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Effect of 1 Year Krill Oil Supplementation on Cognitive Achievement of Dutch Adolescents: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061230. [PMID: 31151199 PMCID: PMC6628105 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are important for brain development and function, maybe especially during adolescence. Observational studies have demonstrated an association between fish consumption (a source of LCPUFA) and cognition in adolescents, but intervention trials are lacking. The goal of the current study was to investigate the effect of one year of krill oil (a source of LCPUFA) supplementation on the cognitive performance of adolescents with a low Omega-3 Index (O3I ≤ 5%). A double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled supplementation trial with repeated measurements (baseline (T0), three months (T1), six months (T2), and 12 months (T3)) in adolescents (267 randomized) was executed. Participants were randomized to 400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day in Cohort I or placebo and 800 mg EPA + DHA per day in Cohort II or placebo. O3I was monitored by a finger prick at all time points. At T0, T2, and T3, participants executed a neurocognitive test battery. Covariate corrected mixed models were run with either condition (krill or placebo) or O3I as predictors. Krill oil supplementation led to a small but significant increase in mean O3I, but few participants increased to the intended O3I range (8–11%). There was no significant effect of supplementation on the neurocognitive tests, nor a relationship between O3I and neurocognitive test scores. The increase in O3I was small in most participants, probably due to non-compliance. Possibly the increase in O3I was too small to demonstrate an effect. More research on the influence of LCPUFAs on cognition in adolescents is needed.
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Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9050120. [PMID: 31126106 PMCID: PMC6562756 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9050120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) play a central role in neuronal growth and in the development of the human brain, and a deficiency of these substances has been reported in children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). In this regard, supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is used as adjuvant therapy in ADHD. Seafood, particularly fish, and some types of nuts are the main dietary sources of such fatty acids in the Spanish diet. In order to assess the effect of the intake of common foods containing high amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a food frequency questionnaire was administered to parents of children with ADHD (N = 48) and to parents of normally developing children (control group) (N = 87), and the intake of dietary omega-3 LC-PUFA, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was estimated. Children with ADHD consumed fatty fish, lean fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and chicken eggs significantly less often (p < 0.05) than children in the control group. The estimated daily omega-3 LC-PUFA intake (EPA + DHA) was significantly below that recommended by the public health agencies in both groups, and was significantly lower in children with ADHD (p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.45) compared to normally developing children. Dietary intervention to increase the consumption of fish and seafood is strongly advised and it is especially warranted in children with ADHD, since it could contribute to improve the symptoms of ADHD.
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Oxidative stress and immune aberrancies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a case-control comparison. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:719-729. [PMID: 30350094 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to compare oxidative stress and immune biomarkers between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and controls without ADHD. A case-control comparison between 57 paediatric (6-12 years) untreated ADHD patients from the Antwerp University Hospital and 69 controls without ADHD from random schools in Flanders, Belgium, was conducted. Erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) and plasma lipid-soluble antioxidants (retinol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, retinyl palmitate, β-carotene, and co-enzyme Q10) were determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) by HPLC with fluorescence detection, plasma cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (INF)-γ) and immunoglobulins (IgE, IgG and IgM) by flow cytometry and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels by ELISA assay. Dietary habits were determined by a food frequency questionnaire. Plasma MDA levels were on average 0.031 µM higher in patients than in controls (p < 0.05), and a trend for higher urinary 8-OHdG was observed. Erythrocyte GSH and plasma retinyl palmitate levels, as well as IgG and IgE levels, were higher in patients than in controls as well (on average 93.707 µg/ml, 0.006 µg/ml, 301.555 µg/ml and 125.004 µg/ml, resp., p < 0.05). Finally, a trend for lower plasma IL-5 levels was observed. After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, the difference in GSH levels remained statistically significant (nominally significant for retinyl palmitate), while significance was lost for MDA, IgG and IgE levels. Dietary habits do not appear to cause the observed differences. These results point at the potential involvement of slight oxidative stress and immune disturbances in ADHD.
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Reimers A, Ljung H. The emerging role of omega-3 fatty acids as a therapeutic option in neuropsychiatric disorders. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2019; 9:2045125319858901. [PMID: 31258889 PMCID: PMC6591664 DOI: 10.1177/2045125319858901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of neurologic and psychiatric diseases has been increasing for decades and, given the moderate therapeutic efficacy and safety profile of existing pharmacological treatments, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. Nutrition has recently been recognized as an important factor for the prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play critical roles in neuronal cell function and neurotransmission as well as inflammatory and immune reactions that are involved in neuropsychiatric disease states. A large number of experimental and epidemiological studies provide a strong basis for interventional clinical trials that assessed the clinical efficacy of n-3 PUFAs in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Most of these trials found beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with EPA and DHA, and no serious safety concerns have emerged. This review gives an introduction to recent findings on the clinical efficacy of n-3 PUFAs in various neuropsychiatric disorders and the underlying biochemical mechanisms. In addition, the reader will be enabled to identify common methodological weaknesses of clinical studies on n-3 PUFAs, and suggestions for the design of future studies are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Reimers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Klinikgatan 17, Lund, 22185, Sweden
| | - Hanna Ljung
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Oliver JM, Anzalone AJ, Turner SM. Protection Before Impact: the Potential Neuroprotective Role of Nutritional Supplementation in Sports-Related Head Trauma. Sports Med 2018; 48:39-52. [PMID: 29368186 PMCID: PMC5790849 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Even in the presence of underreporting, sports-related concussions/mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are on the rise. In the absence of proper diagnosis, an athlete may return to play prior to full recovery, increasing the risk of second-impact syndrome or protracted symptoms. Recent evidence has demonstrated that sub-concussive impacts, those sustained routinely in practice and competition, result in a quantifiable pathophysiological response and the accumulation of both concussive and sub-concussive impacts sustained over a lifetime of sports participation may lead to long-term neurological impairments and an increased risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases. The pathophysiological, neurometabolic, and neurochemical cascade that initiates subsequent to the injury is complex and involves multiple mechanisms. While pharmaceutical treatments may target one mechanism, specific nutrients and nutraceuticals have been discovered to impact several pathways, presenting a broader approach. Several studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of nutritional supplementation in the treatment of mTBI. However, given that many concussions go unreported and sub-concussive impacts result in a pathophysiological response that, too, may contribute to long-term brain health, protection prior to impact is warranted. This review discusses the current literature regarding the role of nutritional supplements that, when provided before mTBI and traumatic brain injury, may provide neurological protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Oliver
- Sports Concussion Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University (TCU), Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
| | - Anthony J Anzalone
- Sports Concussion Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University (TCU), Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Stephanie M Turner
- Sports Concussion Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University (TCU), Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
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Rodrigues DM, Manfro GG, Levitan RD, Steiner M, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP. Moderating effect of PLIN4 genetic variant on impulsivity traits in 5-year-old-children born small for gestational age. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 137:19-25. [PMID: 30293593 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Poor fetal growth is associated with long-term behavioral, metabolic and psychiatric alterations, including impulsivity, insulin resistance, and mood disorders. However, the consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) seems to be protective for this population, improving inhibitory control and behavioral reactivity. We investigated whether the presence of the A allele of rs8887 SNP (PLIN4 gene), known to be associated with increased sensitivity to the consumption of n-3 PUFAs, interacts with fetal growth influencing inhibitory control. 152 five-year-old children were genotyped and performed the Stop Signal Task (SSRT). There was a significant interaction between birth weight and the presence of the A allele on SSRT performance, in which lower birth weight associated with poorer inhibitory control only in non-carriers. These results suggest that a higher responsiveness to n-3 PUFAS protects small for gestational age children from developing poor response inhibition, highlighting that optimizing n-3 PUFA intake may benefit this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danitsa Marcos Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gisele Gus Manfro
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Robert Daniel Levitan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meir Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University. Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Joseph Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, Canada
| | - Patrícia Pelufo Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, Canada.
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58
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Maternal diet of polyunsaturated fatty acid influence the physical and neurobehaviour of rat offspring. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 71:156-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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59
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Effects of omega-3 fatty acids and sugar on attention in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kraus K, Kleene R, Henis M, Braren I, Kataria H, Sharaf A, Loers G, Schachner M, Lutz D. A Fragment of Adhesion Molecule L1 Binds to Nuclear Receptors to Regulate Synaptic Plasticity and Motor Coordination. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7164-7178. [PMID: 29383692 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of the neuronal isoform of the murine cell adhesion molecule L1, triggered by stimulation of the cognate L1-dependent signaling pathways, results in the generation and nuclear import of an L1 fragment that contains the intracellular domain, the transmembrane domain, and part of the extracellular domain. Here, we show that the LXXLL and FXXLF motifs in the extracellular and transmembrane domain of this L1 fragment mediate the interaction with the nuclear estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and retinoid X receptor β (RXRβ). Mutations of the LXXLL motif in the transmembrane domain and of the FXXLF motif in the extracellular domain disturb the interaction of the L1 fragment with these nuclear receptors and, when introduced by viral transduction into mouse embryos in utero, result in impaired motor coordination, learning and memory, as well as synaptic connectivity in the cerebellum, in adulthood. These impairments are similar to those observed in the L1-deficient mouse. Our findings suggest that the interplay of nuclear L1 and distinct nuclear receptors is associated with synaptic contact formation and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kraus
- Arbeitsgruppe für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Arbeitsgruppe für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melad Henis
- Institut für Strukturelle Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Ingke Braren
- Vector Core Unit, Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Arbeitsgruppe für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Sharaf
- Institut für Strukturelle Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Arbeitsgruppe für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
| | - David Lutz
- Arbeitsgruppe für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Institut für Strukturelle Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Qasem H, Al-Ayadhi L, Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S, El-Ansary A. Impaired lipid metabolism markers to assess the risk of neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1141-1153. [PMID: 29569150 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial disorder caused by an interaction between environmental risk factors and a genetic background. It is characterized by impairment in communication, social interaction, repetitive behavior, and sensory processing. The etiology of ASD is still not fully understood, and the role of neuroinflammation in autism behaviors needs to be further investigated. The aim of the present study was to test the possible association between prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), prostaglandin PGE2 EP2 receptors and nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) and the severity of cognitive disorders, social impairment, and sensory dysfunction. PGE2, COX-2, mPGES-1, PGE2-EP2 receptors and NF-κB as biochemical parameters related to neuroinflammation were determined in the plasma of 47 Saudi male patients with ASD, categorized as mild to moderate and severe as indicated by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) or the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) or the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) and compared to 46 neurotypical controls. The data indicated that ASD patients have remarkably higher levels of the measured parameters compared to neurotypical controls, except for EP2 receptors that showed an opposite trend. While the measured parameter did not correlate with the severity of social and cognitive dysfunction, PGE2, COX-2, and mPGES-1 were remarkably associated with the dysfunction in sensory processing. NF-κB was significantly increased in relation to age. Based on the discussed data, the positive correlation between PGE2, COX-2, and mPGES-1 confirm the role of PGE2 pathway and neuroinflammation in the etiology of ASD, and the possibility of using PGE2, COX-2 and mPGES-1 as biomarkers of autism severity. NF-κB as inflammatory inducer showed an elevated level in plasma of ASD individuals. Receiver operating characteristic analysis together with predictiveness diagrams proved that the measured parameters could be used as predictive biomarkers of biochemical correlates to ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Qasem
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Shaik AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Shaik AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Central laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Guiza, Egypt.
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Basil P, Li Q, Gui H, Hui TCK, Ling VHM, Wong CCY, Mill J, McAlonan GM, Sham PC. Prenatal immune activation alters the adult neural epigenome but can be partly stabilised by a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:125. [PMID: 29967385 PMCID: PMC6028639 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An unstable epigenome is implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. This is important because the epigenome is potentially modifiable. We have previously reported that adult offspring exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA) prenatally have significant global DNA hypomethylation in the hypothalamus. However, what genes had altered methylation state, their functional effects on gene expression and whether these changes can be moderated, have not been addressed. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing (NGS) for methylome profiling in a MIA rodent model of neurodevelopmental disorders. We assessed whether differentially methylated regions (DMRs) affected the chromatin state by mapping known DNase I hypersensitivity sites (DHSs), and selected overlapping genes to confirm a functional effect of MIA on gene expression using qPCR. Finally, we tested whether methylation differences elicited by MIA could be limited by post-natal dietary (omega) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. These experiments were conducted using hypothalamic brain tissue from 12-week-old offspring of mice injected with viral analogue PolyI:C on gestation day 9 of pregnancy or saline on gestation day 9. Half of the animals from each group were fed a diet enriched with n-3 PUFA from weaning (MIA group, n = 12 units, n = 39 mice; Control group, n = 12 units, n = 38 mice). The results confirmed our previous finding that adult offspring exposed to MIA prenatally had significant global DNA hypomethylation. Furthermore, genes linked to synaptic plasticity were over-represented among differentially methylated genes following MIA. More than 80% of MIA-induced hypomethylated sites, including those affecting chromatin state and MECP2 binding, were stabilised by the n-3 PUFA intervention. MIA resulted in increased expression of two of the 'top five' genes identified from an integrated analysis of DMRs, DHSs and MECP2 binding sites, namely Abat (t = 2.46, p < 0.02) and Gnas9 (t = 2.96, p < 0.01), although these changes were not stabilised by dietary intervention. Thus, prenatal MIA exposure impacts upon the epigenomic regulation of gene pathways linked to neurodevelopmental conditions; and many of the changes can be attenuated by a low-cost dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Basil
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China ,0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China ,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Hongsheng Gui
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Tomy C. K. Hui
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Vicki H. M. Ling
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Chloe C. Y. Wong
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cMRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Jonathan Mill
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cMRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK ,0000 0004 1936 8024grid.8391.3University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St Luke’s Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter, EX1 2LU UK
| | - Grainne M. McAlonan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China ,0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Pak-Chung Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Centre for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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63
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Tyrtyshnaia AA, Manzhulo IV. The Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712418020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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64
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Buddington RK, Chizhikov VV, Iskusnykh IY, Sable HJ, Sable JJ, Holloway ZR, Blumenfeld Katzir T, van der Merwe M, Yakimkova T, Buddington KK, Lifshitz Y, Tessler S, Gilbert A. A Phosphatidylserine Source of Docosahexanoic Acid Improves Neurodevelopment and Survival of Preterm Pigs. Nutrients 2018; 10:E637. [PMID: 29783637 PMCID: PMC5986516 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount, composition, and sources of nutrition support provided to preterm infants is critical for normal growth and development, and particularly for structural and functional neurodevelopment. Although omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), and particularly docosahexanoic acid (DHA), are considered of particular importance, results from clinical trials with preterm infants have been inconclusive because of ethical limitations and confounding variables. A translational large animal model is needed to understand the structural and functional responses to DHA. Neurodevelopment of preterm pigs was evaluated in response to feeding formulas to term-equivalent age supplemented with DHA attached to phosphatidylserine (PS-DHA) or sunflower oil as the placebo. Newborn term pigs were used as a control for normal in utero neurodevelopment. Supplementing formula with PS-DHA increased weight of the brain, and particularly the cerebellum, at term-equivalent age compared with placebo preterm pigs (P's < 0.10 and 0.05 respectively), with a higher degree of myelination in all regions of the brain examined (all p < 0.06). Brains of pigs provided PS-DHA were similar in weight to newborn term pigs. Event-related brain potentials and performance in a novel object recognition test indicated the PS-DHA supplement accelerated development of sensory pathways and recognition memory compared with placebo preterm pigs. The PS-DHA did not increase weight gain, but was associated with higher survival. The benefits of PS-DHA include improving neurodevelopment and possibly improvement of survival, and justify further studies to define dose-response relations, compare benefits associated with other sources of DHA, and understand the mechanisms underlying the benefits and influences on the development of other tissues and organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor V Chizhikov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Igor Y Iskusnykh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Helen J Sable
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Jeffrey J Sable
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Christian Brothers University, Memphis, TN 38104, USA.
| | - Zade R Holloway
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | | | | | - Taisiya Yakimkova
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Karyl K Buddington
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Yael Lifshitz
- Enzymotec, Sagi 2000 Industrial Park, Migdal HaEmeq 23106, Israel.
| | - Shoshi Tessler
- Enzymotec, Sagi 2000 Industrial Park, Migdal HaEmeq 23106, Israel.
| | - Ariel Gilbert
- Enzymotec, Sagi 2000 Industrial Park, Migdal HaEmeq 23106, Israel.
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Tengeler AC, Kozicz T, Kiliaan AJ. Relationship between diet, the gut microbiota, and brain function. Nutr Rev 2018; 76:603-617. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C Tengeler
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud university medical center, Center for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud university medical center, Center for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pedriatrics, Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud university medical center, Center for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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66
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Ramalho R, Pereira AC, Vicente F, Pereira P. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A comprehensive review of the evidence. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 25:1-7. [PMID: 29779801 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.03.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered the most common behavioural disorder in school-age children. ADHD is a complex and multifactorial disorder characterised by a variety of symptoms, including concentration problems, excessive motor activity and impulsivity which interferes with execution of simple school tasks. Diagnosis has been essentially subjective, since no specific laboratory tests are available. However, ADHD remains overdiagnosed, probably due to social pressures for children to be successful in school from an early age, which leads parents to seek medical support. Although therapeutic approaches for ADHD have been essentially pharmacologic, in recent years several studies were performed to investigate the role of nutrition, especially omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (omega 3-PUFA), in the development and treatment of this disorder. In this review, the authors gathered the most relevant evidence regarding omega 3-PUFA, mainly docosahexaenoic acid, as coadjutant or as a single therapy, in the management of ADHD symptoms. The authors also reviewed this disorder's current medical and therapeutic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Ramalho
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz (ISCSEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal; Grupo de Estudos em Nutrição Aplicada (GENA), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Ana Colaço Pereira
- Grupo de Estudos em Nutrição Aplicada (GENA), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filipa Vicente
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz (ISCSEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal; Grupo de Estudos em Nutrição Aplicada (GENA), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula Pereira
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz (ISCSEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal; Grupo de Estudos em Nutrição Aplicada (GENA), Campus Universitário Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal
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67
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Hauser J, Stollberg E, Reissmann A, Kaunzinger I, Lange KW. Alterations of attention and impulsivity in the rat following a transgenerational decrease in dietary omega-3 fatty acids. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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68
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Abstract
According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics' influential position statement on vegetarianism, meat and seafood can be replaced with milk, soy/legumes, and eggs without any negative effects in children. The United States Department of Agriculture endorses a similar view. The present paper argues that the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics ignores or gives short shrift to direct and indirect evidence that vegetarianism may be associated with serious risks for brain and body development in fetuses and children. Regular supplementation with iron, zinc, and B12 will not mitigate all of these risks. Consequently, we cannot say decisively that vegetarianism or veganism is safe for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Cofnas
- a Balliol College , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3BJ , UK
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69
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Babirekere-Iriso E, Rytter MJH, Namusoke H, Mupere E, Michaelsen KF, Stark KD, Lauritzen L, Briend A, Friis H, Brage S, Faurholt-Jepsen D. Physical activity level among children recovering from severe acute malnutrition. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:156-163. [PMID: 29236339 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the level and predictors of physical activity at discharge among children recovering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM). METHODS We conducted a prospective study among 69 children 6-59 months of age admitted with SAM for nutritional rehabilitation at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda. Using hip-mounted triaxial accelerometers, we measured physical activity expressed as counts per minute (cpm) during the last three days of hospital treatment. As potential predictors, we assessed clinical and background characteristics, duration to transition phase and duration of hospitalisation, serum C-reactive protein and whole-blood docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify predictors of physical activity. RESULTS The median (IQR) age was 15.5 (12.6; 20.5) months. At discharge, the mean (SD) movement was 285 (126) cpm. Physical activity was 43 (19; 67) cpm higher for each unit increase in weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) and 72 (36; 108) cpm higher for each centimetre increase in MUAC. Whole-blood DHA on admission was also a positive predictor of physical activity, whereas duration to transition phase and duration of hospitalisation were both negative predictors. CONCLUSION The level of physical activity at discharge among children treated for SAM was low. WHZ, MUAC and DHA on admission were positive predictors of physical activity, whereas duration of stabilisation and hospitalisation was negative predictors of physical activity. These results suggest that assessment of physical activity may be used as a marker of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Babirekere-Iriso
- Mwanamugimu Nutrition Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Hanifa Namusoke
- Mwanamugimu Nutrition Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ezekiel Mupere
- Department of Paediatrics, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren Brage
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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70
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Matsui F, Hecht P, Yoshimoto K, Watanabe Y, Morimoto M, Fritsche K, Will M, Beversdorf D. DHA Mitigates Autistic Behaviors Accompanied by Dopaminergic Change in a Gene/Prenatal Stress Mouse Model. Neuroscience 2017; 371:407-419. [PMID: 29288796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social interaction, social communication, and repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Recent work has begun to explore gene × environmental interactions in the etiology of ASD. We previously reported that prenatal stress exposure in stress-susceptible heterozygous serotonin transporter (SERT) KO pregnant dams in a mouse model resulted in autism-like behavior in the offspring (SERT/S mice). The association between prenatal stress and ASD appears to be affected by maternal SERT genotype in clinical populations as well. Using the mouse model, we examined autistic-like behaviors in greater detail, and additionally explored whether diet supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may mitigate the behavioral changes. Only male SERT/S mice showed social impairment and stereotyped behavior, and DHA supplementation ameliorated some of these behaviors. We also measured monoamine levels in the SERT/S mice after three treatment paradigms: DHA-rich diet continuously from breeding (DHA diet), DHA-rich diet only after weaning (CTL/DHA diet) and control diet only (CTL diet). The dopamine (DA) content in the striatum was significantly increased in the SERT/S mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice, whereas no difference was observed with noradrenaline and serotonin content. Moreover, DA content in the striatum was significantly reduced in the SERT/S mice with the DHA-rich diet provided continuously from breeding. The results indicate that autism-associated behaviors and changes in the dopaminergic system in this setting can be mitigated with DHA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Matsui
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Patrick Hecht
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kanji Yoshimoto
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Watanabe
- Department of Basic Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Morimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kevin Fritsche
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Matthew Will
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David Beversdorf
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Departments of Radiology and Neurology, William and Nancy Thompson Chair in Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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71
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Zhang T, Song C, Song L, Shang Z, Yang S, Zhang D, Sun W, Shen Q, Zhao D. RNA Sequencing and Coexpression Analysis Reveal Key Genes Involved in α-Linolenic Acid Biosynthesis in Perilla frutescens Seed. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112433. [PMID: 29144390 PMCID: PMC5713401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perilla frutescen is used as traditional food and medicine in East Asia. Its seeds contain high levels of α-linolenic acid (ALA), which is important for health, but is scarce in our daily meals. Previous reports on RNA-seq of perilla seed had identified fatty acid (FA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis genes, but the underlying mechanism of ALA biosynthesis and its regulation still need to be further explored. So we conducted Illumina RNA-sequencing in seven temporal developmental stages of perilla seeds. Sequencing generated a total of 127 million clean reads, containing 15.88 Gb of valid data. The de novo assembly of sequence reads yielded 64,156 unigenes with an average length of 777 bp. A total of 39,760 unigenes were annotated and 11,693 unigenes were found to be differentially expressed in all samples. According to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, 486 unigenes were annotated in the “lipid metabolism” pathway. Of these, 150 unigenes were found to be involved in fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis and triacylglycerol (TAG) assembly in perilla seeds. A coexpression analysis showed that a total of 104 genes were highly coexpressed (r > 0.95). The coexpression network could be divided into two main subnetworks showing over expression in the medium or earlier and late phases, respectively. In order to identify the putative regulatory genes, a transcription factor (TF) analysis was performed. This led to the identification of 45 gene families, mainly including the AP2-EREBP, bHLH, MYB, and NAC families, etc. After coexpression analysis of TFs with highly expression of FAD2 and FAD3 genes, 162 TFs were found to be significantly associated with two FAD genes (r > 0.95). Those TFs were predicted to be the key regulatory factors in ALA biosynthesis in perilla seed. The qRT-PCR analysis also verified the relevance of expression pattern between two FAD genes and partial candidate TFs. Although it has been reported that some TFs are involved in seed development, more direct evidence is still needed to verify their function. However, these findings can provide clues to reveal the possible molecular mechanisms of ALA biosynthesis and its regulation in perilla seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Zhang
- Rapeseed Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550008, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Chi Song
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Li Song
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zhiwei Shang
- Rapeseed Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550008, China.
| | - Sen Yang
- Rapeseed Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550008, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Qi Shen
- Rapeseed Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550008, China.
| | - Degang Zhao
- Rapeseed Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550008, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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72
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Effects of maternal intake of n-3 fatty acids on lipid profile and leptin concentration in cord blood. MARMARA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.5472/marumj.357250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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73
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The potential relevance of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid to the etiopathogenesis of childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:1011-1030. [PMID: 27988864 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, considerable interest has been given to the potential role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for understanding pathogenesis and treatment of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. This review aims to systematically investigate the scientific evidence supporting the hypothesis on the omega-3 PUFAs deficit as a risk factor shared by different pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders. Medline PubMed database was searched for studies examining blood docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) status in children with neuropsychiatric disorders. Forty-one published manuscripts were compatible with the search criteria. The majority of studies on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism found a significant decrease in DHA levels in patients versus healthy controls. For the other conditions examined-depression, juvenile bipolar disorder, intellectual disabilities, learning difficulties, and eating disorders (EDs)-the literature was too limited to draw any stable conclusions. However, except EDs, findings in these conditions were in line with results from ADHD and autism studies. Results about EPA levels were too inconsistent to conclude that EPA could be associated with any of the conditions examined. Finally, correlational data provided, on one hand, evidence for a negative association between DHA and symptomatology, whereas on the other hand, evidence for a positive association between EPA and emotional well-being. Although the present review underlines the potential involvement of omega-3 PUFAs in the predisposition to childhood neuropsychiatric disorders, more observational and intervention studies across different diagnoses are needed, which should integrate the collection of baseline PUFA levels with their potential genetic and environmental influencing factors.
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74
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Cardoso C, Afonso C, Bandarra NM. Dietary DHA, bioaccessibility, and neurobehavioral development in children. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2617-2631. [PMID: 28665691 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1338245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a key nutritional n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and needs to be supplied by the human diet. High levels of DHA intake appear to reduce the risk of depression, bipolar disorder, and mood disorders. On the basis of these connections between DHA and neurological health, this paper reviews what is currently known about DHA and children neurodevelopment as well as the benefits of DHA intake to prevention of autism and behavior disorders through a selective and representative revision of different papers ranging from pure observational studies to randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This review also highlights the issue of DHA bioaccessibility and its implications to the performance of studies. As main conclusions, it can be mentioned that high DHA intake may prevent autism disorder. However, more studies are required to strengthen the connection between autism and dietary DHA. Regarding behavioral disorders, the evidence is also contradictory, thereby raising the need of further studies. From all screened studies on autism, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and other disorders, it can be concluded that study samples should be larger for greater statistical significance and RCTs should be more carefully designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cardoso
- a Department of Sea and Marine Resources , Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP) , Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, Lisbon , Portugal.,b CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto , Portugal
| | - Cláudia Afonso
- a Department of Sea and Marine Resources , Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP) , Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, Lisbon , Portugal.,b CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto , Portugal
| | - Narcisa M Bandarra
- a Department of Sea and Marine Resources , Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP) , Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, Lisbon , Portugal.,b CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto , Portugal
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75
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Bastías JM, Balladares P, Acuña S, Quevedo R, Muñoz O. Determining the effect of different cooking methods on the nutritional composition of salmon (Salmo salar) and chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) fillets. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180993. [PMID: 28686742 PMCID: PMC5501645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of four cooking methods was evaluated for proximate composition, fatty acid, calcium, iron, and zinc content in salmon and Chilean jack mackerel. The moisture content of steamed salmon decreased (64.94%) compared to the control (68.05%); a significant decrease was observed in Chilean jack mackerel in all the treatments when compared to the control (75.37%). Protein content in both salmon and Chilean jack mackerel significantly increased under the different treatments while the most significant decrease in lipids was found in oven cooking and canning for salmon and microwaving for Chilean jack mackerel. Ash concentration in both salmon and Chilean jack mackerel did not reveal any significant differences. Iron and calcium content only had significant changes in steaming while zinc did not undergo any significant changes in the different treatments. Finally, no drastic changes were observed in the fatty acid profile in both salmon and Chilean jack mackerel.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Bastías
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Pamela Balladares
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Sergio Acuña
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Roberto Quevedo
- Department of Aquaculture and Agri-Food Resources, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Ociel Muñoz
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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76
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Enhancing the DHA content in milk from dairy cows by feeding ALL-G-RICH™. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/jan.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclusion of 6 g/kg dry matter intake of an unextracted Aurantiochytrium limacinum algae (AURA) in mid-lactation Italian Friesian cows under commercial conditions on milk yield, milk composition and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content. Cows were allocated to two groups (n = 18; 108.2 ± 66.1 and 104.4 ± 54.6 days in milk, control and treated groups, respectively). Feeding AURA for 84 d had no effect on dry matter intake, body condition score or weight gain, but did improve milk yield by 1.9 kg/cow/d (+5.4%; P < 0.1) over the course of the experiment. Milk fat concentration declined by 12% (P < 0.0001) without any significant change in 4% fat corrected milk, protein or lactose. Supplementing AURA for 12 weeks substantially altered the fatty acid profile of milk compared with milk from CON-fed cows such that the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased, omega-3 fatty acid content increased by 73.1% (P < 0.0001) and was accompanied by a favourable increase in the omega-3:6 fatty acid ratio by 75.0% (P < 0.0001). The AURA supplement, during day 7–84, increased the DHA concentration to 0.37 g /100 g milk total fatty acids (P < 0.0001) with a mean transfer efficiency of 18.1% from feed to milk. Together these results indicated that supplementing a dairy cow diet with DHA-rich microalgae is a feasible and efficient means for creating DHA-enriched milk for human consumption.
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Kranz S, Jones NRV, Monsivais P. Intake Levels of Fish in the UK Paediatric Population. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040392. [PMID: 28420147 PMCID: PMC5409731 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The United Kingdom (UK) is an island and its culture, including diet, is heavily influenced by the maritime resources. Dietary guidance in the UK recommends intake of fish, which provides important nutrients, such as long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). This study was designed to describe the fish intake habits of UK children using a nationally representative sample. Dietary and socio-demographic data of children 2–18 (N = 2096) in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Program (NDNS) Years 1–4 (2008–2012) were extracted. Average nutrient and food intakes were estimated. Logistic regression models were used to predict the meeting of fish intake recommendations, controlling for age, sex, income, total energy intake, and survey year. All analyses were conducted using survey routines and dietary survey weights. In this nationally representative study, 4.7% of children met the fish and 4.5% the oily fish intake recommendations; only 1.3% of the population met both recommendations. Fish intake levels did not significantly change with children’s increasing age. Higher vegetable but lower meat consumption predicted meeting the fish intake recommendations, indicating that children eating fish have better diet quality than non-consumers. Further research is needed to explore how intake behaviours can be changed to improve children’s diet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Kranz
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK.
| | - Nicholas R V Jones
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Pablo Monsivais
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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A novel method for the quantification of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in gummy dietary supplements. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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79
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Barragán E, Breuer D, Döpfner M. Efficacy and Safety of Omega-3/6 Fatty Acids, Methylphenidate, and a Combined Treatment in Children With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:433-441. [PMID: 24464327 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713518239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare efficacy of Omega-3/6 fatty acids (Equazen eye q™) with methylphenidate (MPH) and combined MPH + Omega-3/6 in children with ADHD. METHOD Participants ( N = 90) were randomized to Omega-3/6, long-acting MPH, or combination for 12 months. ADHD symptoms were assessed using the ADHD Rating Scale and Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) scale. RESULTS ADHD symptoms decreased in all treatment arms. Although significant differences favoring Omega + MPH over Omega-3/6 alone were found for ADHD Total and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity subscales, results on the Inattention subscale were similar. CGI-S scores decreased slowly and consistently with Omega-3/6, compared with a rapid decrease and subsequent slight increase in the MPH-containing arms. Adverse events were numerically less frequent with Omega-3/6 or MPH + Omega-3/6 than MPH alone. CONCLUSION The tested combination of Omega-3/6 fatty acids had similar effects to MPH, whereas the MPH + Omega combination appeared to have some tolerability benefits over MPH.
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Lange KW, Hauser J, Lange KM, Makulska-Gertruda E, Nakamura Y, Reissmann A, Sakaue Y, Takano T, Takeuchi Y. The Role of Nutritional Supplements in the Treatment of ADHD: What the Evidence Says. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2017; 19:8. [PMID: 28168597 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-017-0762-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioral disorder in children and adolescents and may persist into adulthood. Insufficient nutritional supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and other components including various minerals has been suggested to play a role in the development of ADHD symptoms. This review presents the evidence regarding the role of nutritional PUFA, zinc, iron, and magnesium supplements in the treatment of ADHD with a focus on the critical evaluation of the relevant literature published from 2014 to April 2016. The evaluation of therapeutic nutritional LC-PUFA supplementation in ADHD has shown mixed and inconclusive results and at best marginal beneficial effects. The benefits of PUFAs are much smaller than the effect sizes observed for traditional pharmacological treatments of ADHD. The effectiveness of PUFA supplements in reducing medication dosage has been suggested but needs to be confirmed. Zinc, iron, and magnesium supplementation may reduce ADHD symptoms in children with or at high risk of deficiencies in these minerals. However, convincing evidence in this regard is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus W Lange
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Joachim Hauser
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina M Lange
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ewelina Makulska-Gertruda
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yukiko Nakamura
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reissmann
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yuko Sakaue
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takano
- Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takeuchi
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
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Chakraborty N, Muhie S, Kumar R, Gautam A, Srinivasan S, Sowe B, Dimitrov G, Miller SA, Jett M, Hammamieh R. Contributions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on cerebral neurobiology: an integrated omics approach with epigenomic focus. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 42:84-94. [PMID: 28152499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The epigenetic landscape is vulnerable to diets. Here, we investigated the influence of different polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) dietary supplements on rodents' nervous system development and functions and potential consequences to neurodegenerative disorders. Our previous nutrigenomics study showed significant impact of high n-3 PUFA-enriched diet (ERD) on synaptogenesis and various neuromodulators. The present study introduced a second equicaloric diet with n-6 PUFA balanced by n-3 PUFA (BLD). The typical lab diet with high n-6 PUFA was the baseline. Transcriptomic and epigenetic investigations, namely microRNA (miRNA) and DNA methylation assays, were carried out on the hemibrains of the C57BL/6j mice fed on any of these three diets from their neonatal age to midlife. Integrating the multiomics data, we focused on the genes encoding both hypermethylated CpG islands and suppressed transcripts. In addition, miRNA:mRNA pairs were screened to identify those overexpressed miRNAs that reduced transcriptional expressions. The majority of miRNAs overexpressed by BLD are associated with Alzheimer's and schizophrenia. BLD implicated long-term potentiation, memory, cognition and learning, primarily via hypermethylation of those genes that enrich the calcium-releasing neurotransmitters. ERD caused hypermethylation of those genes that enrich cytoskeletal development networks and promote the formation of neuronal precursors. We drew the present observations in light of our limited knowledge regarding the epigenetic influences on biofunctions. A more comprehensive study is essential to understand the broad influences of dietary supplements and to suggest optimal dietary solutions for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chakraborty
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA 98402
| | - Seid Muhie
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA 98402
| | - Raina Kumar
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010
| | - Seshamalini Srinivasan
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA 98402
| | - Bintu Sowe
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA 98402
| | - George Dimitrov
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702
| | - Stacy-Ann Miller
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA 98402
| | - Marti Jett
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010.
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Haapala EA, Viitasalo A, Venäläinen T, Eloranta AM, Ågren J, Lindi V, Lakka TA. Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids are directly associated with cognition in overweight children but not in normal weight children. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:1502-1507. [PMID: 27644481 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential nutrients for the normal development of the brain. We investigated the associations between plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognition in normal weight and overweight children. METHODS The study recruited 386 normal weight children and 58 overweight children aged six to eight years and blood samples were drawn after a 12-hour fast. We assessed plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids using gas chromatography, cognition using Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, and overweight and obesity using the age-specific and sex-specific cut-offs from the International Obesity Task Force. The data were analysed by linear regression analyses adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS Higher proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma triacylglycerols (β = 0.311, p = 0.020, p = 0.029 for interaction) and docosahexaenoic acid in plasma triacylglycerols (β = 0.281, p = 0.038, p = 0.049 for interaction) were both associated with higher Raven's scores in overweight children but not in normal weight children. Higher eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid ratios in triacylglycerols (β = 0.317, p = 0.019) and phospholipids (β = 0.273, p = 0.046) were directly associated with the Raven's score in overweight children but not in normal weight children. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that increasing the consumption of fish and other sources of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid may improve cognition among overweight children.
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Affiliation(s)
- EA Haapala
- Institute of Biomedicine; School of Medicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Childhood Health and Active Living Research Group; Department of Biology of Physical Activity; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - A Viitasalo
- Institute of Biomedicine; School of Medicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - T Venäläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine; School of Medicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - A-M Eloranta
- Institute of Biomedicine; School of Medicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - J Ågren
- Institute of Biomedicine; School of Medicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - V Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine; School of Medicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - TA Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine; School of Medicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine; Kuopio Finland
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Tan ML, Ho JJ, Teh KH. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 9:CD009398. [PMID: 27678554 PMCID: PMC6457739 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009398.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 5% of school children have a specific learning disorder, defined as unexpected failure to acquire adequate abilities in reading, writing or mathematics that is not a result of reduced intellectual ability, inadequate teaching or social deprivation. Of these events, 80% are reading disorders. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in particular, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which normally are abundant in the brain and in the retina, are important for learning. Some children with specific learning disorders have been found to be deficient in these PUFAs, and it is argued that supplementation of PUFAs may help these children improve their learning abilities. OBJECTIVES 1. To assess effects on learning outcomes of supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders.2. To determine whether adverse effects of supplementation of PUFAs are reported in these children. SEARCH METHODS In November 2015, we searched CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, 10 other databases and two trials registers. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs comparing PUFAs with placebo or no treatment in children younger than 18 years with specific learning disabilities, as diagnosed in accordance with the fifth (or earlier) edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), or the 10th (or earlier) revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) or equivalent criteria. We included children with coexisting developmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors (MLT and KHT) independently screened the titles and abstracts of articles identified by the search and eliminated all studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria. We contacted study authors to ask for missing information and clarification, when needed. We used the GRADE approach to assess the quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS Two small studies involving 116 children, mainly boys between 10 and 18 years of age, met the inclusion criteria. One study was conducted in a school setting, the other at a specialised clinic. Both studies used three months of a combination of omega-3 and omega-6 supplements as the intervention compared with placebo. Although both studies had generally low risk of bias, we judged the risk of reporting bias as unclear in one study, and as high in the other study. In addition, one of the studies was funded by industry and reported active company involvement in the study.None of the studies reported data on the primary outcomes of reading, writing, spelling and mathematics scores, as assessed by standardised tests.Evidence of low quality indicates that supplementation of PUFAs did not increase the risk of gastrointestinal disturbances (risk ratio 1.43, 95% confidence interval 0.25 to 8.15; two studies, 116 children). Investigators reported no other adverse effects.Both studies reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related behaviour outcomes. We were unable to combine the results in a meta-analysis because one study reported findings as a continuous outcome, and the other as a dichotomous outcome. No other secondary outcomes were reported.We excluded one study because it used a cointervention (carnosine), and five other studies because they did not provide a robust diagnosis of a specific learning disorder. We identified one ongoing study and found three studies awaiting classification. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Evidence is insufficient to permit any conclusions about the effect of PUFAs on the learning abilities of children with specific learning disorders. Well-designed RCTs with clearly defined populations of children with specific learning disorders who have been diagnosed by standardised diagnostic criteria are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Loong Tan
- Penang Medical CollegeDepartment of Paediatrics4 Jalan Sepoy LinesGeorgetownPenangMalaysia10450
| | - Jacqueline J Ho
- Penang Medical CollegeDepartment of Paediatrics4 Jalan Sepoy LinesGeorgetownPenangMalaysia10450
| | - Keng Hwang Teh
- Hospital Sultanah BahiyahDepartment of PediatricsKm6, Jalan LanggarAlor SetarKedahMalaysia05460
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Mashavave G, Kuona P, Tinago W, Stray-Pedersen B, Munjoma M, Musarurwa C. Dried blood spot omega-3 and omega-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in 7-9 year old Zimbabwean children: a cross sectional study. BMC Clin Pathol 2016; 16:14. [PMID: 27499701 PMCID: PMC4974798 DOI: 10.1186/s12907-016-0035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs)-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)- and omega-6 LC-PUFA arachidonic acid (ARA), are essential for optimum physical and mental development in children. Prior to this study, the blood omega-3 LC-PUFA levels were unknown in Zimbabwean children, particularly in those aged 7-9 years, despite the documented benefits of LC-PUFAs. Documentation of the LC-PUFA levels in this age group would help determine whether interventions, such as fortification, are necessary. This study aimed to determine dried whole blood spot omega-3 and omega-6 LC-PUFA levels and LC-PUFA reference intervals among a selected group of Zimbabwean children aged 7-9 years old. METHODS We conducted a cross sectional study from September 2011 to August 2012 on a cohort of peri-urban, Zimbabwean children aged 7-9 years. The children were born to mothers enrolled at late pregnancy into an HIV prevention program between 2002 and 2004. Dried whole blood spots were sampled on butylated hydroxytoluene antioxidant impregnated filter papers and dried. LC-PUFAs were quantified using gas liquid chromatography. Differences in LC-PUFAs between groups were compared using the Kruskal Wallis test and reference intervals determined using non-parametric statistical methods. RESULTS LC-PUFAs levels were determined in 297 Zimbabwean children of whom 170 (57.2 %) were girls. The study determined that LC-PUFAs (wt/wt) ranges were EPA 0.06-0.55 %, DPA 0.38-1.98 %, DHA 1.13-3.52 %, ARA 5.58-14.64 % and ARA: EPA ratio 15.47-1633.33. Sixteen participants had omega-3 LC-PUFAs levels below the determined reference intervals, while 18 had higher omega-6 LC-PUFAs. The study did not show gender differences in omega-3 and omega-6 LC-PUFAs levels (all p > 0.05). EPA was significantly higher in the 8 year age group compared to those aged 7 and 9 years (median; 0.20 vs 0.17 vs 0.18, respectively, p = 0.049). ARA: EPA ratio was significantly higher in the 7 year age group compared to those aged 8 and 9 years (median; 64.38 vs 56.43 vs 55.87 respectively, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of children, lower EPA levels and higher ARA: EPA ratios were observed compared to those reported in apparently healthy children elsewhere. The high ARA: EPA ratios might increase the vulnerability of these children to inflammatory pathologies. Identification and incorporation into diet of locally produced foodstuffs rich in omega-3 LC-PUFAs is recommended as well as advocating for dietary supplementation with omega-3 fish oils and algae based oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Mashavave
- Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO BOX A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Patience Kuona
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Willard Tinago
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Babill Stray-Pedersen
- Division of Women and Children, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marshall Munjoma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Cuthbert Musarurwa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO BOX A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Rincón-Cervera MÁ, Valenzuela R, Hernandez-Rodas MC, Barrera C, Espinosa A, Marambio M, Valenzuela A. Vegetable oils rich in alpha linolenic acid increment hepatic n-3 LCPUFA, modulating the fatty acid metabolism and antioxidant response in rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 111:25-35. [PMID: 26995676 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3, ALA) is an essential fatty acid and the metabolic precursor of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) from the n-3 family with relevant physiological and metabolic roles: eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3, DHA). Western diet lacks of suitable intake of n-3 LCPUFA and there are recommendations to increase the dietary supply of such nutrients. Seed oils rich in ALA such as those from rosa mosqueta (Rosa rubiginosa), sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubis) and chia (Salvia hispanica) may constitute an alternative that merits research. This study evaluated hepatic and epididymal accretion and biosynthesis of n-3 LCPUFA, the activity and expression of Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturase enzymes, the expression and DNA-binding activity of PPAR-α and SREBP-1c, oxidative stress parameters and the activity of antioxidative enzymes in rats fed sunflower oil (SFO, 1% ALA) as control group, canola oil (CO, 10% ALA), rosa mosqueta oil (RMO, 33% ALA), sacha inchi oil (SIO, 49% ALA) and chia oil (ChO, 64% ALA) as single lipid source. A larger supply of ALA increased the accretion of n-3 LCPUFA, the activity and expression of desaturases, the antioxidative status, the expression and DNA-binding of PPAR-α, the oxidation of fatty acids and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, whereas the expression and DNA-binding activity of SREBP-1c transcription factor and the biosynthetic activity of fatty acids declined. Results showed that oils rich in ALA such as SIO and ChO may trigger metabolic responses in rats such as those produced by n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Cynthia Barrera
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Marambio
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso Valenzuela
- Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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86
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Combined Urea Complexation and Argentated Silica Gel Column Chromatography for Concentration and Separation of PUFAs from Tuna Oil: Based on Improved DPA Level. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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87
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Zou L, Pande G, Akoh CC. Infant Formula Fat Analogs and Human Milk Fat: New Focus on Infant Developmental Needs. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:139-65. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; , ,
- Bunge Ingredient Innovation Center, Bradley, Illinois 60915
| | - Garima Pande
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; , ,
| | - Casimir C. Akoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; , ,
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Effect of malate on docosahexaenoic acid production from Schizochytrium sp. B4D1. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Jory J. Abnormal fatty acids in Canadian children with autism. Nutrition 2015; 32:474-7. [PMID: 26746679 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fatty acids are critical for pediatric neurodevelopment and are abnormal in autism, although prior studies have demonstrated conflicting results and methodological differences. To our knowledge, there are no published data on fatty acid in Canadian children with autism. The aim of this study was to investigate red blood cell and serum fatty acid status to identify whether abnormalities exist in Canadian children with autism, and to enhance future cross-study comparison. METHODS Eleven Canadian children with autism (3 girls, 8 boys; age 3.05 ± 0.79 y) and 15 controls (9 girls, 6 boys; age 3.87 ± 1.06 y) met inclusion criteria, which included prior Diagnostic and Statistical Manual diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, no recent medication or supplements, no specialty diets, and no recent illness. RESULTS The children with autism demonstrated lower red blood cell docosahexaenoic acid (P < 0.0003), eicosapentaenoic acid (P < 0.03), arachidonic acid (P < 0.002), and ω-3/ω-6 ratios (P < 0.001). They also demonstrated lower serum docosahexaenoic acid (P < 0.02), arachidonic acid (P < 0.05), and linoleic acid (P < 0.02) levels. CONCLUSIONS Fatty acids in both serum and red blood cells were abnormal in this small group of Canadian children with autism than in controls, underlining a need for larger age- and sex-matched investigations in this community. A potential role for fatty acid abnormalities within the complex epigenetic etiology of autism is proposed in relation to emerging understanding of relationships between cobalamin metabolism, gut microbiota, and propionic acid production.
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90
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Henríquez-Henríquez M, Solari S, Várgas G, Vásquez L, Allende F, Castañón S C, Tenorio M, Quiroga Gutiérrez T. ω-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid Desaturase Activity Ratios as Eventual Endophenotypes for ADHD. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:977-86. [PMID: 23100268 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712461175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies suggest that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) may be suitable as endophenotypes for ADHD. To be appropriated vulnerability traits, endophenotypes should be altered in unaffected relatives of index cases. Serum profiles of LC-PUFAs in unaffected relatives of ADHD patients remain understudied. The main objective of this study was to compare serum LC-PUFAs in ADHD patients, unaffected relatives of index cases, and general-population unaffected participants. METHOD LC-PUFA profiles of 72 participants (27 ADHD patients, 27 unaffected relatives, and 18 general-population participants) were obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Groups were compared by parametrical statistics. RESULTS Unaffected females from the general population presented lower Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; p = .0012) and a-linolenic acid (ALA; p = .0091) levels compared with ADHD females and unaffected relatives. In addition, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/ALA and DHA/DPA ratios, addressing desaturase activity, were significantly lower in ADHD patients and unaffected relatives of ADHD patients in the female-subgroup (p = .022 and .04, respectively). CONCLUSION DHA/ALA, DHA/DPA, serum DPA, and serum ALA may be suitable as endophenotypes for ADHD women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Solari
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gisela Várgas
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Vásquez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fidel Allende
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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de la Garza Puentes A, Montes Goyanes R, Chisaguano Tonato AM, Castellote AI, Moreno-Torres R, Campoy Folgoso C, López-Sabater MC. Evaluation of less invasive methods to assess fatty acids from phospholipid fraction: cheek cell and capillary blood sampling. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:936-42. [PMID: 26515049 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1102872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasma is the most commonly employed matrix for analyzing fatty acids (FAs), but its extraction is not well accepted in the infant population. The objectives of this study were to evaluate cheek cells and capillary blood as alternatives to plasma sampling for FA analysis and to standardize the methodology. Samples were obtained from 20 children who underwent lipid extraction, phospholipid isolation by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) in a 96-well plate, methylation, and analysis by fast gas chromatography (GC). A positive correlation was found for most of the FAs, especially long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), in cheek cells and capillary blood versus plasma samples (r = 0.32-0.99). No differences were found in the levels of n-6: n-3 PUFA and n-6: n-3 LC-PUFA ratios between cheek cells and capillary blood. These two proposed samples can therefore be used as alternatives to plasma sampling for phospholipid FA analysis, especially LC-PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de la Garza Puentes
- a Department of Nutrition and Food Science , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Rosa Montes Goyanes
- a Department of Nutrition and Food Science , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain .,b CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain , and
| | | | - Ana Isabel Castellote
- a Department of Nutrition and Food Science , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain .,b CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain , and
| | - Rosario Moreno-Torres
- c EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Pediatric Research, University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Cristina Campoy Folgoso
- c EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Pediatric Research, University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - M Carmen López-Sabater
- a Department of Nutrition and Food Science , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain .,b CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain , and
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Effects of Maternal Ω-3 Supplementation on Fatty Acids and on Visual and Cognitive Development. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61:472-80. [PMID: 25988553 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether a dairy drink enriched with ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) could have an impact on the lipid profile of the mother and the newborn, and also whether this intervention could affect the newborns' visual and cognitive development. METHODS A total of 110 pregnant women were randomly assigned to one of the following intervention groups: control group (n = 54), taking 400 mL/day of the control dairy drink, and supplemented group (fish oil [FO]) (n = 56), taking 400 mL/day of the fish oil-enriched dairy drink (including ∼400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid-docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]/day). During the study, the mothers' diets were supervised by a nutritionist to encourage compliance with present recommendations of FA intake. Blood fatty acid profiles were determined in the mother's (at enrollment, at delivery, and at 2.5 and 4 months) and newborn (at delivery and at 2.5 months) placenta and breast milk (colostrum and at 1, 2, and 4 months). Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) (at 2.5 and 7.5 months) and Bayley test (at 12 months) were recorded. RESULTS DHA percentage was higher in plasma, erythrocyte membranes, and breast milk samples from the FO group. The ratio of nervonic acid was also higher in plasma and erythrocyte lipids of the mother and newborn's blood samples from the FO group. No differences were observed in the Bayley test. No differences were observed in VEPs between both groups. We observed a shorter latency, however, in the lower visual angle (7.5') in the boys of the supplemented group. CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 LC-PUFA dietary supplement during pregnancy and lactation influenced the mother and newborn's fatty acid profile and nervonic acid content but did not show effects on visual and cognitive/psychomotor development.
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93
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Mathiassen JH, Nejrup RG, Frøkiaer H, Nilsson Å, Ohlsson L, Hellgren LI. Emulsifying triglycerides with dairy phospholipids instead of soy lecithin modulates gut lipase activity. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hanne Frøkiaer
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Åke Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Science; Division of Medicine; Lund University Hospital; Sweden
| | - Lena Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Science; Division of Medicine; Lund University Hospital; Sweden
| | - Lars I. Hellgren
- Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Denmark
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94
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Reduced Symptoms of Inattention after Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Boys with and without Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2298-306. [PMID: 25790022 PMCID: PMC4538345 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common child psychiatric disorders, and is often treated with stimulant medication. Nonpharmacological treatments include dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids, although their effectiveness remains to be shown conclusively. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on ADHD symptoms and cognitive control in young boys with and without ADHD. A total of 40 boys with ADHD, aged 8-14 years, and 39 matched, typically developing controls participated in a 16-week double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Participants consumed 10 g of margarine daily, enriched with either 650 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) each or placebo. Baseline and follow-up assessments addressed ADHD symptoms, fMRI of cognitive control, urine homovanillic acid, and cheek cell phospholipid sampling. EPA/DHA supplementation improved parent-rated attention in both children with ADHD and typically developing children. Phospholipid DHA level at follow-up was higher for children receiving EPA/DHA supplements than placebo. There was no effect of EPA/DHA supplementation on cognitive control or on fMRI measures of brain activity. This study shows that dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids reduces symptoms of ADHD, both for individuals with ADHD and typically developing children. This effect does not appear to be mediated by cognitive control systems in the brain, as no effect of supplementation was found here. Nonetheless, this study offers support that omega-3 supplementation may be an effective augmentation for pharmacological treatments of ADHD (NCT01554462: The Effects of EPA/DHA Supplementation on Cognitive Control in Children with ADHD; http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01554462).
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95
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Strasser B, Fuchs D. Role of physical activity and diet on mood, behavior, and cognition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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96
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Effects of Nucleotides Supplementation of Infant Formulas on Plasma and Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Composition: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127758. [PMID: 26102282 PMCID: PMC4477889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Nucleotides (NTs) have been added to infant formulas for several years due to their health benefits. However, studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the association between NTs and fatty acid (FA) composition. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the effects of NTs supplementation of infant formula on erythrocyte and plasma FA composition. Methods Randomized controlled trials that evaluated the association between NTs supplementation and FA composition and were published before October 2014 were included. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed using Q and I2 tests. Results Eight studies (364 infants) were included in the meta-analysis. NTs supplementation did not affect the concentrations of total saturated FAs (SMD= 0.05; 95% CI= -0.23–0.32; P = 0.75) or total monounsaturated FAs (SMD= -0.01; 95% CI= -0.28–0.27; P = 0.95) in erythrocyte membranes. Erythrocyte total n-3 (SMD= 0.15; 95% CI= -0.11–0.41; P = 0.27) and n-6 PUFA (SMD= -0.16; 95% CI= -0.42–0.10, P = 0.22) concentrations did not increase with NTs supplementation. The concentrations of erythrocyte n-3 PUFA (18:3, 20:5, 22:5, and 22:6) and n-6 PUFA (18:2, 20:3, 20:4, and 22:4) were not affected by NTs supplementation. NTs significantly increased plasma concentrations of 18:2 n-6 (SMD= 0.90; 95% CI= 0.47–1.33; P < 0.0001), 20:3 n-6 (SMD= 0.56; 95% CI= 0.14–0.97; P = 0.009), and 20:4 n-6 PUFA (SMD= 0.92; 95% CI= 0.50–1.35; P < 0.0001), and significantly decreased the concentration of plasma 18:3 n-3 PUFA (SMD= -0.60; 95% CI -1.12 to -0.09; P = 0.02). No effect was obtained on plasma 20:2 n-6 PUFA concentrations (SMD= 0.06; 95 % CI, -1.03 to -0.2; P = 0.93). Conclusions Our meta-analysis revealed that NTs supplementation significantly increased plasma 18:2 n-6, 20:3 n-6, and 20:4 n-6 PUFA concentrations in infants, but did not affect erythrocyte FA composition.
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97
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Impact of maternal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency on dendritic arbor morphology and connectivity of developing Xenopus laevis central neurons in vivo. J Neurosci 2015; 35:6079-92. [PMID: 25878281 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4102-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is an essential component of the nervous system, and maternal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are an important source for brain development. Here, the impact of DHA on developing central neurons was examined using an accessible in vivo model. Xenopus laevis embryos from adult female frogs fed n-3 PUFA-adequate or deficient diets were analyzed every 10 weeks for up to 60 weeks, when frogs were then switched to a fish oil-supplemented diet. Lipid analysis showed that DHA was significantly reduced both in oocytes and tadpoles 40 weeks after deprivation, and brain DHA was reduced by 57% at 60 weeks. In vivo imaging of single optic tectal neurons coexpressing tdTomato and PSD-95-GFP revealed that neurons were morphologically simpler in tadpoles from frogs fed the deficient diet compared with the adequate diet. Tectal neurons had significantly fewer dendrite branches and shorter dendritic arbor over a 48 h imaging period. Postsynaptic cluster number and density were lower in neurons deprived of n-3 PUFA. Moreover, changes in neuronal morphology correlated with a 40% decrease in the levels of BDNF mRNA and mature protein in the brain, but not in TrkB. Importantly, switching to a fish oil-supplemented diet induced a recovery in DHA content in the frog embryos within 20 weeks and diminished the deprivation effects observed on tectal neurons of Stage 45 tadpoles. Consequently, our results indicate that DHA impacts dendrite maturation and synaptic connectivity in the developing brain, and it may be involved in neurotrophic support by BDNF.
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98
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Reis RS, Bernardi JR, Steiner M, Meaney MJ, Levitan RD, Silveira PP. Poor infant inhibitory control predicts food fussiness in childhood - A possible protective role of n-3 PUFAs for vulnerable children. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 97:21-5. [PMID: 25892188 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) children are more impulsive towards a sweet reward and have altered feeding behavior in adulthood. We hypothesized that early life inhibitory control predicts feeding behaviors later on in childhood, and the consumption of n-3 PUFAs during infancy may protect IUGR children from developing problematic feeding behaviors. 156 children had information on the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) at 18 months, Food Frequency Questionnaire at 48 months and Children׳s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) at 72 months. There was a significant negative correlation between inhibitory control at 18 months and food fussiness at 72 months. A GLM model predicting food fussiness at 72 months showed significant interaction between n-3 PUFAs, inhibitory control and IUGR, with higher intakes associated with decreased risk for fussiness in IUGR children with poor inhibitory control. Deficits in early inhibitory control predict later food fussiness, and higher intakes of n-3 PUFAs in infancy may protect IUGR children from developing such behavior later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sena Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Juliana Rombaldi Bernardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Meir Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quèbec, Canada H4H 1R3; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, 117609 Singapore
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
| | - Patrícia Pelufo Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil.
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99
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Marí-Bauset S, Llopis-González A, Zazpe I, Marí-Sanchis A, Suárez-Varela MM. Fat intake in children with autism spectrum disorder in the Mediterranean region (Valencia, Spain). Nutr Neurosci 2015; 19:377-386. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830515y.0000000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Marí-Bauset
- Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Llopis-González
- Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Public Health Research (CSISP), Valencia, Spain
| | - Itziar Zazpe
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarre, Navarre, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network on Obesity and Nutrition, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amelia Marí-Sanchis
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Navarra Hospital Complex, Navarre, Spain
| | - María Morales Suárez-Varela
- Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Public Health Research (CSISP), Valencia, Spain
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100
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Zhu D, Bungart BL, Yang X, Zhumadilov Z, Lee JCM, Askarova S. Role of membrane biophysics in Alzheimer's-related cell pathways. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:186. [PMID: 26074758 PMCID: PMC4444756 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular membrane alterations are commonly observed in many diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Membrane biophysical properties, such as membrane molecular order, membrane fluidity, organization of lipid rafts, and adhesion between membrane and cytoskeleton, play an important role in various cellular activities and functions. While membrane biophysics impacts a broad range of cellular pathways, this review addresses the role of membrane biophysics in amyloid-β peptide aggregation, Aβ-induced oxidative pathways, amyloid precursor protein processing, and cerebral endothelial functions in AD. Understanding the mechanism(s) underlying the effects of cell membrane properties on cellular processes should shed light on the development of new preventive and therapeutic strategies for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Zhu
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State UniversityGreensboro, NC, USA
| | - Brittani L. Bungart
- Indiana University School of Medicine Medical Scientist Training Program, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
- The Hope Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhaxybay Zhumadilov
- Department of Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev UniversityAstana, Kazakhstan
| | - James C-M. Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Sholpan Askarova
- Department of Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev UniversityAstana, Kazakhstan
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