unciliated epithelial cells in any phase of the menstrual cycle. TMPRSS2 was expressed in epithelial cells during the early proliferative and mid-secretory phases. Interestingly, the expression of NRP1 was observed in both stromal and epithelial cells across all phases of the menstrual cycle, and LY6E was highly expressed in stromal cells. In the mid-secretory phase, coexpression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 was detected in 0.07% of luminal epithelial cells. No cells simultaneously expressed ACE2, NRP1 and TMPRSS2 at the time of embryo implantation. Focusing on non-canonical cell entry machinery, BSG was highly expressed in all cell types across the menstrual cycle and may interact with CTSB or CTSL proteases, but viral infection using this machinery has not yet been confirmed. LARGE SCALE DATA All raw data in this study can be found at NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus (series accession code GSE111976) and Sequence Read Archive (accession code SRP135922). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our findings at the single-cell level imply low efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 endometrial infection using canonical receptors in a cohort of healthy reproductive-age women; however, infection of endometrial cells can only be assessed in the presence of the virus. All samples were processed for scRNAseq, so no samples are remaining to analyze protein expression or spatial transcriptomics. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results offer a useful resource to guide reproductive decisions when assessing risk of endometrial infection by SARS-CoV-2 during the preconceptional period in asymptomatic COVID-19 carriers. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was jointly supported by the March of Dimes, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub and MINECO/FEDER (SAF-2015-67164-R, to C.S.) (Spanish Government), and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (Grant agreement 874867). W.W. was supported by the Stanford Bio-X Graduate Bowes Fellowship and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub. F.V. was supported by the Miguel Servet Program Type II of ISCIII (CPII18/00020) and the FIS project (PI18/00957). A patent disclosure has been filed for the study with the title ‘Methods for assessing endometrial transformation’ and the global patent number ‘EP 3807648 A2’ under the inventors S.R.Q., C.S., W.W. and F.V. C.S. is the Founder and Head of the Scientific Advisory Board of Igenomix SL. S.R.Q is the Director of Mirvie. I.M. is partially employed by Igenomix SL. B.R. has no interests to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vilella
- Igenomix Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/Narcis de Monturiol Estarriol 11B, 46980, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - W Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - I Moreno
- Igenomix Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/Narcis de Monturiol Estarriol 11B, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - B Roson
- Igenomix Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/Narcis de Monturiol Estarriol 11B, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - S R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - C Simon
- Igenomix Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/Narcis de Monturiol Estarriol 11B, 46980, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Valencia, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States
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26
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Pervasive positive selection on virus receptors driven by host-virus conflicts in mammals. J Virol 2021; 95:e0102921. [PMID: 34319153 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01029-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses hijack cellular proteins known as viral receptors to initiate their infection. Viral receptors are subject to two conflicting directional forces, namely negative selection to maintain their cellular function and positive selection resulted from everchanging host-virus arms race. Much remains unclear how viral receptors evolved in mammals, and whether viral receptors from different mammal groups experienced different strength of natural selection. Here, we perform evolutionary analyses of 92 viral receptors in five major orders of mammals, including Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla, Chiroptera, Primates, and Rodentia. In all the five mammal orders, signals of positive selection are detected for a high proportion of viral receptors (from 41% in Carnivora to 65% in Rodentia). Many positively selected residues overlap host-virus interaction interface. Compared with control genes, we find viral receptors underwent elevated rate of adaptive evolution in all the five mammal orders, suggesting that host-virus conflicts are the main driver of the adaptive evolution of viral receptors in mammals. Interestingly, the overall strength of natural selection acting on viral receptors driven by host-virus arms race is largely homogenous and correlated among different mammal orders with bats and rodents, zoonosis reservoirs of importance, unexceptional. Taken together, our findings indicate host-virus conflicts have driven the elevated rate of adaptive evolution in viral receptors across mammals, and might have important implications in zoonosis surveillance and prediction. Importance Viral receptors are cellular proteins hijacked by viruses to help their infections. A complete picture on the evolution of viral receptors in mammals is still lacking. Here, we perform a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the evolution of 92 viral receptors in five mammal orders, including Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla, Chiroptera, Primates, and Rodentia. We find that positive selection pervasively occurred during the evolution of viral receptors, and viral receptors exhibit at an elevated rate of adaptive evolution than control genes in all the five mammal orders, suggesting host-virus conflicts are a major driver of the adaptive evolution of viral receptors. Interestingly, the strength of positive selection acting on viral receptors is similar among the five mammal orders. Our study might have important implications in understanding the evolution of host-virus interaction.
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27
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Zong G, Li C, Prabhu SK, Zhang R, Zhang X, Wang LX. A facile chemoenzymatic synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 glycopeptides for probing glycosylation functions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6804-6807. [PMID: 34236361 PMCID: PMC8294178 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02790e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays important roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection. We describe here a facile chemoenzymatic synthesis of core-fucosylated N-glycopeptides derived from the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and their binding with glycan-dependent neutralizing antibody S309 and human lectin CLEC4G. The synthetic glycopeptides provide tools for further functional characterization of viral glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Zong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Sunaina Kiran Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Roushu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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28
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Gultom M, Licheri M, Laloli L, Wider M, Strässle M, V'kovski P, Steiner S, Kratzel A, Thao TTN, Probst L, Stalder H, Portmann J, Holwerda M, Ebert N, Stokar-Regenscheit N, Gurtner C, Zanolari P, Posthaus H, Schuller S, Vicente-Santos A, Moreira-Soto A, Corrales-Aguilar E, Ruggli N, Tekes G, von Messling V, Sawatsky B, Thiel V, Dijkman R. Susceptibility of Well-Differentiated Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures from Domestic and Wild Animals to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1811-1820. [PMID: 34152956 PMCID: PMC8237902 DOI: 10.3201/eid2707.204660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally, and the number of worldwide cases continues to rise. The zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2 and its intermediate and potential spillback host reservoirs, besides humans, remain largely unknown. Because of ethical and experimental constraints and more important, to reduce and refine animal experimentation, we used our repository of well-differentiated airway epithelial cell (AEC) cultures from various domesticated and wildlife animal species to assess their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 replicated efficiently only in monkey and cat AEC culture models. Whole-genome sequencing of progeny viruses revealed no obvious signs of nucleotide transitions required for SARS-CoV-2 to productively infect monkey and cat AEC cultures. Our findings, together with previous reports of human-to-animal spillover events, warrant close surveillance to determine the potential role of cats, monkeys, and closely related species as spillback reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2.
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29
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Lu Q, Liu J, Zhao S, Gomez Castro MF, Laurent-Rolle M, Dong J, Ran X, Damani-Yokota P, Tang H, Karakousi T, Son J, Kaczmarek ME, Zhang Z, Yeung ST, McCune BT, Chen RE, Tang F, Ren X, Chen X, Hsu JCC, Teplova M, Huang B, Deng H, Long Z, Mudianto T, Jin S, Lin P, Du J, Zang R, Su TT, Herrera A, Zhou M, Yan R, Cui J, Zhu J, Zhou Q, Wang T, Ma J, Koralov SB, Zhang Z, Aifantis I, Segal LN, Diamond MS, Khanna KM, Stapleford KA, Cresswell P, Liu Y, Ding S, Xie Q, Wang J. SARS-CoV-2 exacerbates proinflammatory responses in myeloid cells through C-type lectin receptors and Tweety family member 2. Immunity 2021; 54:1304-1319.e9. [PMID: 34048708 PMCID: PMC8106883 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite mounting evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) engagement with immune cells, most express little, if any, of the canonical receptor of SARS-CoV-2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Here, using a myeloid cell receptor-focused ectopic expression screen, we identified several C-type lectins (DC-SIGN, L-SIGN, LSECtin, ASGR1, and CLEC10A) and Tweety family member 2 (TTYH2) as glycan-dependent binding partners of the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Except for TTYH2, these molecules primarily interacted with spike via regions outside of the receptor-binding domain. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of pulmonary cells from individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) indicated predominant expression of these molecules on myeloid cells. Although these receptors do not support active replication of SARS-CoV-2, their engagement with the virus induced robust proinflammatory responses in myeloid cells that correlated with COVID-19 severity. We also generated a bispecific anti-spike nanobody that not only blocked ACE2-mediated infection but also the myeloid receptor-mediated proinflammatory responses. Our findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2-myeloid receptor interactions promote immune hyperactivation, which represents potential targets for COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lu
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | | | - Maudry Laurent-Rolle
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | | | - Xiaojuan Ran
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Payal Damani-Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hongzhen Tang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Triantafyllia Karakousi
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Juhee Son
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maria E Kaczmarek
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stephen T Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fei Tang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xianwen Ren
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jack C C Hsu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Marianna Teplova
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Haijing Deng
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Zhilin Long
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Tenny Mudianto
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shumin Jin
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Jasper Du
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ruochen Zang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tina Tianjiao Su
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Alberto Herrera
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Renhong Yan
- Joint Research Center of Hangzhou First Hospital Group and Westlake University, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Jia Cui
- Kactus Biosystems Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201114, China
| | - James Zhu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Joint Research Center of Hangzhou First Hospital Group and Westlake University, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jianzhu Ma
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zemin Zhang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Leopoldo N Segal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kenneth A Stapleford
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Peter Cresswell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Ab Studio, Inc., Hayward, CA 94545, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Qi Xie
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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LeBlanc EV, Kim Y, Capicciotti CJ, Colpitts CC. Hepatitis C Virus Glycan-Dependent Interactions and the Potential for Novel Preventative Strategies. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060685. [PMID: 34205894 PMCID: PMC8230238 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections continue to be a major contributor to liver disease worldwide. HCV treatment has become highly effective, yet there are still no vaccines or prophylactic strategies available to prevent infection and allow effective management of the global HCV burden. Glycan-dependent interactions are crucial to many aspects of the highly complex HCV entry process, and also modulate immune evasion. This review provides an overview of the roles of viral and cellular glycans in HCV infection and highlights glycan-focused advances in the development of entry inhibitors and vaccines to effectively prevent HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle V. LeBlanc
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (E.V.L.); (Y.K.); (C.J.C.)
| | - Youjin Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (E.V.L.); (Y.K.); (C.J.C.)
| | - Chantelle J. Capicciotti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (E.V.L.); (Y.K.); (C.J.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Che C. Colpitts
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (E.V.L.); (Y.K.); (C.J.C.)
- Correspondence:
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31
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Liu R, Zhao L, Cheng X, Han H, Li C, Li D, Liu A, Gao G, Zhou F, Liu F, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Xia Y. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with hepatitis B virus infection - a retrospective study. Liver Int 2021; 41:720-730. [PMID: 33351265 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a pandemic. Although COVID-19 is caused by infection in the respiratory tract, extrapulmonary manifestations including dysregulation of the immune system and hepatic injury have been observed. Given the high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in China, we sought to study the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and HBV coinfection in patients. METHODS Blood samples of 50 SARS-CoV-2 and HBV coinfected patients, 56 SARS-CoV-2 mono-infected patients, 57 HBeAg-negative chronic HBV patient controls and 57 healthy controls admitted to Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University were collected in this study. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry panels including markers indicative of liver functions were performed. Cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 were evaluated. T cell, B cell and NK cell counts were measured using flow cytometry. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 and HBV coinfection did not significantly affect the outcome of the COVID-19. However, at the onset of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 and HBV coinfected patients showed more severe monocytopenia and thrombocytopenia as well as more disturbed hepatic function in albumin production and lipid metabolism. Most of the disarrangement could be reversed after recovery from COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS While chronic HBV infection did not predispose COVID-19 patients to more severe outcomes, our data suggest SARS-CoV-2 and HBV coinfection poses a higher extent of dysregulation of host functions at the onset of COVID-19. Thus, caution needs to be taken with the management of SARS-CoV-2 and HBV coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huan Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Andrew Liu
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT, USA
| | - Guosheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingan Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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32
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Oz M, Lorke DE. Multifunctional angiotensin converting enzyme 2, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, and critical appraisal of its role in acute lung injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111193. [PMID: 33461019 PMCID: PMC7836742 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic affecting millions of individuals has raised great concern throughout the world, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the causative agent for COVID-19. The multifunctional protein angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is accepted as its primary target for entry into host cells. In its enzymatic function, ACE2, like its homologue ACE, regulates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) critical for cardiovascular and renal homeostasis in mammals. Unlike ACE, however, ACE2 drives an alternative RAS pathway by degrading Ang-II and thus operates to balance RAS homeostasis in the context of hypertension, heart failure, and cardiovascular as well as renal complications of diabetes. Outside the RAS, ACE2 hydrolyzes key peptides, such as amyloid-β, apelin, and [des-Arg9]-bradykinin. In addition to its enzymatic functions, ACE2 is found to regulate intestinal amino acid homeostasis and the gut microbiome. Although the non-enzymatic function of ACE2 as the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 has been well established, the contribution of enzymatic functions of ACE2 to the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related lung injury has been a matter of debate. A complete understanding of this central enzyme may begin to explain the various symptoms and pathologies seen in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and may aid in the development of novel treatments for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Cotugno N, Ruggiero A, Bonfante F, Petrara MR, Zicari S, Pascucci GR, Zangari P, De Ioris MA, Santilli V, Manno EC, Amodio D, Bortolami A, Pagliari M, Concato C, Linardos G, Campana A, Donà D, Giaquinto C, Brodin P, Rossi P, De Rossi A, Palma P. Virological and immunological features of SARS-CoV-2-infected children who develop neutralizing antibodies. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108852. [PMID: 33730580 PMCID: PMC7962998 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As the global COVID-19 pandemic progresses, it is paramount to gain knowledge on adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in children to define immune correlates of protection upon immunization or infection. We analyzed anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and their neutralizing activity (PRNT) in 66 COVID-19-infected children at 7 (±2) days after symptom onset. Individuals with specific humoral responses presented faster virus clearance and lower viral load associated with a reduced in vitro infectivity. We demonstrated that the frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+CD40L+ T cells and Spike-specific B cells were associated with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the magnitude of neutralizing activity. The plasma proteome confirmed the association between cellular and humoral SARS-CoV-2 immunity, and PRNT+ patients show higher viral signal transduction molecules (SLAMF1, CD244, CLEC4G). This work sheds lights on cellular and humoral anti-SARS-CoV-2 responses in children, which may drive future vaccination trial endpoints and quarantine measures policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cotugno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Petrara
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, Unit of Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Center, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Sonia Zicari
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rubens Pascucci
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Zangari
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Santilli
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - E C Manno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Amodio
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagliari
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Concato
- Department of Laboratories, Division of Virology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Linardos
- Department of Laboratories, Division of Virology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Campana
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Donà
- Department of Mother and Child Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department of Mother and Child Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Petter Brodin
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anita De Rossi
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, Unit of Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Center, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Ghareeb DA, Saleh SR, Nofal MS, Kaddah MMY, Hassan SF, Seif IK, El-Zahaby SA, Khedr SM, Kenawy MY, Masoud AA, Soudi SA, Sobhy AA, Sery JG, El-Wahab MGA, Elmoneam AAA, Al-mahallawi AM, El-Demellawy MA. Potential therapeutic and pharmacological strategies for SARS-CoV2. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40005-021-00520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Ghareeb DA, Saleh SR, Nofal MS, Kaddah MMY, Hassan SF, Seif IK, El-Zahaby SA, Khedr SM, Kenawy MY, Masoud AA, Soudi SA, Sobhy AA, Sery JG, El-Wahab MGA, Elmoneam AAA, Al-mahallawi AM, El-Demellawy MA. Potential therapeutic and pharmacological strategies for SARS-CoV2. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021; 51:281-296. [PMID: 33688448 PMCID: PMC7933375 DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the end of 2019, the new Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) strain causing severe acute respiratory syndrome swept the world. From November 2019 till February 2021, this virus infected nearly 104 million, with more than two million deaths and about 25 million active cases. This has prompted scientists to discover effective drugs to combat this pandemic. AREA COVERED Drug repurposing is the magic bullet for treating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). Therefore, several drugs have been investigated in silico, in vitro, as well as through human trials such as anti-SARS-CoV2 agents, or to prevent the complications resulting from the virus. In this review, the mechanisms of action of different therapeutic strategies are summarized. According to the WHO, different classes of drugs can be used, including anti-malarial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-coagulant drugs, as well as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antibiotics, vitamins, zinc, neutralizing antibodies, and convalescent plasma therapy. Recently, there are some vaccines which are approved against SARS-CoV2. EXPERT OPINION A complete understanding of the structure and function of all viral proteins that play a fundamental role in viral infection, which contribute to the therapeutic intervention and the development of vaccine in order to reduce the mortality rate. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40005-021-00520-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa A. Ghareeb
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Samar R. Saleh
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Mohammed S. Nofal
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Y. Kaddah
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Salma. F. Hassan
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Inas K. Seif
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sally A. El-Zahaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa M. Khedr
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Marwa Y. Kenawy
- Fabrication Technology Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Aliaa A. Masoud
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Salma A. Soudi
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Sobhy
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
- Clinical Pharmacy Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jaillan G. Sery
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Miral G. Abd El-Wahab
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Alshimaa A. Abd Elmoneam
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz Mohsen Al-mahallawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha A. El-Demellawy
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
- Medical Biotechnology Department, GEBRI, SRTA-City, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria Egypt
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36
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Misasi J, Sullivan NJ. Immunotherapeutic strategies to target vulnerabilities in the Ebolavirus glycoprotein. Immunity 2021; 54:412-436. [PMID: 33691133 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa and the subsequent outbreaks of 2018-2020 in Equator and North Kivu provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo illustrate the public health challenges of emerging and reemerging viruses. EVD has a high case fatality rate with a rapidly progressing syndrome of fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding diathesis. Recently, two monoclonal-antibody-based therapies received United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, and there are several other passive immunotherapies that hold promise as therapeutics against other species of Ebolavirus. Here, we review concepts needed to understand mechanisms of action, present an expanded schema to define additional sites of vulnerability on the viral glycoprotein, and review current antibody-based therapeutics. The concepts described are used to gain insights into the key characteristics that represent functional targets for immunotherapies against Zaire Ebolavirus and other emerging viruses within the Ebolavirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Misasi
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Research Center, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Research Center, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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37
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Youn YJ, Lee YB, Kim SH, Jin HK, Bae JS, Hong CW. Nucleocapsid and Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 Drive Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e16. [PMID: 33996172 PMCID: PMC8099611 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) demonstrate dysregulated immune responses including exacerbated neutrophil functions. Massive neutrophil infiltrations accompanying neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formations are also observed in patients with severe COVID-19. However, the mechanism underlying severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced NET formation has not yet been elucidated. Here we show that 2 viral proteins encoded by SARS-CoV-2, the nucleocapsid protein and the whole spike protein, induce NET formation from neutrophils. NET formation was ROS-independent and was completely inhibited by the spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition. The inhibition of p38 MAPK, protein kinase C, and JNK signaling pathways also inhibited viral protein-induced NET formation. Our findings demonstrate one method by which SARS-CoV-2 evades innate immunity and provide a potential target for therapeutics to treat patients with severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Youn
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Yu-Bin Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Jin
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.,KNU Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daege 41566, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Bae
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.,KNU Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daege 41566, Korea
| | - Chang-Won Hong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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38
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Schafer A, Xiong R, Cooper L, Nowar R, Lee H, Li Y, Ramirez BE, Peet NP, Caffrey M, Thatcher GRJ, Saphire EO, Cheng H, Rong L. Evidence for distinct mechanisms of small molecule inhibitors of filovirus entry. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009312. [PMID: 33539432 PMCID: PMC7888603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many small molecules have been identified as entry inhibitors of filoviruses. However, a lack of understanding of the mechanism of action for these molecules limits further their development as anti-filoviral agents. Here we provide evidence that toremifene and other small molecule entry inhibitors have at least three distinctive mechanisms of action and lay the groundwork for future development of anti-filoviral agents. The three mechanisms identified here include: (1) direct binding to the internal fusion loop region of Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP); (2) the HR2 domain is likely the main binding site for Marburg virus GP inhibitors and a secondary binding site for some EBOV GP inhibitors; (3) lysosome trapping of GP inhibitors increases drug exposure in the lysosome and further improves the viral inhibition. Importantly, small molecules targeting different domains on GP are synergistic in inhibiting EBOV entry suggesting these two mechanisms of action are distinct. Our findings provide important mechanistic insights into filovirus entry and rational drug design for future antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schafer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laura Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Raghad Nowar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.,Biophysics core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yangfeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.,NMR Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Norton P Peet
- Chicago BioSolutions Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael Caffrey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Han Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Bessières M, Plebanek E, Chatterjee P, Shrivastava-Ranjan P, Flint M, Spiropoulou CF, Warszycki D, Bojarski AJ, Roy V, Agrofoglio LA. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-substituted-6-[(4-substituted-1-piperidyl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazoles as inhibitors of ebola virus infection. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113211. [PMID: 33548632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel 2-substituted-6-[(4-substituted-1-piperidyl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazoles were designed and synthesized as Ebola virus inhibitors. The proposed structures of the new prepared benzimidazole-piperidine hybrids were confirmed based on their spectral data and CHN analyses. The target compounds were screened in vitro for their anti-Ebola activity. Among tested molecules, compounds 26a (EC50=0.93 μM, SI = 10) and 25a (EC50=0.64 μM, SI = 20) were as potent as and more selective than Toremifene reference drug (EC50 = 0.38 μM, SI = 7) against cell line. Data suggests that the mechanism by which 25a and 26a block EBOV infection is through the inhibition of viral entry at the level of NPC1. Furthermore, a docking study revealed that several of the NPC1 amino acids that participate in binding to GP are involved in the binding of the most active compounds 25a and 26a. Finally, in silico ADME prediction indicates that 26a is an idealy drug-like candidate. Our results could enable the development of small molecule drug capable of inhibiting Ebola virus, especially at the viral entry step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Payel Chatterjee
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Mike Flint
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dawid Warszycki
- May Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- May Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Vincent Roy
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France.
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40
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Singh H, Koury J, Kaul M. Innate Immune Sensing of Viruses and Its Consequences for the Central Nervous System. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020170. [PMID: 33498715 PMCID: PMC7912342 DOI: 10.3390/v13020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections remain a global public health concern and cause a severe societal and economic burden. At the organismal level, the innate immune system is essential for the detection of viruses and constitutes the first line of defense. Viral components are sensed by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs can be further classified based on their localization into Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLR), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and cytosolic DNA sensors (CDS). TLR and RLR signaling results in production of type I interferons (IFNα and -β) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a cell-specific manner, whereas NLR signaling leads to the production of interleukin-1 family proteins. On the other hand, CLRs are capable of sensing glycans present in viral pathogens, which can induce phagocytic, endocytic, antimicrobial, and pro- inflammatory responses. Peripheral immune sensing of viruses and the ensuing cytokine response can significantly affect the central nervous system (CNS). But viruses can also directly enter the CNS via a multitude of routes, such as the nasal epithelium, along nerve fibers connecting to the periphery and as cargo of infiltrating infected cells passing through the blood brain barrier, triggering innate immune sensing and cytokine responses directly in the CNS. Here, we review mechanisms of viral immune sensing and currently recognized consequences for the CNS of innate immune responses to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Singh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Koury
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence:
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41
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Gadanec LK, McSweeney KR, Qaradakhi T, Ali B, Zulli A, Apostolopoulos V. Can SARS-CoV-2 Virus Use Multiple Receptors to Enter Host Cells? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:992. [PMID: 33498183 PMCID: PMC7863934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVD-19), represents a catastrophic threat to global health. Protruding from the viral surface is a densely glycosylated spike (S) protein, which engages angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to mediate host cell entry. However, studies have reported viral susceptibility in intra- and extrapulmonary immune and non-immune cells lacking ACE2, suggesting that the S protein may exploit additional receptors for infection. Studies have demonstrated interactions between S protein and innate immune system, including C-lectin type receptors (CLR), toll-like receptors (TLR) and neuropilin-1 (NRP1), and the non-immune receptor glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78). Recognition of carbohydrate moieties clustered on the surface of the S protein may drive receptor-dependent internalization, accentuate severe immunopathological inflammation, and allow for systemic spread of infection, independent of ACE2. Furthermore, targeting TLRs, CLRs, and other receptors (Ezrin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4) that do not directly engage SARS-CoV-2 S protein, but may contribute to augmented anti-viral immunity and viral clearance, may represent therapeutic targets against COVID-19.
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Meng X, Lou QY, Yang WY, Chen R, Xu WH, Yang Y, Zhang L, Xu T, Xiang HF. Gordian Knot: Gastrointestinal lesions caused by three highly pathogenic coronaviruses from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV to SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 890:173659. [PMID: 33131637 PMCID: PMC7581377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is currently spreading around the world. The WHO declared on January 31 that the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 was a public health emergency. SARS-Cov-2 is a member of highly pathogenic coronavirus group that also consists of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Although respiratory tract lesions were regarded as main manifestation of SARS-Cov-2 infection, gastrointestinal lesions were also reported. Similarly, patients with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were also observed. Common gastrointestinal symptoms of patients mainly included diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Gastrointestinal lesions could be used as basis for early diagnosis of patients, and at the same time, controlling gastrointestinal lesions better facilitated to cut off the route of fecal-oral transmission. Hence, this review summarizes the characteristics and mechanism of gastrointestinal lesions caused by three highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, as well as SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, it is expected to gain experience from gastrointestinal lesions caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections in order to be able to better relieve SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Targetin gut microbiota to regulate the process of SARS-CoV-2 infection should be a concern. Especially, the application of nanotechnology may provide help for further controlling COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Qiu-Yue Lou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Wen-Ying Yang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Wen-Hua Xu
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China; Periodontal Department, Anhui Stomatology Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China; Periodontal Department, Anhui Stomatology Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, P.R. China.
| | - Hui-Fen Xiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Boson B, Legros V, Zhou B, Siret E, Mathieu C, Cosset FL, Lavillette D, Denolly S. The SARS-CoV-2 envelope and membrane proteins modulate maturation and retention of the spike protein, allowing assembly of virus-like particles. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100111. [PMID: 33229438 PMCID: PMC7833635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a β-coronavirus, is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Like for other coronaviruses, its particles are composed of four structural proteins: spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleoprotein (N) proteins. The involvement of each of these proteins and their interactions are critical for assembly and production of β-coronavirus particles. Here, we sought to characterize the interplay of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins during the viral assembly process. By combining biochemical and imaging assays in infected versus transfected cells, we show that E and M regulate intracellular trafficking of S as well as its intracellular processing. Indeed, the imaging data reveal that S is relocalized at endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) or Golgi compartments upon coexpression of E or M, as observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, which prevents syncytia formation. We show that a C-terminal retrieval motif in the cytoplasmic tail of S is required for its M-mediated retention in the ERGIC, whereas E induces S retention by modulating the cell secretory pathway. We also highlight that E and M induce a specific maturation of N-glycosylation of S, independently of the regulation of its localization, with a profile that is observed both in infected cells and in purified viral particles. Finally, we show that E, M, and N are required for optimal production of virus-like-particles. Altogether, these results highlight how E and M proteins may influence the properties of S proteins and promote the assembly of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Boson
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Legros
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Bingjie Zhou
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Eglantine Siret
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Dimitri Lavillette
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pasteurien College, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Solène Denolly
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: The Role of the Main Components of the Innate Immune System. Inflammation 2021; 44:2151-2169. [PMID: 34524614 PMCID: PMC8442517 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At the end of December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began in Wuhan of China. COVID-19 affects different people with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic with recovery without hospitalization up to a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The innate and adaptive immunity appears responsible for the defense against the virus and recovery from the disease. The innate immune system, as the first line of defense, is essential for the detection of virus and subsequent activation of acquired immunity. The innate immune response is carried out by sentinel cells such as monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells and by receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRR). These receptors can recognize various components of the virus, which lead to intracellular signaling and subsequently the synthesis of various cytokines. These cytokines then recruit other immune cells, activate adaptive immune responses, and inhibit viral spreading. The most common receptors include Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and RIG-I like receptors. This review describes the current knowledge about the interplay between innate immune responses and SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the innate immune cells and the role of their receptors in viral RNA recognition, as well as their mechanisms for recognizing SARS-CoV-2.
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Rahimi N. C-type Lectin CD209L/L-SIGN and CD209/DC-SIGN: Cell Adhesion Molecules Turned to Pathogen Recognition Receptors. BIOLOGY 2020; 10:1. [PMID: 33375175 PMCID: PMC7822156 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
C-type lectin CD209/DC-SIGN and CD209L/L-SIGN proteins are distinct cell adhesion and pathogen recognition receptors that mediate cellular interactions and recognize a wide range of pathogens, including viruses such as SARS, SARS-CoV-2, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Pathogens exploit CD209 family proteins to promote infection and evade the immune recognition system. CD209L and CD209 are widely expressed in SARS-CoV-2 target organs and can contribute to infection and pathogenesis. CD209 family receptors are highly susceptible to alternative splicing and genomic polymorphism, which may influence virus tropism and transmission in vivo. The carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and the neck/repeat region represent the key features of CD209 family proteins that are also central to facilitating cellular ligand interactions and pathogen recognition. While the neck/repeat region is involved in oligomeric dimerization, the CRD recognizes the mannose-containing structures present on specific glycoproteins such as those found on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Considering the role of CD209L and related proteins in diverse pathogen recognition, this review article discusses the recent advances in the cellular and biochemical characterization of CD209 and CD209L and their roles in viral uptake, which has important implications in understanding the host-pathogen interaction, the viral pathobiology and driving vaccine development of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Rahimi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Tripathi SC, Deshmukh V, Creighton CJ, Patil A. Renal Carcinoma Is Associated With Increased Risk of Coronavirus Infections. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:579422. [PMID: 33330620 PMCID: PMC7714998 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.579422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic has affected most severely people with old age, or with comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Cancer patients are twice more likely to contract the disease because of the malignancy or treatment-related immunosuppression; hence identification of the vulnerable population among these patients is essential. Method: We took a bioinformatics approach to analyze the gene and protein expression data of these coronavirus receptors (DPP4, ANPEP, ENPEP, TMPRSS2) in human normal and cancer tissues of multiple organs including the brain, liver, kidney, heart, lung, skin, GI tract, pancreas, endocrine tissues, and the reproductive organs. RNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GTeX databases were used for extensive profiling analysis of these receptors across 9,736 tumors and 8,587 normal tissues comparing coronavirus receptors. Protein expression from immunohistochemistry data was assessed from The Human Protein Atlas database including 144 samples, corresponding to 48 different normal human tissue types, and 432 tumor samples from 216 different cancer patients. The correlations between immune cell infiltration, chemokine, and cytokines were investigated via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and TCGA. Result: We found that among all, renal tumor and normal tissues exhibited increased levels of ACE2, DPP4, ANPEP, and ENPEP. Our results revealed that TMPRSS2 may not be the co-receptor for coronavirus infection in renal carcinoma patients. The other receptors DPP4, ANPEP, and ENPEP may act as the compensatory receptor proteins to help ACE2. The receptors' expression levels were variable in different tumor stage, molecular, and immune subtypes of renal carcinoma. Intriguingly, in clear cell renal cell carcinomas, coronavirus receptors were associated with high immune infiltration, markers of immunosuppression, and T cell exhaustion. Conclusion: Our study indicates that CoV receptors may play an important role in modulating the immune infiltrate and hence cellular immunity in renal carcinoma. As our current knowledge of pathogenic mechanisms will improve, it may help us in designing focused therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra C. Tripathi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
- Bioinformatics Data Analysis Unit (BDAU), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Vishwajit Deshmukh
- Bioinformatics Data Analysis Unit (BDAU), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Chad J. Creighton
- Department of Medicine and Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ashlesh Patil
- Bioinformatics Data Analysis Unit (BDAU), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
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Zhang Y, Lai H, Chen P, Li D, Khan I, Hsiao WLW, Fan X, Yao X, Wu Q, Wang M, Leung EL. Clinical significance of LSECtin and its association with PVR in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1393. [PMID: 33313138 PMCID: PMC7723651 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Liver and lymph node sinusoidal endothelial cell C-type lectin (LSECtin) is one of the new generation immune checkpoint ligand molecules and plays an important role in the immune environment. Poliovirus receptor (PVR), as another immunosuppression-related molecule, is upregulated in various malignant tumors. However, the clinical value of LSECtin and the correlation of LSECtin with PVR in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain to be elucidated. In this study, a retrospective study was performed to address these issues. Methods This retrospective study included 98 patients with NSCLC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression of LSECtin and PVR in the paraffin-embedded tumor tissue specimens. LSECtin was analyzed for associations with the survival rate and overall survival (OS) of the subjects. The mRNA expression of LSECtin and PVR was assessed using the expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Clinical characteristics, prognosis, and the expression of LSECtin and PVR were included in the statistical analysis. Results High positive rates of LSECtin were found in the patients with NSCLC who were nonsmokers, at advanced stages, or had lung adenocarcinoma. Patients with positive LSECtin expression had a significantly lower survival rate (P=0.008) and shorter OS (P=0.017) than those with negative LSECtin. Significant correlation was found between the LSECtin and PVR expression in the patients with NSCLC (P<0.001). Conclusions The increased expression of LSECtin was related to the poor prognosis of patients with NSCLC after tumor resection and has the potential value for predicting the prognosis of these patients. The positive correlation between LSECtin and PVR in NSCLC provides a theoretical basis for the future combination therapy of immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Huanling Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Peipei Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Imran Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Wen Luan Wendy Hsiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Xingxing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Qibiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Meifang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Elaine Laihan Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
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48
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Li Q, Cheng H, Liu Y, Wang X, He F, Tang L. Activation of mTORC1 by LSECtin in macrophages directs intestinal repair in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:918. [PMID: 33106485 PMCID: PMC7589503 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Damage to intestinal epithelial cells and the induction of cellular apoptosis are characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease. The C-type lectin receptor family member LSECtin promotes apoptotic cell clearance by macrophages and induces the production of anti-inflammatory/tissue growth factors, which direct intestinal repair in experimental colitis. However, the mechanisms by which the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells triggers the pro-repair function of macrophages remain largely undefined. Here, using immunoprecipitation in combination with mass spectrometry to identify LSECtin-interacting proteins, we found that LSECtin interacted with mTOR, exhibiting a role in activating mTORC1. Mechanistically, apoptotic cells enhance the interaction between LSECtin and mTOR, and increase the activation of mTORC1 induced by LSECtin in macrophages. Elevated mTORC1 signaling triggers macrophages to produce anti-inflammatory/tissue growth factors that contribute to the proliferation of epithelial cells and promote the reestablishment of tissue homeostasis. Collectively, our findings suggest that LSECtin-dependent apoptotic cell clearance by macrophages activates mTORC1, and thus contributes to intestinal regeneration and the remission of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Hanxing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Fuchu He
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 102206, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 102206, Beijing, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
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49
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Chen L, Zheng S. Understand variability of COVID-19 through population and tissue variations in expression of SARS-CoV-2 host genes. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020; 21:100443. [PMID: 33072849 PMCID: PMC7550072 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An urgent question of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is population variation in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptom severity. We explore the expression profiles of SARS-CoV-2 host genes, their population variations, associated genetic variants, age- and sex-dependency in normal individuals. SARS-CoV-2 host genes are provisionally defined as the human genes that are experimentally validated or bioinformatically predicted to interact with SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Genes exhibiting most variable expression include ACE2, CLEC4G, CLEC4M, CD209 (interact with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein); REEP6 (a receptor accessory protein expressed in the olfactory epithelium); SLC27A2 and PKP2 (inhibit virus replication); and PTGS2 (mediates fever response). SNP rs4804803, associated with SARS severity, affects expression of CLEC4G and CD209. Genetic variants of proteases associated with SARS-CoV-2 entry (TMPRSS2, CTSB, and CTSL) are strongly associated with their expression variation, suggesting a genetic contribution to phenotypic variations in multiple organs upon virus attack. The most significant age-dependent gene is ACE2, the cellular receptor of SARS-CoV-2. Others include TGF-β family member GDF15, mediating inflammation, and VKORC1, possibly explaining vitamin K deficiency in COVID-19. TIMM10 and ERGIC1 exhibit significant sex differences. In summary, our results show genetic and multiple biological variables may underlie the population variation in SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Sika Zheng
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
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50
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Singh M, Bansal V, Feschotte C. A Single-Cell RNA Expression Map of Human Coronavirus Entry Factors. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108175. [PMID: 32946807 PMCID: PMC7470764 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To predict the tropism of human coronaviruses, we profile 28 SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus-associated receptors and factors (SCARFs) using single-cell transcriptomics across various healthy human tissues. SCARFs include cellular factors both facilitating and restricting viral entry. Intestinal goblet cells, enterocytes, and kidney proximal tubule cells appear highly permissive to SARS-CoV-2, consistent with clinical data. Our analysis also predicts non-canonical entry paths for lung and brain infections. Spermatogonial cells and prostate endocrine cells also appear to be permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting male-specific vulnerabilities. Both pro- and anti-viral factors are highly expressed within the nasal epithelium, with potential age-dependent variation, predicting an important battleground for coronavirus infection. Our analysis also suggests that early embryonic and placental development are at moderate risk of infection. Lastly, SCARF expression appears broadly conserved across a subset of primate organs examined. Our study establishes a resource for investigations of coronavirus biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvendra Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Biomedical Data Science and Machine Learning Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen 37075, Germany.
| | - Cédric Feschotte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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