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Hunter MR, Gillespie BW, Chen SYP. Urban Nature Experiences Reduce Stress in the Context of Daily Life Based on Salivary Biomarkers. Front Psychol 2019; 10:722. [PMID: 31019479 PMCID: PMC6458297 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress reduction through contact with nature is well established, but far less is known about the contribution of contact parameters - duration, frequency, and nature quality. This study describes the relationship between duration of a nature experience (NE), and changes in two physiological biomarkers of stress - salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase. It is the first study to employ long-term, repeated-measure assessment and the first evaluation wherein study participants are free to choose the time of day, duration, and the place of a NE in response to personal preference and changing daily schedules. During an 8-week study period, 36 urban dwellers were asked to have a NE, defined as spending time in an outdoor place that brings a sense of contact with nature, at least three times a week for a duration of 10 min or more. Their goal was compliance within the context of unpredictable opportunity for taking a nature pill. Participants provided saliva samples before and after a NE at four points over the study period. Before-NE samples established the diurnal trajectory of each stress indicator and these were in line with published outcomes of more closely controlled experiments. For salivary cortisol, an NE produced a 21.3%/hour drop beyond that of the hormone's 11.7% diurnal drop. The efficiency of a nature pill per time expended was greatest between 20 and 30 min, after which benefits continued to accrue, but at a reduced rate. For salivary alpha-amylase, there was a 28.1%/h drop after adjusting for its diurnal rise of 3.5%/h, but only for participants that were least active sitting or sitting with some walking. Activity type did not influence cortisol response. The methods for this adaptive management study of nature-based restoration break new ground in addressing some complexities of measuring an effective nature dose in the context of normal daily life, while bypassing the limitations of a clinical pharmacology dose-response study. The results provide a validated starting point for healthcare practitioners prescribing a nature pill to those in their care. This line of inquiry is timely in light of expanding urbanization and rising healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaryCarol R Hunter
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Brenda W Gillespie
- Consulting for Statistics, Computing, and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sophie Yu-Pu Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Rector JL, Tay L, Wiese CW, Friedman EM. Relative sensitivity of cortisol indices to psychosocial and physical health factors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213513. [PMID: 30943214 PMCID: PMC6447160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulation of cortisol under resting conditions is widely used to assess physical and psychological status, but due to the diversity of possible assessments (e.g., cumulative levels; diurnal patterns), considering one or a few at a time hampers understanding and interpretation. Moreover, most studies of cortisol regulation focus on negatively-valanced experiences. This study examined the inter-correlations among cortisol indices and their relative contribution to the explained variance in diverse psychosocial and health factors, including positive functioning. METHODS Data are from midlife and older adults (N = 513; 47.2% male). Cortisol was assessed in urine (overnight) and saliva (at rest and over 4 consecutive days). Positive and negative psychosocial and health factors were assessed by self-report. In addition to examining associations among cortisol indices, relative weight analysis was used to determine which indices were most robustly linked to specific psychosocial factors. RESULTS Inter-correlations among indices were weak-to-moderate, suggesting that they measure different aspects of hypothalamic-pituitary-axis activity. Overall variance in psychosocial and health factors (R2) explained by the cortisol indices ranged from 0.01 to 0.07. Of this explained variance, relative weight analysis showed that waking cortisol contributed most to the variance in hedonic well-being (32.1%-38.2%), bedtime cortisol to depression-related factors (32.1%-46.9%), the cortisol awakening response to eudaimonic well-being (35.8%-50.5%), cortisol slope to perceived stress (29.2%), and urinary cortisol to physical factors (38.5% and 62.7%). CONCLUSIONS Positive and negative factors were related to largely non-overlapping cortisol indices. This study illuminates nuanced associations among cortisol indices and diverse aspects of mental and physical health, facilitating thoughtful examination of the complex role of hypothalamic-pituitary-axis activity in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrald L. Rector
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Louis Tay
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Christopher W. Wiese
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Elliot M. Friedman
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
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Baker EK, Richdale AL, Hazi A, Prendergast LA. Assessing a hyperarousal hypothesis of insomnia in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2019; 12:897-910. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Baker
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Olga Tennison Autism Research CentreLa Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
- Diagnosis and DevelopmentMurdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Amanda L. Richdale
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Olga Tennison Autism Research CentreLa Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Agnes Hazi
- School of Psychology and Public HealthLa Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Luke A. Prendergast
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsLa Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
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Assay validation of hair androgens across the menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 101:175-181. [PMID: 30469084 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saliva is a common noninvasive biofluid for measuring stress and sex hormones, yet one pressing limitation is that salivary hormones fluctuate momentarily, daily, and (for girls) across the menstrual cycle. Hair steroid assays are thought to provide a cumulative index which collapses across hormonal variability, potentially eliminating the confound of daily and menstrual cyclicity and thereby reflecting individual differences in average hormone levels. Here we seek to validate a hair bioassay methodology and test whether hair androgens accurately measure long-term, stable androgen levels in emerging adult women across two menstrual cycles. METHODS Hair samples were collected at the end of each menstrual cycle for two cycles, and saliva samples were collected in the morning once per week across two menstrual cycles (N = 11 women). Hair samples were segmented by 1 cm for the first 4 cm to reflect the hormone levels of the past four serial months. Hair samples were assayed using commercially-available enzyme-immuno-assays for testosterone and DHEA. RESULTS Hair androgen concentrations were significantly correlated with averaged saliva hormone levels (DHEA: r = .75, p < .05; Testosterone: r = .67, p < .05). With respect to hair hormone stability, there were significant correlations for almost all the pairs of two 1 cm hair segments collected in two months that corresponded to the same time period. Hair androgens in one segment were significantly correlated with those in next segment. Regarding salivary androgen stability, the intra-class correlation across the weekly saliva samples indicated that for DHEA 59% of the total variance was within person and 41% was between person; and for testosterone 91% of the total variance was between person, and only 9% within person. DISCUSSION Results suggest that a one-time measure of hair provides a valid and reliable estimate of average steroid levels across two months. Moreover, whereas saliva measures of androgen levels capture week-to-week fluctuations in steroids, hair samples provide information on individual differences in average exposure to steroids, across long periods of time, such as months. Results are encouraging that hair DHEA and testosterone reflects the cumulative hormonal concentration and can be used as a stable hormonal index. Results also indicate that it is feasible to collect the first 3-4 centimeters of hair for studies of stable hormone levels.
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Yiallouris A, Tsioutis C, Agapidaki E, Zafeiri M, Agouridis AP, Ntourakis D, Johnson EO. Adrenal Aging and Its Implications on Stress Responsiveness in Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:54. [PMID: 30792695 PMCID: PMC6374303 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal aging results in subtle changes both in ACTH and cortisol secretion. Most notable is the general increase in mean daily serum cortisol levels in the elderly, without a noteworthy alteration in the normal circadian rhythm pattern. Glucocorticoid excess seen in the elderly population can have serious consequences in both the structural and functional integrity of various key areas in the brain, including the hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, with consequent impairment in normal memory, cognitive function, and sleep cycles. The chronically elevated glucocorticoid levels also impinge on the normal stress response in the elderly, leading to an impaired ability to recover from stressful stimuli. In addition to the effects on the brain, glucocorticoid excess is associated with other age-related changes, including loss of muscle mass, hypertension, osteopenia, visceral obesity, and diabetes, among others. In contrast to the increase in glucocorticoid levels, other adrenocortical hormones, particularly serum aldosterone and DHEA (the precursor to androgens and estrogens) show significant decreases in the elderly. The underlying mechanisms for their decrease remain unclear. While the adrenomedullary hormone, norephinephrine, shows an increase in plasma levels, associated with a decrease in clearance, no notable changes observed in plasma epinephrine levels in the elderly. The multiplicity and complexity of the adrenal hormone changes observed throughout the normal aging process, suggests that age-related alterations in cellular growth, differentiation, and senescence specific to the adrenal gland must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Yiallouris
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Laboratory of Education & Research Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Tsioutis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Zafeiri
- Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Konstantopouleio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Elizabeth O. Johnson
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Laboratory of Education & Research Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Athens, Greece
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth O. Johnson
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Hughes A, Kumari M. Testosterone, risk, and socioeconomic position in British men: Exploring causal directionality. Soc Sci Med 2019; 220:129-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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The Differential Effect of Ego-Resiliency on the Relationship between Emotional Labor and Salivary Cortisol Level in Bank Clerks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112576. [PMID: 30453655 PMCID: PMC6265735 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated stress levels in emotional laborers has been documented in a number of studies. To minimize the negative effects of stress, the need to examine potential protective factors has been highlighted. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the differential moderating effect of ego-resiliency on the relationship between emotional labor and salivary cortisol level by comparing two groups of bank clerks deemed to experience different degree of emotional labor. Twenty-four bank clerks working in regional branch offices who provided face-to-face customer service (customer service group) and 33 administrative-duty bank clerks who work without face-to-face customer service (administrative work group) were recruited to participate in the study. Participants were asked to draw saliva into a specimen tube at an identical time during a work day and complete self-report scales measuring emotional labor and ego-resiliency. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the interaction effect of ego-resiliency on the relationship between emotional labor and salivary cortisol level by controlling for gender, age and education level as covariates. The results demonstrated that the degree of emotional labor reported by the customer service group was higher than that of the administrative work group. Furthermore, ego-resiliency moderated the relationship between emotional labor and cortisol levels in the customer service group but not in the administrative work group. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed along with suggestions for future research.
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Does spending time outdoors reduce stress? A review of real-time stress response to outdoor environments. Health Place 2018; 51:136-150. [PMID: 29604546 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Everyday environmental conditions impact human health. One mechanism underlying this relationship is the experience of stress. Through systematic review of published literature, we explore how stress has been measured in real-time non-laboratory studies of stress responses to deliberate exposure to outdoor environments. The types of exposures evaluated in this review include: nature viewing, outdoor walks, outdoor exercise and gardening. We characterize study design, modalities of stress measurements, and statistical estimates of effect and significance. Heart rate, blood pressure, and self-report measures provide the most convincing evidence that spending time in outdoor environments, particularly those with green space, may reduce the experience of stress, and ultimately improve health. More work is needed to understand effects of in situ modifications to outdoor environments on residents' stress response.
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Everybody was Kung-Fu fighting—The beneficial effects of Tai Chi Qigong and self-defense Kung-Fu training on psychological and endocrine health in middle aged and older men. Complement Ther Med 2018; 36:68-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:657-677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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61
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Hartsell EN, Neupert SD. Chronic and Daily Stressors Along With Negative Affect Interact to Predict Daily Tiredness. J Appl Gerontol 2017; 38:1728-1745. [DOI: 10.1177/0733464817741684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examines the within-person relationship of daily stressors and tiredness and whether this depends on daily negative affect and individual differences in chronic stress. One hundred sixteen older adult participants were recruited via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk for a 9-day daily diary study. Daily tiredness, daily stressors, and negative affect were measured each day, and chronic stress was measured at baseline. Daily stressors, daily negative affect, and chronic stress interacted to predict daily tiredness. People with high chronic stress who experienced an increase in daily negative affect were the most reactive to daily stressors in terms of experiencing an increase in daily tiredness. We also found that people with low levels of chronic stress were the most reactive to daily stressors when they experienced low levels of daily negative affect. Our results highlight the need for individualized and contextualized approaches to combating daily tiredness in older adults.
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62
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Novak NL, Wang X, Clarke PJ, Hajat A, Needham BL, Sánchez BN, Rodriguez CJ, Seeman TE, Castro-Diehl C, Golden SH, Diez Roux AV. Diurnal salivary cortisol and nativity/duration of residence in Latinos: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 85:179-189. [PMID: 28886460 PMCID: PMC5623131 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Latino immigrants have lower prevalence of depression, obesity and cardiovascular disease than US-born Latinos when they are recently arrived in the US, but this health advantage erodes with increasing duration of US residence. Cumulative exposure to psychosocial stress and its physiological sequelae may mediate the relationship between nativity and duration of US residence and poor health. We used data from Latino cohort study participants ages 45-84 to examine cross-sectional (n=558) and longitudinal (n=248) associations between nativity and duration of US residence and features of the diurnal cortisol curve including: wake-up cortisol, cortisol awakening response (CAR, wake-up to 30min post-awakening), early decline (30min to 2h post-awakening) and late decline (2h post-awakening to bed time), wake-to-bed slope, and area under the curve (AUC). In cross-sectional analyses, US-born Latinos had higher wake-up cortisol than immigrants with fewer than 30 years of US residence. In the full sample, over 5 years the CAR and early decline became flatter and AUC became larger. Over 5 years, US-born Latinos had greater increases in wake-up cortisol and less pronounced flattening of the early diurnal cortisol decline than immigrants with fewer than 30 years of US residence. Immigrants with 30 or more years of US residence also had less pronounced flattening of the early decline relative to more recent immigrants, and also had a less pronounced increase in AUC. In sum, we saw limited cross-sectional evidence that US-born Latinos have more dysregulated cortisol than recently-arrived Latino immigrants, but over time US-born Latinos had slower progression of cortisol dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Novak
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Xu Wang
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3215 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Philippa J Clarke
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 S. Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Anjum Hajat
- University of Washington School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 303, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Belinda L Needham
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Brisa N Sánchez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, SPH II, Room 4164, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Teresa E Seeman
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Cecilia Castro-Diehl
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and Mailman School of Public Health, 630 West 168th Street PH9 105, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Sherita Hill Golden
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes,and Metabolism, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3215 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Walther A, Waldvogel P, Noser E, Ruppen J, Ehlert U. Emotions and Steroid Secretion in Aging Men: A Multi-Study Report. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1722. [PMID: 29033885 PMCID: PMC5627388 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although aging increases the risk of cognitive and socioemotional deterioration, it has also been shown to be accompanied by an increase in experienced positive emotions and a decrease in negative emotions. Steroid hormones and age-related alterations in secretion patterns have been suggested to play a crucial role in these age-related changes in emotional experience. Importantly, previous studies identified effects of neuroactive hormones on age-related alterations in emotional experience, which vary by sex and depression levels. Therefore, in three independent cross-sectional studies including a total of 776 men, we examined age-related differences in emotional experience and subsequently the moderation effect of steroid hormones. Sample one consisted of 271 self-reporting healthy (SRH) men aged between 40 and 75 years, while sample two comprised 121 men in the identical age range but only including vitally exhausted (VE) men. Sample three included 384 men aged between 25 and 78 years who reported having fathered (FA) at least one child. For the SRH men, age was negatively associated with anxiety symptoms and aggression, while negative trends emerged for depressive symptoms. In VE men, age was negatively associated with depressive symptoms and positively associated with aggression and positive emotions. For FA men, anxiety symptoms and aggression were negatively associated with age. Age trends of steroid hormones and identified moderation effects are reported. However, with adjustment for multiple comparisons, most of the significant associations fade and the reported associations need to be regarded as exploratory starting points for the further investigation of age-related alterations in emotional experience and their relation to steroid secretion. Overall, the results indicate that salivary cortisol might be a moderator of the association between age and symptoms of anxiety for SRH and VE men, while salivary testosterone seems to moderate the association between age and symptoms of anxiety or depression in VE and FA men, respectively. Both hair cortisol and progesterone seem to influence age-related alterations in anger experience. Age-related alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis emerge as promising avenues to further investigate the decrease in experienced negative emotions in aging men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walther
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Patricia Waldvogel
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Central European Network on Fatherhood (CENOF), Headquarters at the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilou Noser
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Ruppen
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Central European Network on Fatherhood (CENOF), Headquarters at the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sin NL, Ong AD, Stawski RS, Almeida DM. Daily positive events and diurnal cortisol rhythms: Examination of between-person differences and within-person variation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 83:91-100. [PMID: 28601752 PMCID: PMC5541940 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence from field studies has linked daily stressors to dysregulated patterns of diurnal cortisol. Less is known about whether naturally-occurring positive events in everyday life are associated with diurnal cortisol. The objectives of this study were to evaluate daily positive events as predictors of between-person differences and within-person (day-to-day) variations in diurnal cortisol parameters, in addition to daily positive events as buffers against the associations between daily stressors and cortisol. In the National Study of Daily Experiences, 1657 adults ages 33-84 (57% female) reported daily experiences during telephone interviews on 8 consecutive evenings. Saliva samples were collected 4 times per day on 4 interview days and assayed for cortisol. Multilevel models were used to estimate associations of daily positive events with cortisol awakening response (CAR), diurnal cortisol slope, and area under the curve (AUC). At the between-person level, people who experienced more frequent positive events exhibited a steeper diurnal cortisol slope, controlling for daily stressors, daily affect, and other covariates. At the within-person level, positive events in the morning (but not prior-night or afternoon/evening events) predicted steeper decline in cortisol across that day; positive events were also marginally associated with lower same-day AUC. Associations were not mediated by daily positive affect, and positive events did not buffer against stressor-related cortisol alterations. These findings indicate that individual differences and day-to-day variations in daily positive events are associated with diurnal cortisol patterns, independent of stressors and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Sin
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University,Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Anthony D. Ong
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University,Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College
| | - Robert S. Stawski
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University
| | - David M. Almeida
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University,Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
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Effect of cortisol diurnal rhythm on emotional memory in healthy young adults. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10158. [PMID: 28860606 PMCID: PMC5579256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the relationship between cortisol diurnal rhythm and cognitive function in healthy young adults, especially for emotional memory. To address this deficiency, this study examined the effect of diurnal cortisol slope (DCS) and heart rate variability (HRV) on emotional memory. Participants included healthy volunteers (44 men and 23 women; mean age 20.60 yrs). Participants were shown emotionally arousing slides and were asked to return to the laboratory one week later where they were given a "surprise" memory test to examine their emotional memory retention. Participants were asked to collect saliva samples at four time points (08:00, 11:00, 15:00, and 20:00) on the experimental days; these samples were used to calculate the DCS. Moreover, HRV was measured during the experiment. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that declarative memory ability, sleep duration, and the DCS were the final significant determinants for emotional memory enhancement (B = -20.41, 0.05, -48.20, ps < 0.05), with participants having flatter cortisol slopes showing reduced or absent emotional memory enhancement. These findings are discussed in reference to the possible effects of diurnal rhythm mechanisms of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system on emotional memory.
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66
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Mikkelsen S, Forman JL, Fink S, Vammen MA, Thomsen JF, Grynderup MB, Hansen ÅM, Kaerlev L, Kolstad HA, Rugulies R, Bonde JP. Prolonged perceived stress and saliva cortisol in a large cohort of Danish public service employees: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017; 90:835-848. [PMID: 28698925 PMCID: PMC5640736 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-017-1241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose It is well known that acute stress can lead to a transient increase in cortisol secretion, but the effects of prolonged stress on cortisol secretion are uncertain. This study examines the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between prolonged perceived stress and salivary cortisol. Methods In 2007, 4467 Danish public service employees participated in a study of stress and mental health, and 3217 participated in a follow-up in 2009. Perceived stress during the past 4 weeks was assessed by Cohen’s four item perceived stress scale. Participants were asked to collect saliva 30 min after awakening and at approximately 20:00 in the evening. The cortisol dependence on perceived stress was examined in regression analyses adjusted for effects of potential confounders. We adjusted for a large variation in saliva sampling times by modelling the time trajectory of cortisol concentrations in the morning and in the evening and examined if they were influenced by perceived stress. Results Perceived stress had no statistically significant effects on the level or time trajectory of morning or evening cortisol, neither cross-sectionally nor longitudinally. The 1 month prevalence of frequently perceived stress was low, approximately 2.5%. Conclusion Our results did not support the hypothesis that prolonged perceived stress is associated with the level or time trajectory of morning or evening salivary cortisol. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00420-017-1241-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Mikkelsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Julie Lyng Forman
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel Fink
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Agergaard Vammen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane Frølund Thomsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Åse Marie Hansen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda Kaerlev
- Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Albert Kolstad
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark
| | - Reiner Rugulies
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Phillips C. Lifestyle Modulators of Neuroplasticity: How Physical Activity, Mental Engagement, and Diet Promote Cognitive Health during Aging. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:3589271. [PMID: 28695017 PMCID: PMC5485368 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3589271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of the elderly across the globe will approximate 2.1 billion by 2050. Juxtaposed against this burgeoning segment of the population is evidence that nonpathological aging is associated with an increased risk for cognitive decline in a variety of domains, changes that can cause mild disability even before the onset of dementia. Given that pharmacological treatments that mitigate dementia are still outstanding, alternative therapeutic options are being investigated increasingly. The results from translational studies have shown that modifiable lifestyle factors-including physical activity, cognitive engagement, and diet-are a key strategy for maintaining brain health during aging. Indeed, a multiplicity of studies has demonstrated relationships between lifestyle factors, brain structure and function, and cognitive function in aging adults. For example, physical activity and diet modulate common neuroplasticity substrates (neurotrophic signaling, neurogenesis, inflammation, stress response, and antioxidant defense) in the brain whereas cognitive engagement enhances brain and cognitive reserve. The aims of this review are to evaluate the relationship between modifiable lifestyle factors, neuroplasticity, and optimal brain health during aging; to identify putative mechanisms that contribute positive brain aging; and to highlight future directions for scientists and clinicians. Undoubtedly, the translation of cutting-edge knowledge derived from the field of cognitive neuroscience will advance our understanding and enhance clinical treatment interventions as we endeavor to promote brain health during aging.
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68
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Feasibility of Hair Collection for Cortisol Measurement in Population Research on Adolescent Health. Nurs Res 2017; 65:249-55. [PMID: 27124260 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black-White disparities in adolescent health are widespread and thought to be explained, in part, by exposure to chronic stress. Cortisol assayed from hair is increasingly recognized as a valid and reliable measure for chronic physiological stress, but the feasibility of collecting hair among large probability samples of diverse adolescents is unknown. PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate participation in hair collection for cortisol analyses in a probability sample of racially and socioeconomically diverse adolescents, including the extent to which sociodemographic factors and adverse exposures were associated with participation. METHODS The study included a probability sample of 516 adolescents conducted in conjunction with a prospective cohort study on adolescent health. Data were collected over 1 week via in-home interviews, ecological momentary assessment, global positioning system methods, and in-home hair collection at the end of the week. RESULTS Of the 516 eligible youth, 471 (91.3%) participated in the hair collection. Of the 45 youth who did not provide hair samples, 18 had insufficient hair, 25 refused, and 2 did not participate for unknown reasons. Multivariable logistic regression results indicated that non-Hispanic Black youth were less likely than their non-Hispanic White peers to participate due to insufficient hair or refusal (OR = 0.24, 95% CI [0 .09, 0.60]). Despite lower rates of participation, the proportion of Black youth in the participating sample was representative of the study area. No significant differences in participation were found by other sociodemographic characteristics or adverse exposures. CONCLUSIONS Hair collection for cortisol measurement is feasible among a probability sample of racially and socioeconomically diverse adolescents. Hair cortisol analyses may accelerate research progress to understand the biological and psychosocial bases of health disparities.
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69
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Quattrocelli M, Barefield DY, Warner JL, Vo AH, Hadhazy M, Earley JU, Demonbreun AR, McNally EM. Intermittent glucocorticoid steroid dosing enhances muscle repair without eliciting muscle atrophy. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2418-2432. [PMID: 28481224 DOI: 10.1172/jci91445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid steroids such as prednisone are prescribed for chronic muscle conditions such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, where their use is associated with prolonged ambulation. The positive effects of chronic steroid treatment in muscular dystrophy are paradoxical because these steroids are also known to trigger muscle atrophy. Chronic steroid use usually involves once-daily dosing, although weekly dosing in children has been suggested for its reduced side effects on behavior. In this work, we tested steroid dosing in mice and found that a single pulse of glucocorticoid steroids improved sarcolemmal repair through increased expression of annexins A1 and A6, which mediate myofiber repair. This increased expression was dependent on glucocorticoid response elements upstream of annexins and was reinforced by the expression of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). We compared weekly versus daily steroid treatment in mouse models of acute muscle injury and in muscular dystrophy and determined that both regimens provided comparable benefits in terms of annexin gene expression and muscle repair. However, daily dosing activated atrophic pathways, including F-box protein 32 (Fbxo32), which encodes atrogin-1. Conversely, weekly steroid treatment in mdx mice improved muscle function and histopathology and concomitantly induced the ergogenic transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 15 (Klf15) while decreasing Fbxo32. These findings suggest that intermittent, rather than daily, glucocorticoid steroid regimen promotes sarcolemmal repair and muscle recovery from injury while limiting atrophic remodeling.
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Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning is characterized by the baseline production of cortisol following a circadian rhythm, as well as by the superimposed production of cortisol in response to a stressor. However, it is relatively unknown whether the basal cortisol circadian rhythm is associated with the cortisol stress response in children. Since alterations in cortisol stress responses have been associated with mental and physical health, this study investigated whether the cortisol circadian rhythm is associated with cortisol stress responses in 6-year-old children. To this end, 149 normally developing children (Mage = 6.09 years; 70 girls) participated in an innovative social evaluative stress test that effectively provoked increases in cortisol. To determine the cortisol stress response, six cortisol saliva samples were collected and two cortisol stress response indices were calculated: total stress cortisol and cortisol stress reactivity. To determine children's cortisol circadian rhythm eight cortisol circadian samples were collected during two days. Total diurnal cortisol and diurnal cortisol decline scores were calculated as indices of the cortisol circadian rhythm. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that higher total diurnal cortisol as well as a smaller diurnal cortisol decline, were both uniquely associated with higher total stress cortisol. No associations were found between the cortisol circadian rhythm indices and cortisol stress reactivity. Possible explanations for the patterns found are links with children's self-regulatory capacities and parenting quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterre S H Simons
- a Developmental Psychology , Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Antonius H N Cillessen
- a Developmental Psychology , Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Carolina de Weerth
- a Developmental Psychology , Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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71
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Diurnal coupling between testosterone and cortisol from adolescence to older adulthood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 73:79-90. [PMID: 27474909 PMCID: PMC5048541 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes are typically conceptualized as mutually inhibitory systems; however, previous studies have found evidence for positive within-person associations (i.e., coupling) between cortisol and testosterone. One developmental hypothesis is that positive testosterone-cortisol coupling is unique to the adolescent period and that coupling becomes attenuated, or even switches direction, in adulthood. This study used a lifespan sample (N=292, ages 11-88) to test for age-related differences in coupling between cortisol and testosterone in daily life. Participants provided salivary hormone samples at waking, 30min after waking, and during the evening for two days. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to test the within-person and between-person associations between testosterone and cortisol. Within-person associations were further decomposed into associations due to coupled diurnal change versus coupled variability around diurnal change. Results indicated positive associations between cortisol and testosterone at all levels of analysis. Additionally, positive coupling was evident across the lifespan, even in older adults who are no longer expected to reproduce, but further investigation of developmental differences with a larger sample is necessary. Potential mechanisms and functions for positive coupling are discussed.
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72
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Brown KW, Coogle CL, Wegelin J. A pilot randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction for caregivers of family members with dementia. Aging Ment Health 2016; 20. [PMID: 26211415 PMCID: PMC5070659 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1065790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The majority of care for those with Alzheimer's disease and other age-related dementias is provided in the home by family members. To date, there is no consistently effective intervention for reducing the significant stress burden of many family caregivers. The present pilot randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of an adapted, eight-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program, relative to a near structurally equivalent, standard social support (SS) control condition for reducing caregiver stress and enhancing the care giver-recipient relationship. METHOD Thirty-eight family caregivers were randomized to MBSR or SS, with measures of diurnal salivary cortisol, and perceived stress, mental health, experiential avoidance, caregiver burden, and relationship quality collected pre- and post-intervention and at three-month follow-up. RESULTS MBSR participants reported significantly lower levels of perceived stress and mood disturbance at post-intervention relative to SS participants. At three-month follow-up, participants in both treatment conditions reported improvements on several psychosocial outcomes. At follow-up, there were no condition differences on these outcomes, nor did MBSR and SS participants differ in diurnal cortisol response change over the course of the study. CONCLUSION Both MBSR and SS showed stress reduction effects, and MBSR showed no sustained neuroendocrine and psychosocial advantages over SS. The lack of treatment condition differences could be attributable to active ingredients in both interventions, and to population-specific and design factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Constance L. Coogle
- Virginia Center on Aging, Virginia Commonwealth University 730 East Broad St., 2nd floor, Richmond, VA 23219
| | - Jacob Wegelin
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center One Capitol Square, Room 732, 830 East Main St., Richmond, VA 23219
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Miller R, Stalder T, Jarczok M, Almeida DM, Badrick E, Bartels M, Boomsma DI, Coe CL, Dekker MCJ, Donzella B, Fischer JE, Gunnar MR, Kumari M, Lederbogen F, Power C, Ryff CD, Subramanian SV, Tiemeier H, Watamura SE, Kirschbaum C. The CIRCORT database: Reference ranges and seasonal changes in diurnal salivary cortisol derived from a meta-dataset comprised of 15 field studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 73:16-23. [PMID: 27448524 PMCID: PMC5108362 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diurnal salivary cortisol profiles are valuable indicators of adrenocortical functioning in epidemiological research and clinical practice. However, normative reference values derived from a large number of participants and across a wide age range are still missing. To fill this gap, data were compiled from 15 independently conducted field studies with a total of 104,623 salivary cortisol samples obtained from 18,698 unselected individuals (mean age: 48.3 years, age range: 0.5-98.5 years, 39% females). Besides providing a descriptive analysis of the complete dataset, we also performed mixed-effects growth curve modeling of diurnal salivary cortisol (i.e., 1-16h after awakening). Cortisol decreased significantly across the day and was influenced by both, age and sex. Intriguingly, we also found a pronounced impact of sampling season with elevated diurnal cortisol in spring and decreased levels in autumn. However, the majority of variance was accounted for by between-participant and between-study variance components. Based on these analyses, reference ranges (LC/MS-MS calibrated) for cortisol concentrations in saliva were derived for different times across the day, with more specific reference ranges generated for males and females in different age categories. This integrative summary provides important reference values on salivary cortisol to aid basic scientists and clinicians in interpreting deviations from the normal diurnal cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Miller
- Institute of General Psychology, Biopsychology and Psychological Methods, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tobias Stalder
- Institute of General Psychology, Biopsychology and Psychological Methods, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Jarczok
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - David M Almeida
- College of Heath and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, USA
| | - Ellena Badrick
- MRC Health eResearch Centre, The Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christopher L Coe
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1202W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706-1969, USA
| | - Marieke C J Dekker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bonny Donzella
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joachim E Fischer
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Megan R Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- ISER, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Lederbogen
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Carol D Ryff
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1202W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706-1969, USA
| | - S V Subramanian
- Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-6096, USA
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Watamura
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155S. Race Street, Denver, CO 802058, USA
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Institute of General Psychology, Biopsychology and Psychological Methods, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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Gaffey AE, Bergeman CS, Clark LA, Wirth MM. Aging and the HPA axis: Stress and resilience in older adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:928-945. [PMID: 27377692 PMCID: PMC5621604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function may change over the course of aging, and altered diurnal or stress-induced secretion of the hormone cortisol could predispose older adults to negative health outcomes. We propose that psychological resilience may interact with diurnal cortisol to affect health outcomes later in life. Emotion regulation and social support are two constructs that contribute to resilience and exhibit age-specific patterns in older adults. Determining how the use of resilience resources interacts with age-related diurnal cortisol will improve our understanding of the pathways between stress, resilience, and well-being. In this review, we assess published studies evaluating diurnal cortisol in older adults to better understand differences in their HPA axis functioning. Evidence thus far suggests that diurnal cortisol may increase with age, although cross-sectional studies limit the conclusions that can be drawn. We also review extant evidence connecting age-specific signatures of emotion regulation and social support with diurnal cortisol. Conclusions are used to propose a preliminary model demonstrating how resilience resources may modulate the effects of cortisol on health in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Gaffey
- 118 Haggar Hall, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States.
| | - C S Bergeman
- 118 Haggar Hall, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Lee Anna Clark
- 118 Haggar Hall, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Michelle M Wirth
- 118 Haggar Hall, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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75
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Chiang JJ, Tsai KM, Park H, Bower JE, Almeida DM, Dahl RE, Irwin MR, Seeman TE, Fuligni AJ. Daily family stress and HPA axis functioning during adolescence: The moderating role of sleep. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:43-53. [PMID: 27235639 PMCID: PMC5718343 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the moderating role of sleep in the association between family demands and conflict and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning in a sample of ethnically diverse adolescents (n=316). Adolescents completed daily diary reports of family demands and conflict for 15 days, and wore actigraph watches during the first 8 nights to assess sleep. Participants also provided five saliva samples for 3 consecutive days to assess diurnal cortisol rhythms. Regression analyses indicated that sleep latency and efficiency moderated the link between family demands and the cortisol awakening response. Specifically, family demands were related to a smaller cortisol awakening response only among adolescents with longer sleep latency and lower sleep efficiency. These results suggest that certain aspects of HPA axis functioning may be sensitive to family demands primarily in the context of longer sleep latency and lower sleep efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Chiang
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. (J.J. Chiang)
| | - Kim M. Tsai
- California State San Marcos, Department of Psychology, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Heejung Park
- Bryn Mawr College, Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, USA
| | - Julienne E. Bower
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David M. Almeida
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ronald E. Dahl
- University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Human Development, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael R. Irwin
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Teresa E. Seeman
- University of California, Los Angeles, Division of Geriatrics, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew J. Fuligni
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Spanakis EK, Wang X, Sánchez BN, Diez Roux AV, Needham BL, Wand GS, Seeman T, Golden SH. Lack of significant association between type 2 diabetes mellitus with longitudinal change in diurnal salivary cortisol: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis. Endocrine 2016; 53:227-39. [PMID: 26895003 PMCID: PMC4902713 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cross-sectional association has been shown between type 2 diabetes and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation; however, the temporality of this association is unknown. Our aim was to determine if type 2 diabetes is associated with longitudinal change in daily cortisol curve features. We hypothesized that the presence of type 2 diabetes may lead to a more blunted and abnormal HPA axis profile over time, suggestive of increased HPA axis dysregulation. This was a longitudinal cohort study, including 580 community-dwelling individuals (mean age 63.7 ± 9.1 years; 52.8 % women) with (n = 90) and without (n = 490) type 2 diabetes who attended two MultiEthnic Study of Atherosclerosis Stress ancillary study exams separated by 6 years. Outcome measures that were collected were wake-up and bedtime cortisol, cortisol awakening response (CAR), total area under the curve (AUC), and early, late, and overall decline slopes. In univariate analyses, wake-up and AUC increased over 6 years more in persons with as compared to those without type 2 diabetes (11 vs. 7 % increase for wake-up and 17 vs. 11 % for AUC). The early decline slope became flatter over time with a greater flattening observed in diabetic compared to non-diabetic individuals (23 vs. 9 % flatter); however, the change was only statistically significant for wake-up cortisol (p-value: 0.03). Over time, while CAR was reduced more, late decline and overall decline became flatter, and bedtime cortisol increased less in those with as compared to those without type 2 diabetes, none of these changes were statistically significant in adjusted models. We did not identify any statistically significant change in cortisol curve features over 6 years by type 2 diabetes status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias K Spanakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brisa N Sánchez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- Department of Epidemiology, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Belinda L Needham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary S Wand
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Teresa Seeman
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sherita Hill Golden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Reed SD, Newton KM, Larson JC, Booth-LaForce C, Woods NF, Landis CA, Tolentino E, Carpenter JS, Freeman EW, Joffe H, Anawalt BD, Guthrie KA. Daily salivary cortisol patterns in midlife women with hot flashes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 84:672-9. [PMID: 26663024 PMCID: PMC5106033 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diurnal salivary cortisol patterns in healthy adults are well established but have not been studied in midlife women with hot flashes. We hypothesized that frequent hot flashes are associated with aberrant cortisol patterns similar to sleep-deficient individuals. DESIGN Cross-sectional. PARTICIPANTS A total of 306 women, ages 40-62, randomized to a behavioural intervention for hot flashes. MEASUREMENTS Baseline comparisons of cortisol geometric means (nmol/l) from four daily time points averaged over two consecutive days plus other calculated cortisol measures were made between groups defined by baseline: (i) mean daily hot flash frequency tertile (≤5·5, N = 103; >5·5-8·8, N = 103; >8·8, N = 100) and (ii) selected characteristics. Repeated-measures linear regression models of log-transformed cortisol evaluated group differences, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Women were 67% White and 24% African American, with 7·6 (SD 3·9) hot flashes per day. Salivary cortisol geometric means (nmol/l) among all women were as follows: 75·0 (SD 44·8) total, 8·6 (SD 5·6) wake, 10·0 (SD 7·5) wake +30 min, 3·7 (SD 3·3) early afternoon and 1·6 (SD 1·8) bedtime. Wake + 30-minute values showed an 18% median rise from wake values (interquartile range -24 to 96%), and means varied by hot flash frequency tertile, from lowest to highest: 11·4(SD 7·3), 10·3 (SD 6·5) and 8·6 (SD 7·8), respectively, P = 0·003. Beside the early afternoon value (P = 0·02), cortisol values did not vary by hot flash frequency. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that high frequency of moderate-to-severe hot flashes may be associated with subtle abnormalities in cortisol concentrations - a pattern consistent with chronic sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Reed
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K M Newton
- Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J C Larson
- Data Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Booth-LaForce
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - N F Woods
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C A Landis
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E Tolentino
- Laboratory Testing Services University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - J S Carpenter
- School of Nursing, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - E W Freeman
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Joffe
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B D Anawalt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K A Guthrie
- Data Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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78
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Ennis GE, Moffat SD, Hertzog C. The cortisol awakening response and cognition across the adult lifespan. Brain Cogn 2016; 105:66-77. [PMID: 27105036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the hippocampus is thought to play a central role in the regulation of the cortisol awakening response (CAR), results from past studies examining the relationship between the CAR and hippocampal-mediated memory and cognition have been mixed. Inconsistent findings may be due to the use of cortisol samples collected on only 1-2days since reduced sampling can permit unstable situational factors to bias results. We used cortisol assessments from 10 consecutive days to test the relationship of the CAR to episodic memory, working memory, and processing speed in a sample of healthy young, middle-aged, and older adults (age range: 23-79years; N=56). We tested if the relationship between the CAR and cognition would depend upon age and also tested if other cortisol measures, specifically waking cortisol, diurnal cortisol output (i.e., area under the curve) and diurnal cortisol slope (linear and quadratic), would be related to cognition. We found that a more positive CAR slope was related to better episodic memory and that this relationship did not depend upon age. The CAR was not significantly related to working memory. The relationship of the CAR to processing speed was not significant when using a CAR measure that corrected for non-compliant cortisol sampling. We also found that higher waking cortisol was significantly related to better working memory, but not episodic memory or processing speed. Neither diurnal cortisol output nor diurnal linear cortisol slope was significantly related to cognitive functioning. Future work should investigate the mechanisms underpinning the relationship of the cortisol awakening process to cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda E Ennis
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Psychology, 654 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, United States.
| | - Scott D Moffat
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Psychology, 654 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, United States.
| | - Christopher Hertzog
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Psychology, 654 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, United States.
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de Rezende MG, Garcia-Leal C, de Figueiredo FP, Cavalli RDC, Spanghero MS, Barbieri MA, Bettiol H, de Castro M, Del-Ben CM. Altered functioning of the HPA axis in depressed postpartum women. J Affect Disord 2016; 193:249-56. [PMID: 26773916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and major depressive episodes in the remote postpartum period. METHODS The sample (mean age, 28.0±5.3 years) consisted of 37 depressed postpartum women (DPP), 42 euthymic postpartum women (EPP) and 25 non-postpartum healthy women (HC). Salivary cortisol samples were collected immediately after awakening and 30min, 3 and 12h later, at approximately the sixth month postpartum (mean, 169.6±60.3 days). RESULTS Differences in cortisol levels were observed at awakening (DPP<EPP=HC), at 30min (DPP<EPP<HC), at 3h (DPP=EPP<HC) and at 12h (DPP>EPP=HC). The relative increment in the cortisol awakening response (CARi%) was significantly higher in HC (113.5±94.3) than in EPP (63.1±69.8) and DPP (32.2±49.6). The relative reduction in diurnal variation (DVr%) was lower in DPP (56.5±41.8) than in EPP (75.6±22.4) and HC (75.1±13.0). LIMITATIONS The main limitation was cortisol collection on a single day and without measurement at midnight. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the remote postpartum period involves attenuation of HPA axis reactivity; this dysregulation is more pronounced in the presence of DPP, which is associated with a reduction in cortisol diurnal variation. Abnormalities in the neuroendocrine system related to stress processing, present even several months after delivery, can represent vulnerability to mental disorders. Thus, improvements in the mental health care of postpartum women are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Gonçalves de Rezende
- Departments of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cybele Garcia-Leal
- Departments of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marco Antonio Barbieri
- Puericulture and Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Bettiol
- Puericulture and Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Marta Del-Ben
- Departments of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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80
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Family conflict and lower morning cortisol in adolescents and adults: modulation of puberty. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22531. [PMID: 26928887 PMCID: PMC4772378 DOI: 10.1038/srep22531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the association between family conflict and HPA axis activity, especially with respect to the potential modulating effect of puberty. A total of 205 adolescents and 244 adult parents were recruited. Family conflict was assessed by the family conflict subscale of the Family Environmental Scale and serial salivary cortisol was measured in all participants. A marginally lower AUCg at 30 minutes after wake up in the morning and a significant lower AUCg at 60 minutes and 90 minutes in adult parents with high family conflict was found when compared to those with low family conflict. In adolescents, there were significant interaction effects between pubertal status and family conflict on AUCg (interaction p values <0.05). Among the adolescents with low family conflict, those at late/post pubertal status had higher AUCg than their pre/early pubertal counterparts but this difference was not observed in the adolescents with high family conflict. Adverse family environment is associated with HPA axis dysfunction in adults and late/post pubertal adolescents and pubertal maturation plays a critical role in modulating the association between family environment and HPA axis function.
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81
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Winchester SB, Sullivan MC, Roberts MB, Granger DA. Prematurity, Birth Weight, and Socioeconomic Status Are Linked to Atypical Diurnal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Young Adults. Res Nurs Health 2015; 39:15-29. [PMID: 26676400 DOI: 10.1002/nur.21707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In a prospective, case-controlled longitudinal design, 180 preterm and fullterm infants who had been enrolled at birth participated in a comprehensive assessment battery at age 23. Of these, 149 young adults, 34 formerly full-term and 115 formerly preterm (22 healthy preterm, 48 with medical complications, 21 with neurological complications, and 24 small for gestational age) donated five saliva samples from a single day that were assayed for cortisol to assess diurnal variation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Analyses were conducted to determine whether prematurity category, birth weight, and socioeconomic status were associated with differences in HPA axis function. Pre- and perinatal circumstances associated with prematurity influenced the activity of this environmentally sensitive physiological system. Results are consistent with the theory of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease and highlight a possible mechanism for the link between prematurity and health disparities later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy Barcelos Winchester
- College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, White Hall 39 Butterfield Road, Kingston, RI, 02881
| | - Mary C Sullivan
- College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Mary B Roberts
- Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, RI
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.,School of Nursing and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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82
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Development of the cortisol circadian rhythm in the light of stress early in life. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 62:292-300. [PMID: 26352482 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The secretion of the stress hormone cortisol follows a diurnal circadian rhythm. There are indications that this rhythm is affected by stress early in life. This paper addresses the development of the cortisol circadian rhythm between 1 and 6 years of age, and the role of maternal stress and anxiety early in the child's life on this (developing) rhythm. Participants were 193 healthy mother-child dyads from a community sample. Self-reported maternal stress and anxiety and physiological stress (saliva cortisol), were assessed prenatally (gestational week 37). Postnatally, self-reported maternal stress and anxiety were measured at 3, 6, 12, 30, and 72 months. Saliva cortisol samples from the children were collected on two days (four times each day) at 12, 30, and 72 months of age. The total amount of cortisol during the day and the cortisol decline over the day were determined to indicate children's cortisol circadian rhythm. Multilevel analyses showed that the total amount of cortisol decreased between 1 and 6 years. Furthermore, more maternal pregnancy-specific stress was related to higher total amounts of cortisol in the child. Higher levels of early postnatal maternal anxiety were associated with flatter cortisol declines in children. Higher levels of early postnatal maternal daily hassles were associated with steeper child cortisol declines over the day. These results indicated developmental change in children's cortisol secretion from 1 to 6 years and associations between maternal stress and anxiety early in children's lives and children's cortisol circadian rhythm in early childhood.
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83
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Joseph JJ, Wang X, Spanakis E, Seeman T, Wand G, Needham B, Golden SH. Diurnal salivary cortisol, glycemia and insulin resistance: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 62:327-35. [PMID: 26356041 PMCID: PMC4637243 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypercortisolism is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes mellitus (DM); however, to our knowledge prior studies have not examined the association of diurnal cortisol curve features with measures of glycemia or IR in a population-based setting. Using log-transformed salivary cortisol data on 850 ethnically diverse men and women from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, we investigated the cross-sectional association of cortisol curve features with (1) glycemia in those with and without DM and (2) IR, in non-diabetic subjects. The log-transformed salivary cortisol curve features included wake-up cortisol, cortisol awakening response (CAR), early decline slope (30min to 2h post-awakening), late decline slope (2h post-awakening to bedtime), overall decline slope (0min to bedtime, excluding 30min cortisol), bedtime cortisol and total area under the curve (AUC). Overall, following multivariable adjustment, among those with diabetes mellitus (DM), early decline slope, overall decline slope, bedtime cortisol, and AUC were significantly and positively associated with a 5.4% (95% CI: 1.3, 9.7), 54.7% (95% CI: 12.4, 112.9), 4.0% (95% CI: 1.6,6.4), and 6.8% (95% CI: 3.3,10.4) higher HbA1c per 1 unit increase in log cortisol feature, respectively. Cortisol curve features were not associated with HbA1c among non-diabetic participants; however, wake-up cortisol and AUC were associated with a 8.2% lower (95% CI: -13.3,-2.7) and 7.9% lower (95% CI: -14.6, -0.6) log HOMA-IR, respectively. This was attenuated by adjustment for waist circumference. Among participants with DM, cortisol curve parameters suggestive of higher hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and dysfunction were associated with higher HbA1c. In non-diabetic participants, greater HPA activity was paradoxically associated with lower insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elias Spanakis
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Teresa Seeman
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gary Wand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Belinda Needham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sherita Hill Golden
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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84
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Bann D, Hardy R, Cooper R, Lashen H, Keevil B, Wu FCW, Holly JMP, Ong KK, Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D. Socioeconomic conditions across life related to multiple measures of the endocrine system in older adults: Longitudinal findings from a British birth cohort study. Soc Sci Med 2015; 147:190-9. [PMID: 26588434 PMCID: PMC4686046 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Little is known about how socioeconomic position (SEP) across life impacts on different axes of the endocrine system which are thought to underlie the ageing process and its adverse consequences. We examined how indicators of SEP across life related to multiple markers of the endocrine system in late midlife, and hypothesized that lower SEP across life would be associated with an adverse hormone profile across multiple axes. Methods Data were from a British cohort study of 875 men and 905 women followed since their birth in March 1946 with circulating free testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) measured at both 53 and 60–64 years, and evening cortisol at 60–64 years. Indicators of SEP were ascertained prospectively across life—paternal occupational class at 4, highest educational attainment at 26, household occupational class at 53, and household income at 60–64 years. Associations between SEP and hormones were investigated using multiple regression and logistic regression models. Results Lower SEP was associated with lower free testosterone among men, higher free testosterone among women, and lower IGF-I and higher evening cortisol in both sexes. For example, the mean standardised difference in IGF-I comparing the lowest with the highest educational attainment at 26 years (slope index of inequality) was −0.4 in men (95% CI -0.7 to −0.2) and −0.4 in women (−0.6 to −0.2). Associations with each hormone differed by SEP indicator used and sex, and were particularly pronounced when using a composite adverse hormone score. For example, the odds of having 1 additional adverse hormone concentration in the lowest compared with highest education level were 3.7 (95% CI: 2.1, 6.3) among men, and 1.6 (1.0, 2.7) among women (P (sex interaction) = 0.02). We found no evidence that SEP was related to apparent age-related declines in free testosterone or IGF-I. Conclusions Lower SEP was associated with an adverse hormone profile across multiple endocrine axes. SEP differences in endocrine function may partly underlie inequalities in health and function in later life, and may reflect variations in biological rates of ageing. Further studies are required to assess the likely functional relevance of these associations. Socioeconomic position (SEP) across life was related to multiple hormone measures. Lower SEP was related to lower testosterone in men, higher testosterone in women. Lower SEP was related to lower IGF-I and higher evening cortisol in both sexes. SEP differences in multiple hormone axes may underlie later life health inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bann
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK; Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, London, UK.
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Rachel Cooper
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Hany Lashen
- Department of Human Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Brian Keevil
- Andrology Research Unit, School of Biomedicine, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Frederick C W Wu
- Andrology Research Unit, School of Biomedicine, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- School of Clinical Science, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
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85
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Lucertini F, Ponzio E, Di Palma M, Galati C, Federici A, Barbadoro P, D’Errico MM, Prospero E, Ambrogini P, Cuppini R, Lattanzi D, Minelli A. High Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Negatively Associated with Daily Cortisol Output in Healthy Aging Men. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141970. [PMID: 26529517 PMCID: PMC4631391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical fitness has salutary psychological and physical effects in older adults by promoting neuroplasticity and adaptation to stress. In aging, however, the effects of fitness on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are mixed. We investigated the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and HPA activity in healthy elderly men (n = 22, mean age 68 y; smokers, obese subjects, those taking drugs or reporting recent stressful events were excluded), by measuring in saliva: i) daily pattern of cortisol secretion (6 samples: 30' post-awakening, and at 12.00, 15.00, 18.00, 21.00, 24.00 h); and ii) the cortisol response to a mental challenge. Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) was estimated using the Rockport Walking Test and the participants were assigned to high-fit (HF, ≥60°, n = 10) and low-fit (LF, ≤35°, n = 12) groups according to age-specific percentiles of VO2max distribution in the general population. At all daytimes, basal cortisol levels were lower in the HF than the LF group, most notably in the evening and midnight samples, with a significant main effect of physical fitness for cortisol levels overall; the area-under-the-curve for total daily cortisol output was significantly smaller in the HF group. Among the subjects who responded to mental stress (baseline-to-peak increment >1.5 nmol/L; n = 13, 5 LF, 8 HF), the amplitude of cortisol response and the steepness of recovery decline displayed an increasing trend in the HF subjects, although between-group differences failed to reach the threshold for significance. In conclusion, cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy aging men is negatively correlated with daily cortisol output and contributes to buffering the HPA dysregulation that occurs with advancing age, thus possibly playing a beneficial role in contrasting age-related cognitive and physical decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lucertini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Elisa Ponzio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michael Di Palma
- Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Claudia Galati
- Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Ario Federici
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pamela Barbadoro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marcello M. D’Errico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emilia Prospero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ambrogini
- Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cuppini
- Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Davide Lattanzi
- Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Minelli
- Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Childhood Poverty: Understanding and Preventing the Adverse Impacts of a Most-Prevalent Risk to Pediatric Health and Well-Being. Pediatr Clin North Am 2015; 62:1111-35. [PMID: 26318943 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poor children are at greater risk for worse health, less productivity, and harms to well-being that extend into adulthood and subsequent generations. Timing and duration of poverty matter and influence life course outcomes, especially for education, health, and lifetime productivity. This article focuses on interventions by policy advocacy and the pediatric health system, and protection of the health and well-being of families in economic hardship from disadvantages and trauma wrought by poverty. A framework is presented for child poverty prevention and its consequences for lifelong health and success on a national scale.
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87
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Janse M, van Faassen M, Kema I, Smink A, Ranchor AV, Fleer J, Sprangers MAG. The Impact of Goal Disturbance after Cancer on Cortisol Levels over Time and the Moderating Role of COMT. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135708. [PMID: 26313260 PMCID: PMC4552095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to physical hindrance and time spent in hospital, a cancer diagnosis can lead to disturbance of personally important goals. Goal disturbance in cancer patients has been related to poorer psychological well-being. However, the relation with physiological measures is yet unknown. The purpose of the current study is to examine the impact of goal disturbance on cortisol as a measure of response to stress over time, and a possibly moderating role of a DNA genotype associated with HPA-axis functioning, Catechol-O-Methyl transferase (COMT). We examined the predictive value of goal disturbance on Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) and Diurnal Cortisol Slope (DCS) over two periods: 1–7 and 7–18 months post-diagnosis, and the moderating role of COMT during these periods. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that goal disturbance 7 months post-diagnosis significantly predicted a steeper CAR a year later. During that period, the slow COMT variant moderated the relation, in that patients reporting high goal disturbance and had the Met/Met variant, had a more flattened CAR. No other significant effects were found. As steeper CARs have been related to adverse health outcomes, and COMT genotype may modify this risk, these results indicate that goal disturbance and genotype may be important factors to consider in maintaining better psychological and physical health in the already vulnerable population of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Janse
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ans Smink
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adelita V. Ranchor
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Fleer
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. G. Sprangers
- Department of Medical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Khalili-Mahani N, Martini C, Olofsen E, Dahan A, Niesters M. Effect of subanaesthetic ketamine on plasma and saliva cortisol secretion. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115:68-75. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Hajat A, Moore K, Do DP, Stein Merkin S, Punjabi NM, Sáñchez BN, Seeman T, Diez-Roux AV. Examining the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between diurnal cortisol and neighborhood characteristics: Evidence from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Health Place 2015; 34:199-206. [PMID: 26073509 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between neighborhood socioeconomic status, social cohesion and safety and features of the diurnal cortisol curve including: area under the curve (AUC), wake-to-bed slope, wake-up, cortisol awakening response (CAR, wake-up to 30 min post-awakening), early decline (30 min to 2 h post-awakening) and late decline (2 h post-awakening to bed time). In cross-sectional analyses, higher neighborhood poverty was associated with a flatter early decline and a flatter wake-to-bed slope. Higher social cohesion and safety were associated with higher wake-up cortisol, steeper early decline and steeper wake-to-bed slope. Over 5 years, wake-up cortisol increased, CAR, early decline, late decline and wake-to-bed slope became flatter and AUC became larger. Higher poverty was associated with less pronounced increases in wake-up and AUC, while higher social cohesion was associated with greater increases in wake-up and AUC. Adverse neighborhood environments were cross-sectionally associated with flatter cortisol profiles, but associations with changes in cortisol were weak and not in the expected direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Hajat
- University of Washington, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 303, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Kari Moore
- Drexel University, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - D Phuong Do
- University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Zilber School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Policy and Administration, 1240 N, 10th Street, Milwaukee, WA 53201, USA.
| | - Sharon Stein Merkin
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Naresh M Punjabi
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Room 4B.36, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Brisa Ney Sáñchez
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, 1415 Washington Heights, M4124 SPH II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Teresa Seeman
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Ana V Diez-Roux
- Drexel University, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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90
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Ponzio E, Sotte L, D’Errico MM, Berti S, Barbadoro P, Prospero E, Minelli A. Qi-gong training reduces basal and stress-elicited cortisol secretion in healthy older adults. Eur J Integr Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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91
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Weller JA, Buchanan TW, Shackleford C, Morganstern A, Hartman JJ, Yuska J, Denburg NL. Diurnal cortisol rhythm is associated with increased risky decision-making in older adults. Psychol Aging 2015; 29:271-83. [PMID: 24955995 DOI: 10.1037/a0036623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although past research has suggested a link between chronic stress and both physical and mental well-being in older adults, less is known about the degree to which neuroendocrine markers of stress are associated with higher-order cognitive processes such as decision-making. In a sample of healthy older adults (55-85 years), we tested the degree to which variation in the diurnal cortisol rhythm, an index of hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis dynamics, was related to differences in risky decision-making. We found that diurnal cortisol fall predicted performance on the Cups Task, a risky decision-making task that independently tests risk-taking to achieve gains and risk-taking to avoid losses. For potential gains, we found that greater risk-taking was associated with lower diurnal cortisol fall, independent of age or sex of the participant. For risks to avoid potential losses, we found that lower diurnal fall was associated with suboptimal decision-making for men only. Compared with males with more typical diurnal fall, those who displayed lower diurnal fall made more risky choices and demonstrated lower sensitivity to the expected value of the risky choice. We integrate these results with the extant literature on the effects of stress on decision-making and cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joshua J Hartman
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
| | - Jonathan Yuska
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
| | - Natalie L Denburg
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
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92
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Shahidi B, Sannes T, Laudenslager M, Maluf KS. Cardiovascular responses to an acute psychological stressor are associated with the cortisol awakening response in individuals with chronic neck pain. Physiol Behav 2015; 150:93-8. [PMID: 25662023 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) is common in individuals who experience chronic psychological stress, as well as individuals with chronic pain. Changes in cortisol availability in the presence of a chronic stressor such as pain may influence the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system, which contributes to cardiovascular responses to stress and also exhibits altered responsiveness in the presence of pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between HPA activity during the cortisol awakening response and cardiovascular reactivity during exposure to an acute psychological stressor in individuals with chronic neck pain. METHODS Area under the curve (AUC) of the salivary cortisol awakening response was assessed in 41 individuals with chronic neck pain aged 19-80 years (22 men, 23 women). Slopes representing the change in mean arterial pressure and heart rate during a baseline quiet sitting condition, a low stress condition with mental concentration, and a high stress condition combining mental concentration with social evaluative threat were calculated for each individual as an index of cardiovascular responsiveness to the acute stressor. Cardiovascular responses were regressed on cortisol awakening AUC and pain duration, adjusting for age and sex. RESULTS Greater mean arterial pressure (β = -0.33, p = 0.02) and heart rate responses (β = -0.41, p = 0.007) to the acute psychological stressor were associated with lower cortisol awakening responses after adjusting for age and sex. Individuals with a shorter duration of chronic pain also demonstrated a larger increase in mean arterial pressure during the laboratory stressor (β = -0.39, p = 0.01), but there was no relationship between pain duration and changes in heart rate (p = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with a shorter duration of chronic neck pain who demonstrate heightened cardiovascular responsiveness to an acute psychological stressor also exhibit lower cortisol awakening response. These results are consistent with time-dependent adaptations across the two major stress systems in the presence of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Shahidi
- University of Colorado Denver, Rehabilitation Science Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Timothy Sannes
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Psychiatry, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark Laudenslager
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Psychiatry, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katrina S Maluf
- University of Colorado Denver, Rehabilitation Science Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aurora, CO, USA; San Diego State University, Physical Therapy Program, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA.
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93
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Rickenbach EH, Almeida DM, Seeman TE, Lachman ME. Daily stress magnifies the association between cognitive decline and everyday memory problems: an integration of longitudinal and diary methods. Psychol Aging 2014; 29:852-62. [PMID: 25365691 DOI: 10.1037/a0038072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether long-term fluid cognitive decline was associated with memory problems in everyday life, and whether stress plays a moderating role. We expected that the association between cognitive decline and everyday memory problems would be magnified in the context of self-reported and physiological stress. Data are from the Boston Longitudinal Study, a subsample of the Midlife in the United States study. Participants in the current study (n = 112) completed a battery of tests measuring fluid cognitive functioning at Time 1 (T1) and 2 (T2) over 10 years. At T2, participants completed weekly diaries of self-reported daily stressors and everyday memory problems for 12 consecutive weeks. Also at T2, participants provided 4 saliva samples over the course of 1 day to assess physiological stress using diurnal cortisol profiles [cortisol awakening response (CAR) and diurnal cortisol slope (DCS)]. Self-reported daily stressors and a less healthy DCS were associated with more everyday memory problems, and participants with greater cognitive decline reported more memory problems compared to those with less or no decline. Self-reported daily stressors and CAR moderated the relationship of cognitive decline and memory problems. As expected, more cognitive decline was associated with greater increases in memory problems on weeks when individuals reported more daily stressors and for individuals with a less healthy CAR. The current findings can inform interventions aimed to identify factors, such as daily stress, that contribute to daily functioning in the context of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Almeida
- Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Teresa E Seeman
- Department of Medicine/ Geriatrics, University of California, Los Angeles
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94
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Muller D, Errington SL, Szabo CP, Pitts N, Jacklin L. Disparate plasma cortisol concentrations in sexually abused female children from Johannesburg, South Africa. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2014; 38:1778-1786. [PMID: 25169148 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research indicates that a bidirectional response to a stressor may occur in maltreated children and may be associated with later life psychopathology. However, few studies have investigated stress reactivity in children when they first present to a sexual abuse clinic. Thus, in order to evaluate whether HPA axis dysregulation would be evident at first presentation to a sexual abuse clinic in young girls (n = 26), between the ages of 6-12 years old, blood samples were obtained immediately following examination at a forensic sexual abuse clinic and from the matched control group of children (n = 14; 10.1 ± 0.8) immediately following a bone density scan. Stratification of the sexually abused group into those children who were reportedly abused by a stranger and had no other family stressors (n = 15, 10.4 ± 1.8) and those children whose parents reported abuse of the child by a stranger and other family stressors (n = 11; 9.5 ± 1.8) revealed differences in stress reactivity. Plasma concentrations, of the children from the forensic clinic, were significantly increased in children who reported abuse by a stranger only (322.3 ± 117.4 nmol/l) and significantly decreased in children whose histories indicated sexual abuse by a stranger and other family stressors (149.6 ± 39.7 nmol/l) when compared to the control group (225.5 ± 47.5 nmol/l). In conclusion, following sexual abuse and a secondary stressor, the forensic examination, there is evidence of divergent cortisol responses in the stratified clinical group of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Muller
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Christopher P Szabo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neville Pitts
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lorna Jacklin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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95
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Wang X, Sánchez BN, Golden SH, Shrager S, Kirschbaum C, Karlamangla AS, Seeman TE, Roux AVD. Stability and predictors of change in salivary cortisol measures over six years: MESA. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 49:310-20. [PMID: 25137485 PMCID: PMC4256943 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in characterizing features of the daily cortisol curve is variability in features over time. Few studies have examined the stability of daily features of the cortisol curve over long periods or the predictors of long term changes. Repeated salivary cortisol measures on 580 adults from the MESA Stress study were used to examine the stability of various features of the daily cortisol curve (wakeup value, the cortisol awakening response (CAR), the early and late decline slope and the area under the curve (AUC)), over short periods (several days) and long periods (approximately 6-years) and to investigate the association of demographic factors with the changes. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to estimate the short and long term stability. Piecewise linear mixed models were used to assess factors associated with changes in features over time. For most features, short term stability (ICCs: 0.17-0.74) was higher than long term stability (ICCs: 0.05-0.42), and long term stability was highest when several days were averaged for each time point. The decline over the day showed the highest long term stability: when several days for each wave were averaged the stability of the daily decline slope across 6 years was similar (or higher) than the stability across short periods. AUC had high stability over short periods (ICCs: 0.65-0.74) but much lower stability across long periods (ICC: 0.05). All features of daily cortisol curve investigated changed significantly over the approximately 6 year follow-up period. The wakeup cortisol became higher; the CAR became smaller; both the early and late decline became flatter; and the AUC became larger. Hispanics experienced significantly larger increases in the wakeup value; and African-Americans and Hispanics showed less flattening over time of the early decline slope than Non-Hispanic Whites. Our findings have implications for characterization of features in studies linking cortisol to health outcomes. The presence of variability over time suggests opportunities for future investigation of the predictors of changes over time as well as the links between these changes and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Brisa N Sánchez
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sherita Hill Golden
- Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sandi Shrager
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | | | - Arun S Karlamangla
- University of California at Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Los Angeles, CA 10945, USA
| | - Teresa E Seeman
- University of California at Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Los Angeles, CA 10945, USA
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- Drexel University, School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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96
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Butts CD, Bloom MS, Frye CA, Walf AA, Parsons PJ, Steuerwald AJ, Ilonze C, Fujimoto VY. Urine cortisol concentration as a biomarker of stress is unrelated to IVF outcomes in women and men. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 31:1647-53. [PMID: 25298042 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our primary objective was to assess associations between urine cortisol as a biomarker of psychological stress and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. A secondary objective was to assess associations between toxic metals and cortisol. METHODS Urine and blood specimens were collected from 52 women and 28 male partners completing a first IVF procedure, on the day of oocyte retrieval. Urine cortisol was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were determined in blood and Cd in urine by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. RESULTS No associations were indicated for cortisol with IVF outcomes in multivariable regression models adjusted for covariates. However, we detected positive linear associations for cortisol and urine Cd (β = 9.96, 95%CI 1.52, 21.44) and blood Hg (β = 1.44, 95%CI 0.31, 3.18). An exploratory stratified analysis suggested a potential inverse association between urine cortisol and oocyte fertilization among women with low, but not high blood Hg. CONCLUSION While limited, these preliminary data suggest that psychological stress may not play a major role in IVF outcomes, which therefore could be one less concern for couples and their clinicians. Our data also raise the possibility for toxic metals to modify associations between cortisol and IVF outcomes among women. However, these preliminary results require corroboration in an experimental animal model and confirmation in a larger, more definitive observational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste D Butts
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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97
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Ciufolini S, Dazzan P, Kempton MJ, Pariante C, Mondelli V. HPA axis response to social stress is attenuated in schizophrenia but normal in depression: evidence from a meta-analysis of existing studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:359-68. [PMID: 25246294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the HPA axis response to social stress in studies that used the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), or comparable distressing paradigms, in individuals with either depression or schizophrenia. Sample size-adjusted effect sizes (Hedge's g statistic) were calculated to estimate the HPA axis stress response to social stress. We used a meta-regression model to take into account the moderating effect of the baseline cortisol level. Participants with depression show an activation pattern to social stress similar to that of healthy controls. Despite a normal cortisol production rate, individuals with schizophrenia have lower cortisol levels than controls both in anticipation and after exposure to social stress. Participants with depression and higher cortisol levels before the task have an increased cortisol production and reached higher cortisol levels during the task. This may be explained by the presence of an impaired negative feedback. The activation pattern present in schizophrenia may explain the reduced ability to appropriately contextualize past experiences shown by individuals with psychosis in social stressful situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ciufolini
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychosis Studies, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Paola Dazzan
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychosis Studies, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Kempton
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychosis Studies, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Carmine Pariante
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK; King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
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98
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Golkar A, Johansson E, Kasahara M, Osika W, Perski A, Savic I. The influence of work-related chronic stress on the regulation of emotion and on functional connectivity in the brain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104550. [PMID: 25184294 PMCID: PMC4153588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite mounting reports about the negative effects of chronic occupational stress on cognitive and emotional functions, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Recent findings from structural MRI raise the question whether this condition could be associated with a functional uncoupling of the limbic networks and an impaired modulation of emotional stress. To address this, 40 subjects suffering from burnout symptoms attributed to chronic occupational stress and 70 controls were investigated using resting state functional MRI. The participants' ability to up- regulate, down-regulate, and maintain emotion was evaluated by recording their acoustic startle response while viewing neutral and negatively loaded images. Functional connectivity was calculated from amygdala seed regions, using explorative linear correlation analysis. Stressed subjects were less capable of down-regulating negative emotion, but had normal acoustic startle responses when asked to up-regulate or maintain emotion and when no regulation was required. The functional connectivity between the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex correlated with the ability to down-regulate negative emotion. This connectivity was significantly weaker in the burnout group, as was the amygdala connectivity with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the motor cortex, whereas connectivity from the amygdala to the cerebellum and the insular cortex were stronger. In subjects suffering from chronic occupational stress, the functional couplings within the emotion- and stress-processing limbic networks seem to be altered, and associated with a reduced ability to down-regulate the response to emotional stress, providing a biological substrate for a further facilitation of the stress condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita Golkar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilia Johansson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maki Kasahara
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Walter Osika
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Social Sustainability, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ivanka Savic
- Department of Women's and children's health, and Neurology Clinic, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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de Steenwinkel FDO, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Hazes JMW, Dolhain RJEM. The influence of foetal prednisone exposure on the cortisol levels in the offspring. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 80:804-10. [PMID: 24350658 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregnant women suffering from autoimmune disease use glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids can partly diffuse to the foetus and may influence the development of the foetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, especially in early stage of pregnancy. The objective was to investigate whether prednisone exposure in utero influences the cortisol levels of the prepubertal children. DESIGN Mothers participated in a prospective cohort study on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and pregnancy. Children were exposed (n = 44) or nonexposed (n = 65) to prednisone in utero. Salivary cortisol levels were taken from all children during 1 day: at awakening, 30 min after awakening, 1 p.m. and bedtime. Cortisol levels between groups were also analysed using area under the curve (AUC), cortisol awakening response (CAR) and slope. RESULTS The mean age (SD) of the children was 6·98 (1·23). The difference in mean (SD) cortisol level at '1 p.m.' was 5·42 nm (4·08) in the prednisone-exposed and 3·97 nm (4·00) in the nonexposed (P = 0·03). Prednisone-exposed children had a higher AUC (β = 13·28; P = 0·02), even after correction for RA disease activity. No differences were found on CAR, slope or blood pressure. The cortisol levels of the nonexposed were more similar to the age-specific references than the prednisone-exposed. CONCLUSION Prednisone use during pregnancy is associated with a higher daytime cortisol level, in the prepubertal offspring, not yet accompanied with clinical outcomes. This conclusion will have no consequences at this moment, but it does raise questions concerning prednisone exposure in utero and the long-term consequences for the offspring.
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100
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Elias PCL, Martinez EZ, Barone BFC, Mermejo LM, Castro M, Moreira AC. Late-night salivary cortisol has a better performance than urinary free cortisol in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:2045-51. [PMID: 24628557 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The comparison of variability, reproducibility, and diagnostic performance of late-night salivary cortisol (LNSF) and urinary free cortisol (UFC) using concurrent and consecutive samples in Cushing's syndrome (CS) is lacking. Objectives, Patients, and Methods: In a prospective study, we evaluated 3 simultaneous and consecutive samples of LNSF by RIA and UFC by liquid chromatography associated with tandem mass spectrometry in Cushing's disease (CD) patients (n = 43), adrenal CS patients (n = 9), and obese subjects (n = 18) to compare their diagnostic performances. In CS patients, we also performed a modified CS severity index. RESULTS There was no difference in the coefficient of variation (percentage) between LNSF and UFC among the 3 samples obtained for each patient with Cushing's disease (35 ± 26 vs 31 ± 24), adrenal CS (28 ± 14 vs 22 ± 14), and obesity (39 ± 37 vs 48 ± 20). LNSF confirmed the diagnosis of hypercortisolism even in the presence of normal UFC in 17.3% of CS, whereas the inverse situation was not observed for UFC. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves for LNSF was 0.999 (95% credible interval [CI] 0.990-1.00) and for UFC was 0.928 (95% CI 0.809-0.987). The ratio between areas under the curve was 0.928 (95% CI 0.810-0.988), indicating better performance of LNSF than UFC in diagnosing CS. There was no association between the CS severity index and the degree of biochemical hypercortisolism. CONCLUSION Our data show that despite similar variability between both methods, LNSF has a superior diagnostic performance than UFC and should be used as the primary biochemical diagnostic test for CS diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C L Elias
- Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine (P.C.L.E., B.F.C.B., L.M.M., M.C., A.C.M.) and Division of Statistics Department of Social Medicine (E.Z.M.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
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