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Gomaa MM, Nabil El Achy S, Hezema NN. Could metformin modulate the outcome of chronic murine toxoplasmosis? Acta Trop 2024; 258:107339. [PMID: 39084481 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a pervasive parasitic infection possessing a chief impact on both public health and veterinary medicine. Unfortunately, the commercially-available anti-Toxoplasma agents have either serious side effects or diminished efficiency, specifically on the Toxoplasma tissue cysts. In the present study, metformin (The first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus) was investigated for the first time against chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis in mice model experimentally-infected with ME49 strain versus spiramycin. Two metformin regimens were applied; starting one week before the infection and four weeks PI. Parasitological, ultrastructural, histopathological, immunohistochemical, immunological, and biochemical assessments were performed. The anti-parasitic effect of metformin was granted by the statistically-significant reduction in tissue-cyst burden in both treatment regimens. This was accompanied by markedly-mutilated ultrastructure and profound amelioration of the cerebral histopathology with remarkable decline in the brain CD4+ and CD8+ T cell count. Besides, diminution of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and brain GSH levels was evident. Ultimately, the present findings highlighted the powerful promising therapeutic role of metformin in the management of chronic toxoplasmosis on a basis of anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant possessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Mohamed Gomaa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samar Nabil El Achy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nehal Nassef Hezema
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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2
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Zhou R, Ding RC, Yu Q, Qiu CZ, Zhang HY, Yin ZJ, Ren DL. Metformin Attenuates Neutrophil Recruitment through the H3K18 Lactylation/Reactive Oxygen Species Pathway in Zebrafish. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:176. [PMID: 38397774 PMCID: PMC10886385 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Beyond its well-established role in diabetes management, metformin has gained attention as a promising therapeutic for inflammation-related diseases, largely due to its antioxidant capabilities. However, the mechanistic underpinnings of this effect remain elusive. Using in vivo zebrafish models of inflammation, we explored the impact of metformin on neutrophil recruitment and the underlying mechanisms involved. Our data indicate that metformin reduces histone (H3K18) lactylation, leading to the decreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a muted neutrophil response to both caudal fin injury and otic vesicle inflammation. To investigate the precise mechanisms through which metformin modulates neutrophil migration via ROS and H3K18 lactylation, we meticulously established the correlation between metformin-induced suppression of H3K18 lactylation and ROS levels. Through supplementary experiments involving the restoration of lactate and ROS, our findings demonstrated that elevated levels of both lactate and ROS significantly promoted the inflammatory response in zebrafish. Collectively, our study illuminates previously unexplored avenues of metformin's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions through the downregulation of H3K18 lactylation and ROS production, highlighting the crucial role of epigenetic regulation in inflammation and pointing to metformin's potential in treating inflammation-associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zong-Jun Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (R.Z.); (R.-C.D.); (Q.Y.); (C.-Z.Q.); (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - Da-Long Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (R.Z.); (R.-C.D.); (Q.Y.); (C.-Z.Q.); (H.-Y.Z.)
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3
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Seeger AY, Zaidi F, Alhayek S, Jones RM, Zohair H, Holland RL, Kim IJ, Blanke SR. Host cell sensing and restoration of mitochondrial function and metabolism within Helicobacter pylori VacA intoxicated cells. mBio 2023; 14:e0211723. [PMID: 37815365 PMCID: PMC10653863 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02117-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Persistent human gastric infection with Helicobacter pylori is the single most important risk factor for development of gastric malignancy, which is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. An important virulence factor for Hp colonization and severity of gastric disease is the protein exotoxin VacA, which is secreted by the bacterium and modulates functional properties of gastric cells. VacA acts by damaging mitochondria, which impairs host cell metabolism through impairment of energy production. Here, we demonstrate that intoxicated cells have the capacity to detect VacA-mediated damage, and orchestrate the repair of mitochondrial function, thereby restoring cellular health and vitality. This study provides new insights into cellular recognition and responses to intracellular-acting toxin modulation of host cell function, which could be relevant for the growing list of pathogenic microbes and viruses identified that target mitochondria as part of their virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Y. Seeger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Faisal Zaidi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sammy Alhayek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Rachel M. Jones
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Huzaifa Zohair
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Robin L. Holland
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ik-Jung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Steven R. Blanke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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4
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Tseng DY, Wang ST, Ballantyne R, Liu CH. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) negatively regulates the immunity and resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:108884. [PMID: 37302677 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Shrimp immunology is vital in establishing prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for controlling pathological problems that threaten shrimp production. Apart from dietary treatments, the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important regulatory enzyme that restores cellular energy balance during metabolic and physiological stress, is known to have therapeutic potential to improve shrimp's defense mechanism. Despite this, studies targeting the AMPK pathway in shrimp exposed to stressful conditions are vastly limited. In this study, AMPK was knocked down to assess the immunological changes and white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Shrimps were injected individually and simultaneously with dsRNA targeting specific genes such as AMPK, Rheb, and TOR, after which the hepatopancreas was analyzed for the different gene expressions. The gene expressions of AMPK, Rheb, and TOR were effectively suppressed after being treated with dsRNAs. The Western blot analysis further confirmed a reduction in the protein concentration of AMPK and Rheb in the hepatopancreas. The suppression of AMPK gene led to a robust increase in the shrimp's resistance to V. alginolyticus, whereas the activation of AMPK by metformin decreased the shrimp's disease resistance. Among the mTOR downstream targets, the HIF-1α expression in shrimp treated with dsAMPK significantly increased at 48 h but returned to normal levels when shrimp were treated with dsAMPK and either dsRheb or dsTOR. Immune responses such as respiratory burst, lysozyme activity, and phagocytic activity increased, while superoxide dismutase activity decreased following the knockdown of the AMPK gene compared to the control group. However, co-injection with dsAMPK and dsTOR or dsRheb restored immune responses to normal levels. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the inactivation of AMPK may ameliorate shrimp's innate immune response to recognize and defend against pathogens via the AMPK/mTOR1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Yu Tseng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, 700, Taiwan
| | - Sz-Tsan Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan
| | - Rolissa Ballantyne
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan.
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Shaseb E, Ghaffary S, Garjani A, Zoghi E, Maleki Dizaji N, Soltani S, Sarbakhsh P, Somi MH, Valizadeh P, Taghizadieh A, Faghihdinevari M, Varshochi M, Naghily B, Bayatmakoo Z, Saleh P, Taghizadeh S, Haghdoost M, Owaysi H, Ravanbakhsh Ghavghani F, Tarzamni MK, Moradi R, Javan Ali Azar F, Shabestari Khiabani S, Ghazanchaei A, Hamedani S, Hatefi S. Long and Short-term Metformin Consumption as a Potential Therapy to Prevent Complications of COVID-19. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:621-626. [PMID: 37646067 PMCID: PMC10460805 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of metformin in complication improvement of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods This was a randomized clinical trial that involved 189 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection. Patients in the intervention group received metformin-500 mg twice daily. Patients who received metformin before admission were excluded from the control group. Patients who were discharged before taking at least 2000 mg of metformin were excluded from the study. Primary outcomes were vital signs, need for ICU admission, need for intubation, and mortality. Results Data showed that patients with diabetes with previous metformin in their regimen had lower percentages of ICU admission and death in comparison with patients without diabetes (11.3% vs. 26.1% (P=0.014) and 4.9% vs. 23.9% (P≤0.001), respectively). Admission time characteristics were the same for both groups except for diabetes and hyperlipidemia, which were significantly different between the two groups. Observations of naproxen consumption on endpoints, duration of hospitalization, and the levels of spO2 did not show any significant differences between the intervention and the control group. The adjusted OR for intubation in the intervention group versus the control group was 0.21 [95% CI, 0.04-0.99 (P=0.047)]. Conclusion In this trial, metformin consumption had no effect on mortality and ICU admission rates in non-diabetic patients. However, metformin improved COVID-19 complications in diabetic patients who had been receiving metformin prior to COVID-19 infection, and it significantly lowered the intubation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Shaseb
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saba Ghaffary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Garjani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Zoghi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Somaieh Soltani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Sarbakhsh
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parya Valizadeh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghizadieh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masood Faghihdinevari
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Varshochi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behrooz Naghily
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zhinous Bayatmakoo
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Saleh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepehr Taghizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Haghdoost
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Owaysi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Kazem Tarzamni
- Department of Radiology, Medical Radiation Sciences Research Group, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rojin Moradi
- Department of Radiology, Medical Radiation Sciences Research Group, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Shabestari Khiabani
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Sana Hamedani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Hatefi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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6
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Mohammed T, Bowe M, Plant A, Perez M, Alvarez CA, Mortensen EM. Metformin Use Is Associated With Lower Mortality in Veterans With Diabetes Hospitalized With Pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:1237-1244. [PMID: 36575139 PMCID: PMC10319762 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that metformin use may be associated with improved infectious disease-related outcomes, whereas other papers suggest potentially worse outcomes in serious bacterial infections. Our purpose was to examine the association of prior outpatient prescription of metformin on 30- and 90-day mortality for older veterans with pre-existing diabetes hospitalized with pneumonia. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using national Department of Veterans Affairs data of patients ≥65 years with a prior history of diabetes who were hospitalized with pneumonia over a 10-year period (fiscal years 2002-2012.) For our primary analysis, we created a propensity score and matched metformin users to nonusers 1:1. RESULTS We identified 34 759 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 20.3% of whom were prescribed metformin. Unadjusted 30-day mortality was 9.6% for those who received metformin versus 13.9% in nonusers (P < .003), and 90-day mortality was 15.8% for those who received metformin versus 23.0% for nonusers (P < .0001). For the propensity score model, we matched 6899 metformin users to 6899 nonusers. After propensity matching, both 30-day (relative risk [RR]: .86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: .78-.95) and 90-day (RR: .85; 95% CI: .79-.92) mortality was significantly lower for metformin users. CONCLUSIONS Prior receipt of metformin was associated with significantly lower mortality after adjusting for potential confounders. Additional research is needed to examine the safety and potential benefits of metformin use in patients with respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turab Mohammed
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael Bowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alexandria Plant
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mario Perez
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carlos A Alvarez
- Department of Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Centre, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Eric M Mortensen
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas, USA
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7
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Chatterjee S, Nalla LV, Sharma M, Sharma N, Singh AA, Malim FM, Ghatage M, Mukarram M, Pawar A, Parihar N, Arya N, Khairnar A. Association of COVID-19 with Comorbidities: An Update. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:334-354. [PMID: 36923110 PMCID: PMC10000013 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and jeopardized human lives. It spreads at an unprecedented rate worldwide, with serious and still-unfolding health conditions and economic ramifications. Based on the clinical investigations, the severity of COVID-19 appears to be highly variable, ranging from mild to severe infections including the death of an infected individual. To add to this, patients with comorbid conditions such as age or concomitant illnesses are significant predictors of the disease's severity and progression. SARS-CoV-2 enters inside the host cells through ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme2) receptor expression; therefore, comorbidities associated with higher ACE2 expression may enhance the virus entry and the severity of COVID-19 infection. It has already been recognized that age-related comorbidities such as Parkinson's disease, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases may lead to life-threatening illnesses in COVID-19-infected patients. COVID-19 infection results in the excessive release of cytokines, called "cytokine storm", which causes the worsening of comorbid disease conditions. Different mechanisms of COVID-19 infections leading to intensive care unit (ICU) admissions or deaths have been hypothesized. This review provides insights into the relationship between various comorbidities and COVID-19 infection. We further discuss the potential pathophysiological correlation between COVID-19 disease and comorbidities with the medical interventions for comorbid patients. Toward the end, different therapeutic options have been discussed for COVID-19-infected comorbid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Lakshmi Vineela Nalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India.,Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522302, India
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Nishant Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Aditya A Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Fehmina Mushtaque Malim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Manasi Ghatage
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Mohd Mukarram
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Abhijeet Pawar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Nidhi Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Neha Arya
- Department of Translational Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Bhopal 462020, India
| | - Amit Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic.,ICRC-FNUSA Brno 656 91, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czechia
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8
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García-Rodríguez FJ, Buchrieser C, Escoll P. Legionella and mitochondria, an intriguing relationship. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 374:37-81. [PMID: 36858656 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, a severe pneumonia. L. pneumophila injects via a type-IV-secretion-system (T4SS) more than 300 bacterial proteins into macrophages, its main host cell in humans. Certain of these bacterial effectors target organelles in the infected cell and hijack multiple processes to facilitate all steps of the intracellular life cycle of this pathogen. In this review, we discuss the interplay between L. pneumophila, an intracellular bacterium fully armed with virulence tools, and mitochondria, the extraordinary eukaryotic organelles playing prominent roles in cellular bioenergetics, cell-autonomous immunity and cell death. We present and discuss key findings concerning the multiple interactions of L. pneumophila with mitochondria during infection and the mechanisms employed by T4SS effectors that target mitochondrial functions to subvert infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, Paris, France.
| | - Pedro Escoll
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, Paris, France.
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9
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Kajiwara C, Shiozawa A, Urabe N, Yamaguchi T, Kimura S, Akasaka Y, Ishii Y, Tateda K. Apoptosis Inhibitor of Macrophages Contributes to the Chronicity of Mycobacterium avium Infection by Promoting Foamy Macrophage Formation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:431-441. [PMID: 36602769 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In Mycobacterium avium infections, macrophages play a critical role in the host defense response. Apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM), also known as CD5L, may represent a novel supportive therapy against various diseases, including metabolic syndrome and infectious diseases. The mechanisms of AIM include modulating lipid metabolism in macrophages and other host cells. We investigated the role of AIM in M. avium infections in vitro and in vivo. In a mouse model of M. avium pneumonia, foamy macrophages were induced 6 wk after infection. The bacteria localized in these macrophages. Flow cytometric analysis also confirmed that the percentage of CD11chighMHCclassIIhigh interstitial and alveolar macrophages, a cell surface marker defined as foamy macrophages, increased significantly after infection. AIM in alveolar lavage fluid and serum gradually increased after infection. Administration of recombinant AIM significantly increased the number of bacteria in the lungs of mice, accompanied by the induction of inflammatory cytokine and iNOS expression. In mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages, the mRNA expression of AIM after M. avium infection and the amount of AIM in the supernatant increased prior to the increase in intracellular bacteria. Infected cells treated with anti-AIM Abs had fewer bacteria and a higher percentage of apoptosis-positive cells than infected cells treated with isotype control Abs. Finally, AIM in the sera of patients with M. avium-pulmonary disease was measured and was significantly higher than in healthy volunteers. This suggests that AIM production is enhanced in M. avium-infected macrophages, increasing macrophage resistance to apoptosis and providing a possible site for bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Kajiwara
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Shiozawa
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohisa Urabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamaguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan; and
| | - Yoshikiyo Akasaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tateda
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Mitochondrial ROS production by neutrophils is required for host antimicrobial function against Streptococcus pneumoniae and is controlled by A2B adenosine receptor signaling. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010700. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) control Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) infection through various antimicrobial activities. We previously found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were required for optimal antibacterial function, however, the NADPH oxidase is known to be dispensable for the ability of PMNs to kill pneumococci. In this study, we explored the role of ROS produced by the mitochondria in PMN antimicrobial defense against pneumococci. We found that the mitochondria are an important source of overall intracellular ROS produced by murine PMNs in response to infection. We investigated the host and bacterial factors involved and found that mitochondrial ROS (MitROS) are produced independent of bacterial capsule or pneumolysin but presence of live bacteria that are in direct contact with PMNs enhanced the response. We further found that MyD88-/- PMNs produced less MitROS in response to pneumococcal infection suggesting that released bacterial products acting as TLR ligands are sufficient for inducing MitROS production in PMNs. To test the role of MitROS in PMN function, we used an opsonophagocytic killing assay and found that MitROS were required for the ability of PMNs to kill pneumococci. We then investigated the role of MitROS in host resistance and found that MitROS are produced by PMNs in response to pneumococcal infection. Importantly, treatment of mice with a MitROS scavenger prior to systemic challenge resulted in reduced survival of infected hosts. In exploring host pathways that control MitROS, we focused on extracellular adenosine, which is known to control PMN anti-pneumococcal activity, and found that signaling through the A2B adenosine receptor inhibits MitROS production by PMNs. A2BR-/- mice produced more MitROS and were significantly more resistant to infection. Finally, we verified the clinical relevance of our findings using human PMNs. In summary, we identified a novel pathway that controls MitROS production by PMNs, shaping host resistance against S. pneumoniae.
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11
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Goel S, Singh R, Singh V, Singh H, Kumari P, Chopra H, Sharma R, Nepovimova E, Valis M, Kuca K, Emran TB. Metformin: Activation of 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase and its emerging potential beyond anti-hyperglycemic action. Front Genet 2022; 13:1022739. [PMID: 36386794 PMCID: PMC9659887 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1022739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a plant-based drug belonging to the class of biguanides and is known to treat type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The drug, combined with controlling blood glucose levels, improves the body’s response to insulin. In addition, trials have identified the cardioprotective potential of metformin in the diabetic population receiving the drug. Activation of 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the major pathway for these potential beneficial effects of metformin. Historically, much emphasis has been placed on the potential indications of metformin beyond its anti-diabetic use. This review aims to appraise other potential uses of metformin primarily mediated by the activation of AMPK. We also discuss various mechanisms, other than AMPK activation, by which metformin could produce beneficial effects for different conditions. Databases including PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase were searched for literature relevant to the review’s objective. Reports from both research and review articles were considered. We found that metformin has diverse effects on the human body systems. It has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, metabolic, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial effects and has now even been identified as effective against SARS-CoV-2. Above all, the AMPK pathway has been recognized as responsible for metformin’s efficiency and effectiveness. Owing to its extensive potential, it has the capability to become a part of treatment regimens for diseases apart from T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Goel
- Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
- *Correspondence: Ravinder Singh, ; Talha Bin Emran,
| | - Varinder Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Harmanjit Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pratima Kumari
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
- Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Ravinder Singh, ; Talha Bin Emran,
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12
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Ha R, Keynan Y, Rueda ZV. Increased susceptibility to pneumonia due to tumour necrosis factor inhibition and prospective immune system rescue via immunotherapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:980868. [PMID: 36159650 PMCID: PMC9489861 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.980868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulators such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are used to treat autoimmune conditions by reducing the magnitude of the innate immune response. Dampened innate responses pose an increased risk of new infections by opportunistic pathogens and reactivation of pre-existing latent infections. The alteration in immune response predisposes to increased severity of infections. TNF inhibitors are used to treat autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, transplant recipients, and inflammatory bowel disease. The efficacies of immunomodulators are shown to be varied, even among those that target the same pathways. Monoclonal antibody-based TNF inhibitors have been shown to induce stronger immunosuppression when compared to their receptor-based counterparts. The variability in activity also translates to differences in risk for infection, moreover, parallel, or sequential use of immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids makes it difficult to accurately attribute the risk of infection to a single immunomodulatory drug. Among recipients of TNF inhibitors, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been shown to be responsible for 12.5-59% of all infections; Pneumocystis jirovecii has been responsible for 20% of all non-viral infections; and Legionella pneumophila infections occur at 13-21 times the rate of the general population. This review will outline the mechanism of immune modulation caused by TNF inhibitors and how they predispose to infection with a focus on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, and Pneumocystis jirovecii. This review will then explore and evaluate how other immunomodulators and host-directed treatments influence these infections and the severity of the resulting infection to mitigate or treat TNF inhibitor-associated infections alongside antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ha
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Community-Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
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13
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Effect of metformin on intact mitochondria from liver and brain: Concept revisited. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Park SS, Perez Perez JL, Perez Gandara B, Agudelo CW, Rodriguez Ortega R, Ahmed H, Garcia-Arcos I, McCarthy C, Geraghty P. Mechanisms Linking COPD to Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Is There a Relationship between Diabetes and COPD? Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58081030. [PMID: 36013497 PMCID: PMC9415273 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients frequently suffer from multiple comorbidities, resulting in poor outcomes for these patients. Diabetes is observed at a higher frequency in COPD patients than in the general population. Both type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with pulmonary complications, and similar therapeutic strategies are proposed to treat these conditions. Epidemiological studies and disease models have increased our knowledge of these clinical associations. Several recent genome-wide association studies have identified positive genetic correlations between lung function and obesity, possibly due to alterations in genes linked to cell proliferation; embryo, skeletal, and tissue development; and regulation of gene expression. These studies suggest that genetic predisposition, in addition to weight gain, can influence lung function. Cigarette smoke exposure can also influence the differential methylation of CpG sites in genes linked to diabetes and COPD, and smoke-related single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with resting heart rate and coronary artery disease. Despite the vast literature on clinical disease association, little direct mechanistic evidence is currently available demonstrating that either disease influences the progression of the other, but common pharmacological approaches could slow the progression of these diseases. Here, we review the clinical and scientific literature to discuss whether mechanisms beyond preexisting conditions, lifestyle, and weight gain contribute to the development of COPD associated with diabetes. Specifically, we outline environmental and genetic confounders linked with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi S. Park
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (S.S.P.); (J.L.P.P.); (B.P.G.); (C.W.A.); (R.R.O.); (H.A.); (I.G.-A.)
| | - Jessica L. Perez Perez
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (S.S.P.); (J.L.P.P.); (B.P.G.); (C.W.A.); (R.R.O.); (H.A.); (I.G.-A.)
| | - Brais Perez Gandara
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (S.S.P.); (J.L.P.P.); (B.P.G.); (C.W.A.); (R.R.O.); (H.A.); (I.G.-A.)
| | - Christina W. Agudelo
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (S.S.P.); (J.L.P.P.); (B.P.G.); (C.W.A.); (R.R.O.); (H.A.); (I.G.-A.)
| | - Romy Rodriguez Ortega
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (S.S.P.); (J.L.P.P.); (B.P.G.); (C.W.A.); (R.R.O.); (H.A.); (I.G.-A.)
| | - Huma Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (S.S.P.); (J.L.P.P.); (B.P.G.); (C.W.A.); (R.R.O.); (H.A.); (I.G.-A.)
| | - Itsaso Garcia-Arcos
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (S.S.P.); (J.L.P.P.); (B.P.G.); (C.W.A.); (R.R.O.); (H.A.); (I.G.-A.)
| | - Cormac McCarthy
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, D04 T6F4 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (S.S.P.); (J.L.P.P.); (B.P.G.); (C.W.A.); (R.R.O.); (H.A.); (I.G.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-718-270-3141
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15
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Gorbatenko VO, Goriainov SV, Babenko VA, Plotnikov EY, Sergeeva MG, Chistyakov DV. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Metformin During Cultivation of Primary Rat Astrocytes in a Medium with High Glucose Concentration. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:577-589. [PMID: 36154879 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792207001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the relationship between inflammation and energy metabolism is important for understanding biology of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Use of metformin, a drug for treatment of diabetes, is considered as a promising direction for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and other neuropathologies with an inflammatory component. Astrocytes play an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism and neuroinflammation; therefore, we studied the effect of metformin on the cellular responses of primary rat astrocytes cultured in a medium with high glucose concentration (22.5 mM, 48-h incubation). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to stimulate inflammation. The effects of metformin were assessed by monitoring changes in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and synthesis of oxylipins, assayed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Changes at the intracellular level were assessed by analyzing phosphorylation of ERK kinase and transcription factor STAT3, as well as enzymes mediating oxylipin synthesis, cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX). It was found that, independent on glucose concentration, metformin reduced the LPS-stimulated release of cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, decreased activity of the transcription factor STAT3, ERK kinase, synthesis of the derivatives of the cyclooxygenase branch of metabolism of oxylipins and anandamide, and did not affect formation of ROS. The study of energy phenotype of the cells showed that metformin activated glycolysis and inhibited mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, independent on LPS stimulation and cell cultivation at high glucose concentration. Thus, it has been shown that metformin exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, and its effect on the synthesis of cytokines, prostaglandins, and other lipid mediators could determine beneficial effects of metformin in models of neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav O Gorbatenko
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Sergey V Goriainov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Valentina A Babenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Egor Y Plotnikov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Marina G Sergeeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Chistyakov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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16
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Rivas M, Gupta G, Costanzo L, Ahmed H, Wyman AE, Geraghty P. Senescence: Pathogenic Driver in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:817. [PMID: 35744080 PMCID: PMC9228143 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recognized as a disease of accelerated lung aging. Over the past two decades, mounting evidence suggests an accumulation of senescent cells within the lungs of patients with COPD that contributes to dysregulated tissue repair and the secretion of multiple inflammatory proteins, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Cellular senescence in COPD is linked to telomere dysfunction, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. This review gives an overview of the mechanistic contributions and pathologic consequences of cellular senescence in COPD and discusses potential therapeutic approaches targeting senescence-associated signaling in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rivas
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (M.R.); (L.C.); (H.A.); (A.E.W.)
| | - Gayatri Gupta
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Louis Costanzo
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (M.R.); (L.C.); (H.A.); (A.E.W.)
| | - Huma Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (M.R.); (L.C.); (H.A.); (A.E.W.)
| | - Anne E. Wyman
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (M.R.); (L.C.); (H.A.); (A.E.W.)
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (M.R.); (L.C.); (H.A.); (A.E.W.)
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17
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Si W, Xie Y, Dong J, Wang C, Zhang F, Yue J, Jian S, Wei J, Liu S, Wang L, Zhang H. AMPK activation enhances neutrophil's fungicidal activity in vitro and improves the clinical outcome of Fusarium solani keratitis in vivo. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1131-1143. [PMID: 35575029 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2078494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan Yue
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Shoujun Jian
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Susu Liu
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Liya Wang
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
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18
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Lee GC, Moreira AG, Hinojosa C, Benavides R, Winter C, Anderson AC, Chen CJ, Borsa N, Hastings G, Black CA, Bandy SM, Shaffer A, Restrepo MI, Ahuja SK. Metformin Attenuates Inflammatory Responses and Enhances Antibody Production in an Acute Pneumonia Model of Streptococcus pneumoniae. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:736835. [PMID: 35821804 PMCID: PMC9261336 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.736835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metformin may potentially reverse various age-related conditions; however, it is unclear whether metformin can also mitigate or delay the deterioration of immunological resilience that occurs in the context of infections that are commonly observed in older persons. We examined whether metformin promotes the preservation of immunological resilience in an acute S. pneumoniae (SPN) infection challenge in young adult mice. Mice were fed metformin (MET-alone) or standard chow (controls-alone) for 10 weeks prior to receiving intratracheal inoculation of SPN. A subset of each diet group received pneumococcal conjugate vaccine at week 6 (MET + PCV and control + PCV). Compared to controls-alone, MET-alone had significantly less infection-associated morbidity and attenuated inflammatory responses during acute SPN infection. Metformin lowered the expression of genes in the lungs related to inflammation as well as shorter lifespan in humans. This was accompanied by significantly lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL6). MET + PCV vs. control + PCV manifested enhanced SPN anticapsular IgM and IgG levels. The levels of SPN IgM production negatively correlated with expression levels of genes linked to intestinal epithelial structure among MET + PCV vs. control + PCV groups. Correspondingly, the gut microbial composition of metformin-fed mice had a significantly higher abundance in the Verrucomicrobia, Akkermansia muciniphila, a species previously associated with beneficial effects on intestinal integrity and longevity. Together, these findings indicate metformin's immunoprotective potential to protect against infection-associated declines in immunologic resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C. Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Pharmacotherapy Education and Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- The Foundation for Advancing Veterans’ Health Research, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection and Center for Personalized Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Alvaro G. Moreira
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection and Center for Personalized Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Cecilia Hinojosa
- Department Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Raymond Benavides
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Pharmacotherapy Education and Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Caitlyn Winter
- The Foundation for Advancing Veterans’ Health Research, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection and Center for Personalized Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Audrey C. Anderson
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Chang-Jui Chen
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Noemi Borsa
- Department Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Internal Medicine Department, Respiratory Unit and Adult Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabrielyd Hastings
- Department Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Cody A. Black
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Pharmacotherapy Education and Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sarah M. Bandy
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Pharmacotherapy Education and Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Alexander Shaffer
- Department Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Marcos I. Restrepo
- Department Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sunil K. Ahuja
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection and Center for Personalized Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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19
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Saygili ES, Karakiliç E, Mert E, Şener A, Mirci A. Preadmission usage of metformin and mortality in COVID-19 patients including the post-discharge period. Ir J Med Sci 2022; 191:569-575. [PMID: 34713419 PMCID: PMC8553499 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of preadmission metformin usage (PMU) on the mortality of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients with diabetes is conflicting. Most studies have focused on in-hospital mortality; however, mortality after discharge also increases in COVID-19 patients. AIMS Examining the effect of PMU on all-cause mortality, including the post-discharge period. METHODS Patients with diabetes who were hospitalised in 2020 due to COVID-19 were included in the study. They were divided into two groups: those with a history of metformin use (MF( +)) and those without such history (MF( -)). Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed at a ratio of 1:1 for age and sex. COX regression analyses were used to demonstrate risk factors for mortality. RESULTS We investigated 4103 patients hospitalised for COVID-19. After excluding those without diabetes or with chronic liver/kidney disease, we included the remaining 586 patients, constituting 293 women (50%) with an overall mean age of 66 ± 11.9 years. After PSM analysis, the in-hospital and post-discharge mortality rates were higher in the MF( -) group though not significantly different. However, overall mortality was higher in the MF( -) group (51 (42.5%) vs. 35 (29.2%), p = 0.031). For overall mortality, the adjusted HR was 0.585 (95% CI: 0.371 - 0.920, p = 0.020) in the MF( +) group. CONCLUSION PMU is associated with reducing all-cause mortality. This effect starts from the in-hospital period and becomes more significant with the post-discharge period. The main limitations were the inability to evaluate the compliance with metformin and the effects of other medications due to retrospective nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Sedar Saygili
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, 17020, Turkey.
| | - Ersen Karakiliç
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, 17020, Turkey
| | - Erdal Mert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Alper Şener
- Department of Infections Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Arzu Mirci
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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20
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Teng X, Brown J, Morel L. Redox Homeostasis Involvement in the Pharmacological Effects of Metformin in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:462-479. [PMID: 34619975 PMCID: PMC8982129 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Metformin has been proposed as a treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The primary target of metformin, the electron transport chain complex I in the mitochondria, is associated with redox homeostasis in immune cells, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. This review addresses the evidence and knowledge gaps on whether a beneficial effect of metformin in lupus may be due to a restoration of a balanced redox state. Recent Advances: Clinical trials in SLE patients with mild-to-moderate disease activity and preclinical studies in mice have provided encouraging results for metformin. The mechanism by which this therapeutic effect was achieved is largely unknown. Metformin regulates redox homeostasis in a context-specific manner. Multiple cell types contribute to SLE, with evidence of increased mitochondrial oxidative stress in T cells and neutrophils. Critical Issues: The major knowledge gaps are whether the efficacy of metformin is linked to a restored redox homeostasis in the immune system, and if it does, in which cell types it occurs? We also need to know which patients may have a better response to metformin, and whether it corresponds to a specific mechanism? Finally, the identification of biomarkers to predict treatment outcomes would be of great value. Future Directions: Mechanistic studies must address the context-dependent pharmacological effects of metformin. Multiple cell types as well as a complex disease etiology should be considered. These studies must integrate the rapid advances made in understanding how metabolic programs direct the effector functions of immune cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 462-479.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Teng
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Josephine Brown
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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21
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Liu X, Wu Y, Mao C, Shen J, Zhu K. Host-acting antibacterial compounds combat cytosolic bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:761-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Metformin use in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: lower inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombotic risk markers and better clinical outcomes. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2022; 53:363-371. [PMID: 35041121 PMCID: PMC8764325 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-022-02631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with a greater risk of COVID-19 and an increased mortality when the disease is contracted. Metformin use in patients with DM is associated with less COVID-19-related mortality, but the underlying mechanism behind this association remains unclear. Our aim was to explore the effects of metformin on markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and hypercoagulability, and on clinical outcomes. Patients with DM on metformin (n = 34) and metformin naïve (n = 41), and patients without DM (n = 73) were enrolled within 48 h of hospital admission for COVID-19. Patients on metformin compared to naïve patients had a lower white blood cell count (p = 0.02), d-dimer (p = 0.04), urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B2 (p = 0.01) and urinary liver-type fatty acid binding protein (p = 0.03) levels and had lower sequential organ failure assessment score (p = 0.002), and intubation rate (p = 0.03), fewer hospitalized days (p = 0.13), lower in-hospital mortality (p = 0.12) and lower mortality plus nonfatal thrombotic event occurrences (p = 0.10). Patients on metformin had similar clinical outcomes compared to patients without DM. In a multiple regression analysis, metformin use was associated with less days in hospital and lower intubation rate. In conclusion, metformin treatment in COVID-19 patients with DM was associated with lower markers of inflammation, renal ischemia, and thrombosis, and fewer hospitalized days and intubation requirement. Further focused studies are required to support these findings.
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23
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Rim J, Gallini J, Jasien C, Cui X, Phillips L, Trammell A, Sadikot RT. Use of Oral Anti-Diabetic Drugs and Risk of Hospital and Intensive Care Unit Admissions for Infections. Am J Med Sci 2022; 364:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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24
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Hegazy WAH, Rajab AAH, Abu Lila AS, Abbas HA. Anti-diabetics and antimicrobials: Harmony of mutual interplay. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1832-1855. [PMID: 34888011 PMCID: PMC8613656 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i11.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the four major non-communicable diseases, and appointed by the world health organization as the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. The scientists have turned over every rock in the corners of medical sciences in order to come up with better understanding and hence more effective treatments of diabetes. The continuous research on the subject has elucidated the role of immune disorders and inflammation as definitive factors in the trajectory of diabetes, assuring that blood glucose adjustments would result in a relief in the systemic stress leading to minimizing inflammation. On a parallel basis, microbial infections usually take advantage of immunity disorders and propagate creating a pro-inflammatory environment, all of which can be reversed by antimicrobial treatment. Standing at the crossroads between diabetes, immunity and infection, we aim in this review at projecting the interplay between immunity and diabetes, shedding the light on the overlapping playgrounds for the activity of some antimicrobial and anti-diabetic agents. Furthermore, we focused on the anti-diabetic drugs that can confer antimicrobial or anti-virulence activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A H Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44519, Egypt
| | - Azza A H Rajab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44519, Egypt
| | - Amr S Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Zagazig University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagzig 44519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44519, Egypt
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25
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Majhi RK, Mohanty S, Kamolvit W, White JK, Scheffschick A, Brauner H, Brauner A. Metformin strengthens uroepithelial immunity against E. coli infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19263. [PMID: 34584119 PMCID: PMC8479095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection frequently caused by E. coli is one of the most common bacterial infections. Increasing antibiotic resistance jeopardizes successful treatment and alternative treatment strategies are therefore mandatory. Metformin, an oral antidiabetic drug, has been shown to activate macrophages in the protection against certain infecting microorganisms. Since epithelial cells often form the first line of defense, we here investigated the effect on uroepithelial cells during E. coli infection. Metformin upregulated the human antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin LL-37 and RNase7 via modulation of the TRPA1 channel and AMPK pathway. Interestingly, metformin stimulation enriched both LL-37 and TRPA1 in lysosomes. In addition, metformin specifically increased nitric oxide and mitochondrial, but not cytosolic ROS. Moreover, metformin also triggered mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL1B, CXCL8 and growth factor GDF15 in human uroepithelial cells. The GDF15 peptide stimulated macrophages increased LL-37 expression, with increased bacterial killing. In conclusion, metformin stimulation strengthened the innate immunity of uroepithelial cells inducing enhanced extracellular and intracellular bacterial killing suggesting a favorable role of metformin in the host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Majhi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soumitra Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Witchuda Kamolvit
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Kerr White
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hanna Brauner
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dermatology and Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Heo E, Kim E, Jang EJ, Lee CH. The cumulative dose-dependent effects of metformin on the development of tuberculosis in patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:303. [PMID: 34563159 PMCID: PMC8464151 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a well-known risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). Metformin, which is an essential anti-diabetic drug, has been shown to exhibit anti-TB effects in patients with DM. Its effect on preventing the development of TB among patients who are newly diagnosed with DM remains unclear. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study using the claims database of the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. The study population included patients who were newly diagnosed with type 2 DM and who were treated with anti-diabetic drugs between 1 January 2003 and 31 March 2011. A patient was defined as a metformin user if he/she had taken metformin for more than 28 days within 6 months since cohort entry, and as a metformin non-user if he/she had never been treated with metformin. The development of TB within 2 years after the index date was compared by Cox proportional hazard regression models between metformin users and 1:1 propensity score (PS)-matched non-users. RESULTS Among 76,973 patients who were newly diagnosed with type 2 DM, 13,396 were classified as metformin users, 52,736 were classified as metformin non-users, and 10,841 were excluded from the final analysis. PS-matched Cox proportional hazard regression models revealed that metformin use was not associated overall with the prevention of TB development (HR 1.17; 95% CI 0.75-1.83; P = 0.482). There was a trend, however, towards a reduction in the development of TB among patients taking a higher cumulative dose of metformin. Patients who were in the highest quartile (Q4) of cumulative metformin dose had only a 10% risk of developing TB compared to metformin non-users. In contrast, during the early phases of metformin treatment, patients in the second quartile (Q2) of cumulative metformin use had a higher risk of developing TB than patients in the first quartile (Q1). CONCLUSIONS Only the highest cumulative doses of metformin were protective against the development of TB among patients who were newly diagnosed with type 2 DM; lower cumulative doses of metformin did not appear to reduce the incidence of active TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Heo
- Department of Internal Medicine, SNU-SMG Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Department of Statistics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Jang
- Department of Information Statistics, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Xiao Y, Zhang TS, Li YH, Liu CF, Yang SJ, Zeng LT, Huang SH, Deng XY, Peng L. Memantine Promotes Bactericidal Effect of Neutrophils Against Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Its Drug-Resistant Strain, by Improving Reactive Oxygen Species Generation. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 28:7-17. [PMID: 34357802 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, which usually presents multiple antibiotic resistance. Host-directed therapy involves modulating the host defense system and the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity is a new strategy for designing anti-infection drugs. Memantine (MEM), a drug used to treat Alzheimer's disease, has a good inhibitory effect on neonatal mice with Escherichia coli-associated bacteremia and meningitis; however, the inhibitory effect and mechanisms of MEM against P. aeruginosa infection remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether MEM could inhibit P. aeruginosa infection and explored the potential mechanisms. MEM significantly promoted the bactericidal effect of neutrophils against P. aeruginosa and its drug-resistant strain. The combination index of MEM and amikacin (AMK) was <1. In vivo experiments showed that the bacteremia and inflammation severities in the MEM-treated group were less than those in the untreated group, and the bacterial load in the organs was significantly less than that in the control group. Combining MEM with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, weakened the anti-infective effect of MEM. MEM increased the expression of NADPH p67phox and promoted neutrophilic ROS production. Deleting the p67phox gene significantly weakened the effects of MEM on ROS generation and improving bactericidal effect of neutrophils. In conclusion, MEM promoted the bactericidal effect of neutrophils against P. aeruginosa and its drug-resistant strain, and had a synergistic antibacterial effect when combined with AMK. MEM may exert its anti-infective effects by promoting neutrophilic bactericidal activity via increasing the expression level of p67phox and further stimulating ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Abdominal Surgery, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tie-Song Zhang
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Ying-Hua Li
- Gynecologic Oncology Ward III, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Chen-Fei Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Abdominal Surgery, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Jie Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ting Zeng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Abdominal Surgery, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-He Huang
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, China.,Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiao-Yan Deng
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Abdominal Surgery, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Justice JN, Gubbi S, Kulkarni AS, Bartley JM, Kuchel GA, Barzilai N. A geroscience perspective on immune resilience and infectious diseases: a potential case for metformin. GeroScience 2021; 43:1093-1112. [PMID: 32902818 PMCID: PMC7479299 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We are in the midst of the global pandemic. Though acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-COV2) that leads to COVID-19 infects people of all ages, severe symptoms and mortality occur disproportionately in older adults. Geroscience interventions that target biological aging could decrease risk across multiple age-related diseases and improve outcomes in response to infectious disease. This offers hope for a new host-directed therapeutic approach that could (i) improve outcomes following exposure or shorten treatment regimens; (ii) reduce the chronic pathology associated with the infectious disease and subsequent comorbidity, frailty, and disability; and (iii) promote development of immunological memory that protects against relapse or improves response to vaccination. We review the possibility of this approach by examining available evidence in metformin: a generic drug with a proven safety record that will be used in a large-scale multicenter clinical trial. Though rigorous translational research and clinical trials are needed to test this empirically, metformin may improve host immune defenses and confer protection against long-term health consequences of infectious disease, age-related chronic diseases, and geriatric syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Justice
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Internal Medicine - Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Sriram Gubbi
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ameya S Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Jenna M Bartley
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - George A Kuchel
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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29
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Masadeh MM, Alzoubi KH, Masadeh MM, Aburashed ZO. Metformin as a Potential Adjuvant Antimicrobial Agent Against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria. Clin Pharmacol 2021; 13:83-90. [PMID: 34007223 PMCID: PMC8123943 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s297903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The continuous increase in the incidence of bacterial resistance to existing antibiotics represents a worldwide health burden. A surrogate strategy to combat such crisis is to find compounds that restore the antimicrobial activity of the already existing antibiotics against multidrug resistant bacteria. Metformin is a commonly used antidiabetic medication. It has proven benefits in other diseases including cancer, aging-related and infectious diseases. In this study, the potential effect of metformin as an adjuvant therapy to antibiotics was investigated. Methods Two multidrug resistant bacterial strains were used; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; ATCC 33,591) and multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC BAA-2114). To assess its efficacy, metformin was combined with several antibiotics: levofloxacin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, ampicillin, and doxycycline. The antibacterial effect of metformin was tested using the micro broth dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also measured. Cytotoxicity studies were also performed on mammalian cells to assess its safety. Results Metformin exhibited an antibacterial effect when combined with the antibiotics on the two tested strains. It also showed low toxicity on the mammalian cells. Moreover, synergetic studies showed that metformin enhanced the effect of the combined antibiotics, as these combinations provide either a synergistic or additive effect with significant reduction in the MIC. Conclusion Metformin exerts an adjuvant antibacterial effect; thus, it could be a possible candidate as an adjuvant therapy to reduce antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed M Masadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Majd M Masadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Zainah O Aburashed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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30
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Hartwig J, Loebel M, Steiner S, Bauer S, Karadeniz Z, Roeger C, Skurk C, Scheibenbogen C, Sotzny F. Metformin Attenuates ROS via FOXO3 Activation in Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:581799. [PMID: 33953705 PMCID: PMC8089390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.581799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box O 3 (FOXO3) is a transcription factor involved in cell metabolism, inflammation and longevity. Here, we investigated if metformin can activate FOXO3 in human immune cells and affects the subsequent level of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in immune cells. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and FOXO3 activation were investigated by immunoblot or flow cytometry (FC) analysis, respectively. FOXO3 target gene expression was quantified by real-time PCR. ROS/RNS measurement using dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) dye was investigated by FC. The role of the FOXO3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs12212067, rs2802292 and rs12206094 on ROS/RNS production was studied using allelic discrimination PCR. Metformin induced activation of AMPK (pT172) and FOXO3 (pS413). ROS/RNS level was reduced in immune cells after metformin stimulation accompanied by induction of the FOXO3 targets mitochondrial superoxide dismutase and cytochrome c. Studies in Foxo3 deficient (Foxo3-/- ) mouse splenocytes confirmed that metformin mediates its effects via Foxo3 as it attenuates ROS/RNS in myeloid cells of wildtype (WT) but not of Foxo3-/- mice. Our results suggest that FOXO3 can be activated by metformin leading to reduced ROS/RNS level in immune cells. This may add to the beneficial clinical effects of metformin observed in large cohort studies on longevity, cardiovascular and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Hartwig
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Madlen Loebel
- Science Center, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Sophie Steiner
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Bauer
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Zehra Karadeniz
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Roeger
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Skurk
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Sotzny
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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31
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Abstract
The biguanide metformin is the most commonly used antidiabetic drug. Recent studies show that metformin not only improves chronic inflammation by improving metabolic parameters but also has a direct anti-inflammatory effect. In light of these findings, it is essential to identify the inflammatory pathways targeted by metformin to develop a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of action of this drug. Commonly accepted mechanisms of metformin action include AMPK activation and inhibition of mTOR pathways, which are evaluated in multiple diseases. Additionally, metformin's action on mitochondrial function and cellular homeostasis processes such as autophagy is of particular interest because of the importance of these mechanisms in maintaining cellular health. Both dysregulated mitochondria and failure of the autophagy pathways, the latter of which impair clearance of dysfunctional, damaged, or excess organelles, affect cellular health drastically and can trigger the onset of metabolic and age-related diseases. Immune cells are the fundamental cell types that govern the health of an organism. Thus, dysregulation of autophagy or mitochondrial function in immune cells has a remarkable effect on susceptibility to infections, response to vaccination, tumor onset, and the development of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. In this study, we summarize the latest research on metformin's regulation of immune cell mitochondrial function and autophagy as evidence that new clinical trials on metformin with primary outcomes related to the immune system should be considered to treat immune-mediated diseases over the near term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena P Bharath
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, North Andover, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara S Nikolajczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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32
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Zangiabadian M, Nejadghaderi SA, Zahmatkesh MM, Hajikhani B, Mirsaeidi M, Nasiri MJ. The Efficacy and Potential Mechanisms of Metformin in the Treatment of COVID-19 in the Diabetics: A Systematic Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:645194. [PMID: 33815295 PMCID: PMC8017386 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.645194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common comorbidities among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which may exacerbate complications of this new viral infection. Metformin is an anti-hyperglycemic agent with host-directed immune-modulatory effects, which relieve exaggerated inflammation and reduce lung tissue damage. The current systematic review aimed to summarize the available evidence on the potential mechanism of action and the efficacy of metformin in COVID-19 patients with DM. METHODS A systematic search was carried out in PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science up to July 30, 2020. The following keywords were used: "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "2019-nCoV", "metformin", and "antidiabetic drug". RESULTS Fourteen studies were included in our systematic review. Three of them were observational with 6,659 participants. Decreasing insulin resistance, reduction of some inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α, modulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, and improving neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio are some of the potential mechanisms of metformin in COVID-19 patients with DM. Nine out of fourteen articles revealed the positive effect of metformin on the prognosis of COVID-19 in diabetic or even non-diabetic patients. Moreover, different studies have shown that metformin is more effective in women than men. CONCLUSIONS The use of metformin may lead to improve the clinical outcomes of patients with mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2, especially in diabetic women. Further observational studies should be conducted to clarify the effects of metformin as a part of the treatment strategy of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Zangiabadian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Zahmatkesh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Hajikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Javad Nasiri, ; Mehdi Mirsaeidi,
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Javad Nasiri, ; Mehdi Mirsaeidi,
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33
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Das AK, Kalra S, B K, Sharma K, John M, Nair T, Shaikh S, Khandelwal D, Priya G, Dutta D, Gangadhar P, Dhingra A, Tiwaskar M, Shukla R, Das S, Baruah MP, Gangopadhyay KK, Ramakrishnan S, Deshmukh V, Dasgupta A, Kumar GV, Pandey N, Joshi A, Surana VK, Punyani H, Shah P, Rattan A, Chandrasekaran S, Asirwatham A. Cardiometabolic vigilance in COVID-19 and resource husbandry in resource-challenged times: Clinical practice- based expert opinion. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:55-62. [PMID: 33310177 PMCID: PMC7677048 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly evolving, thereby posing a profound challenge to the global healthcare system. Cardiometabolic disorders are associated with poor clinical outcomes in persons with COVID-19. Healthcare challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic are linked to resource constraints including shortage of Personal Protective Equipment's (PPE), laboratory tests and medication. In this context, a group of clinical experts discussed the endocrine and cardiology vigilance required in times of COVID-19. Further, the group proposed certain resource husbandry recommendations to be followed during the pandemic to overcome the constraints. METHOD The clinical experts discussed and provided their inputs virtually. The expert panel included clinical experts comprising endocrinologists, Consultant Physicians and cardiologists from India. The panel thoroughly reviewed existing literature on the subject and proposed expert opinion. RESULTS The expert panel put forward clinical practice-based opinion for the management of cardiometabolic conditions including diabetes mellitus and hypertension. As these conditions are associated with poor clinical outcomes, the expert panel recommends that these persons be extra-cautious and take necessary precautions during the ongoing pandemic. Further, experts also provided appropriate, affordable, available and accessible solution to the resource constraint situations in times of COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION The clinical expert opinion put forward in this article will serve as a reference for clinicians treating diabetes and cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Das
- Department of Endocrinology & Medicine, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India.
| | - Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Krishnakumar B
- Department of Cardiology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Kamal Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, U.N.Mehta Institute of Cardiology, B.J. Medical College, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mathew John
- Department of Endocrinology, Providence Endocrine & Diabetes Specialty Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Tiny Nair
- Department of Cardiology, PRS Hospital, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Shehla Shaikh
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Prince Aly Khan Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak Khandelwal
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. Khandelwal's Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic, New Delhi, India
| | - Gagan Priya
- Department of Endocrinology, Fortis Hospital, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Deep Dutta
- Department of Endocrinology, Center for Endocrinology Diabetes Arthritis & Rheumatology (CEDAR) Superspeciality Clinic, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Atul Dhingra
- Department of Endocrinology, Gangaram Bansal Hospital, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mangesh Tiwaskar
- Department of Medicine, Shilpa Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishi Shukla
- Department of Endocrinology, Regency Hospital, Kanpur, India
| | - Sambit Das
- Department of Endocrinology, Apollo Hospitals in Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | - Santosh Ramakrishnan
- Department of Endocrinology, Magna Centers for Obesity, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vaishali Deshmukh
- Department of Endocrinology, Deshmukh Clinic and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arundhati Dasgupta
- Department of Endocrinology, Rudraksh Superspeciality Care, Siliguri, India
| | - GVijaya Kumar
- Department of Diabetology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Neelam Pandey
- Department of Endocrinology, Max Hospital, Gurgaon, India
| | - Amya Joshi
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Bhaktivedanta Hospital and Research Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Hitesh Punyani
- Department of Medicine, Chaitanya Cardio Diabetes Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Parag Shah
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Gujarat Endocrine Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Aditya Rattan
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Line Hospital, Panchkula, Harayana, India
| | - Sruti Chandrasekaran
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Dr Rela Institute of Medical Science (RIMC), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arthur Asirwatham
- Department of Diabetology, Arthur Asirvatham Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Are antibacterial effects of non-antibiotic drugs random or purposeful because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial and mammalian targets? Infection 2020; 49:569-589. [PMID: 33325009 PMCID: PMC7737717 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Advances in structural biology, genetics, bioinformatics, etc. resulted in the availability of an enormous pool of information enabling the analysis of the ancestry of pro- and eukaryotic genes and proteins. Methods This review summarizes findings of structural and/or functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic enzymes catalysing analogous biological reactions because of their highly conserved active centres so that non-antibiotics interacted with bacterial targets. Results Protease inhibitors such as staurosporine or camostat inhibited bacterial serine/threonine or serine/tyrosine protein kinases, serine/threonine phosphatases, and serine/threonine kinases, to which penicillin-binding-proteins are linked, so that these drugs synergized with β-lactams, reverted aminoglycoside-resistance and attenuated bacterial virulence. Calcium antagonists such as nitrendipine or verapamil blocked not only prokaryotic ion channels but interacted with negatively charged bacterial cell membranes thus disrupting membrane energetics and inducing membrane stress response resulting in inhibition of P-glycoprotein such as bacterial pumps thus improving anti-mycobacterial activities of rifampicin, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, bedaquilin and imipenem-activity against Acinetobacter spp. Ciclosporine and tacrolimus attenuated bacterial virulence. ACE-inhibitors like captopril interacted with metallo-β-lactamases thus reverting carbapenem-resistance; prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases were inhibited as well resulting in growth impairment. In general, non-antibiotics exerted weak antibacterial activities on their own but synergized with antibiotics, and/or reverted resistance and/or attenuated virulence. Conclusions Data summarized in this review support the theory that prokaryotic proteins represent targets for non-antibiotics because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial- and mammalian targets resulting in highly conserved active centres of both, pro- and eukaryotic proteins with which the non-antibiotics interact and exert antibacterial actions.
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Lima FR, Ferreira LDM, Malta TA, Bonyek-Silva I, Santos RL, Tavares NM, de Carvalho Filho EM, Arruda S. Metformin promotes susceptibility to experimental Leishmania braziliensis infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200272. [PMID: 33206822 PMCID: PMC7668079 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin (MET) is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes, despite interference in host immunity against microorganisms. Cutaneous infection caused by pathogens such as Leishmania braziliensis (Lb), the agent responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Brazil, represents an interesting model in which to evaluate the effects associated with MET. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the modulatory effect of MET in Lb infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS Experimental study of Lb infection and MET treatment in BALB/c mice and Raw 264.7 macrophages. FINDINGS MET treatment interfered with lesion kinetics, increased parasite load and reduced macrophage proliferation. Low concentrations of MET in Lb culture allow for the maintenance of stationary parasite growth phase. Lb-infected cells treated with MET exhibited increased parasite load. While both MET and Lb infection alone promoted the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced levels of ROS were seen in MET-treated Lb-infected macrophages. MAIN CONCLUSION Experimental treatment with MET interfered with the kinetics of cutaneous ulceration, increased Lb parasite load, altered ROS production and modulated cellular proliferation. Our experimental results indicate that MET interfere with the evolution of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Rocha Lima
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Lais de Melo Ferreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual da Bahia, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Tainá Alves Malta
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual da Bahia, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Icaro Bonyek-Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Reinan Lima Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Natália Machado Tavares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Edgar Marcelino de Carvalho Filho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica, Salvador, BA, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Sérgio Arruda
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual da Bahia, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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Lin CS, Chang CC, Yeh CC, Chang YC, Chen TL, Liao CC. Outcomes after surgery in patients with diabetes who used metformin: a retrospective cohort study based on a real-world database. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/2/e001351. [PMID: 33257420 PMCID: PMC7705543 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limited information was available regarding the perioperative outcomes in patients with and without use of metformin. This study aims to evaluate the complications and mortality after major surgery in patients with diabetes who use metformin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using a real-world database of Taiwan's National Health Insurance from 2008 to 2013, we conducted a matched cohort study of 91 356 patients with diabetes aged >20 years who used metformin and later underwent major surgery. Using a propensity score-matching technique adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, medical condition, surgery type, and anesthesia type, 91 356 controls who underwent surgery but did not use metformin were selected. Logistic regression was used to calculate the ORs with 95% CIs for postoperative complications and 30-day mortality associated with metformin use. RESULTS Patients who used metformin had a lower risk of postoperative septicemia (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90 to 0.98), acute renal failure (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.96), and 30-day mortality (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.88) compared with patients who did not use metformin, in both sexes and in every age group. Metformin users who underwent surgery also had a decreased risk of postoperative intensive care unit admission (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.62) and lower medical expenditures (p<0.0001) than non-use controls. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with diabetes, those who used metformin and underwent major surgery had a lower risk of complications and mortality compared with non-users. Further randomized clinical trials are needed to show direct evidence of how metformin improves perioperative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Shun Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Chau Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Yeh
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yi-Cheng Chang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Liang Chen
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zhang F, Pan T, Wu X, Gao X, Li Z, Ren X. Non-cytotoxic doses of shikonin inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α expression via activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:45. [PMID: 32952636 PMCID: PMC7480124 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin has been reported to exhibit a wide variety of medical functions. However, the strong non-selective cytotoxicity of shikonin can restrict its clinical application. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of shikonin at non-cytotoxic doses on the pro-inflammation functions of monocytes and macrophages. The present results suggested that the non-cytotoxic doses of shikonin effectively inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive oxygen species production, NF-κB activation and TNF-α expression in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. In addition, the non-cytotoxic doses of shikonin downregulated LPS-induced TNF-α expression via AMPK signaling activation in primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, and also in monocytes cultured ex vivo from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The present in vivo results indicated that the low-toxic dose of shikonin suppressed LPS-induced endotoxin shock and TNF-α expression in mice. Collectively, the present results may provide clinical and translational relevance for treating COPD and other TNF-α-related inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Tao Pan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xingchun Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Zhikui Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xinling Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China.,Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China.,Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
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Chee YJ, Tan SK, Yeoh E. Dissecting the interaction between COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:1104-1114. [PMID: 32558211 PMCID: PMC7323255 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that is caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Data from several countries have shown higher morbidity and mortality among individuals with chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. In this review, we explore the contributing factors for poorer prognosis in these individuals. As a significant proportion of patients with COVID-19 also have diabetes mellitus, this adds another layer of complexity to their management. We explore potential interactions between antidiabetic medications and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors with COVID-19. Suggested recommendations for the use of antidiabetic medications for COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus are provided. We also review pertinent clinical considerations in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis in COVID-19 patients. In addition, we aim to increase clinicians' awareness of the metabolic effects of promising drug therapies for COVID-19. Finally, we highlight the importance of timely vaccinations for patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jie Chee
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineKhoo Teck Puat HospitalSingapore
| | - Seng Kiong Tan
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineKhoo Teck Puat HospitalSingapore
- Diabetes CenterAdmiralty Medical CenterSingapore
| | - Ester Yeoh
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineKhoo Teck Puat HospitalSingapore
- Diabetes CenterAdmiralty Medical CenterSingapore
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39
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Silwal P, Kim JK, Kim YJ, Jo EK. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species: Double-Edged Weapon in Host Defense and Pathological Inflammation During Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1649. [PMID: 32922385 PMCID: PMC7457135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are inevitable sources for the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) due to their fundamental roles in respiration. mtROS were reported to be bactericidal weapons with an innate effector function during infection. However, the controlled generation of mtROS is vital for the induction of efficient immune responses because excessive production of mtROS with mitochondrial damage leads to sustained inflammation, resulting in pathological outcomes such as sepsis. Here, we discuss the beneficial and detrimental roles of mtROS in the innate immune system during bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Recent evidence suggests that several pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to modulate mtROS for their own benefit. We are just beginning to understand the mechanisms by which mtROS generation is regulated and how mtROS affect protective and pathological responses during infection. Several agents/small molecules that prevent the uncontrolled production of mtROS are known to be beneficial in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis during sepsis. mtROS-targeted approaches need to be incorporated into preventive and therapeutic strategies against a variety of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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40
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Singh AK, Gupta R, Ghosh A, Misra A. Diabetes in COVID-19: Prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:303-310. [PMID: 32298981 PMCID: PMC7195120 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High prevalence of diabetes makes it an important comorbidity in patients with COVID-19. We sought to review and analyze the data regarding the association between diabetes and COVID-19, pathophysiology of the disease in diabetes and management of patients with diabetes who develop COVID-19 infection. METHODS PubMed database and Google Scholar were searched using the key terms 'COVID-19', 'SARS-CoV-2', 'diabetes', 'antidiabetic therapy' up to April 2, 2020. Full texts of the retrieved articles were accessed. RESULTS There is evidence of increased incidence and severity of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes. COVID-19 could have effect on the pathophysiology of diabetes. Blood glucose control is important not only for patients who are infected with COVID-19, but also for those without the disease. Innovations like telemedicine are useful to treat patients with diabetes in today's times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritesh Gupta
- Fortis CDOC Hospital, Chirag Enclave, New Delhi, India
| | - Amerta Ghosh
- Fortis CDOC Hospital, Chirag Enclave, New Delhi, India
| | - Anoop Misra
- Fortis CDOC Hospital, Chirag Enclave, New Delhi, India; National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation, New Delhi, India; Diabetes Foundation, New Delhi, India
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Singh AK, Singh R. Is metformin ahead in the race as a repurposed host-directed therapy for patients with diabetes and COVID-19? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 165:108268. [PMID: 32533990 PMCID: PMC7836896 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, G.D Hospital & Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, India.
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, G.D Hospital & Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, India
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42
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Liu Y, Jia Y, Yang K, Li R, Xiao X, Zhu K, Wang Z. Metformin Restores Tetracyclines Susceptibility against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902227. [PMID: 32596101 PMCID: PMC7312304 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Highly persistent incidence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens constitutes a global burden for public health. An alternative strategy to alleviate such a crisis is to identify promising compounds to restore antibiotics activity against MDR bacteria. It is reported that the antidiabetic drug metformin exhibits the potentiation effect on tetracycline antibiotics, particularly doxycycline and minocycline, against MDR S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, and S. enteritidis. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that metformin promotes intracellular accumulation of doxycycline in tetracycline-resistant E. coli. In addition, metformin boosts the immune response and alleviates the inflammatory responses in vitro. Last, metformin fully restores the activity of doxycycline in three animal infection models. Collectively, these results reveal the potential of metformin as a novel tetracyclines adjuvant to circumvent MDR bacterial pathogens and to improve the treatment outcome of recalcitrant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Institute of Comparative MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhouJiangsu225009China
| | - Yuqian Jia
- Institute of Comparative MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009China
| | - Kangni Yang
- Institute of Comparative MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009China
| | - Ruichao Li
- Institute of Comparative MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhouJiangsu225009China
| | - Xia Xiao
- Institute of Comparative MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhouJiangsu225009China
| | - Kui Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Institute of Comparative MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhouJiangsu225009China
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Insulin Resistance in Osteoarthritis: Similar Mechanisms to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:4143802. [PMID: 32566279 PMCID: PMC7261331 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4143802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are two of the most widespread chronic diseases. OA and T2D have common epidemiologic traits, are considered heterogenic multifactorial pathologies that develop through the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, and have common risk factors. In addition, both of these diseases often manifest in a single patient. Despite differences in clinical manifestations, both diseases are characterized by disturbances in cellular metabolism and by an insulin-resistant state primarily associated with the production and utilization of energy. However, currently, the primary cause of OA development and progression is not clear. In addition, although OA is manifested as a joint disease, evidence has accumulated that it affects the whole body. As pathological insulin resistance is viewed as a driving force of T2D development, now, we present evidence that the molecular and cellular metabolic disturbances associated with OA are linked to an insulin-resistant state similar to T2D. Moreover, the alterations in cellular energy requirements associated with insulin resistance could affect many metabolic changes in the body that eventually result in pathology and could serve as a unified mechanism that also functions in many metabolic diseases. However, these issues have not been comprehensively described. Therefore, here, we discuss the basic molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological processes associated with the development of insulin resistance; the major inducers, regulators, and metabolic consequences of insulin resistance; and instruments for controlling insulin resistance as a new approach to therapy.
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Gao J, Yuan J, Wang Q, Lei T, Shen X, Cui B, Zhang F, Ding W, Lu Z. Metformin protects against PM 2.5-induced lung injury and cardiac dysfunction independent of AMP-activated protein kinase α2. Redox Biol 2020; 28:101345. [PMID: 31669973 PMCID: PMC6838896 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) airborne pollution increases the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Although metformin is a well-known antidiabetic drug, it also confers protection against a series of diseases through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, whether metformin affects PM2.5-induced adverse health effects has not been investigated. In this study, we exposed wild-type (WT) and AMPKα2-/- mice to PM2.5 every other day via intratracheal instillation for 4 weeks. After PM2.5 exposure, the AMPKα2-/- mice developed more severe lung injury and cardiac dysfunction than were developed in the WT mice; however the administration of metformin was effective in attenuating PM2.5-induced lung injury and cardiac dysfunction in both the WT and AMPKα2-/- mice. In the PM2.5-exposed mice, metformin treatment resulted in reduced systemic and pulmonary inflammation, preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, suppressed induction of pulmonary and myocardial fibrosis and oxidative stress, and increased levels of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, pretreatment with metformin significantly attenuated PM2.5-induced cell death and oxidative stress in control and AMPKα2-depleted BEAS-2B and H9C2 cells, and was associated with preserved expression of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes. These data support the notion that metformin protects against PM2.5-induced adverse health effects through a pathway that appears independent of AMPKα2. Our findings suggest that metformin may also be a novel drug for therapies that treat air pollution associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Gao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juntao Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiao'e Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Tong Lei
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiyue Shen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bingqing Cui
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenjun Ding
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhongbing Lu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Vera IM, Grilo Ruivo MT, Lemos Rocha LF, Marques S, Bhatia SN, Mota MM, Mancio-Silva L. Targeting liver stage malaria with metformin. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127441. [PMID: 31852843 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an unprecedented 2 decades of success, the combat against malaria - the mosquito-transmitted disease caused by Plasmodium parasites - is no longer progressing. Efforts toward eradication are threatened by the lack of an effective vaccine and a rise in antiparasite drug resistance. Alternative approaches are urgently needed. Repurposing of available, approved drugs with distinct modes of action are being considered as viable and immediate adjuncts to standard antimicrobial treatment. Such strategies may be well suited to the obligatory and clinically silent first phase of Plasmodium infection, where massive parasite replication occurs within hepatocytes in the liver. Here, we report that the widely used antidiabetic drug, metformin, impairs parasite liver stage development of both rodent-infecting Plasmodium berghei and human-infecting P. falciparum parasites. Prophylactic treatment with metformin curtails parasite intracellular growth in vitro. An additional effect was observed in mice with a decrease in the numbers of infected hepatocytes. Moreover, metformin provided in combination with conventional liver- or blood-acting antimalarial drugs further reduced the total burden of P. berghei infection and substantially lessened disease severity in mice. Together, our findings indicate that repurposing of metformin in a prophylactic regimen could be considered for malaria chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iset Medina Vera
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida T Grilo Ruivo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Leonardo F Lemos Rocha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Marques
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Masschusetts, USA
| | - Maria M Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liliana Mancio-Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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46
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Pecinová A, Brázdová A, Drahota Z, Houštěk J, Mráček T. Mitochondrial targets of metformin-Are they physiologically relevant? Biofactors 2019; 45:703-711. [PMID: 31343786 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is the most widely prescribed treatment of hyperglycemia and type II diabetes since 1970s. During the last 15 years, its popularity increased due to epidemiological evidence, that metformin administration reduces incidence of cancer. However, despite the ongoing effort of many researchers, the molecular mechanisms underlying antihyperglycemic or antineoplastic action of metformin remain elusive. Most frequently, metformin is associated with modulation of mitochondrial metabolism leading to lowering of blood glucose or activation of antitumorigenic pathways. Here we review the reported effects of metformin on mitochondrial metabolism and their potential relevance as effective molecular targets with beneficial therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Pecinová
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Brázdová
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Drahota
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Houštěk
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Mráček
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Meziane W, Mekkaoui Z, Hai I, Kacimi K, Djilali K, Touil-Boukoffa C, Lefranc G, Fernandez A, Lamb N, Mennechet F, Aribi M. Combination of metformin with sodium selenite induces a functional phenotypic switch of human GM-CSF monocyte-derived macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:212-224. [PMID: 31108386 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effects of metformin (Met, 1,1‑dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride) combined or not with sodium selenite (Ss, Na2SeO3) on the functional activities of LPS-activated GM-CSF monocyte-derived macrophages (GM-MDM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Human GM-MDMs from three healthy donors were treated with Met or Ss alone, or with the combination of Met and Ss, and assayed for various biological activities and cytokines expression. RESULTS Met alone and Ss alone had significantly different effects on phagocytosis and killing capacities and IL-β production, but had similar effects on the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, relative nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH) dehydrogenase (Complex I), intracellular free calcium ions (ifCa2+), and on the upregulation of arginase activity. Additionally, iNOS activity-to-arginase activity ratio was downregulated in Met or Ss treated-GM-MDMs, and, conversely, upregulated in GM-MDMs treated with Met + Ss in combination, indicating that arginase activity dominates that of iNOS when the two treatments are associated. Moreover, combination of Met with Ss significantly upregulated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and phagocytic capacity, but significantly downregulated the production of IL-1β, iNOS activity and killing capacity. On the contrary, we show that Met alone induced significant downregulation of phagocytic capacity and slight upregulation of killing capacity. Nevertheless, Ss seems to accentuate the effect of Met on the downregulation of NO production, as well as to reverse its effect on both phagocytic and killing capacities. On the other hand, all treatments induced a sharp decrease in relative levels of NADH dehydrogenase, and a marked decrease in the levels of ifCa2+. Finally, we found that GM-MDMs treated with Met or Ss, or Met combined with Ss exhibited different functional activation phenotypes, as indicated by the surface expression of co-stimulatory and cell activation and presentation molecules CD14, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that Met/Ss combination can play an important role in the modulation of functional activities of human LPS-activated GM-MDMs. Additionally, the overall effects of Met and the induction of "M2" GM-MDMs-associated arginase could be influenced by its combination with Ss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warda Meziane
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, BioMolim, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Zineb Mekkaoui
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, BioMolim, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Ismahane Hai
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, BioMolim, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Kamila Kacimi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, BioMolim, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Khuira Djilali
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, BioMolim, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Chafia Touil-Boukoffa
- Cytokines and NO Synthases Team, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LBCM), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El-Alia Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Gérard Lefranc
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, UMR 9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Fernandez
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, UMR 9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ned Lamb
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, UMR 9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Mennechet
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM) - UMR5535, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Mourad Aribi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, BioMolim, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria.
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Finley J. Cellular stress and AMPK links metformin and diverse compounds with accelerated emergence from anesthesia and potential recovery from disorders of consciousness. Med Hypotheses 2019; 124:42-52. [PMID: 30798915 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The neural correlates of consciousness and the mechanisms by which general anesthesia (GA) modulate such correlates to induce loss of consciousness (LOC) has been described as one of the biggest mysteries of modern medicine. Several cellular targets and neural circuits have been identified that play a critical role in LOC induced by GA, including the GABAA receptor and ascending arousal nuclei located in the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and brain stem. General anesthetics (GAs) including propofol and inhalational agents induce LOC in part by potentiating chloride influx through the GABAA receptor, leading to neural inhibition and LOC. Interestingly, nearly all GAs used clinically may also induce paradoxical excitation, a phenomenon in which GAs promote neuronal excitation at low doses before inducing unconsciousness. Additionally, emergence from GA, a passive process that occurs after anesthetic removal, is associated with lower anesthetic concentrations in the brain compared to doses associated with induction of GA. AMPK, an evolutionarily conserved kinase activated by cellular stress (e.g. increases in calcium [Ca2+] and/or reactive oxygen species [ROS], etc.) increases lifespan and healthspan in several model organisms. AMPK is located throughout the mammalian brain, including in neurons of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and striatum as well as in pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus and cortex. Increases in ROS and Ca2+ play critical roles in neuronal excitation and glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain, activates AMPK in cortical neurons. Nearly every neurotransmitter released from ascending arousal circuits that promote wakefulness, arousal, and consciousness activates AMPK, including acetylcholine, histamine, orexin-A, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Several GAs that are commonly used to induce LOC in human patients also activate AMPK (e.g. propofol, sevoflurane, isoflurane, dexmedetomidine, ketamine, midazolam). Various compounds that accelerate emergence from anesthesia, thus mitigating problematic effects associated with delayed emergence such as delirium, also activate AMPK (e.g. nicotine, caffeine, forskolin, carbachol). GAs and neurotransmitters also act as preconditioning agents and the GABAA receptor inhibitor bicuculline, which reverses propofol anesthesia, also activates AMPK in cortical neurons. We propose the novel hypothesis that cellular stress-induced AMPK activation links wakefulness, arousal, and consciousness with paradoxical excitation and accelerated emergence from anesthesia. Because AMPK activators including metformin and nicotine promote proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells located in the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus, AMPK activation may also enhance brain repair and promote potential recovery from disorders of consciousness (i.e. minimally conscious state, vegetative state, coma).
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Khateeb J, Fuchs E, Khamaisi M. Diabetes and Lung Disease: A Neglected Relationship. Rev Diabet Stud 2019; 15:1-15. [PMID: 30489598 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2019.15.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disorder associated with inflammation and oxidative stress which may target many organs such as the kidney, retina, and the vascular system. The pathophysiology, mechanisms, and consequences of diabetes on these organs have been studied widely. However, no work has been done on the concept of the lung as a target organ for diabetes and its implications for lung diseases. AIM In this review, we aimed to investigate the effects of diabetes and hypoglycemic agent on lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, and lung cancer. We also reviewed the potential mechanisms by which these effects may affect lung disease patients. RESULTS Our results suggest that diabetes can affect the severity and clinical course of several lung diseases. CONCLUSIONS Although the diabetes-lung association is epidemiologically and clinically well-established, especially in asthma, the underlying mechanism and pathophysiology are not been fully understood. Several mechanisms have been suggested, mainly associated with the pro-inflammatory and proliferative properties of diabetes, but also in relation to micro- and macrovascular effects of diabetes on the pulmonary vasculature. Also, hypoglycemic drugs may influence lung diseases in different ways. For example, metformin was considered a potential therapeutic agent in lung diseases, while insulin was shown to exacerbate lung diseases; this suggests that their effects extend beyond their hypoglycemic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Khateeb
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eyal Fuchs
- Pulmonary Division, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mogher Khamaisi
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Elksnis A, Martinell M, Eriksson O, Espes D. Heterogeneity of Metabolic Defects in Type 2 Diabetes and Its Relation to Reactive Oxygen Species and Alterations in Beta-Cell Mass. Front Physiol 2019; 10:107. [PMID: 30837889 PMCID: PMC6383038 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex and heterogeneous disease which affects millions of people worldwide. The classification of diabetes is at an interesting turning point and there have been several recent reports on sub-classification of T2D based on phenotypical and metabolic characteristics. An important, and perhaps so far underestimated, factor in the pathophysiology of T2D is the role of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS). There are multiple pathways for excessive ROS formation in T2D and in addition, beta-cells have an inherent deficit in the capacity to cope with oxidative stress. ROS formation could be causal, but also contribute to a large number of the metabolic defects in T2D, including beta-cell dysfunction and loss. Currently, our knowledge on beta-cell mass is limited to autopsy studies and based on comparisons with healthy controls. The combined evidence suggests that beta-cell mass is unaltered at onset of T2D but that it declines progressively. In order to better understand the pathophysiology of T2D, to identify and evaluate novel treatments, there is a need for in vivo techniques able to quantify beta-cell mass. Positron emission tomography holds great potential for this purpose and can in addition map metabolic defects, including ROS activity, in specific tissue compartments. In this review, we highlight the different phenotypical features of T2D and how metabolic defects impact oxidative stress and ROS formation. In addition, we review the literature on alterations of beta-cell mass in T2D and discuss potential techniques to assess beta-cell mass and metabolic defects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andris Elksnis
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Martinell
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Espes
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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