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Bassi JK, Connelly AA, Butler AG, Liu Y, Ghanbari A, Farmer DGS, Jenkins MW, Melo MR, McDougall SJ, Allen AM. Analysis of the distribution of vagal afferent projections from different peripheral organs to the nucleus of the solitary tract in rats. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:3072-3103. [PMID: 35988033 PMCID: PMC9804483 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical tracing studies examining the vagal system can conflate details of sensory afferent and motor efferent neurons. Here, we used a serotype of adeno-associated virus that transports retrogradely and exhibits selective tropism for vagal afferents, to map their soma location and central termination sites within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). We examined the vagal sensory afferents innervating the trachea, duodenum, stomach, or heart, and in some animals, from two organs concurrently. We observed no obvious somatotopy in the somata distribution within the nodose ganglion. The central termination patterns of afferents from different organs within the NTS overlap substantially. Convergence of vagal afferent inputs from different organs onto single NTS neurons is observed. Abdominal and thoracic afferents terminate throughout the NTS, including in the rostral NTS, where the 7th cranial nerve inputs are known to synapse. To address whether the axonal labeling produced by viral transduction is so widespread because it fills axons traveling to their targets, and not just terminal fields, we labeled pre and postsynaptic elements of vagal afferents in the NTS . Vagal afferents form multiple putative synapses as they course through the NTS, with each vagal afferent neuron distributing sensory signals to multiple second-order NTS neurons. We observe little selectivity between vagal afferents from different visceral targets and NTS neurons with common neurochemical phenotypes, with afferents from different organs making close appositions with the same NTS neuron. We conclude that specific viscerosensory information is distributed widely within the NTS and that the coding of this input is probably determined by the intrinsic properties and projections of the second-order neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet K. Bassi
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Angela A. Connelly
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew G. Butler
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Yehe Liu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Anahita Ghanbari
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - David G. S. Farmer
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Michael W. Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Mariana R. Melo
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Stuart J. McDougall
- Department of Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew M. Allen
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Han X, Ye Q, Meng Z, Pan D, Wei X, Wen H, Dou Z. Biomechanical mechanism of reduced aspiration by the Passy-Muir valve in tracheostomized patients following acquired brain injury: Evidences from subglottic pressure. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1004013. [PMID: 36389236 PMCID: PMC9659960 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1004013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Aspiration is a common complication after tracheostomy in patients with acquired brain injury (ABI), resulting from impaired swallowing function, and which may lead to aspiration pneumonia. The Passy-Muir Tracheostomy and Ventilator Swallowing and Speaking Valve (PMV) has been used to enable voice and reduce aspiration; however, its mechanism is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of PMV intervention on the prevention of aspiration. Methods A randomized, single-blinded, controlled study was designed in which 20 tracheostomized patients with aspiration following ABI were recruited and randomized into the PMV intervention and non-PMV intervention groups. Before and after the intervention, swallowing biomechanical characteristics were examined using video fluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) and high-resolution manometry (HRM). A three-dimensional (3D) upper airway anatomical reconstruction was made based on computed tomography scan data, followed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation analysis to detect subglottic pressure. Results The results showed that compared with the non-PMV intervention group, the velopharynx maximal pressure (VP-Max) and upper esophageal sphincter relaxation duration (UES-RD) increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) score decreased in the PMV intervention group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the subglottic pressure was successfully detected by CFD simulation analysis, and increased significantly after 2 weeks in the PMV intervention group compared to the non-PMV intervention group (P < 0.001), indicating that the subglottic pressure could be remodeled through PMV intervention. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that PMV could improve VP-Max, UES-RD, and reduce aspiration in tracheostomized patients, and the putative mechanism may involve the subglottic pressure. Clinical trial registration [http://www.chictr.org.cn], identifier [ChiCTR1800018686].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuping Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanao Meng
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Pan
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zulin Dou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zulin Dou,
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53
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Hashimoto M, Brito SI, Venner A, Pasqualini AL, Yang TL, Allen D, Fuller PM, Anthony TE. Lateral septum modulates cortical state to tune responsivity to threat stimuli. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111521. [PMID: 36288710 PMCID: PMC9645245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden unexpected environmental changes capture attention and, when perceived as potentially dangerous, evoke defensive behavioral states. Perturbations of the lateral septum (LS) can produce extreme hyperdefensiveness even to innocuous stimuli, but how this structure influences stimulus-evoked defensive responses and threat perception remains unclear. Here, we show that Crhr2-expressing neurons in mouse LS exhibit phasic activation upon detection of threatening but not rewarding stimuli. Threat-stimulus-driven activity predicts the probability but not vigor or type of defensive behavior evoked. Although necessary for and sufficient to potentiate stimulus-triggered defensive responses, LSCrhr2 neurons do not promote specific behaviors. Rather, their stimulation elicits negative valence and physiological arousal. Moreover, LSCrhr2 activity tracks brain state fluctuations and drives cortical activation and rapid awakening in the absence of threat. Together, our findings suggest that LS directs bottom-up modulation of cortical function to evoke preparatory defensive internal states and selectively enhance responsivity to threat-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Hashimoto
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salvador Ignacio Brito
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne Venner
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amanda Loren Pasqualini
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tracy Lulu Yang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Allen
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Michael Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Todd Erryl Anthony
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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54
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Oral Sensory Neurons of the Geniculate Ganglion That Express Tyrosine Hydroxylase Comprise a Subpopulation That Contacts Type II and Type III Taste Bud Cells. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0523-21.2022. [PMID: 36216506 PMCID: PMC9581578 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0523-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral sensory neurons of the geniculate ganglion (GG) innervate taste papillae and buds on the tongue and soft palate. Electrophysiological recordings of these neurons and fibers revealed complexity in the number of unique response profiles observed, suggesting there are several distinct neuronal subtypes. Molecular descriptions of these subpopulations are incomplete. We report here the identification of a subpopulation of GG oral sensory neurons in mice by expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). TH-expressing geniculate neurons represent 10-20% of oral sensory neurons and these neurons innervate taste buds in fungiform and anterior foliate taste papillae on the surface of the tongue, as well as taste buds in the soft palate. While 35-50% of taste buds on the tongue are innervated by these TH+ neurons, 100% of soft palate taste buds are innervated. These neurons did not have extragemmal processes outside of taste buds and did not express the mechanosensory neuron-associated gene Ret, suggesting they are chemosensory and not somatosensory neurons. Within taste buds, TH-expressing fibers contacted both Type II and Type III cells, raising the possibility that they are responsive to more than one taste quality. During this analysis we also identified a rare TH+ taste receptor cell type that was found in only 12-25% of taste buds and co-expressed TRPM5, suggesting it was a Type II cell. Taken together, TH-expressing GG oral sensory neurons innervate taste buds preferentially in the soft palate and contact Type II and Type III taste bud receptor cells.
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55
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Abstract
When it comes to food, one tempting substance is sugar. Although sweetness is detected by the tongue, the desire to consume sugar arises from the gut. Even when sweet taste is impaired, animals can distinguish sugars from non-nutritive sweeteners guided by sensory cues arising from the gut epithelium. Here, we review the molecular receptors, cells, circuits and behavioural consequences associated with sugar sensing in the gut. Recent work demonstrates that some duodenal cells, termed neuropod cells, can detect glucose using sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 and release glutamate onto vagal afferent neurons. Based on these and other data, we propose a model in which specific populations of vagal neurons relay these sensory cues to distinct sets of neurons in the brain, including neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract, dopaminergic reward circuits in the basal ganglia and homeostatic feeding circuits in the hypothalamus, that alter current and future sugar consumption. This emerging model highlights the critical role of the gut in sensing the chemical properties of ingested nutrients to guide appetitive decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston W Liu
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Diego V Bohórquez
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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56
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Ran C, Boettcher JC, Kaye JA, Gallori CE, Liberles SD. A brainstem map for visceral sensations. Nature 2022; 609:320-326. [PMID: 36045291 PMCID: PMC9452305 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system uses various coding strategies to process sensory inputs. For example, the olfactory system uses large receptor repertoires and is wired to recognize diverse odours, whereas the visual system provides high acuity of object position, form and movement1-5. Compared to external sensory systems, principles that underlie sensory processing by the interoceptive nervous system remain poorly defined. Here we developed a two-photon calcium imaging preparation to understand internal organ representations in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), a sensory gateway in the brainstem that receives vagal and other inputs from the body. Focusing on gut and upper airway stimuli, we observed that individual NTS neurons are tuned to detect signals from particular organs and are topographically organized on the basis of body position. Moreover, some mechanosensory and chemosensory inputs from the same organ converge centrally. Sensory inputs engage specific NTS domains with defined locations, each containing heterogeneous cell types. Spatial representations of different organs are further sharpened in the NTS beyond what is achieved by vagal axon sorting alone, as blockade of brainstem inhibition broadens neural tuning and disorganizes visceral representations. These findings reveal basic organizational features used by the brain to process interoceptive inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ran
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack C Boettcher
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judith A Kaye
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine E Gallori
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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57
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Ottaviani MM, Macefield VG. Structure and Functions of the Vagus Nerve in Mammals. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3989-4037. [PMID: 35950655 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We review the structure and function of the vagus nerve, drawing on information obtained in humans and experimental animals. The vagus nerve is the largest and longest cranial nerve, supplying structures in the neck, thorax, and abdomen. It is also the only cranial nerve in which the vast majority of its innervation territory resides outside the head. While belonging to the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, the nerve is primarily sensory-it is dominated by sensory axons. We discuss the macroscopic and microscopic features of the nerve, including a detailed description of its extensive territory. Histochemical and genetic profiles of afferent and efferent axons are also detailed, as are the central nuclei involved in the processing of sensory information conveyed by the vagus nerve and the generation of motor (including parasympathetic) outflow via the vagus nerve. We provide a comprehensive review of the physiological roles of vagal sensory and motor neurons in control of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, and finish with a discussion on the interactions between the vagus nerve and the immune system. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-49, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M Ottaviani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vaughan G Macefield
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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58
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Zhou Z, Jiang T, Zhu Y, Ling Z, Yang B, Huang L. A comparative investigation on H3K27ac enhancer activities in the brain and liver tissues between wild boars and domesticated pigs. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1281-1290. [PMID: 36051459 PMCID: PMC9423090 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatic phenotypic differences between domestic pigs and wild boars (Sus scrofa) provide opportunities to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of complex traits, including morphology, physiology and behaviour. Most studies comparing domestic pigs and wild boars have focused on variations in DNA sequences and mRNA expression, but not on epigenetic changes. Here, we present a genome-wide comparative study on H3K27ac enhancer activities and the corresponding mRNA profiling in the brain and liver tissues of adult Bama Xiang pigs (BMXs) and Chinese wild boars (CWBs). We identified a total of 1,29,487 potential regulatory elements, among which 11,241 H3K27ac peaks showed differential activity between CWBs and BMXs in at least one tissue. These peaks were overrepresented by binding motifs of FOXA1, JunB, ATF3 and BATF, and overlapped with differentially expressed genes that are involved in female mating behaviour, response to growth factors and hormones, and lipid metabolism. We also identified 4118 nonredundant super-enhancers from ChIP-Seq data on H3K27ac. Notably, we identified differentially active peaks located close to or within candidate genes, including TBX19, MSTN, AHR and P2RY1, which were identified in DNA sequence-based population differentiation studies. This study generates a valuable dataset on H3K27ac profiles of the brain and liver from domestic pigs and wild boars, which helps gain insights into the changes in enhancer activities from wild boars to domestic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Swine Genetic Improvement and Production TechnologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine Genetic Improvement and Production TechnologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Yaling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine Genetic Improvement and Production TechnologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Ziqi Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Swine Genetic Improvement and Production TechnologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine Genetic Improvement and Production TechnologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Lusheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine Genetic Improvement and Production TechnologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
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59
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Rahimi RA, Cho JL, Jakubzick CV, Khader SA, Lambrecht BN, Lloyd CM, Molofsky AB, Talbot S, Bonham CA, Drake WP, Sperling AI, Singer BD. Advancing Lung Immunology Research: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:e1-18. [PMID: 35776495 PMCID: PMC9273224 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0167st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian airways and lungs are exposed to a myriad of inhaled particulate matter, allergens, and pathogens. The immune system plays an essential role in protecting the host from respiratory pathogens, but a dysregulated immune response during respiratory infection can impair pathogen clearance and lead to immunopathology. Furthermore, inappropriate immunity to inhaled antigens can lead to pulmonary diseases. A complex network of epithelial, neural, stromal, and immune cells has evolved to sense and respond to inhaled antigens, including the decision to promote tolerance versus a rapid, robust, and targeted immune response. Although there has been great progress in understanding the mechanisms governing immunity to respiratory pathogens and aeroantigens, we are only beginning to develop an integrated understanding of the cellular networks governing tissue immunity within the lungs and how it changes after inflammation and over the human life course. An integrated model of airway and lung immunity will be necessary to improve mucosal vaccine design as well as prevent and treat acute and chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases. Given the importance of immunology in pulmonary research, the American Thoracic Society convened a working group to highlight central areas of investigation to advance the science of lung immunology and improve human health.
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60
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Coverdell TC, Abraham-Fan RJ, Wu C, Abbott SBG, Campbell JN. Genetic encoding of an esophageal motor circuit. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110962. [PMID: 35705034 PMCID: PMC9255432 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor control of the striated esophagus originates in the nucleus ambiguus (nAmb), a vagal motor nucleus that also contains upper airway motor neurons and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons for the heart and lungs. We disambiguate nAmb neurons based on their genome-wide expression profiles, efferent circuitry, and ability to control esophageal muscles. Our single-cell RNA sequencing analysis predicts three molecularly distinct nAmb neuron subtypes and annotates them by subtype-specific marker genes: Crhr2, Vipr2, and Adcyap1. Mapping the axon projections of the nAmb neuron subtypes reveals that Crhr2nAmb neurons innervate the esophagus, raising the possibility that they control esophageal muscle function. Accordingly, focal optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic Crhr2+ fibers in the esophagus results in contractions. Activating Crhr2nAmb neurons has no effect on heart rate, a key parasympathetic function of the nAmb, whereas activating all of the nAmb neurons robustly suppresses heart rate. Together, these results reveal a genetically defined circuit for motor control of the esophagus. Primary motor neurons for the esophagus reside in the nucleus ambiguus (nAmb) of the hindbrain, but little is known about their molecular identity. Coverdell et al. find that the nAmb comprises three molecularly and anatomically distinct neuron subtypes, one of which selectively innervates and can contract esophageal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana C Coverdell
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | | | - Chen Wu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephen B G Abbott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - John N Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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Tolman Z, Chaverra M, George L, Lefcort F. Elp1 is required for development of visceral sensory peripheral and central circuitry. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275184. [PMID: 35481599 PMCID: PMC9187870 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular instability and a blunted respiratory drive in hypoxic conditions are hallmark features of the genetic sensory and autonomic neuropathy, familial dysautonomia (FD). FD results from a mutation in the gene ELP1, the encoded protein of which is a scaffolding subunit of the six-subunit Elongator complex. In mice, we and others have shown that Elp1 is essential for the normal development of neural crest-derived dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons. Whether Elp1 is also required for development of ectodermal placode-derived visceral sensory receptors, which are required for normal baroreception and chemosensory responses, has not been investigated. Using mouse models for FD, we here show that the entire circuitry underlying baroreception and chemoreception is impaired due to a requirement for Elp1 in the visceral sensory neuron ganglia, as well as for normal peripheral target innervation, and in their central nervous system synaptic partners in the medulla. Thus, Elp1 is required in both placode- and neural crest-derived sensory neurons, and its reduction aborts the normal development of neuronal circuitry essential for autonomic homeostasis and interoception. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Our data indicate that Elp1 is required in both placode- and neural crest-derived sensory neurons, and that it exerts comparable effects, including survival, axonal morphology and target innervation in both lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zariah Tolman
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Marta Chaverra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Lynn George
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.,Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Montana State University Billings, Billings, MT 59101, USA
| | - Frances Lefcort
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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62
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Barlow LA. The sense of taste: Development, regeneration, and dysfunction. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1547. [PMID: 34850604 PMCID: PMC11152580 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gustation or the sense of taste is a primary sense, which functions as a gatekeeper for substances that enter the body. Animals, including humans, ingest foods that contain appetitive taste stimuli, including those that have sweet, moderately salty and umami (glutamate) components, and tend to avoid bitter-tasting items, as many bitter compounds are toxic. Taste is mediated by clusters of heterogeneous taste receptors cells (TRCs) organized as taste buds on the tongue, and these convey taste information from the oral cavity to higher order brain centers via the gustatory sensory neurons of the seventh and ninth cranial ganglia. One remarkable aspect of taste is that taste perception is mostly uninterrupted throughout life yet TRCs within buds are constantly renewed; every 1-2 months all taste cells have been steadily replaced. In the past decades we have learned a substantial amount about the cellular and molecular regulation of taste bud cell renewal, and how taste buds are initially established during embryogenesis. Here I review more recent findings pertaining to taste development and regeneration, as well as discuss potential mechanisms underlying taste dysfunction that often occurs with disease or its treatment. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells & Development, and the Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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63
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Crosson T, Talbot S. Anatomical differences in nociceptor neurons sensitivity. Bioelectron Med 2022; 8:7. [PMID: 35382899 PMCID: PMC8985299 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-022-00088-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) neurons are derived from the neural crest and mainly innervate the skin, while Jugular Nodose Complex (JNC) neurons originate from the placode and innervate internal organs. These ganglia are composed of highly heterogeneous groups of neurons aimed at assessing and preserving homeostasis. Among other subtypes, nociceptor neurons are specialized in sensing and responding to environmental dangers. As form typically follows function, we hypothesized that JNC and DRG neurons would be phenotypically and transcriptomically different. Methods Mouse JNC and DRG neurons were cultured ex vivo. Using calcium imaging, qPCR and neurite outgrowth assay, we compared the sensitivity of JNC and DRG neurons. Using in-silico analysis of existing RNA sequencing datasets, we confronted our results to transcriptomic differences found between both ganglia. Results We found drastically different expression levels of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, growth factor receptors and neuropeptides in JNC and DRG neurons. Functionally, naïve JNC neurons’ TRP channels are more sensitive to thermal cues than the ones from DRG neurons. However, DRG neurons showed increased TRP channel responsiveness, neuropeptide release and neurite outgrowth when exposed to Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). In contrast, JNC neurons preferentially responded to Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Conclusion Our data show that JNC and DRG neurons are transcriptomically and functionally unique and that pain sensitivity is different across anatomical sites. Drugs targeting NGF signaling may have limited efficacy to treat visceral pain. Bioelectronics nerve stimulation should also be adjusted to the ganglia being targeted and their different expression profile. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42234-022-00088-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Crosson
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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64
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Roversi K, Tabatabaei M, Desjardins-Lecavalier N, Balood M, Crosson T, Costantino S, Griffith M, Talbot S, Boutopoulos C. Nanophotonics Enable Targeted Photothermal Silencing of Nociceptor Neurons. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103364. [PMID: 35195345 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The sensory nervous and immune systems work in concert to preserve homeostasis. While this endogenous interplay protects from danger, it may drive chronic pathologies. Currently, genetic engineering of neurons remains the primary approach to interfere selectively with this potentially deleterious interplay. However, such manipulations are not feasible in a clinical setting. Here, this work reports a nanotechnology-enabled concept to silence subsets of unmodified nociceptor neurons that exploits their ability to respond to heat via the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel. This strategy uses laser stimulation of antibody-coated gold nanoparticles to heat-activate TRPV1, turning this channel into a cell-specific drug-entry port. This delivery method allows transport of a charged cationic derivative of an N-type calcium channel blocker (CNCB-2) into targeted sensory fibers. CNCB-2 delivery blocks neuronal calcium currents and neuropeptides release, resulting in targeted silencing of nociceptors. Finally, this work demonstrates the ability of the approach to probe neuro-immune crosstalk by targeting cytokine-responsive nociceptors and by successfully preventing nociceptor-induced CD8+ T-cells polarization. Overall, this work constitutes the first demonstration of targeted silencing of nociceptor neuron subsets without requiring genetic modification, establishing a strategy for interfering with deleterious neuro-immune interplays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiane Roversi
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Département d'ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Maryam Tabatabaei
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Desjardins-Lecavalier
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Institut de Génie Biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mohammad Balood
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Theo Crosson
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Santiago Costantino
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Département d'ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Institut de Génie Biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - May Griffith
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Département d'ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Institut de Génie Biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christos Boutopoulos
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Département d'ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Institut de Génie Biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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65
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Prescott SL, Liberles SD. Internal senses of the vagus nerve. Neuron 2022; 110:579-599. [PMID: 35051375 PMCID: PMC8857038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The vagus nerve is an indispensable body-brain connection that controls vital aspects of autonomic physiology like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and gut motility, reflexes like coughing and swallowing, and survival behaviors like feeding, drinking, and sickness responses. Classical physiological studies and recent molecular/genetic approaches have revealed a tremendous diversity of vagal sensory neuron types that innervate different internal organs, with many cell types remaining poorly understood. Here, we review the state of knowledge related to vagal sensory neurons that innervate the respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems. We focus on cell types and their response properties, physiological/behavioral roles, engaged neural circuits and, when possible, sensory receptors. We are only beginning to understand the signal transduction mechanisms used by vagal sensory neurons and upstream sentinel cells, and future studies are needed to advance the field of interoception to the level of mechanistic understanding previously achieved for our external senses.
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66
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Wei XP, Collie M, Dempsey B, Fortin G, Yackle K. A novel reticular node in the brainstem synchronizes neonatal mouse crying with breathing. Neuron 2022; 110:644-657.e6. [PMID: 34998469 PMCID: PMC8857054 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human speech can be divided into short, rhythmically timed elements, similar to syllables within words. Even our cries and laughs, as well as the vocalizations of other species, are periodic. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the tempo of mammalian vocalizations remain unknown. Furthermore, even the core cells that produce vocalizations remain ill-defined. Here, we describe rhythmically timed neonatal mouse vocalizations that occur within single breaths and identify a brainstem node that is necessary for and sufficient to structure these cries, which we name the intermediate reticular oscillator (iRO). We show that the iRO acts autonomously and sends direct inputs to key muscles and the respiratory rhythm generator in order to coordinate neonatal vocalizations with breathing, as well as paces and patterns these cries. These results reveal that a novel mammalian brainstem oscillator embedded within the conserved breathing circuitry plays a central role in the production of neonatal vocalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Paul Wei
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew Collie
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bowen Dempsey
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Fortin
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Yackle
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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67
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de Nooij JC. Influencers in the Somatosensory System: Extrinsic Control of Sensory Neuron Phenotypes. Neuroscientist 2022:10738584221074350. [DOI: 10.1177/10738584221074350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) comprise several main subclasses: high threshold nociceptors/thermoceptors, high- and low-threshold mechanoreceptors, and proprioceptors. Recent years have seen an explosion in the identification of molecules that underlie the functional diversity of these sensory modalities. They also have begun to reveal the developmental mechanisms that channel the emergence of this subtype diversity, solidifying the importance of peripheral instructive signals. Somatic sensory neurons collectively serve numerous essential physiological and protective roles, and as such, an increased understanding of the processes that underlie the specialization of these sensory subtypes is not only biologically interesting but also clinically relevant.
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68
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Ichiki T, Wang T, Kennedy A, Pool AH, Ebisu H, Anderson DJ, Oka Y. Sensory representation and detection mechanisms of gut osmolality change. Nature 2022; 602:468-474. [PMID: 35082448 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ingested food and water stimulate sensory systems in the oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal areas before absorption1,2. These sensory signals modulate brain appetite circuits in a feed-forward manner3-5. Emerging evidence suggests that osmolality sensing in the gut rapidly inhibits thirst neurons upon water intake. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how peripheral sensory neurons detect visceral osmolality changes, and how they modulate thirst. Here we use optical and electrical recording combined with genetic approaches to visualize osmolality responses from sensory ganglion neurons. Gut hypotonic stimuli activate a dedicated vagal population distinct from mechanical-, hypertonic- or nutrient-sensitive neurons. We demonstrate that hypotonic responses are mediated by vagal afferents innervating the hepatic portal area (HPA), through which most water and nutrients are absorbed. Eliminating sensory inputs from this area selectively abolished hypotonic but not mechanical responses in vagal neurons. Recording from forebrain thirst neurons and behavioural analyses show that HPA-derived osmolality signals are required for feed-forward thirst satiation and drinking termination. Notably, HPA-innervating vagal afferents do not sense osmolality itself. Instead, these responses are mediated partly by vasoactive intestinal peptide secreted after water ingestion. Together, our results reveal visceral hypoosmolality as an important vagal sensory modality, and that intestinal osmolality change is translated into hormonal signals to regulate thirst circuit activity through the HPA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Ichiki
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ann Kennedy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Allan-Hermann Pool
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Haruka Ebisu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David J Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yuki Oka
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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69
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Neural signalling of gut mechanosensation in ingestive and digestive processes. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:135-156. [PMID: 34983992 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Eating and drinking generate sequential mechanosensory signals along the digestive tract. These signals are communicated to the brain for the timely initiation and regulation of diverse ingestive and digestive processes - ranging from appetite control and tactile perception to gut motility, digestive fluid secretion and defecation - that are vital for the proper intake, breakdown and absorption of nutrients and water. Gut mechanosensation has been investigated for over a century as a common pillar of energy, fluid and gastrointestinal homeostasis, and recent discoveries of specific mechanoreceptors, contributing ion channels and the well-defined circuits underlying gut mechanosensation signalling and function have further expanded our understanding of ingestive and digestive processes at the molecular and cellular levels. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of the generation of mechanosensory signals from the digestive periphery, the neural afferent pathways that relay these signals to the brain and the neural circuit mechanisms that control ingestive and digestive processes, focusing on the four major digestive tract parts: the oral and pharyngeal cavities, oesophagus, stomach and intestines. We also discuss the clinical implications of gut mechanosensation in ingestive and digestive disorders.
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70
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Abstract
This chapter broadly reviews cardiopulmonary sympathetic and vagal sensors and their reflex functions during physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. Mechanosensory operating mechanisms, including their central projections, are described under multiple sensor theory. In addition, ways to interpret evidence surrounding several controversial issues are provided, with detailed reasoning on how conclusions are derived. Cardiopulmonary sensory roles in breathing control and the development of symptoms and signs and pathophysiologic processes in cardiopulmonary diseases (such as cough and neuroimmune interaction) also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Yu
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Louisville, and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, United States.
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71
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Yakovlev OA, Yudin MA, Chepur SV, Vengerovich NG, Stepanov AV, Babkin AA. Non-Specific Targets for Correction of Pneumonia Caused by Aerosols Containing Damaging Factors of Various Nature. BIOLOGY BULLETIN REVIEWS 2022; 12. [PMCID: PMC9749646 DOI: 10.1134/s207908642206010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides data on the current state of the pathogenesis peculiarities of body and lung inflammation (pneumonia) under the influence of damaging factors of various nature: infectious agents, chemical toxicants, as well as incorporated radionuclides, etc. The peculiarities of inflammation itself, as a typical pathological process, are considered. Information on mediators that induce the so-called pro-resolving phase of inflammation manifestations is given. Approaches to the neuroimmune correction of non-specific inflammation are substantiated. Data on the following alternative approaches to the correction of nonspecific inflammation are summarized: factors of the coagulation system, modulators of the integrated stress response, and modulators of sigma-1 receptors. Based on the data presented, general directions for the treatment of nonspecific pneumonia are formulated, including reflexogenic and anti-inflammatory therapy in combination with multimodal drugs, as well as pro-resolving therapy in combination with drugs that prevent fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Yakovlev
- State Research Experimental Institute of Military Medicine, 198515 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M. A. Yudin
- State Research Experimental Institute of Military Medicine, 198515 St. Petersburg, Russia ,North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, 195067 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S. V. Chepur
- State Research Experimental Institute of Military Medicine, 198515 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N. G. Vengerovich
- State Research Experimental Institute of Military Medicine, 198515 St. Petersburg, Russia ,Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A. V. Stepanov
- State Research Experimental Institute of Military Medicine, 198515 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A. A. Babkin
- State Research Experimental Institute of Military Medicine, 198515 St. Petersburg, Russia
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72
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Foote AG, Lungova V, Thibeault SL. Piezo1-expressing vocal fold epithelia modulate remodeling via effects on self-renewal and cytokeratin differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:591. [PMID: 36376494 PMCID: PMC9663367 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanoreceptors are implicated as functional afferents within mucosa of the airways and the recent discovery of mechanosensitive channels Piezo1 and Piezo2 has proved essential for cells of various mechanically sensitive tissues. However, the role for Piezo1/2 in vocal fold (VF) mucosal epithelia, a cell that withstands excessive biomechanical insult, remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that Piezo1 is required for VF mucosal repair pathways of epithelial cell injury. Utilizing a sonic hedgehog (shh) Cre line for epithelial-specific ablation of Piezo1/2 mechanoreceptors, we investigated 6wk adult VF mucosa following naphthalene exposure for repair strategies at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days post-injury (dpi). PIEZO1 localized to differentiated apical epithelia and was paramount for epithelial remodeling events. Injury to wildtype epithelium was most appreciated at 3 dpi. Shhcre/+; Piezo1loxP/loxP, Piezo2 loxP/+ mutant epithelium exhibited severe cell/nuclear defects compared to injured controls. Conditional ablation of Piezo1 and/or Piezo2 to uninjured VF epithelium did not result in abnormal phenotypes across P0, P15 and 6wk postnatal stages compared to heterozygote and control tissue. Results demonstrate a role for Piezo1-expressing VF epithelia in regulating self-renewal via effects on p63 transcription and YAP subcellular translocation-altering cytokeratin differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Foote
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vlasta Lungova
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Susan L. Thibeault
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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73
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Abstract
Internal organs, including the airway, are innervated by neurons of the autonomic and sensory nervous systems. The airway-innervating sensory neurons primarily originate from the vagus nerve, whose cell bodies are found, in rodents, in the jugular and nodose ganglia complex (JNC). About half of these sensory neurons expressed the heat-sensing ion channel TRPV1 and evolved to limit tissue damage by detecting chemical, mechanical, or thermal threats and to initiate protective airway reflexes such as coughing and bronchoconstriction. They also help monitor the host homeostasis by sensing nutrients, pressure, and O2 levels and help mount airway defenses by controlling immune and goblet cell activity. To better appreciate the scope of the physiological role and pathological contributions of these neurons, we will review gain and loss-of-function approaches geared at controlling the activity of these neurons. We will also present a method to study transcriptomic changes in airway-innervating neurons and a co-culture approach designed to understand how nociceptors modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Chiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Theo Crosson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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74
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Su Y, Barr J, Jaquish A, Xu J, Verheyden JM, Sun X. Identification of lung innervating sensory neurons and their target specificity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L50-L63. [PMID: 34755535 PMCID: PMC8721910 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00376.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Known as the gas exchange organ, the lung is also critical for responding to the aerosol environment in part through interaction with the nervous system. The diversity and specificity of lung innervating neurons remain poorly understood. Here, we interrogated the cell body location and molecular signature and projection pattern of lung innervating sensory neurons. Retrograde tracing from the lung coupled with whole tissue clearing highlighted neurons primarily in the vagal ganglia. Centrally, they project specifically to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem. Peripherally, they enter the lung alongside branching airways. Labeling of nociceptor Trpv1+ versus peptidergic Tac1+ vagal neurons showed shared and distinct terminal morphology and targeting to airway smooth muscles, vasculature including lymphatics, and alveoli. Notably, a small population of vagal neurons that are Calb1+ preferentially innervate pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, a demonstrated airway sensor population. This atlas of lung innervating neurons serves as a foundation for understanding their function in lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Su
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Justinn Barr
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Abigail Jaquish
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jinhao Xu
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jamie M. Verheyden
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Xin Sun
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California,2Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California
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75
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Zhao Q, Yu CD, Wang R, Xu QJ, Dai Pra R, Zhang L, Chang RB. A multidimensional coding architecture of the vagal interoceptive system. Nature 2022; 603:878-884. [PMID: 35296859 PMCID: PMC8967724 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interoception, the ability to timely and precisely sense changes inside the body, is critical for survival1-4. Vagal sensory neurons (VSNs) form an important body-to-brain connection, navigating visceral organs along the rostral-caudal axis of the body and crossing the surface-lumen axis of organs into appropriate tissue layers5,6. The brain can discriminate numerous body signals through VSNs, but the underlying coding strategy remains poorly understood. Here we show that VSNs code visceral organ, tissue layer and stimulus modality-three key features of an interoceptive signal-in different dimensions. Large-scale single-cell profiling of VSNs from seven major organs in mice using multiplexed projection barcodes reveals a 'visceral organ' dimension composed of differentially expressed gene modules that code organs along the body's rostral-caudal axis. We discover another 'tissue layer' dimension with gene modules that code the locations of VSN endings along the surface-lumen axis of organs. Using calcium-imaging-guided spatial transcriptomics, we show that VSNs are organized into functional units to sense similar stimuli across organs and tissue layers; this constitutes a third 'stimulus modality' dimension. The three independent feature-coding dimensions together specify many parallel VSN pathways in a combinatorial manner and facilitate the complex projection of VSNs in the brainstem. Our study highlights a multidimensional coding architecture of the mammalian vagal interoceptive system for effective signal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiancheng Zhao
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Chuyue D. Yu
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Rui Wang
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Qian J. Xu
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Rafael Dai Pra
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Rui B. Chang
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
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76
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Ualiyeva S, Lemire E, Aviles EC, Wong C, Boyd AA, Lai J, Liu T, Matsumoto I, Barrett NA, Boyce JA, Haber AL, Bankova LG. Tuft cell-produced cysteinyl leukotrienes and IL-25 synergistically initiate lung type 2 inflammation. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabj0474. [PMID: 34932383 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Saltanat Ualiyeva
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan Lemire
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evelyn C Aviles
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Wong
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amelia A Boyd
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juying Lai
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nora A Barrett
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam L Haber
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lora G Bankova
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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77
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Dias ML, O'Connor KM, Dempsey EM, O'Halloran KD, McDonald FB. Targeting the Toll-like receptor pathway as a therapeutic strategy for neonatal infection. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R879-R902. [PMID: 34612068 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00307.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial transmembrane receptors that form part of the innate immune response. They play a role in the recognition of various microorganisms and their elimination from the host. TLRs have been proposed as vital immunomodulators in the regulation of multiple neonatal stressors that extend beyond infection such as oxidative stress and pain. The immune system is immature at birth and takes some time to become fully established. As such, babies are especially vulnerable to sepsis at this early stage of life. Findings suggest a gestational age-dependent increase in TLR expression. TLRs engage with accessory and adaptor proteins to facilitate recognition of pathogens and their activation of the receptor. TLRs are generally upregulated during infection and promote the transcription and release of proinflammatory cytokines. Several studies report that TLRs are epigenetically modulated by chromatin changes and promoter methylation upon bacterial infection that have long-term influences on immune responses. TLR activation is reported to modulate cardiorespiratory responses during infection and may play a key role in driving homeostatic instability observed during sepsis. Although complex, TLR signaling and downstream pathways are potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of neonatal diseases. By reviewing the expression and function of key Toll-like receptors, we aim to provide an important framework to understand the functional role of these receptors in response to stress and infection in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Dias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen M O'Connor
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugene M Dempsey
- Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona B McDonald
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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78
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Abstract
Sour taste, the taste of acids, is one of the most enigmatic of the five basic taste qualities; its function is unclear and its receptor was until recently unknown. Sour tastes are transduced in taste buds on the tongue and palate epithelium by a subset of taste receptor cells, known as type III cells. Type III cells express a number of unique markers, including the PKD2L1 gene, which allow for their identification and manipulation. These cells respond to acid stimuli with action potentials and release neurotransmitters onto afferent nerve fibers, with cell bodies in geniculate and petrosal ganglia. Here, we review classical studies of sour taste leading up to the identification of the sour receptor as the proton channel, OTOP1. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather N Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; ,
| | - Emily R Liman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; ,
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79
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Drake MG, Cook M, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB, Scott GD. Airway Sensory Nerve Plasticity in Asthma and Chronic Cough. Front Physiol 2021; 12:720538. [PMID: 34557110 PMCID: PMC8452850 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.720538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway sensory nerves detect a wide variety of chemical and mechanical stimuli, and relay signals to circuits within the brainstem that regulate breathing, cough, and bronchoconstriction. Recent advances in histological methods, single cell PCR analysis and transgenic mouse models have illuminated a remarkable degree of sensory nerve heterogeneity and have enabled an unprecedented ability to test the functional role of specific neuronal populations in healthy and diseased lungs. This review focuses on how neuronal plasticity contributes to development of two of the most common airway diseases, asthma and chronic cough, and discusses the therapeutic implications of emerging treatments that target airway sensory nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Madeline Cook
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Allison D. Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David B. Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Gregory D. Scott
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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80
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Lv X, Gao F, Li TP, Xue P, Wang X, Wan M, Hu B, Chen H, Jain A, Shao Z, Cao X. Skeleton interoception regulates bone and fat metabolism through hypothalamic neuroendocrine NPY. eLife 2021; 10:e70324. [PMID: 34468315 PMCID: PMC8439655 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system regulates activity of peripheral organs through interoception. In our previous study, we have demonstrated that PGE2/EP4 skeleton interception regulate bone homeostasis. Here, we show that ascending skeleton interoceptive signaling downregulates expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and induce lipolysis of adipose tissue for osteoblastic bone formation. Specifically, the ascending skeleton interoceptive signaling induces expression of small heterodimer partner-interacting leucine zipper protein (SMILE) in the hypothalamus. SMILE binds to pCREB as a transcriptional heterodimer on Npy promoters to inhibit NPY expression. Knockout of EP4 in sensory nerve increases expression of NPY causing bone catabolism and fat anabolism. Importantly, inhibition of NPY Y1 receptor (Y1R) accelerated oxidation of free fatty acids in osteoblasts and rescued bone loss in AvilCre:Ptger4fl/fl mice. Thus, downregulation of hypothalamic NPY expression lipolyzes free fatty acids for anabolic bone formation through a neuroendocrine descending interoceptive regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lv
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Cell Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Cell Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tuo Peter Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Cell Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Peng Xue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Cell Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Cell Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Cell Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Cell Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Cell Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Amit Jain
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Cell Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Cell Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
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81
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Jakob MO, Kofoed-Branzk M, Deshpande D, Murugan S, Klose CSN. An Integrated View on Neuronal Subsets in the Peripheral Nervous System and Their Role in Immunoregulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679055. [PMID: 34322118 PMCID: PMC8312561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory circuits that respond to external and internal stimuli and effector circuits that adapt physiologic functions to environmental challenges. Identifying neurotransmitters and neuropeptides and the corresponding receptors on immune cells implies an essential role for the nervous system in regulating immune reactions. Vice versa, neurons express functional cytokine receptors to respond to inflammatory signals directly. Recent advances in single-cell and single-nuclei sequencing have provided an unprecedented depth in neuronal analysis and allowed to refine the classification of distinct neuronal subsets of the peripheral nervous system. Delineating the sensory and immunoregulatory capacity of different neuronal subsets could inform a better understanding of the response happening in tissues that coordinate physiologic functions, tissue homeostasis and immunity. Here, we summarize current subsets of peripheral neurons and discuss neuronal regulation of immune responses, focusing on neuro-immune interactions in the gastrointestinal tract. The nervous system as a central coordinator of immune reactions and tissue homeostasis may predispose for novel promising therapeutic approaches for a large variety of diseases including but not limited to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel O Jakob
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Kofoed-Branzk
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Divija Deshpande
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shaira Murugan
- Department of BioMedical Research, Group of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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82
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Tao J, Campbell JN, Tsai LT, Wu C, Liberles SD, Lowell BB. Highly selective brain-to-gut communication via genetically defined vagus neurons. Neuron 2021; 109:2106-2115.e4. [PMID: 34077742 PMCID: PMC8273126 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The vagus nerve innervates many organs, and most, if not all, of its motor fibers are cholinergic. However, no one knows its organizing principles-whether or not there are dedicated neurons with restricted targets that act as "labeled lines" to perform certain functions, including two opposing ones (gastric contraction versus relaxation). By performing unbiased transcriptional profiling of DMV cholinergic neurons, we discovered seven molecularly distinct subtypes of motor neurons. Then, by using subtype-specific Cre driver mice, we show that two of these subtypes exclusively innervate the glandular domain of the stomach where, remarkably, they contact different enteric neurons releasing functionally opposing neurotransmitters (acetylcholine versus nitric oxide). Thus, the vagus motor nerve communicates via genetically defined labeled lines to control functionally unique enteric neurons within discrete subregions of the gastrointestinal tract. This discovery reveals that the parasympathetic nervous system utilizes a striking division of labor to control autonomic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenkang Tao
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John N Campbell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Linus T Tsai
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chen Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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83
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Borgmann D, Ciglieri E, Biglari N, Brandt C, Cremer AL, Backes H, Tittgemeyer M, Wunderlich FT, Brüning JC, Fenselau H. Gut-brain communication by distinct sensory neurons differently controls feeding and glucose metabolism. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1466-1482.e7. [PMID: 34043943 PMCID: PMC8280952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sensory neurons relay gut-derived signals to the brain, yet the molecular and functional organization of distinct populations remains unclear. Here, we employed intersectional genetic manipulations to probe the feeding and glucoregulatory function of distinct sensory neurons. We reconstruct the gut innervation patterns of numerous molecularly defined vagal and spinal afferents and identify their downstream brain targets. Bidirectional chemogenetic manipulations, coupled with behavioral and circuit mapping analysis, demonstrated that gut-innervating, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R)-expressing vagal afferents relay anorexigenic signals to parabrachial nucleus neurons that control meal termination. Moreover, GLP1R vagal afferent activation improves glucose tolerance, and their inhibition elevates blood glucose levels independent of food intake. In contrast, gut-innervating, GPR65-expressing vagal afferent stimulation increases hepatic glucose production and activates parabrachial neurons that control normoglycemia, but they are dispensable for feeding regulation. Thus, distinct gut-innervating sensory neurons differentially control feeding and glucoregulatory neurocircuits and may provide specific targets for metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diba Borgmann
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Translational Neurocircuitry Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Anatomy II, Neuroanatomy, University Hospital Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elisa Ciglieri
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nasim Biglari
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Brandt
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Cremer
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko Backes
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Tittgemeyer
- Translational Neurocircuitry Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - F Thomas Wunderlich
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, Cologne 50931, Germany; Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Straße 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, Cologne 50931, Germany; Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Straße 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Fenselau
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, Cologne 50931, Germany.
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84
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Wang T, Ulrich H, Semyanov A, Illes P, Tang Y. Optical control of purinergic signaling. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:385-392. [PMID: 34156578 PMCID: PMC8410941 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays a pivotal role in physiological processes and pathological conditions. Over the past decades, conventional pharmacological, biochemical, and molecular biology techniques have been utilized to investigate purinergic signaling cascades. However, none of them is capable of spatially and temporally manipulating purinergic signaling cascades. Currently, optical approaches, including optopharmacology and optogenetic, enable controlling purinergic signaling with low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. In this mini-review, we discuss optical approaches for controlling purinergic signaling and their applications in basic and translational science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- International Collaborative Centre On Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Henning Ulrich
- International Collaborative Centre On Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter Illes
- International Collaborative Centre On Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China. .,Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Yong Tang
- International Collaborative Centre On Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China. .,Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
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85
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Abstract
Mechanosensation is the ability to detect dynamic mechanical stimuli (e.g., pressure, stretch, and shear stress) and is essential for a wide variety of processes, including our sense of touch on the skin. How touch is detected and transduced at the molecular level has proved to be one of the great mysteries of sensory biology. A major breakthrough occurred in 2010 with the discovery of a family of mechanically gated ion channels that were coined PIEZOs. The last 10 years of investigation have provided a wealth of information about the functional roles and mechanisms of these molecules. Here we focus on PIEZO2, one of the two PIEZO proteins found in humans and other mammals. We review how work at the molecular, cellular, and systems levels over the past decade has transformed our understanding of touch and led to unexpected insights into other types of mechanosensation beyond the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Szczot
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; .,Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alec R Nickolls
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Ruby M Lam
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; .,NIH-Brown University Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Alexander T Chesler
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; .,National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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86
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Doyle ME, Appleton A, Liu QR, Yao Q, Mazucanti CH, Egan JM. Human Type II Taste Cells Express Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and Are Infected by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1511-1519. [PMID: 34102107 PMCID: PMC8179718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemosensory changes are well-reported symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The virus targets cells for entry by binding of its spike protein to cell-surface angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). It is not known whether ACE2 is expressed on taste receptor cells (TRCs), or whether TRCs are infected directly. in situ hybridization probe and an antibody specific to ACE2 indicated presence of ACE2 on a subpopulation of TRCs (namely, type II cells in taste buds in taste papillae). Fungiform papillae of a SARS-CoV-2+ patient exhibiting symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including taste changes, were biopsied. Presence of replicating SARS-CoV-2 in type II cells was verified by in situ hybridization. Therefore, taste type II cells provide a potential portal for viral entry that predicts vulnerabilities to SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity. The continuity and cell turnover of a patient's fungiform papillae taste stem cell layer were disrupted during infection and had not completely recovered 6 weeks after symptom onset. Another patient experiencing post-COVID-19 taste disturbances also had disrupted stem cells. These results demonstrate the possibility that novel and sudden taste changes, frequently reported in COVID-19, may be the result of direct infection of taste papillae by SARS-CoV-2. This may result in impaired taste receptor stem cell activity and suggest that further work is needed to understand the acute and postacute dynamics of viral kinetics in the human taste bud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire E Doyle
- National Institute on Aging/Intramural Program, Baltimore Maryland.
| | - Ashley Appleton
- National Institute on Aging/Intramural Program, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- National Institute on Aging/Intramural Program, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Qin Yao
- National Institute on Aging/Intramural Program, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Caio H Mazucanti
- National Institute on Aging/Intramural Program, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- National Institute on Aging/Intramural Program, Baltimore Maryland.
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87
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Moe AAK, McGovern AE, Mazzone SB. Jugular vagal ganglia neurons and airway nociception: A target for treating chronic cough. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 135:105981. [PMID: 33895353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The airways receive a dense supply of sensory nerve fibers that are responsive to damaging or potentially injurious stimuli. These airway nociceptors are mainly derived from the jugular and nodose vagal ganglia, and when activated they induce a range of reflexes and sensations that play an essential role in airway protection. Jugular nociceptors differ from nodose nociceptors in their embryonic origins, molecular profile and termination patterns in the airways and the brain, and recent discoveries suggest that excessive activity in jugular nociceptors may be central to the development of chronic cough. For these reasons, targeting jugular airway nociceptor signaling processes at different levels of the neuraxis may be a promising target for therapeutic development. In this focused review, we present the current understanding of jugular ganglia nociceptors, how they may contribute to chronic cough and mechanisms that could be targeted to bring about cough suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Aung Kywe Moe
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Alice E McGovern
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart B Mazzone
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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88
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Doyle ME, Appleton A, Liu QR, Yao Q, Mazucanti CH, Egan JM. Human Taste Cells Express ACE2: a Portal for SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.04.21.440680. [PMID: 33907747 PMCID: PMC8077572 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.21.440680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Loss and changes in taste and smell are well-reported symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The virus targets cells for entry by high affinity binding of its spike protein to cell-surface angiotensin-converting enzyme- 2 (ACE2). It was not known whether ACE2 is expressed on taste receptor cells (TRCs) nor if TRCs are infected directly. Using an in-situ hybridization (ISH) probe and an antibody specific to ACE2, it seems evident that ACE2 is present on a subpopulation of specialized TRCs, namely, PLCβ2 positive, Type II cells in taste buds in taste papillae. Fungiform papillae (FP) of a SARS-CoV-2+ patient exhibiting symptoms of COVID-19, including taste changes, were biopsied. Based on ISH, replicating SARS-CoV-2 was present in Type II cells of this patient. Therefore, taste Type II cells provide a portal for viral entry that predicts vulnerabilities to SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity. The continuity and cell turnover of the FP taste stem cell layer of the patient were disrupted during infection and had not fully recovered 6 weeks post symptom onset. Another patient suffering post-COVID-19 taste disturbances also had disrupted stem cells. These results indicate that a COVID-19 patient who experienced taste changes had replicating virus in their taste buds and that SARS-CoV-2 infection results in deficient stem cell turnover needed for differentiation into TRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire E Doyle
- National Institute on Aging/Intramural Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore MD 21224
| | - Ashley Appleton
- National Institute on Aging/Intramural Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore MD 21224
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- National Institute on Aging/Intramural Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore MD 21224
| | - Qin Yao
- National Institute on Aging/Intramural Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore MD 21224
| | | | - Josephine M Egan
- National Institute on Aging/Intramural Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore MD 21224
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89
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Abstract
Taste buds are the sensory end organs for gustation, mediating sensations of salty, sour, bitter, sweet and umami as well as other possible modalities, e.g. fat and kokumi. Understanding of the structure and function of these sensory organs has increased greatly in the last decades with advances in ultrastructural methods, molecular genetics, and in vitro models. This review will focus on the cellular constituents of taste buds, and molecular regulation of taste bud cell renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Finger
- Dept. Cell & Developmental Biology, Univ. Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, MS 8108, Room L18-11118, RC-1, 12801 E. 17th Ave., Aurora CO 80045
| | - Linda A Barlow
- Dept. Cell & Developmental Biology, Univ. Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, MS 8108, Room L18-11118, RC-1, 12801 E. 17th Ave., Aurora CO 80045
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90
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Richards P, Thornberry NA, Pinto S. The gut-brain axis: Identifying new therapeutic approaches for type 2 diabetes, obesity, and related disorders. Mol Metab 2021; 46:101175. [PMID: 33548501 PMCID: PMC8085592 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut-brain axis, which mediates bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal system and central nervous system (CNS), plays a fundamental role in multiple areas of physiology including regulating appetite, metabolism, and gastrointestinal function. The biology of the gut-brain axis is central to the efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies, which are now leading treatments for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity. This success and research to suggest a much broader role of gut-brain circuits in physiology and disease has led to increasing interest in targeting such circuits to discover new therapeutics. However, our current knowledge of this biology is limited, largely because the scientific tools have not been available to enable a detailed mechanistic understanding of gut-brain communication. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of how sensory information from the gastrointestinal system is communicated to the central nervous system, with an emphasis on circuits involved in regulating feeding and metabolism. We then describe how recent technologies are enabling a better understanding of this system at a molecular level and how this information is leading to novel insights into gut-brain communication. We also discuss current therapeutic approaches that leverage the gut-brain axis to treat diabetes, obesity, and related disorders and describe potential novel approaches that have been enabled by recent advances in the field. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The gut-brain axis is intimately involved in regulating glucose homeostasis and appetite, and this system plays a key role in mediating the efficacy of therapeutics that have had a major impact on treating T2DM and obesity. Research into the gut-brain axis has historically largely focused on studying individual components in this system, but new technologies are now enabling a better understanding of how signals from these components are orchestrated to regulate metabolism. While this work reveals a complexity of signaling even greater than previously appreciated, new insights are already being leveraged to explore fundamentally new approaches to treating metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Richards
- Kallyope, Inc., 430 East 29th, Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | | | - Shirly Pinto
- Kallyope, Inc., 430 East 29th, Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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91
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Foote AG, Thibeault SL. Sensory Innervation of the Larynx and the Search for Mucosal Mechanoreceptors. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2021; 64:371-391. [PMID: 33465318 PMCID: PMC8632506 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The larynx is a uniquely situated organ, juxtaposed between the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and endures considerable immunological challenges while providing reflexogenic responses via putative mucosal mechanoreceptor afferents. Laryngeal afferents mediate precise monitoring of sensory events by relay to the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (iSLN). Exposure to a variety of stimuli (e.g., mechanical, chemical, thermal) at the mucosa-airway interface has likely evolved a diverse array of specialized sensory afferents for rapid laryngeal control. Accordingly, mucosal mechanoreceptors in demarcated laryngeal territories have been hypothesized as primary sources of sensory input. The purpose of this article is to provide a tutorial on current evidence for laryngeal afferent receptors in mucosa, the role of mechano-gated ion channels within airway epithelia and mechanisms for mechanoreceptors implicated in laryngeal health and disease. Method An overview was conducted on the distribution and identity of iSLN-mediated afferent receptors in the larynx, with specific focus on mechanoreceptors and their functional roles in airway mucosa. Results/Conclusions Laryngeal somatosensation at the cell and molecular level is still largely unexplored. This tutorial consolidates various animal and human researches, with translational emphasis provided for the importance of mucosal mechanoreceptors to normal and abnormal laryngeal function. Information presented in this tutorial has relevance to both clinical and research arenas. Improved understanding of iSLN innervation and corresponding mechanotransduction events will help shed light upon a variety of pathological reflex responses, including persistent cough, dysphonia, and laryngospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Foote
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Susan L. Thibeault
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison
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92
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Inclan-Rico JM, Kim BS, Abdus-Saboor I. Beyond somatosensation: Mrgprs in mucosal tissues. Neurosci Lett 2021; 748:135689. [PMID: 33582191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mas-related G coupled receptors (Mrgprs) are a superfamily of receptors expressed in sensory neurons that are known to transmit somatic sensations from the skin to the central nervous system. Interestingly, Mrgprs have recently been implicated in sensory and motor functions of mucosal-associated neuronal circuits. The gastrointestinal and pulmonary tracts are constantly exposed to noxious stimuli. Therefore, it is likely that neuronal Mrgpr signaling pathways in mucosal tissues, akin to their family members expressed in the skin, might relay messages that alert the host when mucosal tissues are affected by damaging signals. Further, Mrgprs have been proposed to mediate the cross-talk between sensory neurons and immune cells that promotes host-protective functions at barrier sites. Although the mechanisms by which Mrgprs are activated in mucosal tissues are not completely understood, these exciting studies implicate Mrgprs as potential therapeutic targets for conditions affecting the intestinal and airway mucosa. This review will highlight the central role of Mrgpr signaling pathways in the regulation of homeostasis at mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Inclan-Rico
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian S Kim
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ishmail Abdus-Saboor
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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93
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Zhang C, Kaye JA, Cai Z, Wang Y, Prescott SL, Liberles SD. Area Postrema Cell Types that Mediate Nausea-Associated Behaviors. Neuron 2021; 109:461-472.e5. [PMID: 33278342 PMCID: PMC7864887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nausea, the unpleasant sensation of visceral malaise, remains a mysterious process. The area postrema is implicated in some nausea responses and is anatomically privileged to detect blood-borne signals. To investigate nausea mechanisms, we built an area postrema cell atlas through single-nucleus RNA sequencing, revealing a few neuron types. Using mouse genetic tools for cell-specific manipulation, we discovered excitatory neurons that induce nausea-related behaviors, with one neuron type mediating aversion imposed by multiple poisons. Nausea-associated responses to agonists of identified area postrema receptors were observed and suppressed by targeted cell ablation and/or gene knockout. Anatomical mapping revealed a distributed network of long-range excitatory but not inhibitory projections with subtype-specific patterning. These studies reveal the basic organization of area postrema nausea circuitry and provide a framework toward understanding and therapeutically controlling nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Judith A Kaye
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zerong Cai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yandan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara L Prescott
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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94
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TLR4 Signaling Selectively and Directly Promotes CGRP Release from Vagal Afferents in the Mouse. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0254-20.2020. [PMID: 33318075 PMCID: PMC7877464 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0254-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a long-standing debate regarding the role of peripheral afferents in mediating rapid-onset anorexia among other responses elicited by peripheral inflammatory insults. Thus, the current study assessed the sufficiency of peripheral afferents expressing toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to the initiation of the anorexia caused by peripheral bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We generated a Tlr4 null (Tlr4LoxTB) mouse in which Tlr4 expression is globally disrupted by a loxP-flanked transcription blocking (TB) cassette. This novel mouse model allowed us to restore the endogenous TLR4 expression in specific cell types. Using Zp3-Cre and Nav1.8-Cre mice, we produced mice that express TLR4 in all cells (Tlr4LoxTB X Zp3-Cre) and in peripheral afferents (Tlr4LoxTB X Nav1.8-Cre), respectively. We validated the Tlr4LoxTB mice, which were phenotypically identical to previously reported global TLR4 knock-out mice. Contrary to our expectations, the administration of LPS did not cause rapid-onset anorexia in mice with Nav1.8-restricted TLR4. The later result prompted us to identify Tlr4-expressing vagal afferents using in situ hybridization (ISH). In vivo, we found that Tlr4 mRNA was primarily enriched in vagal Nav1.8 afferents located in the jugular ganglion that co-expressed calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In vitro, the application of LPS to cultured Nav1.8-restricted TLR4 afferents was sufficient to stimulate the release of CGRP. In summary, we demonstrated using a new mouse model that vagally-expressed TLR4 is selectively involved in stimulating the release of CGRP but not in causing anorexia.
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95
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Liu J, Hu YS, Tang Y. Commentary: Vagal P2RY1 Receptors: A Novel Target for Airway Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:596003. [PMID: 33390983 PMCID: PMC7774324 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.596003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China.,Sports Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Shi Hu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China.,Sports Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China.,Sports Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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96
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Okonogi T, Sasaki T. Optogenetic Manipulation of the Vagus Nerve. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:459-470. [PMID: 33398833 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The vagus nerve plays a pivotal role in communication between the brain and peripheral organs involved in the sensory detection and the autonomic control of visceral activity. While the lack of appropriate experimental techniques to manipulate the physiological activity of the vagus nerve has been a long-standing problem, recent advancements in optogenetic tools, including viral vectors and photostimulation devices, during the late 2010s have begun to overcome this technical hurdle. Furthermore, identifying promoters for expressing transgenes in a cell-type-specific subpopulation of vagal neurons enables the selective photoactivation of afferent/efferent vagal neurons and specific visceral organ-innervating vagal neurons. In this chapter, we describe recent optogenetic approaches to study vagus nerve physiology and describe how these approaches have provided novel findings on the roles of vagus nerve signals in the cardiac, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. Compared with studies of the central nervous system, there are still few insights into vagus nerve physiology. Further studies with optogenetic tools will be useful for understanding the fundamental characteristics of vagus nerve signals transferred throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toya Okonogi
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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97
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MacDonald AJ, Yang YHC, Cruz AM, Beall C, Ellacott KLJ. Brain-Body Control of Glucose Homeostasis-Insights From Model Organisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:662769. [PMID: 33868184 PMCID: PMC8044781 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.662769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of blood glucose is essential for long term health. Blood glucose levels are defended by the correct function of, and communication between, internal organs including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and brain. Critically, the brain is sensitive to acute changes in blood glucose level and can modulate peripheral processes to defend against these deviations. In this mini-review we highlight select key findings showcasing the utility, strengths, and limitations of model organisms to study brain-body interactions that sense and control blood glucose levels. First, we discuss the large platform of genetic tools available to investigators studying mice and how this field may yet reveal new modes of communication between peripheral organs and the brain. Second, we discuss how rats, by virtue of their size, have unique advantages for the study of CNS control of glucose homeostasis and note that they may more closely model some aspects of human (patho)physiology. Third, we discuss the nascent field of studying the CNS control of blood glucose in the zebrafish which permits ease of genetic modification, large-scale measurements of neural activity and live imaging in addition to high-throughput screening. Finally, we briefly discuss glucose homeostasis in drosophila, which have a distinct physiology and glucoregulatory systems to vertebrates.
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98
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Abstract
The community of cells lining our airways plays a collaborative role in the preservation of immune homeostasis in the lung and provides protection from the pathogens and pollutants in the air we breathe. In addition to its structural attributes that provide effective mucociliary clearance of the lower airspace, the airway epithelium is an immunologically active barrier surface that senses changes in the airway environment and interacts with resident and recruited immune cells. Single-cell RNA-sequencing is illuminating the cellular heterogeneity that exists in the airway wall and has identified novel cell populations with unique molecular signatures, trajectories of differentiation and diverse functions in health and disease. In this Review, we discuss how our view of the airway epithelial landscape has evolved with the advent of transcriptomic approaches to cellular phenotyping, with a focus on epithelial interactions with the local neuronal and immune systems.
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99
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Behrens R, McGovern AE, Farrell MJ, Moe AAK, Mazzone SB. Mini Review: Central Organization of Airway Afferent Nerve Circuits. Neurosci Lett 2020; 744:135604. [PMID: 33387662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Airway afferents monitor the local chemical and physical micro-environments in the airway wall and lungs and send this information centrally to regulate neural circuits involved in setting autonomic tone, evoking reflex and volitional respiratory motor outflows, encoding perceivable sensations and contributing to higher order cognitive processing. In this mini-review we present a current overview of the central wiring of airway afferent circuits in the brainstem and brain, highlighting recent discoveries that augment our understanding of airway sensory processing. We additionally explore how advances in describing the molecular diversity of airway afferents may influence future research efforts aimed at defining central mesoscale connectivity of airway afferent pathways. A refined understanding of how functionally distinct airway afferent pathways are organized in the brain will provide deeper insight into the physiology of airway afferent-evoked responses and may foster opportunities for targeted modulation of specific pathways involved in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Behrens
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Alice E McGovern
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael J Farrell
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Aung Aung Kywe Moe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stuart B Mazzone
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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100
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Noguchi M, Furukawa KT, Morimoto M. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells: physiology, tissue homeostasis and disease. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/12/dmm046920. [PMID: 33355253 PMCID: PMC7774893 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian lungs have the ability to recognize external environments by sensing different compounds in inhaled air. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are rare, multi-functional epithelial cells currently garnering attention as intrapulmonary sensors; PNECs can detect hypoxic conditions through chemoreception. Because PNEC overactivation has been reported in patients suffering from respiratory diseases – such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and other congenital diseases – an improved understanding of the fundamental characteristics of PNECs is becoming crucial in pulmonary biology and pathology. During the past decade, murine genetics and disease models revealed the involvement of PNECs in lung ventilation dynamics, mechanosensing and the type 2 immune responses. Single-cell RNA sequencing further unveiled heterogeneous gene expression profiles in the PNEC population and revealed that a small number of PNECs undergo reprogramming during regeneration. Aberrant large clusters of PNECs have been observed in neuroendocrine tumors, including small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Modern innovation of imaging analyses has enabled the discovery of dynamic migratory behaviors of PNECs during airway development, perhaps relating to SCLC malignancy. This Review summarizes the findings from research on PNECs, along with novel knowledge about their function. In addition, it thoroughly addresses the relevant questions concerning the molecular pathology of pulmonary diseases and related therapeutic approaches. Summary: This Review highlights the physiological relevance of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, rare airway epithelial cells that form intrapulmonary sensory organs, abnormalities of which are associated with several pulmonary disorders, such as asthma and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Noguchi
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Centre for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Kana T Furukawa
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Centre for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Morimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Centre for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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