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Martínez-López E, Perez-Robles M, Torres-Vanegas J, Godinez-Mora S, Llamas-Covarrubias IM, Campos-Perez W. FTO rs9939609: T>A Variant and Physical Inactivity as Important Risk Factors for Class III Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:787. [PMID: 38610209 PMCID: PMC11012192 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity has been increasing worldwide. It has been reported that physiological and environmental factors such as diet, culture, physical activity, and genetics are the principal factors related to obesity. The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gen variant (rs9939609: T>A) has been associated with class III obesity. The A variant has been correlated with anthropometric and metabolic alterations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the association of the FTO rs9939609: T>A variant and environmental factors with clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables in subjects with class III obesity. RESULTS The A variant frequency was higher in the class III obesity group compared with the normal weight group (44% vs. 25%, p < 0.001). Subjects with the AA genotype had a higher body mass index (BMI) than those with the AT genotype (35.46 kg/m2 (31-39.8) vs. 26.91 kg/m2 (23.7-30), p = 0.005). Women with the AA genotype showed higher waist circumferences than the AT group (101.07 cm (90.9-111.1) vs. 85.45 cm (77-93.8) p = 0.047). The FTO A variant increases the risk by 3.54 times and physical inactivity increases the risk by 6.37 times for class III obesity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that among the studied variables, those most related to class III obesity were the FTO risk genotype (A allele) and physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Martínez-López
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (E.M.-L.); (M.P.-R.); (J.T.-V.); (S.G.-M.); (I.M.L.-C.)
| | - Mariana Perez-Robles
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (E.M.-L.); (M.P.-R.); (J.T.-V.); (S.G.-M.); (I.M.L.-C.)
| | - Joel Torres-Vanegas
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (E.M.-L.); (M.P.-R.); (J.T.-V.); (S.G.-M.); (I.M.L.-C.)
- Departamento de la Reproducción Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Infantil, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sissi Godinez-Mora
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (E.M.-L.); (M.P.-R.); (J.T.-V.); (S.G.-M.); (I.M.L.-C.)
- Departamento de la Reproducción Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Infantil, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (E.M.-L.); (M.P.-R.); (J.T.-V.); (S.G.-M.); (I.M.L.-C.)
| | - Wendy Campos-Perez
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (E.M.-L.); (M.P.-R.); (J.T.-V.); (S.G.-M.); (I.M.L.-C.)
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Stice E, Yokum S, Voelker P. Relation of FTO to BOLD response to receipt and anticipated receipt of food and monetary reward, food images, and weight gain in healthy weight adolescents. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:1135-1144. [PMID: 31680145 PMCID: PMC7657457 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) correlates with elevated body mass, it is unclear how it contributes to overeating. We tested if individuals with the A allele show greater reward region responsivity to receipt and anticipated receipt of food and money and palatable food images. We also tested if these individuals show greater future weight gain. Initially healthy weight adolescents (Study 1, N = 162; Study 2, N = 135) completed different functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms and had their body mass measured annually over 3 years. Adolescents with the AA or AT genotypes showed less precuneus and superior parietal lobe response and greater cuneus and prefrontal cortex response to milkshake receipt and less putamen response to anticipated milkshake receipt than those with the TT genotype in separate analyses of each sample. Groups did not differ in response to palatable food images, and receipt and anticipated receipt of money, or in weight gain over 3-year follow-up. Results suggest that initially healthy weight adolescents with vs without the FTO A allele show differential responsivity to receipt and anticipated receipt of food but do not differ in neural response to palatable food images and monetary reward and do not show greater future weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stice
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sonja Yokum
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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Prevalence and association of single nucleotide polymorphisms with sarcopenia in older women depends on definition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2913. [PMID: 32076017 PMCID: PMC7031370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of sarcopenia depends on the definition used. There are, however, consistent sarcopenic characteristics, including a low muscle mass and muscle strength. Few studies have investigated the relationship between sarcopenia and genotype. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 307 community-dwelling ≥60-year-old women in South Cheshire, UK. Handgrip strength was assessed with a handgrip dynamometer and skeletal muscle mass was estimated using bioelectrical impedance. DNA was extracted from saliva (∼38%) or blood (∼62%) and 24 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped. Three established sarcopenia definitions - %Skeletal Muscle Mass (%SMM), Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (SMI) and European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) - were used to assess sarcopenia prevalence. Binary logistic regression with age as covariate was used to identify SNPs associated with sarcopenia. The prevalence of sarcopenia was: %SMM 14.7%, SMI 60.6% and EWGSOP 1.3%. Four SNPs were associated with the %SMM and SMI definitions of sarcopenia; FTO rs9939609, ESR1 rs4870044, NOS3 rs1799983 and TRHR rs7832552. The first three were associated with the %SMM definition, and TRHR rs7832552 with the SMI definition, but none were common to both sarcopenia definitions. The gene variants associated with sarcopenia may help proper counselling and interventions to prevent individuals from developing sarcopenia.
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Genetic association of FTO/IRX region with obesity and overweight in the Polish population. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180295. [PMID: 28662178 PMCID: PMC5491248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many loci associated with body mass index (BMI) in many different populations. Variants in the FTO locus are reported to be one of the strongest genetic predictors of obesity. Recent publications pointed also to a topologically associated domain (TAD) which is identified as a novel region affecting BMI. The TAD area encompasses the IRXB cluster (IRX3, IRX5, IRX6), FTO and RPGRIP1L genes. Subjects/Methods In this study, we investigated the relationship between variation of the FTO and IRX genes and obesity in Poles. We presented a case—control association analysis (normal versus overweight and/or obesity group) of Polish adult individuals (N = 5418). We determined whether or not the chromosomal region 16:53 500 000–55 500 000 contains polymorphic variants which are correlated with BMI in Polish population, including sex and age stratified analysis. Results The obtained results showed that the problem of weight-height abnormalities differently affects populations of Polish women and men (χ2 = 187.1; p<0.0001). From 353 SNPs enrolled to this study, 86 were statistically significant (highest χ2 = 15.72; p = 7.35E-05 observed for rs1558902). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis revealed 61 blocks in the tested region of chromosome 16, with 24 SNPs located within the same block (block 8) of approximately 40 kb, in almost complete LD (|D’|>0.98, r2>0.80). We confirmed presence of the genetic susceptibility loci located in intron 1 of the FTO gene, which were correlated with BMI in our study group. For the first time, our analyses revealed strong association of FTO intronic variants (block 8) with overweight in group of men only. We have also identified association of the IRX region with overweight and/or obesity in Polish individuals. Conclusion Our study demonstrated how tested SNPs make differential contributions to obesity and overweight risk. We revealed sex dependent differences in the distribution of tested loci which are associated with BMI in the population of Poles.
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Heffernan SM, Stebbings GK, Kilduff LP, Erskine RM, Day SH, Morse CI, McPhee JS, Cook CJ, Vance B, Ribbans WJ, Raleigh SM, Roberts C, Bennett MA, Wang G, Collins M, Pitsiladis YP, Williams AG. Fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene influences skeletal muscle phenotypes in non-resistance trained males and elite rugby playing position. BMC Genet 2017; 18:4. [PMID: 28103813 PMCID: PMC5248469 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FTO gene variants have been associated with obesity phenotypes in sedentary and obese populations, but rarely with skeletal muscle and elite athlete phenotypes. Methods In 1089 participants, comprising 530 elite rugby athletes and 559 non-athletes, DNA was collected and genotyped for the FTO rs9939609 variant using real-time PCR. In a subgroup of non-resistance trained individuals (NT; n = 120), we also assessed structural and functional skeletal muscle phenotypes using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, ultrasound and isokinetic dynamometry. In a subgroup of rugby athletes (n = 77), we assessed muscle power during a countermovement jump. Results In NT, TT genotype and T allele carriers had greater total body (4.8% and 4.1%) and total appendicular lean mass (LM; 3.0% and 2.1%) compared to AA genotype, with greater arm LM (0.8%) in T allele carriers and leg LM (2.1%) for TT, compared to AA genotype. Furthermore, the T allele was more common (94%) in selected elite rugby union athletes (back three and centre players) who are most reliant on LM rather than total body mass for success, compared to other rugby athletes (82%; P = 0.01, OR = 3.34) and controls (84%; P = 0.03, OR = 2.88). Accordingly, these athletes had greater peak power relative to body mass than other rugby athletes (14%; P = 2 x 10-6). Conclusion Collectively, these results suggest that the T allele is associated with increased LM and elite athletic success. This has implications for athletic populations, as well as conditions characterised by low LM such as sarcopenia and cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Heffernan
- MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe Green Road, Crewe, CW1 5DU, UK.
| | - G K Stebbings
- MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe Green Road, Crewe, CW1 5DU, UK
| | - L P Kilduff
- A-STEM, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - R M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - S H Day
- MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe Green Road, Crewe, CW1 5DU, UK
| | - C I Morse
- MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe Green Road, Crewe, CW1 5DU, UK
| | - J S McPhee
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - C J Cook
- A-STEM, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - B Vance
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W J Ribbans
- Centre for Physical Activity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| | - S M Raleigh
- Centre for Physical Activity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| | - C Roberts
- Medical and Scientific Department, South African Rugby Union, Cape Town, South Africa.,Discipline of Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - M A Bennett
- A-STEM, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - G Wang
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - M Collins
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town (UCT), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Y P Pitsiladis
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - A G Williams
- MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe Green Road, Crewe, CW1 5DU, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
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Duicu C, Mărginean CO, Voidăzan S, Tripon F, Bănescu C. FTO rs 9939609 SNP Is Associated With Adiponectin and Leptin Levels and the Risk of Obesity in a Cohort of Romanian Children Population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3709. [PMID: 27196486 PMCID: PMC4902428 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a disorder with increasing frequency in children and adolescents, directly linked with various diseases. Variants in the FTO (fat mass and obesity-related) gene have been associated with body mass index and waist and hip circumferences in widespread populations.The aim of this case-control study was to assess if there is any association between FTO gene variants rs9939609, respectively, rs17817449 with anthropometric and metabolic biomarkers (fasting glucose, TC, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides) and adipokines (adiponectin and leptin), in Romanian obese children.A total of 387 children, 201 obese and 186 nonobese individuals, were included in this prospective study. Genotyping of the FTO gene polymorphisms for all subjects was performed using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method.Significant associations were found between FTO rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and obesity. AA genotype carriers have a 2.02 times higher risk for obesity compared with AT+TT genotype carriers. Risk allele carriers of rs17817449 SNP had somewhat higher values of weight, body mass index, waist and hip circumference, total cholesterol, triglycerides, adiponectin, and fasting glucose.This study revealed the genetic association between rs9939609 SNP of FTO and obesity in a Romanian population, and to the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to investigate this association in a Romanian population. This study also established that combined variant genotypes (AA/GG) of FTO rs9939609 /rs17817449 are strongly associated with several measures of adiposity (weight, BMI-SD, mid-upper arm circumference, tricipital skinfold thicknesses) and are also associated with total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Duicu
- From the 1st Department of Pediatrics (CD, COM); Department of Epidemiology (SV); and Department of Genetics (FT, CB) and CCAMF (CB) University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
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7
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Felix JF, Bradfield JP, Monnereau C, van der Valk RJP, Stergiakouli E, Chesi A, Gaillard R, Feenstra B, Thiering E, Kreiner-Møller E, Mahajan A, Pitkänen N, Joro R, Cavadino A, Huikari V, Franks S, Groen-Blokhuis MM, Cousminer DL, Marsh JA, Lehtimäki T, Curtin JA, Vioque J, Ahluwalia TS, Myhre R, Price TS, Vilor-Tejedor N, Yengo L, Grarup N, Ntalla I, Ang W, Atalay M, Bisgaard H, Blakemore AI, Bonnefond A, Carstensen L, Eriksson J, Flexeder C, Franke L, Geller F, Geserick M, Hartikainen AL, Haworth CMA, Hirschhorn JN, Hofman A, Holm JC, Horikoshi M, Hottenga JJ, Huang J, Kadarmideen HN, Kähönen M, Kiess W, Lakka HM, Lakka TA, Lewin AM, Liang L, Lyytikäinen LP, Ma B, Magnus P, McCormack SE, McMahon G, Mentch FD, Middeldorp CM, Murray CS, Pahkala K, Pers TH, Pfäffle R, Postma DS, Power C, Simpson A, Sengpiel V, Tiesler CMT, Torrent M, Uitterlinden AG, van Meurs JB, Vinding R, Waage J, Wardle J, Zeggini E, Zemel BS, Dedoussis GV, Pedersen O, Froguel P, Sunyer J, Plomin R, Jacobsson B, Hansen T, Gonzalez JR, Custovic A, Raitakari OT, Pennell CE, Widén E, Boomsma DI, Koppelman GH, Sebert S, Järvelin MR, Hyppönen E, McCarthy MI, Lindi V, Harri N, Körner A, Bønnelykke K, Heinrich J, Melbye M, Rivadeneira F, Hakonarson H, Ring SM, Smith GD, Sørensen TIA, Timpson NJ, Grant SFA, Jaddoe VWV. Genome-wide association analysis identifies three new susceptibility loci for childhood body mass index. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:389-403. [PMID: 26604143 PMCID: PMC4854022 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of genetic loci are associated with adult body mass index. However, the genetics of childhood body mass index are largely unknown. We performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of childhood body mass index, using sex- and age-adjusted standard deviation scores. We included 35 668 children from 20 studies in the discovery phase and 11 873 children from 13 studies in the replication phase. In total, 15 loci reached genome-wide significance (P-value < 5 × 10(-8)) in the joint discovery and replication analysis, of which 12 are previously identified loci in or close to ADCY3, GNPDA2, TMEM18, SEC16B, FAIM2, FTO, TFAP2B, TNNI3K, MC4R, GPR61, LMX1B and OLFM4 associated with adult body mass index or childhood obesity. We identified three novel loci: rs13253111 near ELP3, rs8092503 near RAB27B and rs13387838 near ADAM23. Per additional risk allele, body mass index increased 0.04 Standard Deviation Score (SDS) [Standard Error (SE) 0.007], 0.05 SDS (SE 0.008) and 0.14 SDS (SE 0.025), for rs13253111, rs8092503 and rs13387838, respectively. A genetic risk score combining all 15 SNPs showed that each additional average risk allele was associated with a 0.073 SDS (SE 0.011, P-value = 3.12 × 10(-10)) increase in childhood body mass index in a population of 1955 children. This risk score explained 2% of the variance in childhood body mass index. This study highlights the shared genetic background between childhood and adult body mass index and adds three novel loci. These loci likely represent age-related differences in strength of the associations with body mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Epidemiology,
| | | | - Claire Monnereau
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Epidemiology
| | | | | | | | - Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Epidemiology
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Eskil Kreiner-Møller
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital
| | | | - Niina Pitkänen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology
| | - Raimo Joro
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK, Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health
| | | | - Steve Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology
| | - Maria M Groen-Blokhuis
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, NCA Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana L Cousminer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julie A Marsh
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry
| | - John A Curtin
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jesus Vioque
- Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche-Alicante, Spain, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Department of Genes and Envrionment, Division of Epidemiology
| | - Thomas S Price
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Natalia Vilor-Tejedor
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS UMR8199, Pasteur Institute Lille, France, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Wei Ang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital
| | - Alexandra I Blakemore
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Amelie Bonnefond
- CNRS UMR8199, Pasteur Institute Lille, France, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - Lisbeth Carstensen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Johan Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claudia Flexeder
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mandy Geserick
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's and Child Health, LIFE Child (Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases)
| | | | | | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA, Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Epidemiology
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Danish Childhood Obesity Biobank, Denmark, Institute of Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, NCA Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jinyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haja N Kadarmideen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's and Child Health
| | - Hanna-Maaria Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alexandra M Lewin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry
| | - Baoshan Ma
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Per Magnus
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shana E McCormack
- Division of Human Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol
| | | | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, NCA Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clare S Murray
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Health and Physical Activity, Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit
| | - Tune H Pers
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA, Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Roland Pfäffle
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's and Child Health, CrescNet, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD)
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health
| | - Angela Simpson
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and
| | - Verena Sengpiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hosptial, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Maties Torrent
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain, Area de Salut de Menorca, ib-salut, Menorca, Spain
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B van Meurs
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Vinding
- Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark, COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital
| | - Johannes Waage
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital
| | - Jane Wardle
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Morgan Building, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Babette S Zemel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR8199, Pasteur Institute Lille, France, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Plomin
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Genes and Envrionment, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hosptial, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan R Gonzalez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adnan Custovic
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, NCA Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Centre for Life Course Epidemiology, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Centre for Life Course Epidemiology, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, School of Population Health and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Virpi Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niinikoski Harri
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antje Körner
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's and Child Health
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA and
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hosptial, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Epidemiology
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8
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A patient with a novel homozygous missense mutation in FTO and concomitant nonsense mutation in CETP. J Hum Genet 2016; 61:395-403. [PMID: 26740239 PMCID: PMC4880488 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) has previously been associated with a variety of diseases and conditions, notably obesity, acute coronary syndrome and metabolic syndrome. Reports describing mutations in FTO as well as FTO animal models have further demonstrated a role for FTO in the development of the brain and other organs. Here, we describe a patient born of consanguineous union who presented with microcephaly, developmental delay, behavioral abnormalities, dysmorphic facial features, hypotonia, and other various phenotypic abnormalities. Whole exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous missense mutation in FTO and a nonsense mutation in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Exome CNV analysis revealed no disease causing large duplications or deletions within coding regions. Patient’s, her parents’ and non-related control’ fibroblasts were analyzed for morphologic defects, abnormal proliferation, apoptosis and transcriptome profile. We have shown that FTO is located in nucleus of cells from each tested samples. Western blot analysis demonstrated no changes in patient FTO. Q-PCR analysis revealed slightly decreased levels of FTO expression in patient cells compared to controls. No morphological or proliferation differences between the patient and control fibroblasts were observed. There is still much to be learned about the molecular mechanisms by which mutations in FTO contribute to such severe phenotypes.
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9
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Barton SJ, Mosquera M, Cleal JK, Fuller AS, Crozier SR, Cooper C, Inskip HM, Holloway JW, Lewis RM, Godfrey KM. Relation of FTO gene variants to fetal growth trajectories: Findings from the Southampton Women's survey. Placenta 2015; 38:100-6. [PMID: 26907388 PMCID: PMC4776702 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Placental function is an important determinant of fetal growth, and fetal growth influences obesity risk in childhood and adult life. Here we investigated how FTO and MC4R gene variants linked with obesity relate to patterns of fetal growth and to placental FTO expression. Methods Southampton Women's Survey children (n = 1990) with measurements of fetal growth from 11 to 34 weeks gestation were genotyped for common gene variants in FTO (rs9939609, rs1421085) and MC4R (rs17782313). Linear mixed-effect models were used to analyse relations of gene variants with fetal growth. Results Fetuses with the rs9939609 A:A FTO genotype had faster biparietal diameter and head circumference growth velocities between 11 and 34 weeks gestation (by 0.012 (95% CI 0.005 to 0.019) and 0.008 (0.002–0.015) standard deviations per week, respectively) compared to fetuses with the T:T FTO genotype; abdominal circumference growth velocity did not differ between genotypes. FTO genotype was not associated with placental FTO expression, but higher placental FTO expression was independently associated with larger fetal size and higher placental ASCT2, EAAT2 and y + LAT2 amino acid transporter expression. Findings were similar for FTO rs1421085, and the MC4R gene variant was associated with the fetal growth velocity of head circumference. Discussion FTO gene variants are known to associate with obesity but this is the first time that the risk alleles and placental FTO expression have been linked with fetal growth trajectories. The lack of an association between FTO genotype and placental FTO expression adds to emerging evidence of complex biology underlying the association between FTO genotype and obesity. Variants in the FTO gene are previously known to be associated with obesity. discovered novel associations between FTO variants and growth trajectory of fetal head measures. also found novel associations between placental FTO expression and fetal size.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Barton
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - M Mosquera
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - J K Cleal
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - A S Fuller
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - S R Crozier
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - H M Inskip
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J W Holloway
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - R M Lewis
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - K M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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10
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Hunt LE, Noyvert B, Bhaw-Rosun L, Sesay AK, Paternoster L, Nohr EA, Davey Smith G, Tommerup N, Sørensen TIA, Elgar G. Complete re-sequencing of a 2Mb topological domain encompassing the FTO/IRXB genes identifies a novel obesity-associated region upstream of IRX5. Genome Med 2015; 7:126. [PMID: 26642925 PMCID: PMC4671217 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association studies have identified a number of loci that contribute to an increased body mass index (BMI), the strongest of which is in the first intron of the FTO gene on human chromosome 16q12.2. However, this region is both non-coding and under strong linkage disequilibrium, making it recalcitrant to functional interpretation. Furthermore, the FTO gene is located within a complex cis-regulatory landscape defined by a topologically associated domain that includes the IRXB gene cluster, a trio of developmental regulators. Consequently, at least three genes in this interval have been implicated in the aetiology of obesity. METHODS Here, we sequence a 2 Mb region encompassing the FTO, RPGRIP1L and IRXB cluster genes in 284 individuals from a well-characterised study group of Danish men containing extremely overweight young adults and controls. We further replicate our findings both in an expanded male cohort and an independent female study group. Finally, we compare our variant data with a previous study describing IRX3 and FTO interactions in this region. RESULTS We obtain deep coverage across the entire region, allowing accurate and unequivocal determination of almost every single nucleotide polymorphism and short insertion/deletion. As well as confirming previous findings across the interval, we identify a further novel age-dependent association upstream of IRX5 that imposes a similar burden on BMI to the FTO locus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that chromatin architectures play a role in regulating gene expression levels across topological domains while our targeted sequence approach represents a widely applicable methodology for high-resolution analysis of regional variation across candidate genomic loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian E Hunt
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Boris Noyvert
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Leena Bhaw-Rosun
- Genomics Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Abdul K Sesay
- Genomics Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Niels Tommerup
- Willhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic genetics, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, DK2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Greg Elgar
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK.
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11
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Qi Q, Downer MK, Kilpeläinen TO, Taal HR, Barton SJ, Ntalla I, Standl M, Boraska V, Huikari V, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Körner A, Lakka TA, Liu G, Magnusson J, Okuda M, Raitakari O, Richmond R, Scott RA, Bailey MES, Scheuermann K, Holloway JW, Inskip H, Isasi CR, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Jaddoe VWV, Laitinen J, Lindi V, Melén E, Pitsiladis Y, Pitkänen N, Snieder H, Heinrich J, Timpson NJ, Wang T, Yuji H, Zeggini E, Dedoussis GV, Kaplan RC, Wylie-Rosett J, Loos RJF, Hu FB, Qi L. Dietary Intake, FTO Genetic Variants, and Adiposity: A Combined Analysis of Over 16,000 Children and Adolescents. Diabetes 2015; 64:2467-76. [PMID: 25720386 PMCID: PMC4876751 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The FTO gene harbors variation with the strongest effect on adiposity and obesity risk. Previous data support a role for FTO variation in influencing food intake. We conducted a combined analysis of 16,094 boys and girls aged 1-18 years from 14 studies to examine the following: 1) the association between the FTO rs9939609 variant (or a proxy) and total energy and macronutrient intake; and 2) the interaction between the FTO variant and dietary intake, and the effect on BMI. We found that the BMI-increasing allele (minor allele) of the FTO variant was associated with increased total energy intake (effect per allele = 14.3 kcal/day [95% CI 5.9, 22.7 kcal/day], P = 6.5 × 10(-4)), but not with protein, carbohydrate, or fat intake. We also found that protein intake modified the association between the FTO variant and BMI (interactive effect per allele = 0.08 SD [0.03, 0.12 SD], P for interaction = 7.2 × 10(-4)): the association between FTO genotype and BMI was much stronger in individuals with high protein intake (effect per allele = 0.10 SD [0.07, 0.13 SD], P = 8.2 × 10(-10)) than in those with low intake (effect per allele = 0.04 SD [0.01, 0.07 SD], P = 0.02). Our results suggest that the FTO variant that confers a predisposition to higher BMI is associated with higher total energy intake, and that lower dietary protein intake attenuates the association between FTO genotype and adiposity in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Mary K Downer
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Rob Taal
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sheila J Barton
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vesna Boraska
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hixton, Cambridge, U.K. Department of Medical Biology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Ville Huikari
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Global Public Health, Leiden University College, Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Antje Körner
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women's & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gaifen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jessica Magnusson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masayuki Okuda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Olli Raitakari
- The Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Rebecca Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Mark E S Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Kathrin Scheuermann
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women's & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Genetics and Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K
| | - Hazel Inskip
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K
| | - Carmen R Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Virpi Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Niina Pitkänen
- The Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Georgia Prevention Center, Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Hinoda Yuji
- Hokkaido Nursing College, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - George V Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Judith Wylie-Rosett
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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12
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Cha S, Yu H, Park AY, Oh SA, Kim JY. The obesity-risk variant of FTO is inversely related with the So-Eum constitutional type: genome-wide association and replication analyses. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:120. [PMID: 25888059 PMCID: PMC4432511 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Body constitutional types described in the traditional Korean medicine system, Sasang constitutional medicine, are heritable, as has been revealed by twin and family studies. Thus, individuals with the same constitution type usually have similar pathophysiological and psychological traits. In several recent genome-wide association (GWA) analyses performed to identify constitution-associated variants, the association signals were not replicated due to small sample size and dissimilar, non-objective methods for classification of the constitutional types. Methods We conducted GWA analysis and followed replication analysis in two large populations (5,490 subjects: 3,810 subjects at discovery stage and 1,680 subjects at replication stage) to identify the replicable constitution-associated variants, wherein subjects with the highest tertile of constitution probability values versus the reference with the lowest tertile of the values obtained from a recently developed constitution analysis tool were compared. Results We found that the obesity-risk variant in intron 1 of the fat mass and obesity–associated (FTO) gene was replicably inversely associated with the So-Eum (SE) type, characterized by reduced appetite, slim body, and cautious personality (rs7193144 in combined samples: odds ratio = 0.729, p = 1.47 × 10−7), and substantial association signal remained after controlling for body mass index (BMI). In contrast, the association of the variant with the Tae-Eum type, characterized by high body mass, disappeared after controlling BMI. Conclusions In summary, the obesity-risk variant in FTO intron 1 was inversely associated with the SE type, independent of BMI, which corresponded well with the characteristics of the SE type, such as the lowest body mass and lowest susceptibility to metabolic disorders among the constitutional types. Therefore, the obesity-risk variant of FTO associated with body mass increase might be involved in the determination of body constitution type. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0609-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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13
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Reinehr T, Wolters B, Roth CL, Hinney A. FTO gene: association to weight regain after lifestyle intervention in overweight children. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 81:391-6. [PMID: 24819256 DOI: 10.1159/000358328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polymorphisms in intron 1 of the 'fat mass and obesity-associated' (FTO) gene are associated with weight status. We hypothesized that the risk allele at a polymorphism in intron 1 of FTO is associated with weight regain after end of lifestyle intervention. METHODS We longitudinally analyzed the changes of weight status as BMI-SDS in 346 unrelated overweight children (mean age 10.6 ± 2.6 years, 45% male, mean BMI-SDS 2.39 ± 0.49) both at the end of a 1-year lifestyle intervention and 1 year after the end of this intervention. We genotyped the obesity risk SNP rs9939609 at FTO by ARMS-PCR. RESULTS The children reduced their BMI-SDS (-0.29 ± 0.33; p < 0.001) during intervention and increased their BMI-SDS between the end of intervention and 1 year later (+0.10 ± 0.41; p < 0.001). The obesity risk allele at FTO SNP rs9939609 was not associated with BMI-SDS reduction during the lifestyle intervention (p = 0.622), but with weight regain 1 year after end of the intervention in multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, pubertal stage, and baseline BMI-SDS (Bonferroni corrected p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The obesity risk allele at a polymorphism in intron 1 of FTO was associated with weight regain 1 year after a 1-year lifestyle intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
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14
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Abstract
The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene was placed center stage when common intronic variants within the gene were robustly associated with human obesity. Murine models of perturbed Fto expression have shown effects on body weight and composition. However, a clear understanding of the link between FTO intronic variants and FTO activity has remained elusive. Two recent reports now indicate that obesity-associated SNPs appear functionally connected not with FTO but with two neighboring genes: IRX3 and RPGRIP1L. Here, we review these new findings and consider the implications for future analysis of GWAS hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Loraine Tung
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P Coll
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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15
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Yeo GSH. The role of the FTO (Fat Mass and Obesity Related) locus in regulating body size and composition. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 397:34-41. [PMID: 25224490 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Genomewide association studies (GWAS) have indicated that SNPs on a chromosome 16 locus encompassing FTO, as well as IRX3, 5, 6, FTM and FTL are robustly associated with human obesity. GWAS, however, are by nature gene agnostic, and SNPs reaching the appropriate statistical threshold for a given phenotype can appear anywhere in the genome, within, near or far away from any coding sequence. Thus a major challenge in the field has been to translate these statistical hits into real biological insight. The key question is which of these genes are responsible for the association with obesity, and what is the underlying mechanism? With loss of function FTO mutations in both mice and humans resulting in severe growth retardation and mice globally over-expressing FTO being obese, the initial attention was focussed on this gene. We and others have shown that in vitro, recombinant FTO is able to catalyse the Fe(II)- and 2OG-dependent demethylation of single stranded nucleic-acids, with a preference for RNA. We have shown that FTO expression is regulated by essential amino acids (AAs) and that it couples amino acid levels to mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling, through a mechanism dependent on its ability to demethylate. Thus FTO is an AA sensor and plays a key role regulating appropriate growth and translation. However, recent data focussing on obesity associated variants within FTO have implicated two neighbouring genes, RPGRIP1L and IRX3, as having a functional link between the SNP and the observed human phenotypes. As with Fto, perturbing the expression of these genes in mice results in a bodyweight phenotype, with homozygous deletion of Irx3 resulting in a smaller mouse and heterozygous deletion of Rpgrip1l leading to a mild obesity phenotype. Thus it may be that a number of genes in this region play an important role in determining body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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16
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Yang M, Xu Y, Liang L, Fu J, Xiong F, Liu G, Gong C, Luo F, Chen S, Xu C, Zhang D, Li Z, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhu Y. The effects of genetic variation in FTO rs9939609 on obesity and dietary preferences in Chinese Han children and adolescents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104574. [PMID: 25110886 PMCID: PMC4128666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of the rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphism in FTO gene with obesity has been extensively investigated in studies of populations of European, African, and Asian ancestry. However, inconsistent results have been reported in Asian populations, and the relationship of FTO variation and dietary behaviors has only rarely been examined in Chinese children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to assess the association of rs9939609 with obesity and dietary preferences in childhood in a Chinese population. Epidemiological data including dietary preferences were collected in interviews using survey questionnaires, and rs9939609 genotype was determined by real-time PCR. The associations of rs9939609 genotypes with obesity and dietary preferences were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression using both additive and dominant models. The results showed that subjects with a TA or AA genotype had an increased risk of obesity compared with the TT participants; the odds ratios (ORs) were 1.47 (95% CI: 1.25–1.71, P = 1.73×10−6), and 3.32 (95% CI: 2.01–5.47, P = 2.68×10−6), respectively. After adjusting for age and gender, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower in TA and AA participants than in those with the TT genotype. After additionally controlling for body mass index, the association remained significant only for systolic blood pressure (P = 0.005). Compared with TT participants, those with the AA genotype were more likely to prefer a meat-based diet (OR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.52–5.21). The combined OR for obesity in participants with TA/AA genotypes and preference for a meat-based diet was 4.04 (95% CI: 2.8–5.81) compared with the TT participants who preferred a plant-based diet. These findings indicate the genetic variation of rs9939609 is associated with obesity and dietary preferences in Chinese children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyang Xu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Geli Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunxiu Gong
- Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feihong Luo
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inborn Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoke Chen
- Department of Pediatrics Endocrinology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Chunxiao Xu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengli Li
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics Endocrinology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Choh AC, Lee M, Kent JW, Diego VP, Johnson W, Curran JE, Dyer TD, Bellis C, Blangero J, Siervogel RM, Towne B, Demerath EW, Czerwinski SA. Gene-by-age effects on BMI from birth to adulthood: the Fels Longitudinal Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:875-81. [PMID: 23794238 PMCID: PMC3883986 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genome wide association studies have shown 32 loci to influence BMI in European-American adults but replication in other studies is inconsistent and may be attributed to gene-by-age effects. The aims of this study were to determine if the influence of the summed risk score of these 32 loci (GRS) on BMI differed across age from birth to 40 years, and to determine if additive genetic effects other than those in the GRS differed by age. METHODS Serial measures of BMI were calculated at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 28 months, and 4, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 30, and 40 years for 1,176 (605 females, 571 males) European-American participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study. SOLAR was used for genetic analyses. RESULTS GRS was significant (P < 0.05) at ages: 6, 9 months, 4-15 years, and 23-40 years. Remaining additive genetic effects independently influenced BMI (P < 5.3 × 10(-5) , 0.40 < h(2) < 0.76). Some genetic correlations between ages were not significant. Differential GRS effects did not retain significance after multiple comparisons adjustments. CONCLUSIONS While well-known BMI variants do not appear to have significant differential effects, other additive genes differ over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey C. Choh
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Miryoung Lee
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Jack W. Kent
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Vincent P. Diego
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - William Johnson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London, UK
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Thomas D. Dyer
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Claire Bellis
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Roger M. Siervogel
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Bradford Towne
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stefan A. Czerwinski
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
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Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cluster in the first intron of fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene are associated obesity traits in genome-wide association studies. The minor allele increases BMI by 0.39 kg/m(2) (or 1,130 g in body weight) and risk of obesity by 1.20-fold. This association has been confirmed across age groups and populations of diverse ancestry; the largest effect is seen in young adulthood. The effect of FTO SNPs on obesity traits in populations of African and Asian ancestry is similar or somewhat smaller than in European ancestry populations. However, the BMI-increasing allele in FTO is substantially less prevalent in populations with non-European ancestry. FTO SNPs do not influence physical activity levels; yet, in physically active individuals, FTO's effect on obesity susceptibility is attenuated by approximately 30%. Evidence from epidemiological and functional studies suggests that FTO confers an increased risk of obesity by subtly changing food intake and preference. Moreover, emerging data suggest a role for FTO in nutrient sensing, regulation of mRNA translation and general growth. In this Review, we discuss the genetic epidemiology of FTO and discuss how its complex biology might link to the regulation of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J F Loos
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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19
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Sex-specific effects of weight-affecting gene variants in a life course perspective--The HUNT Study, Norway. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37:1221-9. [PMID: 23318717 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of previously identified genetic variants directly or indirectly associated with obesity, were investigated at birth, adolescence and adulthood to provide knowledge concerning timing and mechanisms of obesity susceptibility with focus on sex differences. DESIGN Twenty four previously identified obesity- and eating disorder susceptibility loci were tested for association with adiposity traits at birth (ponderal index (PI)), adolescence and young adulthood (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR)) in 1782 individuals from the HUNT study. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) were evaluated individually and by haplotype sliding-window approach for windows50 kb (near-MC4R, FTO and near-BDNF). The analyses were performed on the total and sex stratified samples. RESULTS The most substantial effect on BMI was observed for the near-MC4R variants at adolescence and adulthood (adjusted P-values in adolescence: 0.002 and 0.003 for rs17782313 and rs571312, respectively). The same variants showed inverse association with PI in males (adjusted P-values: 0.019-0.036). Furthermore, significant effects were observed at adolescence with BMI for the near-KCTD15 variant (rs11084753) (adjusted P=0.038) in the combined sample. The near-INSIG2 (rs7566605) was significantly associated to WHR in males and near-BDNF (rs925946) in the combined sample (adjusted P=0.027 and P=0.033, respectively). The OPRD1 locus was associated to BMI and WC in males both at adolescence and adulthood with highest effect in adults (adjusted P=0.058). Interaction with sex was identified for near-MC4R, OPRD1, COMT, near-BDNF and DRD2. CONCLUSIONS Most obesity susceptibility variants show stronger effect at adolescence than at birth and adulthood with a clear sex-specific effect at some loci. The near-MC4R locus exhibit inverse effect on weight at birth in boys compared with findings at adolescence and adulthood. Some variants less known for obesity-susceptibility such as OPRD1 were found to be associated to weight with strongest effects in males.
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20
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Teran-Garcia M, Vazquez-Vidal I, Andrade FCD, Mosley M, Medina-Cerda E, Aradillas-Garcia C. FTO genotype is associated with body mass index and waist circumference in Mexican young adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojgen.2013.31005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Shinozaki K, Okuda M. The effects of fat mass and obesity-associated gene variants on the body mass index among ethnic groups and in children and adults. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16:S588-S595. [PMID: 23565494 PMCID: PMC3602988 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association analyses have revealed common gene variations related to obesity. Variants of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene among more than 40 genes studied were most closely associated with obesity, but the association varies among ethnicities. Moreover, the effect is significant in people of European descent as well as Asians, but less significant among people of African descent. Although the variants were also associated with type 2 diabetes and glucose homeostasis, the associations were attenuated or abolished after adjusting for adiposity. The present review considers our current understanding of the effects of the FTO variants in different ethnic groups and in adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Shinozaki
- Department of Environmental Safety, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Masayuki Okuda
- Department of Environmental Safety, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Japan
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Lauria F, Siani A, Bammann K, Foraita R, Huybrechts I, Iacoviello L, Koni AC, Kourides Y, Marild S, Molnar D, Moreno LA, Pigeot I, Pitsiladis YP, Veidebaum T, Russo P. Prospective analysis of the association of a common variant of FTO (rs9939609) with adiposity in children: results of the IDEFICS study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48876. [PMID: 23155422 PMCID: PMC3498350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We investigated cross-sectionally and longitudinally the relationship between FTO rs9939609 and obesity-related characteristics in the European children of the IDEFICS project and the interaction of this variant with a lifestyle intervention. Population and Methods A cohort of 16224 children (2–9 years) was recruited into a population-based survey (T0) from eight European countries. A second survey (T1) reassessed the children two years later. A random sample of 4405 children was extracted for genetic studies. 3168 children were re-examined two years later. Half of them underwent a lifestyle intervention program. The FTO rs9939609 was genotyped. Weight, height, waist circumference, triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured at T0 and T1. Results At T0, the risk A allele of rs9939609 was significantly associated with higher values of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and skinfolds (age, sex, and country-adjusted p-values: all p<0.001) and with a statistically significant increased risk of overweight/obesity. Over the two year follow-up, no interaction between genotype and intervention was observed. The A allele was associated to a significantly higher increase in all the anthropometric variables examined at T0 independently from the study group (intervention versus control) (p-values: all p<0.002, adjusted for age, sex, country, intervention/control study group, T0 values, and individual time interval between T0 and T1). Over the two-year follow–up, 210 new cases of overweight/obesity occurred. A statistically significant higher incidence of overweight/obesity was associated to the A allele [ORA = 1.95, 95% CI = (1.29; 2.97)]. Conclusions We confirmed the association between the FTO rs9939609 and body mass and overweight/obesity risk in European children. The main finding of the study is that the A allele carriers present higher increase of body mass and central adiposity over time and higher risk of developing overweight/obesity during growth, independently from intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lauria
- Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Avellino, Italy
| | - Alfonso Siani
- Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Avellino, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Karin Bammann
- BIPS-Institute for Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ronja Foraita
- BIPS-Institute for Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Unit Nutrition and Food Safety, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Licia Iacoviello
- Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura “Giovanni Paolo II”, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Anna C. Koni
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yannis Kourides
- Research and Education Foundation of Child Health, Strovolos, Cyprus
| | - Staffan Marild
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Denes Molnar
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Luis A. Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD Research Group), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iris Pigeot
- BIPS-Institute for Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Yannis P. Pitsiladis
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paola Russo
- Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Avellino, Italy
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Vasan SK, Fall T, Neville MJ, Antonisamy B, Fall CH, Geethanjali FS, Gu HF, Raghupathy P, Samuel P, Thomas N, Brismar K, Ingelsson E, Karpe F. Associations of variants in FTO and near MC4R with obesity traits in South Asian Indians. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:2268-77. [PMID: 22421923 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies show that loci in FTO and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) associate with obesity-related traits. Outside Western populations the associations between these variants have not always been consistent and in Indians it has been suggested that FTO relates to diabetes without an obvious intermediary obesity phenotype. We investigated the association between genetic variants in FTO (rs9939609) and near MC4R (rs17782313) with obesity- and type 2 diabetes (T2DM)-related traits in a longitudinal birth cohort of 2,151 healthy individuals from the Vellore birth cohort in South India. The FTO locus displayed significant associations with several conventional obesity-related anthropometric traits. The per allele increase is about 1% for BMI, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and waist-hip ratio. Consistent associations were observed for adipose tissue-specific measurements such as skinfold thickness reinforcing the association with obesity-related traits. Obesity associations for the MC4R locus were weak or nonsignificant but a signal for height (P < 0.001) was observed. The effect on obesity-related traits for FTO was seen in adulthood, but not at younger ages. The loci also showed nominal associations with increased blood glucose but these associations were lost on BMI adjustment. The effect of FTO on obesity-related traits was driven by an urban environmental influence. We conclude that rs9939609 variant in the FTO locus is associated with measures of adiposity and metabolic consequences in South Indians with an enhanced effect associated with urban living. The detection of these associations in Indians is challenging because conventional anthropometric obesity measures work poorly in the Indian "thin-fat" phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil K Vasan
- Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Molecular Medicine & Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Wojciechowski P, Lipowska A, Rys P, Ewens KG, Franks S, Tan S, Lerchbaum E, Vcelak J, Attaoua R, Straczkowski M, Azziz R, Barber TM, Hinney A, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Lukasova P, Bendlova B, Grigorescu F, Kowalska I, Goodarzi MO, Strauss JF, McCarthy MI, Malecki MT. Impact of FTO genotypes on BMI and weight in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2636-2645. [PMID: 22801903 PMCID: PMC3433670 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS FTO gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been shown to be associated with obesity-related traits and type 2 diabetes. Several small studies have suggested a greater than expected effect of the FTO rs9939609 SNP on weight in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We therefore aimed to examine the impact of FTO genotype on BMI and weight in PCOS. METHODS A systematic search of medical databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL) was conducted up to the end of April 2011. Seven studies describing eight distinct PCOS cohorts were retrieved; seven were genotyped for SNP rs9939609 and one for SNP rs1421085. The per allele effect on BMI and body weight increase was calculated and subjected to meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 2,548 women with PCOS were included in the study; 762 were TT homozygotes, 1,253 had an AT/CT genotype, and 533 were AA/CC homozygotes. Each additional copy of the effect allele (A/C) increased the BMI by a mean of 0.19 z score units (95% CI 0.13, 0.24; p = 2.26 × 10(-11)) and body weight by a mean of 0.20 z score units (95% CI 0.14, 0.26; p = 1.02 × 10(-10)). This translated into an approximately 3.3 kg/m(2) increase in BMI and an approximately 9.6 kg gain in body weight between TT and AA/CC homozygotes. The association between FTO genotypes and BMI was stronger in the cohorts with PCOS than in the general female populations from large genome-wide association studies. Deviation from an additive genetic model was observed in heavier populations. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The effect of FTO SNPs on obesity-related traits in PCOS seems to be more than two times greater than the effect found in large population-based studies. This suggests an interaction between FTO and the metabolic context or polygenic background of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Lipowska
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P Rys
- HTA Consulting, Krakow, Poland
| | - K G Ewens
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - S Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - E Lerchbaum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - J Vcelak
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Attaoua
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, UMR-204 NUTRIPASS, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier, France
| | - M Straczkowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - R Azziz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - T M Barber
- Department of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - A Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - B Obermayer-Pietsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - P Lukasova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - B Bendlova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Grigorescu
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, UMR-204 NUTRIPASS, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier, France
| | - I Kowalska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - M O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - J F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M T Malecki
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15 Kopernika Street, 31-501, Krakow, Poland.
- University Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
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Vimaleswaran KS, Ängquist L, Hansen RD, van der A DL, Bouatia-Naji N, Holst C, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Jakobsen MU, Boeing H, Meidtner K, Palli D, Masala G, Saris WHM, Feskens EJM, Wareham NJ, Sørensen TIA, Loos RJF. Association between FTO variant and change in body weight and its interaction with dietary factors: the DiOGenes study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:1669-74. [PMID: 22421893 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although FTO is an established obesity-susceptibility locus, it remains unknown whether it influences weight change in adult life and whether diet attenuates this association. Therefore, we investigated the association of FTO-rs9939609 with changes in weight and waist circumference (WC) during 6.8 years follow-up in a large-scale prospective study and examined whether these associations were modified by dietary energy percentage from fat, protein, carbohydrate, or glycemic index (GI). This study comprised data from five countries of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) and was designed as a case-cohort study for weight gain. Analyses included 11,091 individuals, of whom 5,584 were cases (age (SD), 47.6 (7.5) years), defined as those with the greatest unexplained annual weight gain during follow-up and 5,507 were noncases (48.0 (7.3) years), who were compared in our case-noncase (CNC) analyses. Furthermore, 6,566 individuals (47.9 (7.3) years) selected from the total sample (all noncases and 1,059 cases) formed the random subcohort (RSC), used for continuous trait analyses. Interactions were tested by including interaction terms in the models. In the RSC-analyses, FTO-rs9939609 was associated with BMI (β (SE), 0.17 (0.08) kg·m(-2)/allele; P = 0.034) and WC (0.47 (0.21) cm/allele; P = 0.026) at baseline, but not with weight change (5.55 (12.5) g·year(-1)/allele; P = 0.66) during follow up. In the CNC-analysis, FTO-rs9939609 was associated with increased risk of being a weight-gainer (OR: 1.1; P = 0.045). We observed no interaction between FTO-rs9939609 and dietary fat, protein and carbohydrate, and GI on BMI and WC at baseline or on change in weight and WC. FTO-rs9939609 is associated with BMI and WC at baseline, but association with weight gain is weak and only observed for extreme gain. Dietary factors did not influence the associations.
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Abstract
Onset of obesity has been anticipated at earlier ages, and prevalence has dramatically increased worldwide over the past decades. Epidemic obesity is mainly attributable to modern lifestyle, but family studies prove the significant role of genes in the individual's predisposition to obesity. Advances in genotyping technologies have raised great hope and expectations that genetic testing will pave the way to personalized medicine and that complex traits such as obesity will be prevented even before birth. In the presence of the pressing offer of direct-to-consumer genetic testing services from private companies to estimate the individual's risk for complex phenotypes including obesity, the present review offers pediatricians an update of the state of the art on genomics obesity in childhood. Discrepancies with respect to genomics of adult obesity are discussed. After an appraisal of findings from genome-wide association studies in pediatric populations, the rare variant-common disease hypothesis, the theoretical soil for next-generation sequencing techniques, is discussed as opposite to the common disease-common variant hypothesis. Next-generation sequencing techniques are expected to fill the gap of "missing heritability" of obesity, identifying rare variants associated with the trait and clarifying the role of epigenetics in its heritability. Pediatric obesity emerges as a complex phenotype, modulated by unique gene-environment interactions that occur in periods of life and are "permissive" for the programming of adult obesity. With the advent of next-generation sequencing techniques and advances in the field of exposomics, sensitive and specific tools to predict the obesity risk as early as possible are the challenge for the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Manco
- FACN, Scientific Directorate, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.
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Tanaka M, Yoshida T, Bin W, Fukuo K, Kazumi T. FTO, abdominal adiposity, fasting hyperglycemia associated with elevated HbA1c in Japanese middle-aged women. J Atheroscler Thromb 2012; 19:633-42. [PMID: 22504289 DOI: 10.5551/jat.11940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM FTO is the most important polygene for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Our aims were to investigate whether a variant in FTO affects glucose dysregulation through its effect on fat accumulation or distribution, and when and how FTO influences fat accumulation and distribution and glucose dysregulation from birth until midlife. METHODS A total of 454 Japanese female university students (mean age: 20 years) and 132 middle-aged women (mean age: 50 years) who were the biological mothers of the students underwent the following: genotyping for rs1558902 in the FTO gene, assessment of fat accumulation and distribution, obesity-related metabolic traits and serum adipokine measurement. A subsample of 364 students reported their weight history since birth. RESULTS The A allele in rs1558902 was substantially less common in young and middle-aged Japanese women (18 and 17%, respectively) than in the European population (45%). The strong effect of genotype AA on BMI was evident at age 12, 15, 20 and 50 years whereas there was no effect on birth weight. In young and middle-aged women, the variant was strongly associated with higher body weight and fat mass. The effects on abdominal girth, fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance and HbA1c were evident in mothers but not in students. In addition, genotype AA was associated with increased white blood cell counts and hsCRP in mothers only. Associations with fasting glucose, insulin resistance, and white blood cell counts remained after correction for BMI, abdominal girth and fat mass. In multiple logistic regression analysis, AA homozygote in FTO was associated with higher odds of overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m(2)) in young (OR 1.73 (95%CI 1.06-30.0)) and middle-aged women (OR 1.73 (95%CI 1.06-30.0)). It was also associated with higher odds of abdominal fat accumulation (abdominal girth ≥90 cm, OR 1.73 (95%CI 1.06-30.0)) and fasting hyperglycemia (≥100 mg/dL) (OR 1.87(95%CI 1.05-40.4)) in middle-aged mothers. CONCLUSION Despite the small sample size, the low average BMI, and the low risk allele frequency, a genetic variation at the FTO locus was related to greater weight gain before age 12 in Japanese women. At age 20, it was related to general adiposity. In midlife, however, it was related to abdominal adiposity in addition to general adiposity, fasting hyperglycemia, higher HbA1c and subtle systemic inflammation. Fasting hyperglycemia associated with higher HbA1c in midlife was independent of its effects on general and abdominal adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Tanaka
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Science, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hygoto, Japan
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Day FR, Loos RJF. Developments in obesity genetics in the era of genome-wide association studies. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2011; 4:222-38. [PMID: 22056736 DOI: 10.1159/000332158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an important factor contributing to the global burden of morbidity and mortality. By identifying obesity susceptibility genes, scientists aim to elucidate some of its aetiology. Early studies used candidate gene and genome-wide linkage approaches to search for such genes with limited success. However, the advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has dramatically increased the pace of gene discovery. So far, GWAS have identified at least 50 loci robustly associated with body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage and extreme obesity. Some of these have been shown to replicate in non-white populations and in children and adolescents. Furthermore, for some loci interaction studies have shown that the BMI-increasing effect is attenuated in physically active individuals. Despite many successful discoveries, the effect sizes of the established loci are small, and combined they explain only a fraction of the inter-individual variation in BMI. The low predictive value means that their value in mainstream health care is limited. However, as most of these newly established loci were not previously linked to obesity, they may provide new insights into body weight regulation. Continued efforts in gene discovery, using a range of approaches, will be needed to increase our understanding of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Fat mass and obesity-associated obesity-risk genotype is associated with lower foetal growth: an effect that is reversed in the offspring of smoking mothers. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2011; 3:10-20. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174411000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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The association of variants in the FTO gene with longitudinal body mass index profiles in non-Hispanic white children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 36:61-8. [PMID: 21986706 PMCID: PMC3495000 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate possible age-related changes in associations between polymorphisms in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene and higher body mass index (BMI). DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Multilevel mixed regression models were used to examine associations between four FTO variants and longitudinal BMI profiles in non-Hispanic white and African American children and adolescents 8-17 years of age from two different longitudinal cohort studies, the Bogalusa Heart Study (BHS) and Project HeartBeat! (PHB). In the BHS, there were 1551 examinations of 478 African Americans and 3210 examinations of 1081 non-Hispanic whites; in PHB, there were 971 examinations of 131 African Americans and 4458 examinations of 505 non-Hispanic whites. RESULTS In African Americans, no significant FTO associations with BMI were found. In non-Hispanic whites, linkage disequilibrium among all four variants made haplotype analysis superfluous, so we focused on the single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs9939609. In longitudinal multilevel models, the A/A genotype of rs9939609 was associated with higher BMI in non-Hispanic whites in both cohorts at all ages. A significant age-by-genotype interaction found only in the BHS cohort predicted that in those with the A/A genotype, BMI would be ∼0.7 kg m(-2) higher at age 8 and ∼1.6 kg m(-2) higher at age 17 than in those with A/T or T/T genotypes. The design of PHB limited follow-up of any single individual to 4 years, and may have reduced the ability to detect any age-by-genotype interaction in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS The A/A genotype of rs9939609 in the FTO gene is associated with higher longitudinal BMI profiles in non-Hispanic whites from two different cohorts. The association may change with age, with the A/A genotype being associated with a larger BMI difference in late adolescence than in childhood, though this was observed only in the BHS cohort and requires verification.
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Baker JL, Sørensen TIA. Obesity research based on the Copenhagen School Health Records Register. Scand J Public Health 2011; 39:196-200. [PMID: 21775383 DOI: 10.1177/1403494811399955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To summarise key findings from research performed using data from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register over the last 30 years with a main focus on obesity-related research. The register contains computerised anthropometric information on 372,636 schoolchildren from the capital city of Denmark. Additional information on the cohort members has been obtained via linkages with population studies and national registers. RESEARCH TOPICS Studies using data from the register have made important contributions in the areas of the aetiology of obesity, the development of the obesity epidemic, and the long-term health consequences of birth weight as well as body size and growth in childhood. CONCLUSION Research using this unique register is ongoing, and its contributions to the study of obesity as well as other topics will continue for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Baker
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Øster Søgade 18, 1357 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Body size at birth modifies the effect of fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) rs9939609 polymorphism on adiposity in adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:1498-504. [PMID: 21917193 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511004600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study was intended to examine whether ponderal index (PI) at birth modifies the effect of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) rs9939609 polymorphism on adiposity in European adolescents. A total of 628 adolescents aged 14·4 (se 1·3) years (56·8 % female) were recruited. PI was calculated from parental reports of birth weight and length (kg/m³), and the BMI (kg/m²), body fat percentage and fat mass index (FMI, kg/m²) were calculated. The rs9939609 polymorphism was genotyped and physical activity assessed by accelerometry. Sex, duration of pregnancy, pubertal status, centre and physical activity were used as confounders in all the analyses. The minor A allele of the FTO rs9939609 was significantly associated with higher BMI, body fat percentage and FMI (all P < 0·05) but not with PI. Significant interactions between PI and the rs9939609 polymorphism in terms of body fat percentage (P = 0·002) and FMI (P = 0·017) were detected. However, this polymorphism was only significantly associated with higher BMI, body fat percentage and FMI (all P < 0·05) in adolescents in the lower PI tertile. Indeed, both body fat percentage and FMI were higher in those adolescents in the lower PI tertile carrying the A allele of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism than in those with the TT genotype (25·0 (se 0·8) v. 22·1 (se 1·0) %, adjusted P = 0·030 and 5·6 (se 0·3) v. 4·6 (se 0·4) kg/m2, P = 0·031, respectively). Our findings suggest that those adolescents born with lower PI could be more vulnerable to the influence of the A risk allele of the FTO polymorphism on total adiposity content.
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Influence of common variants in FTO and near INSIG2 and MC4R on growth curves for adiposity in African- and European-American youth. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26:463-73. [PMID: 21544599 PMCID: PMC3115048 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association (GWA) studies identified several common variants for obesity: rs9939609 in FTO, rs7566605 near INSIG2 and both rs17782313 and rs17700633 near the MC4R gene. This study aimed to assess the influence of these polymorphisms on development of adiposity in European- (EA) and African-American (AA) youth in two ongoing longitudinal studies including 986 and 606 participants with age ranges of 10-25.8 and 4.0-23.9 years, respectively. Individual growth curve modeling was conducted separately in the two studies. We tested the effect of the SNPs on levels and increase with age (i.e., slope) of weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and skinfolds from childhood to adulthood, and potential moderation by ethnicity or gender. Beta coefficients computed in the two studies were pooled using meta-analysis. Rs9939609 was associated with logtransformed levels of BMI (β = 0.021, P = 0.01), weight (β = 0.019, P = 0.04) and waist circumference (β = 0.012, P = 0.04). Rs17782313 was associated with triceps (β = 0.05, P = 0.02). Significant interactions of rs17700633 with gender were observed on subscapular-, suprailiac- and sum of skinfolds, with significant associations limited to males (P < 0.05). No significant interactions with ethnicity were found. Only one effect on the slope was observed, rs17700633 showed a significant interaction with age on triceps (β = 0.004, P = 0.04). In two longitudinal studies of EA and AA youth, we replicated the effect of FTO and common variants near MC4R on general and central adiposity. These variants did not affect the increase with age of adiposity from childhood to adulthood with one exception. Common variants for obesity identified in GWA studies have detectable but modest effects on growth curves for adiposity in EA and AA youth.
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Hertel JK, Johansson S, Sonestedt E, Jonsson A, Lie RT, Platou CG, Nilsson PM, Rukh G, Midthjell K, Hveem K, Melander O, Groop L, Lyssenko V, Molven A, Orho-Melander M, Njølstad PR. FTO, type 2 diabetes, and weight gain throughout adult life: a meta-analysis of 41,504 subjects from the Scandinavian HUNT, MDC, and MPP studies. Diabetes 2011; 60:1637-44. [PMID: 21398525 PMCID: PMC3292341 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE FTO is the most important polygene identified for obesity. We aimed to investigate whether a variant in FTO affects type 2 diabetes risk entirely through its effect on BMI and how FTO influences BMI across adult life span. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Through regression models, we assessed the relationship between the FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms rs9939609, type 2 diabetes, and BMI across life span in subjects from the Norwegian population-based HUNT study using cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives. For replication and meta-analysis, we used data from the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) and Malmö Preventive Project (MPP) cohorts, comprising a total sample of 41,504 Scandinavians. RESULTS The meta-analysis revealed a highly significant association for rs9939609 with both type 2 diabetes (OR 1.13; P = 4.5 × 10(-8)) and the risk to develop incident type 2 diabetes (OR 1.16; P = 3.2 × 10(-8)). The associations remained also after correction for BMI and other anthropometric measures. Furthermore, we confirmed the strong effect on BMI (0.28 kg/m(2) per risk allele; P = 2.0 × 10(-26)), with no heterogeneity between different age-groups. We found no differences in change of BMI over time according to rs9939609 risk alleles, neither overall (ΔBMI = 0.0 [-0.05, 0.05]) nor in any individual age stratum, indicating no further weight gain attributable to FTO genotype in adults. CONCLUSIONS We have identified that a variant in FTO alters type 2 diabetes risk partly independent of its observed effect on BMI. The additional weight gain as a result of the FTO risk variant seems to occur before adulthood, and the BMI difference remains stable thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens K. Hertel
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Emily Sonestedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Nutrition Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease–Genetic Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna Jonsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, and Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rolv T. Lie
- Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carl G.P. Platou
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Verdal, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Health Trust, Norway
| | - Peter M. Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gull Rukh
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease–Genetic Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristian Midthjell
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Verdal, Norway
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Verdal, Norway
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, and Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, and Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Molven
- Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease–Genetic Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pål R. Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Corresponding author: Pål R. Njølstad,
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Seal N, Weaver M, Best LG. Correlates of the FTO gene variant (rs9939609) and growth of American Indian infants. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 15:633-8. [PMID: 21491999 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2010.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Obesity is a global, growing public-health problem. The detrimental health consequences of obesity are significant and include co-morbidities such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, and some types of cancer. To date, findings relating the A allele of the FTO variant rs9939609 to increased energy intake and risk for obesity have been fairly consistent across multiple populations. However, it is not known whether that relationship is also present in American Indian (AI) populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the minor allele frequency of the FTO variant rs9939609 and its associations with birth weight, weight for length (WFL) Z score, and amount of formula intake in AI infants. DESIGN A cross-sectional exploratory descriptive design was applied with a sample of 49 AI mother-infant dyads. RESULTS Mothers with an A allele had higher prepregnancy body mass index than those without an A allele, though difference was not statistically significant (p=0.08). Infants with an A allele tended to have higher birth weights, WFL Z score at age 14 to 20 weeks, and 24-h formula consumption compared with infants without an A-allele, though those differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Neither maternal nor infant A alleles were statistically significantly associated with birth weight, WFL Z score, and amount of formula intake in AI infants (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings do not confirm the association of the A allele of the FTO variant rs9939609 with birth weight, amount of formula intake, and WFL Z score in AI infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuananong Seal
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA.
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Sovio U, Mook-Kanamori DO, Warrington NM, Lawrence R, Briollais L, Palmer CNA, Cecil J, Sandling JK, Syvänen AC, Kaakinen M, Beilin LJ, Millwood IY, Bennett AJ, Laitinen J, Pouta A, Molitor J, Davey Smith G, Ben-Shlomo Y, Jaddoe VWV, Palmer LJ, Pennell CE, Cole TJ, McCarthy MI, Järvelin MR, Timpson NJ. Association between common variation at the FTO locus and changes in body mass index from infancy to late childhood: the complex nature of genetic association through growth and development. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001307. [PMID: 21379325 PMCID: PMC3040655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An age-dependent association between variation at the FTO locus and BMI in children has been suggested. We meta-analyzed associations between the FTO locus (rs9939609) and BMI in samples, aged from early infancy to 13 years, from 8 cohorts of European ancestry. We found a positive association between additional minor (A) alleles and BMI from 5.5 years onwards, but an inverse association below age 2.5 years. Modelling median BMI curves for each genotype using the LMS method, we found that carriers of minor alleles showed lower BMI in infancy, earlier adiposity rebound (AR), and higher BMI later in childhood. Differences by allele were consistent with two independent processes: earlier AR equivalent to accelerating developmental age by 2.37% (95% CI 1.87, 2.87, p = 10(-20)) per A allele and a positive age by genotype interaction such that BMI increased faster with age (p = 10(-23)). We also fitted a linear mixed effects model to relate genotype to the BMI curve inflection points adiposity peak (AP) in infancy and AR. Carriage of two minor alleles at rs9939609 was associated with lower BMI at AP (-0.40% (95% CI: -0.74, -0.06), p = 0.02), higher BMI at AR (0.93% (95% CI: 0.22, 1.64), p = 0.01), and earlier AR (-4.72% (-5.81, -3.63), p = 10(-17)), supporting cross-sectional results. Overall, we confirm the expected association between variation at rs9939609 and BMI in childhood, but only after an inverse association between the same variant and BMI in infancy. Patterns are consistent with a shift on the developmental scale, which is reflected in association with the timing of AR rather than just a global increase in BMI. Results provide important information about longitudinal gene effects and about the role of FTO in adiposity. The associated shifts in developmental timing have clinical importance with respect to known relationships between AR and both later-life BMI and metabolic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Sovio
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Generation R Study, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. Warrington
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Robert Lawrence
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Laurent Briollais
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Cecil
- Bute Medical School, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna K. Sandling
- Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lawrie J. Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Iona Y. Millwood
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J. Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Lifecourse and Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - John Molitor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent W. V. Jaddoe
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Generation R Study, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research and Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Craig E. Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Tim J. Cole
- MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TJC); (NJT)
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Lifecourse and Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TJC); (NJT)
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Huang W, Sun Y, Sun J. Combined effects of FTO rs9939609 and MC4R rs17782313 on obesity and BMI in Chinese Han populations. Endocrine 2011; 39:69-74. [PMID: 21063808 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants of FTO and MC4R have been linked with obesity and T2DM in populations of Europeans. In this study, we have investigated the association of FTO rs9939609 and MC4R rs17782313 with obesity and T2DM in the Chinese population and analyzed the relationship between rs9939609 and rs17782313. 2351 individuals were recruited. We tested the rs9939609 and rs17782313 by sequences retrieval method. Clinical and biochemical characteristics were measured. The rs9939609 per-A allele and rs17782313 per-C allele increases of OR for obesity was 1.42 (95% CI 1.39-3.74) and 1.39 (95% CI 1.21-3.53).The genotypic OR for obesity was 1.92 (95% CI 1.81-4.67) for AA genotype, 1.71 (95% CI 1.47-4.54) for AT genotype, 1.87 (95% CI 1.72-4.00) for CC genotype, and 1.44 (95% CI 1.20-3.18) for CT genotype. BMI of participants carrying neither FTO nor MC4R risk allele was 25.9 ± 4.9, one risk allele was 26.4 ± 5.1, two risk alleles was 28.1 ± 5.5, and there or four risk alleles was 33.2 ± 6.3. We found no association between FTO and MC4R and the Chinese population with T2DM (P > 0.05). Our data support that the rs9939609 and rs17782313 are strongly associated with obesity and BMI. Their combined effects were significant in Chinese population. No association between FTO and MC4R and Chinese population with T2DM was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Puren Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Hooton H, Dubern B, Henegar C, Paternoster L, Nohr EA, Alili R, Rousseau F, Pelloux V, Galan P, Hercberg S, Arner P, Sørensen TIA, Clément K. Association between CST3 rs2424577 polymorphism and corpulence related phenotypes during lifetime in populations of European ancestry. Obes Facts 2011; 4:131-44. [PMID: 21577020 PMCID: PMC6444514 DOI: 10.1159/000327797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cystatin C, a protein coded by CST3 gene, is implicated in adipose tissue biology. Our hypothesis is that common variants in CST3 gene could play a role in the development of corpulence during lifetime. METHODS Two tag SNPs were selected to capture all SNPs in the CST3 region. We first investigated the association of the two tag SNPs individually and combined into haplotypes with corpulence related phenotypes in 4,288 French subjects (BMI = 24.31 ( 3.74 kg/m²). Significant findings were replicated in five independent populations--790 Danish lean men (BMI = 24.63 ( 2.30 kg/m²), 672 Danish obese men (BMI = 33.23 ( 2.34 kg/m²), 763 Swedish women (BMI = 21.73 ( 2.87 kg/m²), 1,848 Danish lean women (BMI = 22.66 ( 2.85 kg/m²) and 2,061 Danish obese women (BMI = 37.01 ( 3.59 kg/m²). RESULTS Rs2424577 was associated with BMI in three independent populations--G/G carriers were less corpulent than A/A carriers in the French individuals (p = 0.045) and in the Danish lean men (p = 0.021), and they were more corpulent in the group of Swedish women (p = 0.004). This phenomenon has been described as a flip-flop phenomenon, probably caused by a multilocus effect. CONCLUSION CST3 rs2424577 is associated with BMI in a complex fashion. This association is probably caused by the interaction between several functional variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Hooton
- INSERM U872 Equipe 7, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers 15 Rue de l’Ecole de Medecine, 75006 Paris, France.
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Association between fat intake, physical activity and mortality depending on genetic variation in FTO. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 35:1041-9. [PMID: 21179003 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We wanted to explore if FTO genotype interacts with fat intake, or leisure-time physical activity, on fat mass, lean mass and mortality. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Among 22,799 individuals (44-74 years) in the population-based Malmö diet and cancer cohort that were genotyped for rs9939609 in FTO and had information on dietary intake (from a modified diet history method) and no history of diabetes, cancer or cardiovascular disease, 2255 deaths (including 1100 cancer and 674 cardiovascular deaths) occurred during 12.0 years of follow-up. Leisure-time physical activity was determined from a list of 17 different physical activities in a questionnaire. Body composition was measured using bioelectric impedance method. RESULTS FTO genotype associated strongly with both fat mass and lean mass (P(trend) <1 × 10(-16) for both) but we found only significant interactions with fat intake, or physical activity, on fat mass (P(interaction)=0.01 and 0.004). No significant interaction between FTO genotype and fat intake (P(interaction)=0.72), or leisure-time physical activity (P(interaction)=0.07), on total mortality were observed. However, we observed a significant interaction between leisure-time physical activity and FTO genotype on cardiovascular mortality (P(interaction)=0.03). The highest vs lowest quintile of physical activity was associated with 46% (95% confidence interval, 17-64%) reduced cardiovascular mortality among TT-carriers (P(trend)=0.004), and 11% reduced cardiovascular mortality among A-allele carriers (P(trend)=0.68). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that FTO genotype associates with both fat mass and lean mass, but the level of fat intake and physical activity only modify the association with fat mass. In addition, FTO genotype may modify the association between physical activity and cardiovascular mortality.
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Webster RJ, Warrington NM, Beilby JP, Frayling TM, Palmer LJ. The longitudinal association of common susceptibility variants for type 2 diabetes and obesity with fasting glucose level and BMI. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:140. [PMID: 20929593 PMCID: PMC2958899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Variation in the effects of genetic variants on physiological traits over time or with age may alter the trajectories of these traits. However, few studies have investigated this possibility for variants associated with type 2 diabetes or obesity, and these show little consensus. We aimed to characterise the possible longitudinal associations of common diabetes-susceptibility variants in the KCNJ11, PPARG, TCF7L2, IGF2BP2, CDKAL1, SLC30A8 and HHEX gene loci, with fasting glucose level; and of an obesity-associated variant in the FTO gene, with body mass index (BMI). Methods The study analysed data from the Busselton Health Study (n = 4,554). Cross-sectional association analyses included family data and used the total association test. Longitudinal association analyses of unrelated participant data (n = 2,864) used linear mixed-effects models. Results In cross-sectional analyses, we observed associations of the T allele at the IGF2BP2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4402960 with raised fasting glucose (p = 0.045), and the A allele at the FTO SNP rs9939609 with raised BMI (p = 0.003). Longitudinal analyses showed no significant associations between SNPs and changes in fasting glucose or BMI in the same individuals, either over mean follow-up times of 18.7 and 21.8 years respectively, or with age during adulthood. Conclusions There was no indication that the effects of common type 2 diabetes variants on fasting glucose varied with age during adulthood or over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Webster
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Kaakinen M, Läärä E, Pouta A, Hartikainen AL, Laitinen J, Tammelin TH, Herzig KH, Sovio U, Bennett AJ, Peltonen L, McCarthy MI, Elliott P, De Stavola B, Järvelin MR. Life-course analysis of a fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene variant and body mass index in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 using structural equation modeling. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 172:653-65. [PMID: 20702506 PMCID: PMC2938267 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene and adulthood body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2) is well-replicated. More thorough analyses utilizing phenotypic data over the life course may deepen our understanding of the development of BMI and thus help in the prevention of obesity. The authors used a structural equation modeling approach to explore the network of variables associated with BMI from the prenatal period to age 31 years (1965–1997) in 4,435 subjects from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. The use of structural equation modeling permitted the easy inclusion of variables with missing values in the analyses without separate imputation steps, as well as differentiation between direct and indirect effects. There was an association between the FTO single nucleotide polymorphism rs9939609 and BMI at age 31 years that persisted after controlling for several relevant factors during the life course. The total effect of the FTO variant on adult BMI was mostly composed of the direct effect, but a notable part was also arising indirectly via its effects on earlier BMI development. In addition to well-established genetic determinants, many life-course factors such as physical activity, in spite of not showing mediation or interaction, had a strong independent effect on BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Correspondence to Dr. Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom (e-mail: )
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Abstract
The genetic contribution to interindividual variation in common obesity has been estimated at 40-70%. Yet, despite a relatively high heritability, the search for obesity susceptibility genes has been an arduous task. This paper reviews recent progress made in the obesity genetics field with an emphasis on established obesity susceptibility loci identified through candidate gene as well as genome-wide studies. For the last 15 years, candidate gene and genome-wide linkage studies have been the two main genetic epidemiological approaches to identify genetic loci for common traits, yet progress has been slow and success limited. Only recently have candidate gene studies started to succeed; by means of large-scale studies and meta-analyses at least five variants in four candidate genes have been found to be robustly associated with obesity-related traits. Genome-wide linkage studies, however, have so far not been able to pinpoint genetic loci for common obesity. The genome-wide association approach, which has become available in recent years, has dramatically changed the pace of gene discoveries for common disease, including obesity. Three waves of large-scale high-density genome-wide association studies have already discovered at least 15 previously unanticipated genetic loci incontrovertibly associated with body mass index and extreme obesity risk. Although the combined contribution of these loci to the variation in obesity risk at the population level is small and their predictive value is typically low, these recently discovered loci are set to improve fundamentally our insights into the pathophysiology of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J F Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Rutters F, Lemmens SGT, Born JM, Bouwman F, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Mariman E, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Genetic associations with acute stress-related changes in eating in the absence of hunger. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2010; 79:367-371. [PMID: 20409671 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute psychological stress is associated with eating in the absence of hunger. OBJECTIVE To investigate if BclI and FTO polymorphisms are associated with eating in the absence of hunger as a result of acute psychological stress. METHODS FTO (rs9939609) and BclI were genotyped in 98 subjects (BMI=23.9+/-3.3kg/m(2)). In a randomized crossover design, the 'eating in absence of hunger' protocol was measured as a function of acute stress vs. a control task and of STAI (State Trait Anxiety Index) state scores. RESULTS In comparison with the FTO T allele, the A allele was associated with an increased feelings of hunger after food intake in the stress (11+/-10 vs. 18+/-15, p<0.01) and control condition (12+/-9 vs. 16+/-12, p<0.05), even though food intake was not different. For the first time, it was observed that in comparison to the BclI C/C genotype, the BclI G/G genotype was associated with higher STAI states scores at 0, 10, and 20min after the stress condition (30.8+/-6.4 vs. 36.3+/-8.2; 28.3+/-5.5 vs. 32.3+/-7.5; 27.7+/-6.1 vs. 31.2+/-7.5, p<0.05). Additionally, the BclI G/G genotype was associated with a larger difference in energy intake between the stress and control condition, in comparison with the BclI C/C genotype (136.6+/-220.4 vs. 29.4+/-176.3kJ, p<0.04). CONCLUSION In concordance with previous studies, the FTO A allele is related to a lower feeling of hunger after a standardized meal. For the first time, the BclI G/G genotype is shown to be associated with increased sensitivity to psychological stress, and increased eating in the absence of hunger after stress. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Interventions to reduce body weight should consider the subjects' genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Rutters
- Maastricht University, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Rzehak P, Scherag A, Grallert H, Sausenthaler S, Koletzko S, Bauer CP, Schaaf B, von Berg A, Berdel D, Borte M, Herbarth O, Krämer U, Illig T, Wichmann HE, Hebebrand J, Heinrich J. Associations between BMI and the FTO gene are age dependent: results from the GINI and LISA birth cohort studies up to age 6 years. Obes Facts 2010; 3:173-80. [PMID: 20616607 PMCID: PMC6452146 DOI: 10.1159/000314612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between polymorphisms in intron 1 of the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) and obesity-related traits is one of the most robust associations reported for complex traits and is established both in adults and children. However, little is known about the longitudinal dynamics of these polymorphisms on body mass index (BMI), overweight, and obesity. METHODS This study is based on the 2,732 full-term neonates of the German GINI-plus and LISA-plus birth cohorts, for whom genotyping data on the FTO variants rs1558902 (T>A) or rs9935401 (G>A) were available. Children were followed from birth up to age 6 years. Up to 9 anthropometric measurements of BMI were obtained. Fractional-Polynomial-Generalized-Estimation-Equation modeling was used to assess developmental trends and their potential dependence on genotype status. RESULTS We observed no evidence for BMI differences between genotypes of both variants for the first 3 years of life. However, from age 3 years onwards, we noted a higher BMI for the homozygous minor alleles carriers in comparison to the other two genotype groups. However, evidence for statistical significance was reached from the age of 4 years onwards. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the first studies investigating in detail the development of BMI depending on FTO genotype between birth and the age of 6 years in a birth cohort not selected for the phenotype studied. We observed that the association between BMI and FTO genotype evolves gradually and becomes descriptively detectable from the age of 3 years onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rzehak
- Institute of Epidemiology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Zhang G, Karns R, Narancic NS, Sun G, Cheng H, Missoni S, Durakovic Z, Rudan P, Chakraborty R, Deka R. Common SNPs in FTO gene are associated with obesity related anthropometric traits in an island population from the eastern Adriatic coast of Croatia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10375. [PMID: 20442772 PMCID: PMC2860984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have provided compelling evidence that the FTO gene variants are associated with obesity measures. The objective of the study was to investigate whether FTO variants are associated with a broad range of obesity related anthropometric traits in an island population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined genetic association between 29 FTO SNPs and a comprehensive set of anthropometric traits in 843 unrelated individuals from an island population in the eastern Adriatic coast of Croatia. The traits include 11 anthropometrics (height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, bicondilar upper arm width, upper arm circumference, and biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and abdominal skin-fold thicknesses) and two derived measures (BMI and WHR). Using single locus score tests, 15 common SNPs were found to be significantly associated with "body fatness" measures such as weight, BMI, hip and waist circumferences with P-values ranging from 0.0004 to 0.01. Similar but less significant associations were also observed between these markers and bicondilar upper arm width and upper arm circumference. Most of these significant findings could be explained by a mediating effect of "body fatness". However, one unique association signal between upper arm width and rs16952517 (P-value = 0.00156) could not be explained by this mediating effect. In addition, using a principle component analysis and conditional association tests adjusted for "body fatness", two novel association signals were identified between upper arm circumference and rs11075986 (P-value = 0.00211) and rs16945088 (P-value = 0.00203). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The current study confirmed the association of common variants of FTO gene with "body fatness" measures in an isolated island population. We also observed evidence of pleiotropic effects of FTO gene on fat-free mass, such as frame size and muscle mass assessed by bicondilar upper arm width and upper arm circumference respectively and these pleiotropic effects might be influenced by variants that are different from the ones associated with "body fatness".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- Center for Genome Information, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Center for Genome Information, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Guangyun Sun
- Center for Genome Information, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hong Cheng
- Center for Genome Information, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sasa Missoni
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Pavao Rudan
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ranajit Chakraborty
- Center for Computational Genomics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ranjan Deka
- Center for Genome Information, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The genetics of obesity: FTO leads the way. Trends Genet 2010; 26:266-74. [PMID: 20381893 PMCID: PMC2906751 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In 2007, an association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene region with body mass index (BMI) and risk of obesity was identified in multiple populations, making FTO the first locus unequivocally associated with adiposity. At the time, FTO was a gene of unknown function and it was not known whether these SNPs exerted their effect on adiposity by affecting FTO or neighboring genes. Therefore, this breakthrough association inspired a wealth of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo analyses in model organisms and humans to improve knowledge of FTO function. These studies suggested that FTO plays a role in controlling feeding behavior and energy expenditure. Here, we review the approaches taken that provide a blueprint for the study of other obesity-associated genes in the hope that this strategy will result in increased understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying body weight regulation.
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Shimaoka I, Kamide K, Ohishi M, Katsuya T, Akasaka H, Saitoh S, Sugimoto K, Oguro R, Congrains A, Fujisawa T, Shimamoto K, Ogihara T, Rakugi H. Association of gene polymorphism of the fat-mass and obesity-associated gene with insulin resistance in Japanese. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:214-8. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2009.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wulan SN, Westerterp KR, Plasqui G. Ethnic differences in body composition and the associated metabolic profile: a comparative study between Asians and Caucasians. Maturitas 2010; 65:315-9. [PMID: 20079586 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that Asia will be the home of more than 100 million people with type 2 diabetes by the year of 2025. This region combines a high proportion of the world's population with rapidly rising diabetes prevalence rates. The increase in diabetes in Asia differs from that reported in other parts of the world: it has developed in a shorter time, in a younger age group, and in people with lower body-mass index (BMI). Studies reported that for the same BMI, Asians have a higher body fat percentage, a prominent abdominal obesity, a higher intramyocellular lipid and/or a higher liver fat content compared to Caucasians. These characteristics may contribute to a higher predisposition to insulin resistance at a lesser degree of obesity than Caucasians. The differences in body composition are more pronounced depending on the region. For the same BMI, among three major ethnic groups in Asia, Asian Indians have the highest body fat, followed by Malay and Chinese. Lower insulin sensitivity is already observed in Asian Indian adolescents with a higher body fat and abdominal obesity compared to Caucasian adolescents. In general, Asian adolescents share the same feature of body composition such as higher body subcutaneous fat, lower appendicular skeletal muscle and lower gynoid fat compared to Caucasian adolescents. This unfavourable body composition may predispose to the development of insulin resistance at later age. Genetics may play a role and the interaction with environmental factors (changes in lifestyle) could increase the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Wulan
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Hardy R, Wills AK, Wong A, Elks CE, Wareham NJ, Loos RJF, Kuh D, Ong KK. Life course variations in the associations between FTO and MC4R gene variants and body size. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 19:545-52. [PMID: 19880856 PMCID: PMC2798720 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of associations between common genetic variants for weight or body mass index (BMI) across the life course may provide insights into the aetiology of obesity. We genotyped variants in FTO (rs9939609) and near MC4R (rs17782313) in 1240 men and 1239 women born in 1946 and participating in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. Birth weight was recorded and height and weight were measured or self-reported repeatedly at 11 time-points between ages 2 and 53 years. Hierarchical mixed models were used to test whether genetic associations with weight or BMI standard deviation scores (SDS) changed with age during childhood and adolescence (2–20 years) or adulthood (20–53 years). The association between FTO rs9939609 and BMI SDS strengthened during childhood and adolescence (rate of change: 0.007 SDS/A-allele/year; 95% CI: 0.003–0.010, P < 0.001), reached a peak strength at age 20 years (0.13 SDS/A-allele, 0.08–0.19), and then weakened during adulthood (−0.003 SDS/A-allele/year, −0.005 to −0.001, P = 0.001). MC4R rs17782313 showed stronger associations with weight than BMI; its association with weight strengthened during childhood and adolescence (0.005 SDS/C-allele/year; 0.001–0.008, P = 0.006), peaked at age 20 years (0.13 SDS/C-allele, 0.07–0.18), and weakened during adulthood (−0.002 SDS/C-allele/year, −0.004 to 0.000, P = 0.05). In conclusion, genetic variants in FTO and MC4R showed similar biphasic changes in their associations with BMI and weight, respectively, strengthening during childhood up to age 20 years and then weakening with increasing adult age. Studies of the aetiology of obesity spanning different age groups may identify age-specific determinants of weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 33 Bedford Place, London, UK.
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The genetic and environmental influences on childhood obesity: a systematic review of twin and adoption studies. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 34:29-40. [PMID: 19752881 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this systematic review, we aimed to collect together all previous twin and adoption studies on childhood and adolescent obesity up to the age of 18 years. Using several sources, we identified nine twin and five adoption studies; all of these studies had used relative weight as an indicator of obesity. Except the two twin studies from the Korean population, all studies represented Caucasian populations. In a meta-analysis of these twin studies, we found that genetic factors had a strong effect on the variation of body mass index (BMI) at all ages. The common environmental factors showed a substantial effect in mid-childhood, but this effect disappeared at adolescence. Adoption studies supported the role of family environment in childhood obesity as correlations were found between adoptees and adoptive parents; however, correlations were substantially stronger between parents and their biological offspring, further supporting the importance of genetic factors. In the future, more studies implementing genetic and environmental measures into twin models are needed as they allow estimation of the proportion of total genetic variation explained by candidate genes and analyses of gene-environment interactions. More studies of genetic architecture in non-Caucasian populations, of gene-environment interactions, and of body composition and body fat distribution are needed.
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