551
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Kim TS, Kang BY, Cho D, Kim SH. Induction of interleukin-12 production in mouse macrophages by berberine, a benzodioxoloquinolizine alkaloid, deviates CD4+ T cells from a Th2 to a Th1 response. Immunology 2003; 109:407-14. [PMID: 12807487 PMCID: PMC1782983 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated whether berberine-mediated induction of interleukin-12 (IL-12) production in antigen-presenting cells could regulate a cytokine profile of antigen-primed CD4+ T helper (Th) cells. Pretreatment with berberine induced IL-12 production in both macrophages and dendritic cells, and significantly increased the levels of IL-12 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and in CD40 ligand-stimulated dendritic cells. Importantly, berberine pretreatment of macrophages increased their ability to induce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and reduced their ability to induce IL-4 in antigen-primed CD4+ T cells. Berberine did not influence the macrophage cell surface expression of the class II major histocompatibility complex molecule, the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1. Addition of neutralizing anti-IL-12p40 monoclonal antibody to cultures of berberine-pretreated macrophages and CD4+ T cells restored IL-4 production in antigen-primed CD4+ T cells. The in vivo administration of berberine resulted in the enhanced induction of IL-12 production by macrophages when stimulated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide or heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes, leading to the inhibition of the Th type 2 cytokine profile (decreased IL-4 and increased IFN-gamma production) in antigen-primed CD4+ T cells. These findings may point to a possible therapeutic use of berberine or medicinal plants containing berberine in the Th type 2 cell-mediated immune diseases such as allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae S Kim
- Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea.
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552
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Shirai T, Magara KK, Motohashi S, Yamashita M, Kimura M, Suwazomo Y, Nogawa K, Kuriyama T, Taniguchi M, Nakayama T. TH1-biased immunity induced by exposure to Antarctic winter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:1353-60. [PMID: 12789239 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain immune functions are known to be impaired in human beings exposed to Antarctic winter; in particular, decreased amounts of serum proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-1, were noted. It is not known, however, whether this exposure has any effect on T-cell-mediated acquired immune functions. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate whether exposure to Antarctic winter has any effect on T cell-dependent immune functions. METHODS We assessed changes in various immunologic indicators, including serum levels of various cytokines, peripheral blood Valpha24Vbeta11 natural killer T cell numbers, and T(H)1/T(H)2 ratios of 40 Japanese personnel exposed to an Antarctic winter. Also, a 2-month inland traverse was executed during the isolation, and the effect on the above indicators was assessed. RESULTS All subjects were healthy during the Antarctic isolation. The levels of serum TNF-alpha, IL-1Ra, IL-6, and IL-1beta were dramatically reduced and remained at low levels throughout the isolation. The decrease in the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1Ra was more pronounced during the inland traverse than during the rest of the isolation. The percentage of Valpha24Vbeta11 natural killer T cells was significantly increased at the midpoint of the isolation. Most interestingly, T(H)1/T(H)2 ratio was increased significantly, and this T(H)1 bias was most prominent at the late point of the isolation. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to an Antarctic winter appeared to induce T(H)1-skewed immunity in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takushi Shirai
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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553
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Torres J, Perez GP, Ximenez C, Muñoz L, Camorlinga-Ponce M, Ramos F, Gomez A, Muñoz O. The association of intestinal parasitosis and H. pylori infection in children and adults from a Mexican community with high prevalence of parasitosis. Helicobacter 2003; 8:179-85. [PMID: 12752729 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2003.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental evidences have suggested that a Th1 response is unable to eliminate H. pylori colonization; whereas a Th2 response, like the one induced by vaccination, reduces H. pylori infection in animal models. Some parasitic infections induce a polarized Th2 response, which theoretically would favor a reduced H. pylori prevalence. The aim of this work was to study the possible association between parasitic infections and H. pylori prevalence. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population included 120 children and 188 adults from a low socioeconomic level village. H. pylori prevalence was determined in serum by ELISA; parasitic infections were identified in feces by microscopic examination; and total serum IgE levels, as an indirect indicator of some parasitic infections, were determined by ELISA. RESULTS In children, H. pylori prevalence was no different between those with and without intestinal parasitic infection. By contrast, adults with intestinal parasitic infection had a significantly lower H. pylori prevalence than adults without parasites (62.6% compared with 80.4%; p = 0.006, OR 2.45). Also in adults, but not in children, total IgE levels were significantly higher in those without H. pylori infection than in those with H. pylori infection (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Intestinal parasitic infections and serum IgE levels showed an age-dependent association with H. pylori prevalence. In adults, but not in children, intestinal parasitic infections and increased IgE levels where associated with a reduced H. pylori prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, IMSS, México
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554
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Kerr JR, Cunniffe VS, Kelleher P, Bernstein RM, Bruce IN. Successful intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in 3 cases of parvovirus B19-associated chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:e100-6. [PMID: 12715326 DOI: 10.1086/374666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2002] [Accepted: 12/09/2002] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Three cases of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) that followed acute parvovirus B19 infection were treated with a 5-day course of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG; 400 mg/kg per day), the only specific treatment for parvovirus B19 infection. We examined the influence of IVIG treatment on the production of cytokines and chemokines in individuals with CFS due to parvovirus B19. IVIG therapy led to clearance of parvovirus B19 viremia, resolution of symptoms, and improvement in physical and functional ability in all patients, as well as resolution of cytokine dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kerr
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, Imperial College London, Sydney St, London SW3 6NP, United Kingdom.
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555
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Sanchez M, Alfani E, Migliaccio AR, Bonfini T, Migliaccio G. Amplification of T cells from human cord blood in serum-deprived culture stimulated with stem cell factor, interleukin-7 and interleukin-2. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 31:713-23. [PMID: 12692612 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report the effects exerted by cytokine combinations, including stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-7, interleukin-4 and interleukin-2, on the amplification of T cells from cord blood (CB) mononuclear cells cultured for 10-11 days under serum-deprived conditions. Of all the combinations investigated, SCF+interleukin-7 sustained the best fold increase (FI) of total nucleated cells (FI=6.4+/-1.17), amplifying preferentially CD4(+) over CD8(+) T-cell subsets (FI=4.72+/-0.79 vs 2.73+/-1.2, respectively, P<0.05). The addition of interleukin-2 to this combination did not significantly increase the total number of cells generated (FI=7.4+/-2.27), but allowed preferential amplification of CD8(+) over CD4(+) T cells (FI=6.04+/-0.14 vs 1.67+/-0.6, respectively, P<0.05). Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the T-cell receptor V(beta)-chain rearrangements expressed by the expanded T cells indicated that the complexity of the T-cell repertoire had increased after 10 days of culture in the presence of SCF and IL-7. Interestingly, a modest expansion (FI=8.67+/-1.5) of myeloid progenitor cells was also observed in these cultures. These results indicate that it is possible to expand specific T-cell subsets for adoptive immunotherapy without losing myeloid progenitor cells necessary for neutrophil recovery after CB transplantation, by modulating the cytokines added to the cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sanchez
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
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556
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Plackett TP, Schilling EM, Faunce DE, Choudhry MA, Witte PL, Kovacs EJ. Aging enhances lymphocyte cytokine defects after injury. FASEB J 2003; 17:688-9. [PMID: 12594182 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0452fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mortality and sepsis after a traumatic injury is greater in the elderly than in young individuals. The altered lymphocyte response observed to occur in healthy aged individuals is proposed to be a contributing factor to increased mortality. The immune response associated with the increased mortality was explored using a murine scald injury model. In the absence of injury, aged mice had depressed delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and splenocyte proliferative responses relative to young mice. There was also an increase with age in the production of the TH2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 by splenocytes. There was no change in the TH1 cytokines IFNgamma or IL-12 with age. However, IL-2 production was significantly lower. Following injury, there was a further decrease in the DTH response of aged injured mice, compared with aged sham mice. In addition, there was a decrease in all of the cytokines examined, regardless of age. In contrast, IFNgamma and IL-2 were significantly lower in the aged injured animals compared with the young injured animals. These results suggest that the lack of an adequate amount of TH1 cytokines shortly after injury in the aged mice may parallel the increased incidence of sepsis and death that occurs in aged burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Plackett
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60513, USA
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557
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Ostrowski SR, Gerstoft J, Pedersen BK, Ullum H. Impaired production of cytokines is an independent predictor of mortality in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2003; 17:521-30. [PMID: 12598772 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200303070-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With regard to the natural history of HIV-1 infection this study investigated whether whole-blood culture cytokine production was associated with mortality in HIV-1-infected patients. DESIGN AND METHODS One hundred and seven HIV-1-infected patients stratified according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria and 65 controls participated. The 24-h phytohaemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole-blood culture production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL) receptor antagonist (-ra), IL-1beta, IL-12, IL-10, IL-2 and soluble (s) IL-2 receptor (-r)alpha were studied and progression was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional-hazards models. RESULTS Compared with controls, asymptomatic patients had increased production of IL-1beta and IL-12 (both P< 0.05), unchanged production of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-1ra and notably reduced production of IL-10, IL-2 and sIL2-ralpha (all P< 0.05). HIV progression led to a progressive decline in whole-blood culture production of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1ra, IL-1beta, IL-12, IL-10 and IL-2 (all P< 0.0001). Low production of these cytokines were all associated with increased mortality risk in the patients (log-rank test, all P < 0.01, univariate Cox, all P< 0.001). Furthermore, low production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-12 and IL-10 independently predicted mortality after adjusting for other known prognostic variables (multivariate Cox, all P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Preserved capacity of blood cells to produce cytokines was associated with prolonged survival in HIV-1-infected patients indicating a clinical significance of impaired cytokine production in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisse R Ostrowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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558
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Lee JC, Jung HN, Kim J, Woo WH, Jeong WY, Chung GH, Jang YS. Selective priming of Th1-mediated antigen-specific immune responses following oral administration of mixed prescriptions of traditional Korean medicines. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 329:133-42. [PMID: 12589976 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, we showed that oral administration of traditional Korean medicines, Soamsan (SA) and Bo-yang-hwan-o-tang (BHT), modulated antigen-specific immune responses in mice. METHODS We attempted to strengthen cell-mediated immune responses in mice using two mixed prescriptions composed mainly of components used in SA and/or BHT. The effect of oral administration of the medicines on the induction of antigen-specific immune responses was investigated using hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) as a model antigen system. RESULTS Following oral administration, HEL-specific cellular immune responses were enhanced in HEL low-responder mice, and the concentrations of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), but not interleukin (IL)-4, increased significantly. In addition, the prescriptions decreased the level of HEL-specific antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 subtype, which is associated with helper T lymphocyte (Th2) cell stimulation. Moreover, the presence of the medicines in vitro significantly increased IFN-gamma production from mouse splenocytes, and the magnitude of the increase was closely associated with glycoprotein concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The Korean prescriptions enhanced anti-HEL-specific cellular immune responses by selectively priming specific subtypes of the helper T cell population. Consequently, they might be useful therapy for patients who need enhanced Th1, or to suppress Th2 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Chae Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, South Korea
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559
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Sheikh A, Smeeth L, Hubbard R. There is no evidence of an inverse relationship between TH2-mediated atopy and TH1-mediated autoimmune disorders: Lack of support for the hygiene hypothesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:131-5. [PMID: 12532108 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The findings of an inverse relationship between T(H)1- and T(H)2-mediated disorders would provide strong empiric support to the hygiene hypothesis. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the relationship between T(H)2-mediated atopic allergy and T(H)1-mediated autoimmune conditions in a nationally representative population. METHODS We used logistic regression to analyze adult data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data on allergic and autoimmune disease history were available for 20,050 subjects, and data on atopy were available for a subsample of 7304 subjects. Atopy was defined by one or more positive skin prick test responses (wheal of > or =3 mm) to 10 common aeroallergens. Allergic disease was defined by patient reports of physician-diagnosed asthma, hay fever, or both. T(H)1-mediated autoimmune disease was defined by patient reports of physician-diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, and/or rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS Adjusted for age and sex and taking into account the complex survey design, there was no relationship between atopy and a history of autoimmune disorders (adjusted odds ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.61-1.67; P =.97). In contrast, physician diagnosis of allergic disorders was associated with a significant increased risk of physician-diagnosed autoimmune disorders (adjusted odds ratio, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.35-2.07; P <.001). CONCLUSION We found no evidence of an inverse relationship between atopy and patient reports of physician-diagnosed common autoimmune disorders in the adult American population. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, reports of physician-diagnosed common allergic disorders are positively associated with reports of physician-diagnosed autoimmune disorders, with this possibly being caused by ascertainment bias. These findings suggest that the T(H)1/T(H)2 paradigm might be an oversimplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Sheikh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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560
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The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: A major mediator of the adaptive responses to stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7443(03)80055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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561
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Yang M, Cook ME. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid decreased cachexia, macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, and modifies splenocyte cytokines production. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228:51-8. [PMID: 12524473 DOI: 10.1177/153537020322800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on macrophage functions were studied in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. In RAW macrophage cell line, CLA (mixed isomers) was shown to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. Two CLA isomers, c9,t11 and t10,c12, were tested on RAW cells and it was found that the c9,t11 was the isomer responsible for the inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production. BALB/c mice were used to determine the effect of dietary CLA on body weight wasting and feed intake after LPS injection. CLA was protective against LPS-induced body weight wasting and anorexia. Plasma TNF-alpha levels after LPS injection were lower in the CLA group compared with the corn oil-fed control group 2 hr post-LPS injection. In a separate experiment, 30 mice were fed a CLA-supplemented diet or a corn oil-supplemented diet for 6 weeks and peritoneal resident macrophages were obtained for measuring TNF-alpha and nitric oxide production after in vitro exposure to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and/or LPS. TNF-alpha production was not found to be different in peritoneal macrophages from mice fed the dietary treatments, but less nitric oxide was produced in macrophages from CLA-fed mice upon stimulation when compared with macrophages from control-fed mice. Splenocytes were also collected from the mice fed the dietary treatments and stimulated to produce cytokines in culture. Supernatant was used to run cytokine enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assays. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) was decreased in CLA-fed mice when splenocytes were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) for 44 hr; however, IL-2 and the IL-2-to-IL-4 ratio were elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingder Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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562
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Aaby P, Simondon F, Samb B, Cisse B, Jensen H, Lisse IM, Soumaré M, Whittle H. Low mortality after mild measles infection compared to uninfected children in rural West Africa. Vaccine 2002; 21:120-6. [PMID: 12443670 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been assumed that measles infection may be associated with persistent immune suppression and long-term excess mortality. However, few community studies of mortality after measles infection have been carried out. We examined long-term mortality for measles cases, sub-clinical measles cases, and uninfected contacts after an epidemic in rural Senegal. METHODS The study was carried out in Niakhar, a rural area of Senegal. Index cases of measles were identified and children less than 7 years of age exposed to measles in the same compound had acute and convalescent blood samples collected. Clinically diagnosed measles cases were serologically confirmed. Children without clinical symptoms were classified as sub-clinical cases if they had a four-fold or greater change in antibody levels between samples collected at exposure and 1 month later and as uninfected if there was no or a two-fold change in antibody levels. RESULTS There were 31 index cases, and among 184 exposed contacts, 35 (19%) children developed clinical measles. Among contacts that did not develop clinical measles, 45% had sub-clinical infection. Measles cases, sub-clinical cases, and uninfected contacts did not differ with respect to nutritional status. However, uninfected children without clinical symptoms and change in antibody level had higher initial measles specific IgG antibody levels and less intensive exposure to the index case. No index or secondary case of measles died in the acute phase of infection nor did any of the children exposed to measles die in the first 2 months after exposure. Exposed children developing clinical measles had lower age-adjusted mortality over the next 4 years than exposed children who did not develop clinical measles (P<0.05). Sub-clinical measles cases tended to have low mortality and compared with uninfected children, exposed children with clinical or sub-clinical measles had lower age-adjusted mortality (mortality ratio (MR)=0.20 (0.06-0.74)). Controlling for background factors had no impact of the estimates. CONCLUSIONS When measles infection is mild, clinical measles has no long-term excess mortality and may be associated with better overall survival than no clinical measles infection. Sub-clinical measles is common among immunised children and is not associated with excess mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aaby
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Parasitaires, IRD, Dakar, Senegal.
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563
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Geiger SM, Massara CL, Bethony J, Soboslay PT, Carvalho OS, Corrêa-Oliveira R. Cellular responses and cytokine profiles in Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infected patients. Parasite Immunol 2002; 24:499-509. [PMID: 12694600 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2002.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of intestinal helminth infection, i.e. Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, on cellular responsiveness and cytokine production was investigated in young adults. Ascaris-specific cellular responsiveness was higher in parasite-free endemic controls than in patients infected with T. trichiura, or A. lumbricoides, or patients co-infected with both parasites. Also, mitogen-induced tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was higher in negative endemic controls than in infected individuals. Ascaris antigen-specific production of TNF-alpha, IL-12 and IFN-gamma was low in singly Ascaris as well as in co-infected patients, whereas secretion of IL-10 and IL-13 was elevated and similarly high in all patient groups. The detection of Trichuris-specific and Ascaris-specific IgG4 revealed significantly higher serum antibody levels in Trichuris or Ascaris patients when compared to endemic controls (P < 0.05), whereas parasite-specific IgE antibody levels were similarly high in infected individuals and in endemic controls. In summary, chronically infected Ascaris and Trichuris patients with a high parasite load presented reduced cellular reactivity and lower type 1 TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-12 responses when compared with endemic controls, whereas type 2 IL-10 and IL-13 productions were similar in all groups from the endemic area. The former may support parasite persistence, whereas substantial type 2 cytokine release may promote protective immunity, suggesting an adaptation of the host to control the parasite burden while minimizing immune-mediated host self-damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Geiger
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Imunologia, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil.
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564
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Jung YJ, LaCourse R, Ryan L, North RJ. Evidence inconsistent with a negative influence of T helper 2 cells on protection afforded by a dominant T helper 1 response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis lung infection in mice. Infect Immun 2002; 70:6436-43. [PMID: 12379724 PMCID: PMC130368 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.11.6436-6443.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice incapable of generating an efficient Th2 response because of functional deletion of the genes for signal transducer and activation of transcription 6 (Stat6), interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Ralpha), or IL-4 plus IL-13 (IL-4/IL-13) were no more resistant than wild-type (WT) mice to airborne infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. WT mice were able to control infection and hold it at a stationary level following 20 days of log linear M. tuberculosis growth. Likewise, infection was kept under control and was held at the same stationary level in IL-4/IL-13(-/-) mice but progressed to a slightly higher level in Stat6(-/-) and IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice. The onset of stationary-level infection in WT mice was associated with the expression of Th1-mediated immunity, as evidenced by an approximately 100- to 1,000-fold increase in the lungs in the synthesis of mRNA for IL-12, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) that was sustained for at least 100 days. IL-12 is essential for the induction of Th1 immunity, IFN-gamma is a key Th1 cytokine involved in mediation of immunity, and NOS2 is an inducible enzyme of macrophages and is needed by these cells to express immunity. In response to infection, the lungs of Stat6(-/-) mice showed increases in synthesis of mRNA for IL-12, IFN-gamma, and NOS2 similar to that seen in WT mice. In IL-4/IL-13(-/-) mice, however, synthesis of mRNA for IFN-gamma and NOS2 reached higher levels than in WT mice. These results argue against the notion that a Th2 response is partly or wholly responsible for the inability of Th1-mediated immunity to resolve infection with a virulent strain of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Jung
- The Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York 12983, USA
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565
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Klein SL, Wisniewski AB, Marson AL, Glass GE, Gearhart JP. Early Exposure to Genistein Exerts Long-Lasting Effects on the Endocrine and Immune Systems in Rats. Mol Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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566
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Kim EH, Lee JC, Lee MY, Park CH, Jang YS. Soamsan, a traditional Korean medicine, enhances antigen-specific immune responses in low-responder mice via the combined activity of glycoproteins and endotoxins. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:1529-40. [PMID: 12433054 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Soamsan is a traditional anti-cancer treatment in oriental medicine. It is thought that this material modulates immune responses. To determine whether Soamsan treatment has any effect on the induction of antigen-specific immune responses, C57BL/6 mice, which are low-responders to hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL), were injected with HEL, and their specific immune responses were measured while they were fed Soamsan. Oral administration of Soamsan enhanced the anti-HEL antibody response as well as the T-cell proliferative response to the antigen. Analyses of the HEL-specific antibody isotypes showed that Soamsan treatment resulted in increased levels of HEL-specific antibodies, irrespective of isotype. In particular, however, HEL-specific antibodies of the IgG2b, IgG3, and IgM isotypes, which are associated with direct stimulation of B cells, were significantly increased by the Soamsan treatment. Stimulation of C57BL/6 splenocytes in vitro showed that the presence of Soamsan significantly augmented the proliferative activity induced by both B and T cell mitogens. This augmentation was associated with glycoprotein(s) with a molecular weight mass of about 100 kDa, as well as with endotoxin-like compounds. These results suggest that Soamsan modulates and enhances antigen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Kim
- Division of Biological Sciences and The Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University Chonju, South Korea
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567
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Abstract
Sepsis can occur during disseminated candidiasis, but its pathogenesis differs from that caused by typical prokaryotic pathogens. Complex interactions between defects in host defense and "relative" virulence factors expressed by Candida lead to dissemination of the saprophyte to parenchymal organs, and subsequently to onset of multiorgan failure. This review focuses first on the pathophysiology of Candida sepsis, detailing current understanding of host-pathogen interactions. We then consider the choice of antifungal and supportive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Spellberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, St. Johns Cardiovascular Research Center, Research and Education Institute, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA. ;
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568
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Lee MH, Chung SW, Kang BY, Kim KM, Kim TS. Hydroquinone, a reactive metabolite of benzene, enhances interleukin-4 production in CD4+ T cells and increases immunoglobulin E levels in antigen-primed mice. Immunology 2002; 106:496-502. [PMID: 12153512 PMCID: PMC1782742 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke is known to increase the risk of the development of allergic disease. The mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we determined the effect of hydroquinone (HQ), a major metabolite of benzene present in large quantities in cigarette tar, on interleukin-4 (IL-4) production by CD4+ T cells. HQ significantly enhanced IL-4 production by keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH)-primed CD4+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner. The enhancing effect of HQ on IL-4 production was maximal at a concentration of 50 micro m. It increased the level of IL-4 production approximately 10-fold. HQ enhanced IL-4 mRNA expression and also IL-4 gene promoter activity, suggesting that the enhancing effect of HQ on IL-4 production may occur at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, the injection of KLH-primed mice with HQ resulted in a significant increase in the levels of IL-4 and immunoglobulin E. These findings provide evidence that HQ, a major component of cigarette tar, may enhance allergic immune responses by inducing the production of IL-4 in CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, College of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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569
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Kim EH, Lee JC, Kim J, Son YO, Chung GH, Jang YS. Modulation of antigen-specific immune responses by the oral administration of a traditional medicine, bo-yang-hwan-o-tang. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002; 24:423-40. [PMID: 12375738 DOI: 10.1081/iph-120014727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Bo-yang-hwan-o-tang (BHT) has long been used to treat cancer in traditional Korean medicine and is believed to have immune-modulating activity. This study investigated the effect of BHT on the induction of antigen-specific immune responses using hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) as a model antigen system. Oral administration of BHT enhanced both HEL-specific humoral and lymphocyte proliferative responses in HEL low-responder mice. Feeding BHT to the mice increased INF-gamma levels, but did not change IL-4 levels. Interestingly, however, the oral BHT feeding significantly increased HEL-specific antibodies of the IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3 subtypes, which are associated with the direct stimulation of B cells. This indicates that BHT treatment enhances anti-HEL-specific humoral immune responses via the direct stimulation of B lymphocytes rather than by selective priming of specific subtypes of the helper T-cell population. This conclusion was supported by in vitro experiments, in which the presence of BHT significantly augmented B-cell mitogen-mediated proliferation of mouse splenocytes. This augmentation was closely associated with a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of around 100 kDa. The results suggest that BHT modulates antigen-specific immune responses, and might be used as a therapeutic agent for patients who need enhanced immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Kim
- Division of Biological Sciences and The Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Korea
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570
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Huff GR, Huff WE, Balog JM, Rath NC, Xie H, Horst RL. Effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin D metabolites in an experimental model of turkey osteomyelitis complex. Poult Sci 2002; 81:958-65. [PMID: 12162356 DOI: 10.1093/ps/81.7.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with vitamin D3 was previously shown to protect Escherichia coli challenged birds that underwent two dexamethasone (DEX) treatments at 5 and 12 wk of age in an experimental model of turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC). The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with 10 microg of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D)/ kg feed or 99 microg of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25D)/kg feed on disease resistance in the same model. Birds were fed the supplemented diets continuously and ad libitum. Seven hundred twenty turkey poults were placed into 24 floor pens in a 3 x 2 x 2 design (three vitamin D treatments, two DEX treatments, two E. coli treatments, with two replicate pens per treatment). At 5 wk of age, half of the birds were treated with DEX, and half of the DEX-treated birds and half of the nontreated birds were challenged with E. coli. All mortalities and lame birds were necropsied. At 9 wk, all of the DEX- or E. coli-treated birds were given another series of DEX injections; 2 wk later 10 birds per pen were necropsied. At 12 wk, survivors of the previous challenges were given a third DEX treatment, and all birds were necropsied 2 wk later. After the first series of DEX injections, mortality was increased in the 25D-supplemented birds that were given the DEX treatment and the E. coli challenge. After the second series of DEX injections, the main effect mean BW was significantly lower in birds given 1,25D as compared to controls and 25D-supplemented birds. Mortality was higher in 1,25D-supplemented birds that were challenged with E. coli at 5 wk and treated with DEX at 9 wk as compared to 25D-supplemented birds. The 1,25D-treated birds that were treated with DEX at 5 and 9 wk and challenged with E. coli at 5 wk had higher mortality and air sacculitis scores as compared to controls and 25D-treated birds. The main effect mean mortality was significantly higher in birds given 1,25D as compared to controls and 25D-treated birds. The percentage of birds with TOC lesions was decreased from 27% to 0 by 25D and 1,25D in the groups given two DEX treatments and E. coli challenge. After the third DEX treatment, BW of 1,25D-suppplemented birds was decreased, and mortality and air sacculitis scores were increased. Bone strength was generally increased by supplementation with 1,25D, whereas 25D supplementation increased bone strength only in birds challenged at 5 wk and treated with DEX at Weeks 9 and 12. In this study, supplementation with vitamin D metabolites decreased TOC incidence in E. coli-challenged birds given two DEX treatments. However, toxic effects were observed in most supplemented DEX-treated birds and may be attributed to an additive effect of DEX treatment, E. coli septicemia, and vitamin D supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Huff
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
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571
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Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne systemic infection, which affects half a million people each year in many areas of the world. Typical disease manifests with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and progressive deterioration of the host. Although molecular methods appear promising as a non-invasive diagnostic tool, definite diagnosis still relies on the demonstration of the parasite in tissue. Pentavalent antimonial compounds remain the mainstay of treatment worldwide, except in India. During the past decade, short courses of lipid formulations of amphotericin B were assessed and proved effective; however, their cost precludes their wide use in developing countries. Miltefosine, an oral active agent, was recently identified, and might fulfil our expectations for an effective, safe, easily administered and affordable antileishmanial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris A Kafetzis
- University of Athens Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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572
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Ogden NH, Case ANJ, Lawrie CH, French NP, Woldehiwet Z, Carter SD. IgG responses to salivary gland extract of Ixodes ricinus ticks vary inversely with resistance in naturally exposed sheep. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2002; 16:186-192. [PMID: 12109713 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to investigate the antibody responses of control sheep, and sheep naturally exposed to Ixodes ricinus Linné (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks, to salivary gland extract (SGE) proteins of partially fed, adult I. ricinus. Comparisons between responses of control sheep and naturally infested sheep by Western blot analysis suggested that variations in IgG responses of I. ricinus-exposed sheep were mostly associated with specific responses to I. ricinus SGE antigens. Sheep IgG responses were positively related to the numbers of adult ticks feeding per sheep at the time samples were collected, were greater during the spring than the autumn periods of I. ricinus activity and were inversely related to sheep resistance to ticks measured by the weights of nymphal I. ricinus that engorged on the sheep. These findings suggest that sheep lose their resistance to ticks due to polarization of a Th1 type response to some tick antigens towards a Th2 type response when sheep are exposed to high, natural tick infestations, or to seasonal conditions of relative nutritional stress. Potential consequences for the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Ogden
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Science, University of Liverpool, UK.
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573
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Romano CC, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Duarte AJS, Benard G. IL-12 and neutralization of endogenous IL-10 revert the in vitro antigen-specific cellular immunosuppression of paracoccidioidomycosis patients. Cytokine 2002; 18:149-57. [PMID: 12126651 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2002.0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis is still a challenge. Patients present defective lymphoproliferation and IFN-gamma responses to the main Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen (gp43), which correlates with disease severity. Here, we demonstrated that the patients show also a defective synthesis of interleukin (IL)-12. Therefore, we attempted to revert this immune disfunction by adding IL-12 and neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody to gp-43-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Both treatments increased IFN-gamma secretion to levels observed with healthy sensitized individuals, but affected proliferation only modestly. When combined, the treatments further increased IFN-gamma synthesis and cell proliferation. The addition of suboptimal concentrations of IL-2 also further increased the IL-12-mediated secretion of IFN-gamma. Interestingly, the immune modulation was mostly antigen-specific, since the responses to Candida albicans' antigen were not affected. These results suggest that appropriate immune intervention with cytokines and/or anti-cytokines may help in the treatment of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C Romano
- Laboratório de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica e Experimental LIM 56, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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574
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Lawn SD, Butera ST, Shinnick TM. Tuberculosis unleashed: the impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the host granulomatous response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:635-46. [PMID: 12048033 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The granuloma plays a critical role in the host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, containing the organism and confining it in a latent state in most infected individuals. Indeed, approximately one-third of the world's population has latent M. tuberculosis infection. However, over the past decade, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pandemic has profoundly affected the incidence and clinicopathological features of tuberculosis. This review examines the immunological mechanisms whereby HIV-1 impairs the establishment, maintenance and function of the tuberculous granuloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Lawn
- Tuberculosis/Mycobacteriology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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575
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Kang HY, Srinivasan J, Curtiss R. Immune responses to recombinant pneumococcal PspA antigen delivered by live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1739-49. [PMID: 11895935 PMCID: PMC127874 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.4.1739-1749.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing recombinant antigens from other pathogens elicits primarily a Th1-type dominant immune response to both recombinant and Salmonella antigens. The immunogenicity and appropriate subcellular location of the recombinant antigen in the Salmonella vaccine strain may contribute to augmenting immune responses by facilitating adequate exposure of recombinant antigen to antigen-presenting cells for processing. To allow for secretion from gram-negative bacteria and overexpression of antigen, a DNA fragment encoding a highly antigenic alpha-helical region of PspA (pneumococcal surface protein A) was subcloned downstream from the beta-lactamase signal sequence in the multicopy Asd(+) pYA3493 vector to create pYA3494. pYA3493 was derived from a class of Asd(+) vectors with reduced expression of Asd to minimize selective disadvantage and enhance immunization of expressed recombinant antigens. The S. enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine strain was constructed by the introduction of deletion mutations Delta crp-28 and Delta asdA16. Approximately 50% of the recombinant PspA (rPspA) expressed in a Salmonella strain harboring pYA3494 was detected in the combined supernatant and periplasmic fractions of broth-grown recombinant Salmonella. After a single oral immunization in BALB/c mice with 10(9) CFU of the recombinant Salmonella vaccine strain carrying pYA3494, immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses were stimulated to both the heterologous antigen rPspA and Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane proteins (OMPs). About half, and even more at later times after immunization, of the antibodies induced to rPspA were IgG1 (indicating a Th2-type response), whereas 60 to 70% of the antibodies to LPS and 80 to 90% of those to OMPs were IgG2a (indicating a Th1-type response). A sublethal infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae WU2 boosted PspA antibody levels and maintained IgG2a/IgG1 ratios similar to those seen before the challenge. Oral immunization with Salmonella-PspA vaccine protected 60% of immunized mice from death after intraperitoneal challenge with 50 times the 50% lethal dose of virulent S. pneumoniae WU2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Young Kang
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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576
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Spinola SM, Bauer ME, Munson RS. Immunopathogenesis of Haemophilus ducreyi infection (chancroid). Infect Immun 2002; 70:1667-76. [PMID: 11895928 PMCID: PMC127820 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.4.1667-1676.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M Spinola
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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577
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Abstract
The prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases, asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, has increased since the advent of industrialization. The inverse relationship between the number of infections early in life and atopy has been interpreted as the "hygiene hypothesis." That is, many infections early in life promote the development of T helper type 1 cytokines, while fewer infections early in life favor the development of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines and atopy. An alternate interpretation of the same data, that atopy is protective against infections early in life, is rarely considered. With epidemiologic, historical, and immunologic data, I suggest that human evolution has favored individuals with an atopic predisposition. Th2 immune responses promote parity, and ensure successful pregnancy and term birth; provide the infant protection against infections and the inflammation induced by common pathogens in the first years of life until the immune system matures; and protect young adults exposed to viral respiratory pathogens. These traits are of particular value with the advent of industrialization, especially so in the era prior to the development of antibiotics. This theory contradicts the assumption that there is no biological or evolutionary advantage for allergic disease to exist in humans and has significant implications for our current and future treatments of allergic diseases.
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578
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Castle PE, Hildesheim A, Bowman FP, Strickler HD, Walker JL, Pustilnik T, Edwards RP, Crowley-Nowick PA. Cervical concentrations of interleukin-10 and interleukin-12 do not correlate with plasma levels. J Clin Immunol 2002; 22:23-7. [PMID: 11958590 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014252402630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects the transformation zone of the cervix and is the primary cause of cervical cancer. The infection is localized to the cervix and mucosal immunity is likely to be an important determinant for viral clearance. Previous studies of immunity to HPV have measured immune markers in the blood, but the relationship of systemic immunity to cervical immunity is poorly understood. In this study of 70 women enrolled in the ASCUS-LSIL Triage Study (ALTS), a clinical trial for management of low-grade cytologic abnormalities of the cervix, we collected paired plasma and cervical secretions to investigate the relationship between cervical concentrations of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) and plasma levels. Neither IL-10 (p = 0.11), or IL-12 (p = -0.04) nor the ratio of IL-12 to IL-10 (p = 0.06) were correlated between blood and cervical secretions. Except for weak correlations of IL-10 among nonsmokers (p = 0.35. P = 0.019) and those in day 18-27 of their menstrual cycle (p = 0.51, P = 0.015), this lack of correlation persisted in all subgroups defined by genital inflammation or infection, current oral contraceptive use, heme contamination and volume of collected secretions, HPV16 seropositivity, and repeat HPV infection and/or cytologic abnormalities. The lack of correlation and high concentrations in cervical secretions indicate that the cervical IL-10 and IL-12 concentrations exceed what could be expected from blood as a principle source of IL-10 and IL-12 and suggest that cytokine concentrations in cervical secretions are predominantly the result of local cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Castle
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20892-7234, USA.
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579
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Sandmand M, Bruunsgaard H, Kemp K, Andersen-Ranberg K, Pedersen AN, Skinhøj P, Pedersen BK. Is ageing associated with a shift in the balance between Type 1 and Type 2 cytokines in humans? Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 127:107-14. [PMID: 11882040 PMCID: PMC1906284 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between Type 1 and Type 2 cytokines is important for the outcome of several infectious diseases. As elderly humans show increased morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, this study tests if ageing is associated with a change towards Type 2 dominance in T cells. Expression of IFN-gamma, and IL-4 was measured in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry in three groups: young controls (n=28), 81-year-olds (n=22), and centenarians (n=25). The major findings were that the percentage of IFN-gamma+ as well as IL-4+ T cells was increased in aged subjects. Furthermore, after adjusting for decreased lymphocyte counts in the elderly, the concentration in the blood of IFN-gamma+ and IL-4+ CD8+ T cells was still increased in the 81-year-olds. In centenarians, a shift towards a relative dominance of Type 2 cytokine expression was found within CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the percentage of T cells with cytokine expression was closely correlated to the in vivo expression of CD95 and CD45RO. In conclusion, we found some evidence for an age-related shift towards a Type 2 cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sandmand
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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580
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Plante M, Jones T, Allard F, Torossian K, Gauthier J, St-Félix N, White GL, Lowell GH, Burt DS. Nasal immunization with subunit proteosome influenza vaccines induces serum HAI, mucosal IgA and protection against influenza challenge. Vaccine 2001; 20:218-25. [PMID: 11567767 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of a mucosally delivered subunit influenza vaccine was assessed in mice. Split influenza virus vaccine (sFlu) was formulated with proteosomes (Pr-sFlu), administered intranasally, and the induced immunity was compared with the responses elicited by sFlu alone given either intramuscularly or intranasally. Intranasal (i.n.) immunization with Pr-sFlu induced specific serum IgG and hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers comparable to or better than those induced by intramuscular (i.m.) sFlu, and in contrast to sFlu alone, i.n. Pr-sFlu also induced high levels of influenza-specific IgA in lung and nasal washes. Mice receiving i.n. Pr-sFlu were completely protected against live virus challenge, as were mice immunized by injection with sFlu alone. The i.n. Pr-sFlu elicited cytokine responses polarized towards a type 1 phenotype whereas those elicited by sFlu alone were of a mixed type 1/type 2 phenotype. The data strongly suggest that i.n. proteosome-formulated influenza antigens are highly effective and are excellent candidates for a non-invasive human vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Plante
- Intellivax International Inc., 7150 Frederick Banting, Suite 200, Que., H4S 2A1, Ville St-Laurent, Canada
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581
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Abstract
In experimental visceral leishmaniasis in normal mice (BALB/c, C57BL/6) acquired resistance to Leishmania donovani, a protozoan which targets tissue macrophages, depends upon T cells, Th1 cell-type cytokine generation and activated mononuclear phagocytes. In the intact host, initial control and eventual resolution of L. donovani hepatic infection in normal mice is expressed by and accomplished within well-formed, mature tissue granulomas. In the liver, these immunologically active, inflammatory structures are assembled around a core of fused, parasitized resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) which come to be encircled by both cytokine-secreting T cells and influxing leishmanicidal blood monocytes. This pro-host defense granuloma structure-function relationship, in which histologically mature granulomas provide the microenvironment for intracellular L. donovani killing, however, is only one of seven which have been identified through experimental modifications in this model. This report reviews these structure-function relationships and illustrates the broad spectrum of additional possible responses. These responses range from structurally intact granulomas which provide no antileishmanial function (the 'ineffective' granuloma), to enlarged granulomas which show enhanced parasite killing (the 'hypertrophied' granuloma), to effective antileishmanial activity in the absence of any tissue reaction (the 'invisible' granuloma).
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Murray
- Department of Medicine, Weill College of Cornell University, New York 10021, USA.
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582
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Pehlivanoğlu B, Balkanci ZD, Ridvanağaoğlu AY, Durmazlar N, Oztürk G, Erbaş D, Okur H. Impact of stress, gender and menstrual cycle on immune system: possible role of nitric oxide. Arch Physiol Biochem 2001; 109:383-7. [PMID: 11935378 DOI: 10.1076/apab.109.4.383.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a factor found to be involved in the etiology of many diseases. Gender and menstrual cycle phases are other factors affecting the predisposition of individuals for certain diseases. Results from animal and human studies suggest that the distribution of immune system cells may change at different phases of the menstrual cycle. Acute mental stress in humans alters immune variables, too. The increase in the number of natural killer (NK) cells is the most consistent finding among the immune variables, though there are controversies for the other lymphocyte groups. Nitric oxide (NO) as an immune mediator has an unsettled role whether it causes the redistribution of the immune cells, or is an end product of lymphocyte activation. This study was planned to investigate the effect of mental stress on lymphocyte subtypes and the role of NO, for men and women at different phases of the cycle. For this purpose, healthy men (n = 10) and women (n = 10), during the follicular and luteal phases underwent Stroop colour-word interference and cold pressor tests. The immune system responses before and after the tests were determined by cell counts with the flowcytometer. Menstrual cycle phase was ascertained by plasma estrogen and progesterone measurements. Stress response was evaluated by blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) measurements throughout the tests and plasma cortisol and urinary metanephrine and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) measurements before and after the tests. Plasma and urinary NO determinations were performed before and after the test was completed. All the results were analysed with the appropriate statistical methods. The luteal phase differed from the other groups due to the presence of suppressed immune response to acute stress, including decreased CD4/CD8 ratio and NK cell percentage. On the other hand, acute stress caused a shift from cellular to humoral immunity in men. As indicated by these results, individual reaction towards stress is affected by gender and menstrual cycle phase. NO appears to be a possible effector molecule for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pehlivanoğlu
- Department of Physiology, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey.
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583
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Abstract
Influenza virus infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, a recurrence of pandemic influenza remains a real possibility. There are now effective ways to both prevent and treat influenza. Prevention of infection is most effectively accomplished by vaccination. Vaccination with the inactivated, intramuscular influenza vaccine has been clearly demonstrated to reduce serious morbidity and mortality associated with influenza infection, especially in groups of patients at high risk (e.g. the elderly). However, the inactivated, intramuscular vaccine does not strongly induce cell-mediated or mucosal immune responses, and protection induced by the vaccine is highly strain specific. Live, attenuated influenza vaccines administered intranasally have been studied in clinical trials and shown to elicit stronger mucosal and cell-mediated immune responses. Live, attenuated vaccines appear to be more effective for inducing protective immunity in children or the elderly than inactivated, intramuscular vaccines. Additionally, novel vaccine methodologies employing conserved components of influenza virus or viral DNA are being developed. Preclinical studies suggest that these approaches may lead to methods of vaccination that could induce immunity against diverse strains or subtypes of influenza. Because of the limitations of vaccination, antiviral therapy continues to play an important role in the control of influenza. Two major classes of antivirals have demonstrated ability to prevent or treat influenza in clinical trials: the adamantanes and the neuraminidase inhibitors. The adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) have been in use for many years. They inhibit viral uncoating by blocking the proton channel activity of the influenza A viral M2 protein. Limitations of the adamantanes include lack of activity against influenza B, toxicity (especially in the elderly), and the rapid development of resistance. The neuraminidase inhibitors were designed to interfere with the conserved sialic acid binding site of the viral neuraminidase and act against both influenza A and B with a high degree of specificity when administered by the oral (oseltamivir) or inhaled (zanamivir) route. The neuraminidase inhibitors have relatively low toxicity, and viral resistance to these inhibitors appears to be uncommon. Additional novel antivirals that target other phases of the life cycle of influenza are in preclinical development. For example, recombinant collectins inhibit replication of influenza by binding to the viral haemagglutinin as well as altering phagocyte responses to the virus. Recombinant techniques have been used for generation of antiviral proteins (e.g. modified collectins) or oligonucleotides. Greater understanding of the biology of influenza viruses has already resulted in significant advances in the management of this important pathogen. Further advances in vaccination and antiviral therapy of influenza should remain a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kandel
- Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02131-1097, USA
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