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Sultana SN, Park H, Choi SH, Jo H, Song JT, Lee JD, Kang YJ. Optimizing the Experimental Method for Stomata-Profiling Automation of Soybean Leaves Based on Deep Learning. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2714. [PMID: 34961184 PMCID: PMC8708663 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stomatal observation and automatic stomatal detection are useful analyses of stomata for taxonomic, biological, physiological, and eco-physiological studies. We present a new clearing method for improved microscopic imaging of stomata in soybean followed by automated stomatal detection by deep learning. We tested eight clearing agent formulations based upon different ethanol and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) concentrations in order to improve the transparency in leaves. An optimal formulation-a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 95% ethanol and NaOCl (6-14%)-produced better quality images of soybean stomata. Additionally, we evaluated fixatives and dehydrating agents and selected absolute ethanol for both fixation and dehydration. This is a good substitute for formaldehyde, which is more toxic to handle. Using imaging data from this clearing method, we developed an automatic stomatal detector using deep learning and improved a deep-learning algorithm that automatically analyzes stomata through an object detection model using YOLO. The YOLO deep-learning model successfully recognized stomata with high mAP (~0.99). A web-based interface is provided to apply the model of stomatal detection for any soybean data that makes use of the new clearing protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syada Nizer Sultana
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.N.S.); (H.J.); (J.T.S.)
| | - Halim Park
- Division of Bio & Medical Big Data Department (BK4 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.P.); (S.H.C.)
| | - Sung Hoon Choi
- Division of Bio & Medical Big Data Department (BK4 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.P.); (S.H.C.)
| | - Hyun Jo
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.N.S.); (H.J.); (J.T.S.)
| | - Jong Tae Song
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.N.S.); (H.J.); (J.T.S.)
| | - Jeong-Dong Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.N.S.); (H.J.); (J.T.S.)
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Yang Jae Kang
- Division of Bio & Medical Big Data Department (BK4 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.P.); (S.H.C.)
- Division of Life Science Department, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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Kong Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Yang S, Huang G, Wang Y, Liu C, You C, Tan J, Wang C, Xu B, Cui J, Liu X, Mei Y. Integration of a Metal-Organic Framework Film with a Tubular Whispering-Gallery-Mode Microcavity for Effective CO 2 Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:58104-58113. [PMID: 34809420 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensing using an optical technique is of great importance in the environment and industrial emission monitoring. However, limited by the poor specific adsorption of gas molecules as well as insufficient coupling efficiency, there is still a long way to go toward realizing a highly sensitive optical CO2 gas sensor. Herein, by combining the advantages of a whispering-gallery-mode microcavity and a metal-organic framework (MOF) film, a porous functional microcavity (PF-MC) was fabricated with the assistance of the atomic layer deposition technique and was applied to CO2 sensing. In this functional composite, the rolled-up microcavity provides the ability to tune the propagation of light waves and the electromagnetic coupling with the surroundings via an evanescent field, while the nanoporous MOF film contributes to the specific adsorption of CO2. The composite demonstrates a high sensitivity of 188 nm RIU-1 (7.4 pm/% with respect to the CO2 concentration) and a low detection limit of ∼5.85 × 10-5 RIU. Furthermore, the PF-MC exhibits great selectivity to CO2 and outstanding reproducibility, which is promising for the next-generation optical gas sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Kong
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- International Institute for Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- International Institute for Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- International Institute for Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- International Institute for Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- International Institute for Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- International Institute for Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- International Institute for Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu You
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- International Institute for Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Ji Tan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Borui Xu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jizhai Cui
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- International Institute for Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xuanyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- International Institute for Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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53
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Ahammed GJ, Guang Y, Yang Y, Chen J. Mechanisms of elevated CO 2-induced thermotolerance in plants: the role of phytohormones. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2273-2286. [PMID: 34269828 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 is a key driver of climate change, intensifying drastic changes in meteorological parameters. Plants can sense and respond to changes in environmental parameters including atmospheric CO2 and temperatures. High temperatures beyond the physiological threshold can significantly affect plant growth and development and thus attenuate crop productivity. However, elevated atmospheric CO2 can mitigate the deleterious effects of heat stress on plants. Despite a large body of literature supporting the positive impact of elevated CO2 on thermotolerance, the underlying biological mechanisms and precise molecular pathways that lead to enhanced tolerance to heat stress remain largely unclear. Under heat stress, elevated CO2-induced expression of respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling play a critical role in stomatal movement, which optimizes gas exchange to enhance photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Notably, elevated CO2 also fortifies antioxidant defense and redox homeostasis to alleviate heat-induced oxidative damage. Both hormone-dependent and independent pathways have been shown to mediate high CO2-induced thermotolerance. The activation of heat-shock factors and subsequent expression of heat-shock proteins are thought to be the essential mechanism downstream of hormone and ROS signaling. Here we review the role of phytohormones in plant response to high atmospheric CO2 and temperatures. We also discuss the potential mechanisms of elevated CO2-induced thermotolerance by focusing on several key phytohormones such as ethylene. Finally, we address some limitations of our current understanding and the need for further research to unveil the yet-unknown crosstalk between plant hormones in mediating high CO2-induced thermotolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Yelan Guang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
- Pingxiang University, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China.
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Hussain S, Ulhassan Z, Brestic M, Zivcak M, Allakhverdiev SI, Yang X, Safdar ME, Yang W, Liu W. Photosynthesis research under climate change. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:5-19. [PMID: 34235625 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing global population and climate change uncertainties have compelled increased photosynthetic efficiency and yields to ensure food security over the coming decades. Potentially, genetic manipulation and minimization of carbon or energy losses can be ideal to boost photosynthetic efficiency or crop productivity. Despite significant efforts, limited success has been achieved. There is a need for thorough improvement in key photosynthetic limiting factors, such as stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, biochemical capacity combined with Rubisco, the Calvin-Benson cycle, thylakoid membrane electron transport, nonphotochemical quenching, and carbon metabolism or fixation pathways. In addition, the mechanistic basis for the enhancement in photosynthetic adaptation to environmental variables such as light intensity, temperature and elevated CO2 requires further investigation. This review sheds light on strategies to improve plant photosynthesis by targeting these intrinsic photosynthetic limitations and external environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Hussain
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaid Ulhassan
- Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Marek Zivcak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- К.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St. 35, Moscow, Russia, 127276
| | - Xinghong Yang
- Department of Plant Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, 271018, Taian, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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55
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Li S, Liu F. Exogenous Abscisic Acid Priming Modulates Water Relation Responses of Two Tomato Genotypes With Contrasting Endogenous Abscisic Acid Levels to Progressive Soil Drying Under Elevated CO 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733658. [PMID: 34899772 PMCID: PMC8651563 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved multiple strategies to survive and adapt when confronting the changing climate, including elevated CO2 concentration (e[CO2]) and intensified drought stress. To explore the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in modulating the response of plant water relation characteristics to progressive drought under ambient (a[CO2], 400 ppm) and e[CO2] (800 ppm) growth environments, two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) genotypes, Ailsa Craig (AC) and its ABA-deficient mutant (flacca), were grown in pots, treated with or without exogenous ABA, and exposed to progressive soil drying until all plant available water in the pot was depleted. The results showed that exogenous ABA application improved leaf water potential, osmotic potential, and leaf turgor and increased leaf ABA concentrations ([ABA]leaf) in AC and flacca. In both genotypes, exogenous ABA application decreased stomatal pore aperture and stomatal conductance (g s), though these effects were less pronounced in e[CO2]-grown AC and g s of ABA-treated flacca was gradually increased until a soil water threshold after which g s started to decline. In addition, ABA-treated flacca showed a partly restored stomatal drought response even when the accumulation of [ABA]leaf was vanished, implying [ABA]leaf might be not directly responsible for the decreased g s. During soil drying, [ABA]leaf remained higher in e[CO2]-grown plants compared with those under a[CO2], and a high xylem sap ABA concentration was also noticed in the ABA-treated flacca especially under e[CO2], suggesting that e[CO2] might exert an effect on ABA degradation and/or redistribution. Collectively, a fine-tune ABA homeostasis under combined e[CO2] and drought stress allowed plants to optimize leaf gas exchange and plant water relations, yet more detailed research regarding ABA metabolism is still needed to fully explore the role of ABA in mediating plant physiological response to future drier and CO2-enriched climate.
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56
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Wakamatsu A, Mori IC, Matsuura T, Taniwaki Y, Ishii R, Yoshida R. Possible roles for phytohormones in controlling the stomatal behavior of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum during the salt-induced transition from C 3 to crassulacean acid metabolism. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 262:153448. [PMID: 34058643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The halophyte ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) converts its mode of photosynthesis from C3 to crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) during severe water stress. During the transition to CAM, the plant induces CAM-related genes and changes its diurnal stomatal behavior to take up CO2 efficiently at night. However, limited information concerning this signaling exists. Here, we investigated the changes in the diurnal stomatal behavior of M. crystallinum during its shift in photosynthesis using a detached epidermis. M. crystallinum plants grown under C3 conditions opened their stomata during the day and closed them at night. However, CAM-induced plants closed their stomata during the day and opened them at night. Quantitative analysis of endogenous phytohormones revealed that trans-zeatin levels were high in CAM-induced plants. In contrast, the levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-isoleucine were severely reduced in CAM-induced plants, specifically at night. CAM induction did not alter the levels of abscisic acid; however, inhibitors of abscisic acid synthesis suppressed CAM-induced stomatal closure. These results indicate that M. crystallinum regulates the diurnal balance of cytokinin and JA during CAM transition to alter stomatal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Wakamatsu
- Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Izumi C Mori
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yuichi Taniwaki
- Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Ishii
- Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Riichiro Yoshida
- Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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57
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Chen CT, Setter TL. Role of Tuber Developmental Processes in Response of Potato to High Temperature and Elevated CO 2. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050871. [PMID: 33925964 PMCID: PMC8146319 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Potato is adapted to cool environments, and there is concern that its performance may be diminished considerably due to global warming and more frequent episodes of heat stress. Our objectives were to determine the response of potato plants to elevated CO2 (700 μmol/mol) and high temperature (35/25 °C) at tuber initiation and tuber bulking, and to elucidate effects on sink developmental processes. Potato plants were grown in controlled environments with treatments at: Tuber initiation (TI), during the first two weeks after initiating short-day photoperiods, and Tuber bulking (TB). At TI, and 25 °C, elevated CO2 increased tuber growth rate, while leaves and stems were not affected. Whole-plant dry matter accumulation rate, was inhibited by high temperature about twice as much at TI than at TB. Elevated CO2 partially ameliorated high temperature inhibition of sink organs. At TI, with 25 °C, elevated CO2 primarily affected tuber cell proliferation. In contrast, tuber cell volume and endoreduplication were unaffected. These findings indicate that the TI stage and cell division is particularly responsive to elevated CO2 and high temperature stress, supporting the view that attention should be paid to the timing of high-temperature stress episodes with respect to this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Teh Chen
- Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Tim L. Setter
- Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Correspondence:
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Movahedi M, Zoulias N, Casson SA, Sun P, Liang YK, Hetherington AM, Gray JE, Chater CCC. Stomatal responses to carbon dioxide and light require abscisic acid catabolism in Arabidopsis. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20200036. [PMID: 33633834 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2020.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, stomata control water loss and CO2 uptake. The aperture and density of stomatal pores, and hence the exchange of gases between the plant and the atmosphere, are controlled by internal factors such as the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and external signals including light and CO2. In this study, we examine the importance of ABA catabolism in the stomatal responses to CO2 and light. By using the ABA 8'-hydroxylase-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant cyp707a1 cyp707a3, which is unable to break down and instead accumulates high levels of ABA, we reveal the importance of the control of ABA concentration in mediating stomatal responses to CO2 and light. Intriguingly, our experiments suggest that endogenously produced ABA is unable to close stomata in the absence of CO2. Furthermore, we show that when plants are grown in short day conditions ABA breakdown is required for the modulation of both elevated [CO2]-induced stomatal closure and elevated [CO2]-induced reductions in leaf stomatal density. ABA catabolism is also required for the stomatal density response to light intensity, and for the full range of light-induced stomatal opening, suggesting that ABA catabolism is critical for the integration of stomatal responses to a range of environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Movahedi
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7JT, UK
| | - Nicholas Zoulias
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stuart A Casson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Caspar C C Chater
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.,Department of Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
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Abstract
Since 1893, when the word "photosynthesis" was first coined by Charles Reid Barnes and Conway MacMillan, our understanding of the elements and regulation of this complex process is far from being entirely understood. We aim to review the most relevant advances in photosynthesis research from the last few years and to provide a perspective on the forthcoming research in this field. Recent discoveries related to light sensing, harvesting, and dissipation; kinetics of CO2 fixation; components and regulators of CO2 diffusion through stomata and mesophyll; and genetic engineering for improving photosynthetic and production capacities of crops are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, INAGEA, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, INAGEA, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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60
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Ma X, Bai L. Elevated CO 2 and Reactive Oxygen Species in Stomatal Closure. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020410. [PMID: 33672284 PMCID: PMC7926597 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant guard cell is essential for photosynthesis and transpiration. The aperture of stomata is sensitive to various environment factors. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important regulator of stomatal movement, and its signaling includes the perception, transduction and gene expression. The intersections with many other signal transduction pathways make the regulation of CO2 more complex. High levels of CO2 trigger stomata closure, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the key component has been demonstrated function in this regulation. Additional research is required to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms, especially for the detailed signal factors related with ROS in this response. This review focuses on Arabidopsis stomatal closure induced by high-level CO2, and summarizes current knowledge of the role of ROS involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Bai
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13653782901
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61
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Taj Z, Challabathula D. Protection of Photosynthesis by Halotolerant Staphylococcus sciuri ET101 in Tomato ( Lycoperiscon esculentum) and Rice ( Oryza sativa) Plants During Salinity Stress: Possible Interplay Between Carboxylation and Oxygenation in Stress Mitigation. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:547750. [PMID: 33488529 PMCID: PMC7820118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.547750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Lycoperiscon esculentum) and rice (Oryza sativa) are the two most important agricultural crops whose productivity is severely impacted by salinity stress. Soil salinity causes an irreversible damage to the photosynthetic apparatus in plants at all developmental stages leading to significant reduction in agricultural productivity. Reduction in photosynthesis is the primary response that is observed in all glycophytic plants during salt stress. Employment of salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) is an economical and viable approach for the remediation of saline soils and improvement of plant growth. The current study is aimed towards investigating the growth patterns and photosynthetic responses of rice and tomato plants upon inoculation with halotolerant PGPB Staphylococcus sciuri ET101 under salt stress conditions. Tomato and rice plants inoculated with PGPB showed increased growth rate and stimulated root growth, along with higher transpiration rates (E), stomatal conductance (g s ), and intracellular CO2 accumulation (Ci). Additionally, correlation of relative water content (RWC) to electrolyte leakage (EL) in tomato and rice plants showed decreased EL in inoculated plants during salt stress conditions, along with higher proline and glycine betaine content. Energy dissipation by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and increased photorespiration of 179.47% in tomato and 264.14% in rice plants were observed in uninoculated plants subjected to salinity stress. Furthermore, reduced photorespiration with improved salinity tolerance is observed in inoculated plants. The higher rates of photosynthesis in inoculated plants during salt stress were accompanied by increased quantum efficiency (ΦPSII) and maximum quantum yield (F v /F m ) of photosystem II. Furthermore, inoculated plants showed increased carboxylation efficiency of RuBisCO, along with higher photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) (J) during salinity stress. Although the total cellular ATP levels are drastically affected by salt stress in tomato and rice plants along with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, the restoration of cellular ATP levels in leaves of inoculated plants along with decreased ROS accumulation suggests the protective role of PGPB. Our results reveal the beneficial role of S. sciuri ET101 in protection of photosynthesis and amelioration of salinity stress responses in rice and tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dinakar Challabathula
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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Chen X, Ding Y, Yang Y, Song C, Wang B, Yang S, Guo Y, Gong Z. Protein kinases in plant responses to drought, salt, and cold stress. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:53-78. [PMID: 33399265 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are major players in various signal transduction pathways. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses has become critical for developing and breeding climate-resilient crops. In this review, we summarize recent progress on understanding plant drought, salt, and cold stress responses, with a focus on signal perception and transduction by different protein kinases, especially sucrose nonfermenting1 (SNF1)-related protein kinases (SnRKs), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs), and receptor-like kinases (RLKs). We also discuss future challenges in these research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanglin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunpeng Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan Province, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, 250000, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071001, China
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63
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Xiang Q, Lott AA, Assmann SM, Chen S. Advances and perspectives in the metabolomics of stomatal movement and the disease triangle. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110697. [PMID: 33288010 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Crops are continuously exposed to microbial pathogens that cause tremendous yield losses worldwide. Stomatal pores formed by pairs of specialized guard cells in the leaf epidermis represent a major route of pathogen entry. Guard cells have an essential role as a first line of defense against pathogens. Metabolomics is an indispensable systems biology tool that has facilitated discovery and functional studies of metabolites that regulate stomatal movement in response to pathogens and other environmental factors. Guard cells, pathogens and environmental factors constitute the "stomatal disease triangle". The aim of this review is to highlight recent advances toward understanding the stomatal disease triangle in the context of newly discovered signaling molecules, hormone crosstalk, and consequent molecular changes that integrate pathogens and environmental sensing into stomatal immune responses. Future perspectives on emerging single-cell studies, multiomics and molecular imaging in the context of stomatal defense are discussed. Advances in this important area of plant biology will inform rational crop engineering and breeding for enhanced stomatal defense without disruption of other pathways that impact crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Xiang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aneirin A Lott
- Department of Biology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, FL, USA; Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Florida, FL, USA.
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64
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Saban JM, Watson-Lazowski A, Chapman MA, Taylor G. The methylome is altered for plants in a high CO 2 world: Insights into the response of a wild plant population to multigenerational exposure to elevated atmospheric [CO 2 ]. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6474-6492. [PMID: 32902071 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Unravelling plant responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2 ]) has largely focussed on plastic functional attributes to single generation [CO2 ] exposure. Quantifying the consequences of long-term, decadal multigenerational exposure to elevated [CO2 ] and the genetic changes that may underpin evolutionary mechanisms with [CO2 ] as a driver remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated both plastic and evolutionary plant responses to elevated [CO2 ] by applying multi-omic technologies using populations of Plantago lanceolata L., grown in naturally high [CO2 ] for many generations in a CO2 spring. Seed from populations at the CO2 spring and an adjacent control site (ambient [CO2 ]) were grown in a common environment for one generation, and then offspring were grown in ambient or elevated [CO2 ] growth chambers. Low overall genetic differentiation between the CO2 spring and control site populations was found, with evidence of weak selection in exons. We identified evolutionary divergence in the DNA methylation profiles of populations derived from the spring relative to the control population, providing the first evidence that plant methylomes may respond to elevated [CO2 ] over multiple generations. In contrast, growth at elevated [CO2 ] for a single generation induced limited methylome remodelling (an order of magnitude fewer differential methylation events than observed between populations), although some of this appeared to be stably transgenerationally inherited. In all, 59 regions of the genome were identified where transcripts exhibiting differential expression (associated with single generation or long-term natural exposure to elevated [CO2 ]) co-located with sites of differential methylation or with single nucleotide polymorphisms exhibiting significant inter-population divergence. This included genes in pathways known to respond to elevated [CO2 ], such as nitrogen use efficiency and stomatal patterning. This study provides the first indication that DNA methylation may contribute to plant adaptation to future atmospheric [CO2 ] and identifies several areas of the genome that are targets for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M Saban
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Mark A Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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65
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Maheshwari P, Assmann SM, Albert R. A Guard Cell Abscisic Acid (ABA) Network Model That Captures the Stomatal Resting State. Front Physiol 2020; 11:927. [PMID: 32903539 PMCID: PMC7438572 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal pores play a central role in the control of carbon assimilation and plant water status. The guard cell pair that borders each pore integrates information from environmental and endogenous signals and accordingly swells or deflates, thereby increasing or decreasing the stomatal aperture. Prior research shows that there is a complex cellular network underlying this process. We have previously constructed a signal transduction network and a Boolean dynamic model describing stomatal closure in response to signals including the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), calcium or reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we improve the Boolean network model such that it captures the biologically expected response of the guard cell in the absence or following the removal of a closure-inducing signal such as ABA or external Ca2+. The expectation from the biological system is reversibility, i.e., the stomata should reopen after the closing signal is removed. We find that the model's reversibility is obstructed by the previously assumed persistent activity of four nodes. By introducing time-dependent Boolean functions for these nodes, the model recapitulates stomatal reopening following the removal of a signal. The previous version of the model predicts ∼20% closure in the absence of any signal due to uncertainty regarding the initial conditions of multiple network nodes. We systematically test and adjust these initial conditions to find the minimally restrictive combinations that appropriately result in open stomata in the absence of a closure signal. We support these results by an analysis of the successive stabilization of feedback motifs in the network, illuminating the system's dynamic progression toward the open or closed stomata state. This analysis particularly highlights the role of cytosolic calcium oscillations in causing and maintaining stomatal closure. Overall, we illustrate the strength of the Boolean network modeling framework to efficiently capture cellular phenotypes as emergent outcomes of intracellular biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Maheshwari
- Department of Physics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Sarah M. Assmann
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Reka Albert
- Department of Physics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
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66
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Rodrigues TLM, Castro GLS, Viana RG, Gurgel ESC, Silva SG, de Oliveira MS, Andrade EHDA. Physiological performance and chemical compositions of the Eryngium foetidum L. (Apiaceae) essential oil cultivated with different fertilizer sources. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:5544-5548. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1795653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Gomes Viana
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ely Simone Cajueiro Gurgel
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences - Tropical Botany, Paraense Museum Emilio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
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67
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You L, Zhang J, Li L, Xiao C, Feng X, Chen S, Guo L, Hu H. Involvement of abscisic acid, ABI5, and PPC2 in plant acclimation to low CO2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4093-4108. [PMID: 32206789 PMCID: PMC7337093 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays a pivotal role in the photosynthetic CO2 fixation of C4 plants. However, the functions of PEPCs in C3 plants are less well characterized, particularly in relation to low atmospheric CO2 levels. Of the four genes encoding PEPC in Arabidopsis, PPC2 is considered as the major leaf PEPC gene. Here we show that the ppc2 mutants suffered a growth arrest when transferred to low atmospheric CO2 conditions, together with decreases in the maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and lower levels of leaf abscisic acid (ABA) and carbohydrates. The application of sucrose, malate, or ABA greatly rescued the growth of ppc2 lines under low CO2 conditions. Metabolite profiling analysis revealed that the levels of glycine and serine were increased in ppc2 leaves, while the abundance of photosynthetic metabolites was decreased under these conditions. The transcript levels of encoding enzymes involved in glycine or serine metabolism was decreased in ppc2 in an ABI5-dependent manner. Like the ppc2 mutants, abi5-1 mutants had lower photosynthetic rates and Fv/Fm compared with the wild type under photorespiratory conditions (i.e. low CO2 availability). However, the growth of these mutants was similar to that of the wild type under non-photorespiratory (low O2) conditions. The constitutive expression of ABI5 prevented the growth arrest of ppc2 lines under low CO2 conditions. These findings demonstrate that PPC2 plays an important role in the acclimation of Arabidopsis plants to low CO2 availability by linking photorespiratory metabolism to primary metabolism, and that this is mediated, at least in part, through ABA- and ABI5-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanlei Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinhua Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoping Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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68
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Kaur N, Singh M, Moumen A, Duina G, Comini E. 1D Titanium Dioxide: Achievements in Chemical Sensing. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13132974. [PMID: 32635229 PMCID: PMC7372330 DOI: 10.3390/ma13132974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For the last two decades, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has received wide attention in several areas such as in medicine, sensor technology and solar cell industries. TiO2-based gas sensors have attracted significant attention in past decades due to their excellent physical/chemical properties, low cost and high abundance on Earth. In recent years, more and more efforts have been invested for the further improvement in sensing properties of TiO2 by implementing new strategies such as growth of TiO2 in different morphologies. Indeed, in the last five to seven years, 1D nanostructures and heterostructures of TiO2 have been synthesized using different growth techniques and integrated in chemical/gas sensing. Thus, in this review article, we briefly summarize the most important contributions by different researchers within the last five to seven years in fabrication of 1D nanostructures of TiO2-based chemical/gas sensors and the different strategies applied for the improvements of their performances. Moreover, the crystal structure of TiO2, different fabrication techniques used for the growth of TiO2-based 1D nanostructures, their chemical sensing mechanism and sensing performances towards reducing and oxidizing gases have been discussed in detail.
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69
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Johansson KSL, El-Soda M, Pagel E, Meyer RC, Tõldsepp K, Nilsson AK, Brosché M, Kollist H, Uddling J, Andersson MX. Genetic controls of short- and long-term stomatal CO2 responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:179-190. [PMID: 32296835 PMCID: PMC7304471 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The stomatal conductance (gs) of most plant species decreases in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. This response could have a significant impact on plant water use in a future climate. However, the regulation of the CO2-induced stomatal closure response is not fully understood. Moreover, the potential genetic links between short-term (within minutes to hours) and long-term (within weeks to months) responses of gs to increased atmospheric CO2 have not been explored. METHODS We used Arabidopsis thaliana recombinant inbred lines originating from accessions Col-0 (strong CO2 response) and C24 (weak CO2 response) to study short- and long-term controls of gs. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was used to identify loci controlling short- and long-term gs responses to elevated CO2, as well as other stomata-related traits. KEY RESULTS Short- and long-term stomatal responses to elevated CO2 were significantly correlated. Both short- and long-term responses were associated with a QTL at the end of chromosome 2. The location of this QTL was confirmed using near-isogenic lines and it was fine-mapped to a 410-kb region. The QTL did not correspond to any known gene involved in stomatal closure and had no effect on the responsiveness to abscisic acid. Additionally, we identified numerous other loci associated with stomatal regulation. CONCLUSIONS We identified and confirmed the effect of a strong QTL corresponding to a yet unknown regulator of stomatal closure in response to elevated CO2 concentration. The correlation between short- and long-term stomatal CO2 responses and the genetic link between these traits highlight the importance of understanding guard cell CO2 signalling to predict and manipulate plant water use in a world with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. This study demonstrates the power of using natural variation to unravel the genetic regulation of complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin S L Johansson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mohamed El-Soda
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ellen Pagel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rhonda C Meyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Kadri Tõldsepp
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anders K Nilsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats X Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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70
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Suslov MA. Dynamics of intercellular water transfer in the roots of intact Zea mays L. plants under elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO 2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:516-525. [PMID: 32305818 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration increase on the dynamics of radial intercellular water transfer in the root suction zone of intact maize plants was evaluated. To this end, a unique growth chamber, associated with 1H NMR PGMF (proton nuclear magnetic resonance with a pulsed gradient of the magnetic field) equipment, was used. As the atmospheric CO2 concentration increased up to 800 ppm and 1200 ppm, and the intensity of water transfer in the roots significantly decreased. The average effective water diffusion coefficient (Def) and the water permeability in root cells (P) decreased by approximately 30-35% within 5-6 h after the increase in CO2 concentration. At a higher concentration of CO2, 1200 ppm, the rate of decrease in water permeability increased. After a day of exposure to elevated CO2, the intensity of water transfer was partially restored but remained below the control level (before CO2 enrichment) over the next 7 days. Inhibitory analysis showed that root cell aquaporins (AQPs) made a significant contribution to the observed decrease in the intensity of water transport in the roots. The decrease in water permeability of root cells under elevated CO2 concentrations possibly occurs due to the regulatory decrease in water conductivity of AQPs via shoot-to-root long-distance signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Suslov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Lobachevskogo 2/31 St., Kazan, Russia, 420111.
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Guo K, Li Z, Tian H, Du X, Liu Z, Huang H, Wang P, Ye Z, Zhang X, Tu L. Cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidases Plays a Critical Role in Photosynthesis by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Level in Stomatal Guard Cell. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:446. [PMID: 32457767 PMCID: PMC7221183 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic rate is one of the key factors limiting yield of cotton. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by abiotic stress imposes numerous detrimental effects and causes tremendous loss of yield. It is worth to study whether ROS scavenging enzymes could affect yield through regulating photosynthetic rate in cotton. In this study, we created transgenic cotton with changes of endogenous ROS by overexpressing or suppressing the expression of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidases (APXs), which are hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging enzymes in plants. The suppression of cytosolic APXs by RNAi brings about a great influence on plant growth and development. Plant height and leaf size declined, and yield-related traits including single boll weight, seed weight, seed size, and lint weight dropped significantly, in IAO lines (cytosolic APX-suppressed lines). The stunted plant growth was due to the decrease of plant photosynthetic rate. The evidences showed that increased ROS level in guard cells inhibited stomatal opening and suppressed the absorption of CO2 and H2O in IAO line. The decrease of water content and the increase of water loss rate in leaf exacerbated the decline of photosynthetic rate in cytosolic APX-suppressed lines. Based on these results, it implies that cytosolic APXs as a whole play an important role in maintaining REDOX balance to regulate photosynthetic rate and yield in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxue Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueqiong Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengxiu Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Elbasan F, Ozfidan-Konakci C, Yildiztugay E, Kucukoduk M. Rare-earth element scandium improves stomatal regulation and enhances salt and drought stress tolerance by up-regulating antioxidant responses of Oryza sativa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 152:157-169. [PMID: 32417636 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oryza sativa L. cv. Gönen grown in hydroponic culture was treated with scandium (Sc; 25 and 50 μM) alone or in combination with salt (100 mM NaCl) and/or drought (5% PEG-6000). Stress caused a decrease in growth (RGR), water content (RWC), osmotic potential (ΨΠ), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo). Sc application prevented the decreases of these parameters. Sc also alleviated the changes on gas exchange parameters (carbon assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal limitation (Ls)). Stress caused no increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. After induvial applied NaCl or PEG, catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed an enhancement in activation and tried to scavenge of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). On the other hand, in plants with the combination form of NaCl and PEG, only CAT activity was induced. Sc applications to NaCl-treated rice led to an increase of SOD, APX, glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) as well as peroxidase (POX). Sc under NaCl could be maintained both ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) regeneration. Despite of induction of MDHAR and DHAR under Sc plus PEG, Sc did not maintain AsA redox state because of no induction in APX activity. However, GSH pool could be regenerated by induction in DHAR and GR in this group. Sc application (especially for 25 μM) in rice exposed to NaCl + PEG resulted an enhancement in APX and MDHAR and so Sc could be partially provided AsA regeneration. Since no increases in DHAR and GR were observed, GSH pool was reduced. Due to this activation of antioxidant enzymes, stress-induced H2O2 and TBARS content (lipid peroxidation) significantly decreased in rice with Sc applications. Sc in plants with stress also increased the transcript levels of OsCDPK7 and OsBG1 related to stomatal movement and signaling pathway. Consequently, Sc protected the rice plants by minimizing disturbances caused by NaCl or PEG exposure via the AsA-GSH redox-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fevzi Elbasan
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, 42130, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 42090, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Evren Yildiztugay
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, 42130, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Kucukoduk
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 42130, Konya, Turkey.
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Tang M, Zhao X, Hu Y, Zeng M, Wang K, Dong N, Ma X, Bai L, Song CP. Arabidopsis guard cell CO 2/HCO 3 - response mutant screening by an aequorin-based calcium imaging system. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:59. [PMID: 32368249 PMCID: PMC7189508 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in atmospheric CO2 is causing a number of changes in plant growth such as increases in leaf area and number, branching, plant size and biomass, and growth rate. Despite the importance of stomatal responses to CO2, little is known about the genetic and molecular mechanisms that mediate stomatal development and movement in response to CO2 levels. Deciphering the mechanisms that sense changes in CO2 and/or HCO3 - concentration is critical for unraveling the role of CO2 in stomatal development movement. In Arabidopsis, CO2-induced stomatal closure is strongly Ca2+-dependent. To further dissect this signaling pathway and identify new components in the CO2 response pathway, we recorded [Ca2+]cyt changes in mutagenized Arabidopsis leaves and screened for mutants with abnormal guard cell behavior in response to CO2/HCO3 -. RESULTS We observed that 1 mM HCO3 - induces [Ca2+]cys transient changes in guard cells and stomatal closure both in light and darkness. The changes in [Ca2+]cys induced by HCO3 - could be detected by an aequorin-based calcium imaging system. Using this system, we identified a number of Arabidopsis mutants defective in both [Ca2+]cyt changes and the stomatal response to CO2/HCO3 -. CONCLUSIONS We provide a sensitive method for isolating stomatal CO2/HCO3 - response genes that function early in stomatal closure and that have a role in regulating [Ca2+]cyt. This method will be helpful in elucidating the Ca2+-dependent regulation of guard cell behavior in response to CO2/HCO3 -.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Yinling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Miaomiao Zeng
- Biocover Technology Development Co., Ltd, Shixing Street, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100195 China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Nannan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Ling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
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Abstract
Rising CO2 concentrations and their effects on plant productivity present challenging issues. Effects on the photosynthesis/photorespiration balance and changes in primary metabolism are known, caused by the competitive interaction of CO2 and O2 at the active site of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. However, impacts on stress resistance are less clear. Reactive oxygen species are key players in biotic and abiotic stress responses, but there is no consensus on whether elevated CO2 constitutes a stress. Although high CO2 increases yield in C3 plants, it can also increase cellular oxidation and activate phytohormone defense pathways. Reduction-oxidation processes play key roles in acclimation to high CO2, with specific enzymes acting in compartment-specific signaling. Traditionally, acclimation to high CO2 has been considered in terms of altered carbon gain, but emerging evidence suggests that CO2 is a signal as well as a substrate. Some CO2 effects on defense are likely mediated independently of primary metabolism. Nonetheless, primary photosynthetic metabolism is highly integrated with defense and stress signaling pathways, meaning that plants will be able to acclimate to the changing environment over the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Graham Noctor
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France;
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)
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75
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Higaki T, Akita K, Hasezawa S. Elevated CO 2 promotes satellite stomata production in young cotyledons of Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes Cells 2020; 25:475-482. [PMID: 32294311 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are tiny pores on plant leaves and stems surrounded by a pair of differentiated epidermal cells known as guard cells. Plants undergo guard cell differentiation in response to environmental cues, including atmospheric CO2 . To quantitatively evaluate stomatal development in response to elevated CO2 , imaging analysis of stomata was conducted using young cotyledons of Arabidopsis thaliana grown under ambient (380 ppm) and elevated (1,000 ppm) CO2 conditions. Our analysis revealed that treatment with 1,000 ppm CO2 did not affect stomatal numbers on abaxial sides of cotyledons but increased cotyledon area, resulting in decreased stomatal density, 7 days after germination. Interestingly, this treatment also perturbed the uniform distribution of stomata via excess satellite stomata and stomatal precursor cells. We used overexpression lines of the DNA replication licensing factor gene CDC6, a reported positive regulator of satellite stomata production. CDC6 overexpression decreased the speed of cotyledon expansion, even under treatment with 1,000 ppm CO2 , possibly by suppressing pavement cell maturation. In contrast, treatment with 1,000 ppm CO2 induced stomatal distribution changes in the overexpressor. These results suggest that treatment with 1,000 ppm CO2 enhances both cotyledon expansion and satellite stomata production via independent pathways, at least in young cotyledons of A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kae Akita
- Department of Chemical Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
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76
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Ozfidan-Konakci C, Yildiztugay E, Elbasan F, Kucukoduk M, Turkan I. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) and nitric oxide (NO) alleviate cobalt toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by modulating photosynthesis, chloroplastic redox and antioxidant capacity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:122061. [PMID: 31954305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)/nitric oxide (NO) in mitigating stress-induced damages has gained interest in the past few years. However, the protective mechanism H2S and/or NO has towards the chloroplast system through the regulation of redox status and activation of antioxidant capacity in cobalt-treated wheat remain largely unanswered. Triticum aestivum L. cv. Ekiz was treated with alone/in combination of a H2S donor (sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS,600μM)), a NO donor (sodium nitroprusside (SNP,100μM)) and a NO scavenger (rutin hydrate (RTN,50μM)) to assess how the donors affect growth, water relations, redox and antioxidant capacity in chloroplasts, under cobalt (Co) concentrations of 150-300 μM. Stress decreased a number of parameters (growth, water content (RWC), osmotic potential (ΨΠ), carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentrations, transpiration rate and the transcript levels of rubisco, which subsequently disrupt the photosynthetic capacity). However, SNP/NaHS counteracted the negative effects of stress on these aforementioned parameters and RTN application with stress/non-stress was reversed these effects. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and TBARS were induced under stress in spite of activated ascorbate peroxidase (APX). SNP/NaHS under stress increased activation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), APX, glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), ascorbate (tAsA) and glutathione (GSH). In conclusion, NaHS/SNP are involved in the regulation and modification of growth, water content, rubisco activity and up-regulation of ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AsA-GSH) in chloroplast under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram, 42090, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Evren Yildiztugay
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Fevzi Elbasan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Kucukoduk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ismail Turkan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.
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77
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Fanourakis D, Nikoloudakis N, Pappi P, Markakis E, Doupis G, Charova SN, Delis C, Tsaniklidis G. The Role of Proteases in Determining Stomatal Development and Tuning Pore Aperture: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E340. [PMID: 32182645 PMCID: PMC7154916 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant proteases, the proteolytic enzymes that catalyze protein breakdown and recycling, play an essential role in a variety of biological processes including stomatal development and distribution, as well as, systemic stress responses. In this review, we summarize what is known about the participation of proteases in both stomatal organogenesis and on the stomatal pore aperture tuning, with particular emphasis on their involvement in numerous signaling pathways triggered by abiotic and biotic stressors. There is a compelling body of evidence demonstrating that several proteases are directly or indirectly implicated in the process of stomatal development, affecting stomatal index, density, spacing, as well as, size. In addition, proteases are reported to be involved in a transient adjustment of stomatal aperture, thus orchestrating gas exchange. Consequently, the proteases-mediated regulation of stomatal movements considerably affects plants' ability to cope not only with abiotic stressors, but also to perceive and respond to biotic stimuli. Even though the determining role of proteases on stomatal development and functioning is just beginning to unfold, our understanding of the underlying processes and cellular mechanisms still remains far from being completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fanourakis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, Heraklion, 71500 Crete, Greece;
- Giannakakis SA, Export Fruits and Vegetables, Tympaki, 70200 Crete, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikoloudakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus;
| | - Polyxeni Pappi
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—‘Demeter’, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Heraklion, 71307 Crete, Greece; (P.P.); (E.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Emmanouil Markakis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—‘Demeter’, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Heraklion, 71307 Crete, Greece; (P.P.); (E.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Georgios Doupis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—‘Demeter’, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Heraklion, 71307 Crete, Greece; (P.P.); (E.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Spyridoula N. Charova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Development, Heraklion, 70013 Crete, Greece;
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - Costas Delis
- Department of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| | - Georgios Tsaniklidis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—‘Demeter’, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Heraklion, 71307 Crete, Greece; (P.P.); (E.M.); (G.D.)
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78
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Scartazza A, Fambrini M, Mariotti L, Picciarelli P, Pugliesi C. Energy conversion processes and related gene expression in a sunflower mutant with altered salicylic acid metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 148:122-132. [PMID: 31958679 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is involved in several responses associated with plant development and defence against biotic and abiotic stress, but its role on photosynthetic regulation is still under debate. This work investigated energy conversion processes and related gene expression in the brachytic mutant of sunflower lingering hope (linho). This mutant was characterized by a higher ratio between the free SA form and its conjugate form SA O-β-D-glucoside (SAG) compared to wild type (WT), without significant changes in the endogenous level of abscisic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The mutant showed an inhibition of photosynthesis due to a combination of both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations, although the latter seemed to play a major role. The reduced carboxylation efficiency was associated with a down-regulation of the gene expression for both the large and small subunits of Rubisco and the Rubisco activase enzyme. Moreover, linho showed an alteration of photosystem II (PSII) functionality, with reduced PSII photochemistry, increased PSII excitation pressure and decreased thermal energy dissipation of excessive light energy. These responses were associated with a lower photosynthetic pigments concentration and a reduced expression of genes encoding for light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (i.e. HaLhcA), chlorophyll binding subunits of PSII proteins (i.e. HaPsbS and HaPsbX), phytoene synthase enzyme and a different expression level for genes related to PSII repair cycle, such as HaPsbA and HaPsbD. The concomitant stimulation of respiratory metabolism, suggests that linho activated a coordinate modulation of chloroplast and mitochondria activities to compensate the energy imbalance and regulate energy conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marco Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mariotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Piero Picciarelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
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79
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Chomthong M, Griffiths H. Model approaches to advance crassulacean acid metabolism system integration. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:951-963. [PMID: 31943394 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises recent progress in understanding crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) systems and the integration of internal and external stimuli to maximise water-use efficiency. Complex CAM traits have been reduced to their minimum and captured as computational models, which can now be refined using recently available data from transgenic manipulations and large-scale omics studies. We identify three key areas in which an appropriate choice of modelling tool could help capture relevant comparative molecular data to address the evolutionary drivers and plasticity of CAM. One focus is to identify the environmental and internal signals that drive inverse stomatal opening at night. Secondly, it is important to identify the regulatory processes required to orchestrate the diel pattern of carbon fluxes within mesophyll layers. Finally, the limitations imposed by contrasting succulent systems and associated hydraulic conductance components should be compared in the context of water-use and evolutionary strategies. While network analysis of transcriptomic data can provide insights via co-expression modules and hubs, alternative forms of computational modelling should be used iteratively to define the physiological significance of key components and informing targeted functional gene manipulation studies. We conclude that the resultant improvements of bottom-up, mechanistic modelling systems can enhance progress towards capturing the physiological controls for phylogenetically diverse CAM systems in the face of the recent surge of information in this omics era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Methawi Chomthong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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80
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Kalliola M, Jakobson L, Davidsson P, Pennanen V, Waszczak C, Yarmolinsky D, Zamora O, Palva ET, Kariola T, Kollist H, Brosché M. Differential role of MAX2 and strigolactones in pathogen, ozone, and stomatal responses. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00206. [PMID: 32128474 PMCID: PMC7047155 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are a group of phytohormones that control developmental processes including shoot branching and various plant-environment interactions in plants. We previously showed that the strigolactone perception mutant more axillary branches 2 (max2) has increased susceptibility to plant pathogenic bacteria. Here we show that both strigolactone biosynthesis (max3 and max4) and perception mutants (max2 and dwarf14) are significantly more sensitive to Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. Moreover, in response to P. syringae infection, high levels of SA accumulated in max2 and this mutant was ozone sensitive. Further analysis of gene expression revealed no major role for strigolactone in regulation of defense gene expression. In contrast, guard cell function was clearly impaired in max2 and depending on the assay used, also in max3, max4, and d14 mutants. We analyzed stomatal responses to stimuli that cause stomatal closure. While the response to abscisic acid (ABA) was not impaired in any of the mutants, the response to darkness and high CO2 was impaired in max2 and d14-1 mutants, and to CO2 also in strigolactone synthesis (max3, max4) mutants. To position the role of MAX2 in the guard cell signaling network, max2 was crossed with mutants defective in ABA biosynthesis or signaling. This revealed that MAX2 acts in a signaling pathway that functions in parallel to the guard cell ABA signaling pathway. We propose that the impaired defense responses of max2 are related to higher stomatal conductance that allows increased entry of bacteria or air pollutants like ozone. Furthermore, as MAX2 appears to act in a specific branch of guard cell signaling (related to CO2 signaling), this protein could be one of the components that allow guard cells to distinguish between different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalliola
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesViikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Pär Davidsson
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesViikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ville Pennanen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesViikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Cezary Waszczak
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesViikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Olena Zamora
- Institute of TechnologyUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - E. Tapio Palva
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesViikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tarja Kariola
- LUMA Centre Päijät‐HämeUniversity of HelsinkiLahtiFinland
| | | | - Mikael Brosché
- Institute of TechnologyUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesViikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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81
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Yildiztugay E, Ozfidan-Konakci C, Kucukoduk M, Turkan I. Flavonoid Naringenin Alleviates Short-Term Osmotic and Salinity Stresses Through Regulating Photosynthetic Machinery and Chloroplastic Antioxidant Metabolism in Phaseolus vulgaris. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:682. [PMID: 32582241 PMCID: PMC7283533 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to demonstrate the possible roles of exogenously applied flavonoid naringenin (Nar) on the efficiency of PSII photochemistry and the responses of chloroplastic antioxidant of salt and osmotic-stressed Phaseolus vulgaris (cv. Yunus90). For this aim, plants were grown in a hydroponic culture and were treated with Nar (0.1 mM and 0.4 mM) alone or in a combination with salt (100 mM NaCl) and/or osmotic (10% Polyethylene glycol, -0.54 MPa). Both caused a reduction in water content (RWC), osmotic potential (ΨΠ), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), and potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo). Nar reversed the changes on these parameters. The phenomenological fluxes (TRo/CS and ETo/CS) altered by stress were induced by Nar and Nar led to a notable increase in the performance index (PIABS) and the capacity of light reaction [ΦPo/(1-ΦPo)]. Besides, Nar-applied plants exhibited higher specific fluxes values [ABS/RC, ETo/RC, and ΨEo/(1-ΨEo)] and decreasing controlled dissipation of energy (DIo/CSo and DIo/RC). The transcripts levels of psbA and psbD were lowered in stress-treated bean but upregulated in Nar-treated plants after stress exposure. Nar also alleviated the changes on gas exchange parameters [carbon assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal limitation (Ls)]. By regulating the antioxidant metabolism of the isolated chloroplasts, Nar was able to control the toxic levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and TBARS (lipid peroxidation) produced by stresses. Chloroplastic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity reduced by stresses was increased by Nar. In response to NaCl, Nar increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), as well as peroxidase (POX). Nar protected the bean chloroplasts by minimizing disturbances caused by NaCl exposure via the ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) redox-based systems. Under Nar plus PEG, Nar maintained the AsA regeneration by the induction of MDHAR and DHAR, but not GSH recycling by virtue of no induction in GR activity and the reduction in GSH/GSSG and GSH redox state. Based on these advances, Nar protected in bean chloroplasts by minimizing disturbances caused by NaCl or PEG exposure via the AsA or GSH redox-based systems and POX activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren Yildiztugay
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kucukoduk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ismail Turkan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Ismail Turkan,
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82
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Kaiser E, Morales A, Harbinson J, Heuvelink E, Marcelis LFM. High Stomatal Conductance in the Tomato Flacca Mutant Allows for Faster Photosynthetic Induction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1317. [PMID: 32983206 PMCID: PMC7477092 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their slow movement and closure upon shade, partially closed stomata can be a substantial limitation to photosynthesis in variable light intensities. The abscisic acid deficient flacca mutant in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) displays very high stomatal conductance (gs ). We aimed to determine to what extent this substantially increased gs affects the rate of photosynthetic induction. Steady-state and dynamic photosynthesis characteristics were measured in flacca and wildtype leaves, by the use of simultaneous gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorometry. The steady-state response of photosynthesis to CO2, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm ), as well as mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion were not significantly different between genotypes, suggesting similar photosynthetic biochemistry, photoprotective capacity, and internal CO2 permeability. When leaves adapted to shade (50 µmol m-2 s-1) at 400 µbar CO2 partial pressure and high humidity (7 mbar leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit, VPD) were exposed to high irradiance (1500 µmol m-2 s-1), photosynthetic induction was faster in flacca compared to wildtype leaves, and this was attributable to high initial gs in flacca (~0.6 mol m-2 s-1): in flacca, the times to reach 50 (t50 ) and 90% (t90 ) of full photosynthetic induction were 91 and 46% of wildtype values, respectively. Low humidity (15 mbar VPD) reduced gs and slowed down photosynthetic induction in the wildtype, while no change was observed in flacca; under low humidity, t50 was 63% and t90 was 36% of wildtype levels in flacca. Photosynthetic induction in low CO2 partial pressure (200 µbar) increased gs in the wildtype (but not in flacca), and revealed no differences in the rate of photosynthetic induction between genotypes. Effects of higher gs in flacca were also visible in transients of photosystem II operating efficiency and non-photochemical quenching. Our results show that at ambient CO2 partial pressure, wildtype gs is a substantial limitation to the rate of photosynthetic induction, which flacca overcomes by keeping its stomata open at all times, and it does so at the cost of reduced water use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Elias Kaiser,
| | - Alejandro Morales
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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83
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Zhang J, De-Oliveira-Ceciliato P, Takahashi Y, Schulze S, Dubeaux G, Hauser F, Azoulay-Shemer T, Tõldsepp K, Kollist H, Rappel WJ, Schroeder JI. Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of CO 2-Mediated Regulation of Stomatal Movements. Curr Biol 2019; 28:R1356-R1363. [PMID: 30513335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants must continually balance the influx of CO2 for photosynthesis against the loss of water vapor through stomatal pores in their leaves. This balance can be achieved by controlling the aperture of the stomatal pores in response to several environmental stimuli. Elevation in atmospheric [CO2] induces stomatal closure and further impacts leaf temperatures, plant growth and water-use efficiency, and global crop productivity. Here, we review recent advances in understanding CO2-perception mechanisms and CO2-mediated signal transduction in the regulation of stomatal movements, and we explore how these mechanisms are integrated with other signaling pathways in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Zhang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paulo De-Oliveira-Ceciliato
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sebastian Schulze
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Guillaume Dubeaux
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Felix Hauser
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kadri Tõldsepp
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Physics Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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84
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Munemasa S, Hirao Y, Tanami K, Mimata Y, Nakamura Y, Murata Y. Ethylene Inhibits Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Stomatal Closure by Modulating Guard Cell Slow-Type Anion Channel Activity via the OPEN STOMATA 1/SnRK2.6 Kinase-Independent Pathway in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2263-2271. [PMID: 31241163 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Signal crosstalk between jasmonate and ethylene is crucial for a proper maintenance of defense responses and development. Although previous studies reported that both jasmonate and ethylene also function as modulators of stomatal movements, the signal crosstalk mechanism in stomatal guard cells remains unclear. Here, we show that the ethylene signaling inhibits jasmonate signaling as well as abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in guard cells of Arabidopsis thaliana and reveal the signaling crosstalk mechanism. Both an ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and an ethylene-releasing compound ethephon induced transient stomatal closure, and also inhibited methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced stomatal closure as well as ABA-induced stomatal closure. The ethylene inhibition of MeJA-induced stomatal closure was abolished in the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr1-1, whereas MeJA-induced stomatal closure was impaired in the ethylene-overproducing mutant eto1-1. Pretreatment with ACC inhibited MeJA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as ABA-induced ROS production in guard cells but did not suppress ABA activation of OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1) kinase in guard cell-enriched epidermal peels. The whole-cell patch-clamp analysis revealed that ACC attenuated MeJA and ABA activation of S-type anion channels in guard cell protoplasts. However, MeJA and ABA inhibitions of Kin channels were not affected by ACC pretreatment. These results suggest that ethylene signaling inhibits MeJA signaling and ABA signaling by targeting S-type anion channels and ROS but not OST1 kinase and K+ channels in Arabidopsis guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukari Hirao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kasumi Tanami
- Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Mimata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
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85
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Fang L, Abdelhakim LOA, Hegelund JN, Li S, Liu J, Peng X, Li X, Wei Z, Liu F. ABA-mediated regulation of leaf and root hydraulic conductance in tomato grown at elevated CO 2 is associated with altered gene expression of aquaporins. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:104. [PMID: 31645959 PMCID: PMC6804533 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 concentration in the air (e[CO2]) decreases stomatal density (SD) and stomatal conductance (g s) where abscisic acid (ABA) may play a role, yet the underlying mechanism remains largely elusive. We investigated the effects of e[CO2] (800 ppm) on leaf gas exchange and water relations of two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) genotypes, Ailsa Craig (WT) and its ABA-deficient mutant (flacca). Compared to plants grown at ambient CO2 (400 ppm), e[CO2] stimulated photosynthetic rate in both genotypes, while depressed the g s only in WT. SD showed a similar response to e[CO2] as g s, although the change was not significant. e[CO2] increased leaf and xylem ABA concentrations and xylem sap pH, where the increases were larger in WT than in flacca. Although leaf water potential was unaffected by CO2 growth environment, e[CO2] lowered osmotic potential, hence tended to increase turgor pressure particularly for WT. e[CO2] reduced hydraulic conductance of leaf and root in WT but not in flacca, which was associated with downregulation of gene expression of aquaporins. It is concluded that ABA-mediated regulation of g s, SD, and gene expression of aquaporins coordinates the whole-plant hydraulics of tomato grown at different CO2 environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
- Present Address: Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lamis Osama Anwar Abdelhakim
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Josefine Nymark Hegelund
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Shenglan Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaoying Peng
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128 Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102 Changchun, China
| | - Zhenhua Wei
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Fulai Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi China
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86
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Dittrich M, Mueller HM, Bauer H, Peirats-Llobet M, Rodriguez PL, Geilfus CM, Carpentier SC, Al Rasheid KAS, Kollist H, Merilo E, Herrmann J, Müller T, Ache P, Hetherington AM, Hedrich R. The role of Arabidopsis ABA receptors from the PYR/PYL/RCAR family in stomatal acclimation and closure signal integration. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:1002-1011. [PMID: 31451795 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are microscopic pores found on the surfaces of leaves that act to control CO2 uptake and water loss. By integrating information derived from endogenous signals with cues from the surrounding environment, the guard cells, which surround the pore, 'set' the stomatal aperture to suit the prevailing conditions. Much research has concentrated on understanding the rapid intracellular changes that result in immediate changes to the stomatal aperture. In this study, we look instead at how stomata acclimate to longer timescale variations in their environment. We show that the closure-inducing signals abscisic acid (ABA), increased CO2, decreased relative air humidity and darkness each access a unique gene network made up of clusters (or modules) of common cellular processes. However, within these networks some gene clusters are shared amongst all four stimuli. All stimuli modulate the expression of members of the PYR/PYL/RCAR family of ABA receptors. However, they are modulated differentially in a stimulus-specific manner. Of the six members of the PYR/PYL/RCAR family expressed in guard cells, PYL2 is sufficient for guard cell ABA-induced responses, whereas in the responses to CO2, PYL4 and PYL5 are essential. Overall, our work shows the importance of ABA as a central regulator and integrator of long-term changes in stomatal behaviour, including sensitivity, elicited by external signals. Understanding this architecture may aid in breeding crops with improved water and nutrient efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Dittrich
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike M Mueller
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Bauer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marta Peirats-Llobet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Division of Controlled Environment Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastien Christian Carpentier
- SYBIOMA, Proteomics Core Facility, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johannes Herrmann
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Ache
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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87
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Dittrich M, Mueller HM, Bauer H, Peirats-Llobet M, Rodriguez PL, Geilfus CM, Carpentier SC, Al Rasheid KAS, Kollist H, Merilo E, Herrmann J, Müller T, Ache P, Hetherington AM, Hedrich R. The role of Arabidopsis ABA receptors from the PYR/PYL/RCAR family in stomatal acclimation and closure signal integration. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:1002-1011. [PMID: 31451795 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0490-490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are microscopic pores found on the surfaces of leaves that act to control CO2 uptake and water loss. By integrating information derived from endogenous signals with cues from the surrounding environment, the guard cells, which surround the pore, 'set' the stomatal aperture to suit the prevailing conditions. Much research has concentrated on understanding the rapid intracellular changes that result in immediate changes to the stomatal aperture. In this study, we look instead at how stomata acclimate to longer timescale variations in their environment. We show that the closure-inducing signals abscisic acid (ABA), increased CO2, decreased relative air humidity and darkness each access a unique gene network made up of clusters (or modules) of common cellular processes. However, within these networks some gene clusters are shared amongst all four stimuli. All stimuli modulate the expression of members of the PYR/PYL/RCAR family of ABA receptors. However, they are modulated differentially in a stimulus-specific manner. Of the six members of the PYR/PYL/RCAR family expressed in guard cells, PYL2 is sufficient for guard cell ABA-induced responses, whereas in the responses to CO2, PYL4 and PYL5 are essential. Overall, our work shows the importance of ABA as a central regulator and integrator of long-term changes in stomatal behaviour, including sensitivity, elicited by external signals. Understanding this architecture may aid in breeding crops with improved water and nutrient efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Dittrich
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike M Mueller
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Bauer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marta Peirats-Llobet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Division of Controlled Environment Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastien Christian Carpentier
- SYBIOMA, Proteomics Core Facility, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johannes Herrmann
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Ache
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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88
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Lima VF, Anjos LD, Medeiros DB, Cândido-Sobrinho SA, Souza LP, Gago J, Fernie AR, Daloso DM. The sucrose-to-malate ratio correlates with the faster CO 2 and light stomatal responses of angiosperms compared to ferns. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1873-1887. [PMID: 31099898 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal responses to environmental signals differ substantially between ferns and angiosperms. However, the mechanisms that lead to such different responses remain unclear. Here we investigated the extent to which leaf metabolism contributes to coordinate the differential stomatal behaviour among ferns and angiosperms. Stomata from all species were responsive to light and CO2 transitions. However, fern stomatal responses were slower and minor in both absolute and relative terms. Angiosperms have higher stomatal density, but this is not correlated with speed of stomatal closure. The metabolic responses throughout the diel course and under different CO2 conditions differ substantially among ferns and angiosperms. Higher sucrose content and an increased sucrose-to-malate ratio during high CO2 -induced stomatal closure was observed in angiosperms compared to ferns. Furthermore, the speed of stomatal closure was positively and negatively correlated with sugars and organic acids, respectively, suggesting that the balance between sugars and organic acids aids in explaining the faster stomatal responses of angiosperms. Our results suggest that mesophyll-derived metabolic signals, especially those associated with sucrose and malate, may also be important to modulate the differential stomatal behaviour between ferns and angiosperms, providing important new information that helps in understanding the metabolism-mediated mechanisms regulating stomatal movements across land plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria F Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 60451-970, Brasil
| | - Letícia Dos Anjos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 60451-970, Brasil
- Departamento de Biologia, Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras-MG, 37200-000, Brasil
| | - David B Medeiros
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Silvio A Cândido-Sobrinho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 60451-970, Brasil
| | - Leonardo P Souza
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Jorge Gago
- Grupo de Biología de las Plantas en Condiciones Mediterráneas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de las Islas Baleares/Instituto de investigaciones Agroambientales y de la Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Palma de Mallorca, 07122, Islas Baleares, España
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Danilo M Daloso
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 60451-970, Brasil
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89
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Papanatsiou M, Petersen J, Henderson L, Wang Y, Christie JM, Blatt MR. Optogenetic manipulation of stomatal kinetics improves carbon assimilation, water use, and growth. Science 2019; 363:1456-1459. [PMID: 30923223 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stomata serve dual and often conflicting roles, facilitating carbon dioxide influx into the plant leaf for photosynthesis and restricting water efflux via transpiration. Strategies for reducing transpiration without incurring a cost for photosynthesis must circumvent this inherent coupling of carbon dioxide and water vapor diffusion. We expressed the synthetic, light-gated K+ channel BLINK1 in guard cells surrounding stomatal pores in Arabidopsis to enhance the solute fluxes that drive stomatal aperture. BLINK1 introduced a K+ conductance and accelerated both stomatal opening under light exposure and closing after irradiation. Integrated over the growth period, BLINK1 drove a 2.2-fold increase in biomass in fluctuating light without cost in water use by the plant. Thus, we demonstrate the potential of enhancing stomatal kinetics to improve water use efficiency without penalty in carbon fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Papanatsiou
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.,Plant Science Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - J Petersen
- Plant Science Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - L Henderson
- Plant Science Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Y Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.,Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - J M Christie
- Plant Science Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - M R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. .,Plant Science Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.,Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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90
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Brodribb TJ, Cochard H, Dominguez CR. Measuring the pulse of trees; using the vascular system to predict tree mortality in the 21st century. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz046. [PMID: 31423313 PMCID: PMC6691484 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality during hot and dry conditions presents a stark reminder of the vulnerability of plant species to climatic extremes. The current global warming trend makes predicting the impacts of hot/dry events on species survival an urgent task; yet, the standard tools for this purpose lack a physiological basis. This review examines a diversity of recent evidence demonstrating how physiological attributes of plant vascular systems can explain not only why trees die during drought, but also their distributional limits according to rainfall. These important advances in the science of plant water transport physiology provide the basis for new hydraulic models that can provide credible predictions of not only how but when, where and which species will be impacted by changes in rainfall and temperature in the future. Applying a recently developed hydraulic model using realistic parameters, we show that even apparently safe mesic forest in central France is predicted to experience major forest mortality before the end of the century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Bag 55 ,Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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91
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Ubierna N, Cernusak LA. Preface: advances in modelling photosynthetic processes in terrestrial plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 141:1-3. [PMID: 31209643 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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92
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Kromdijk J, Głowacka K, Long SP. Predicting light-induced stomatal movements based on the redox state of plastoquinone: theory and validation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 141:83-97. [PMID: 30891661 PMCID: PMC6612513 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of stomatal conductance is a key element to relate and scale up leaf-level gas exchange processes to canopy, ecosystem and land surface models. The empirical models that are typically employed for this purpose are simple and elegant formulations which relate stomatal conductance on a leaf area basis to the net rate of CO2 assimilation, humidity and CO2 concentration. Although light intensity is not directly modelled as a stomatal opening cue, it is well-known that stomata respond strongly to light. One response mode depends specifically on the blue-light part of the light spectrum, whereas the quantitative or 'red' light response is less spectrally defined and relies more on the quantity of incident light. Here, we present a modification of an empirical stomatal conductance model which explicitly accounts for the stomatal red-light response, based on a mesophyll-derived signal putatively initiated by the chloroplastic plastoquinone redox state. The modified model showed similar prediction accuracy compared to models using a relationship between stomatal conductance and net assimilation rate. However, fitted parameter values with the modified model varied much less across different measurement conditions, lessening the need for frequent re-parameterization to different conditions required of the current model. We also present a simple and easy to parameterize extension to the widely used Farquhar-Von Caemmerer-Berry photosynthesis model to facilitate coupling with the modified stomatal conductance model, which should enable use of the new stomatal conductance model to simulate ecosystem water vapour exchange in terrestrial biosphere models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kromdijk
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB23EA, UK.
| | - Katarzyna Głowacka
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, N246 Beadle Center, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Bailrigg, LA1 1YX, UK
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93
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Murray M, Soh WK, Yiotis C, Batke S, Parnell AC, Spicer RA, Lawson T, Caballero R, Wright IJ, Purcell C, McElwain JC. Convergence in Maximum Stomatal Conductance of C 3 Woody Angiosperms in Natural Ecosystems Across Bioclimatic Zones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:558. [PMID: 31134112 PMCID: PMC6514322 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal conductance (g s) in terrestrial vegetation regulates the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and water loss through transpiration, closely linking the biosphere and atmosphere and influencing climate. Yet, the range and pattern of g s in plants from natural ecosystems across broad geographic, climatic, and taxonomic ranges remains poorly quantified. Furthermore, attempts to characterize g s on such scales have predominantly relied upon meta-analyses compiling data from many different studies. This approach may be inherently problematic as it combines data collected using unstandardized protocols, sometimes over decadal time spans, and from different habitat groups. Using a standardized protocol, we measured leaf-level g s using porometry in 218 C3 woody angiosperm species in natural ecosystems representing seven bioclimatic zones. The resulting dataset of 4273 g s measurements, which we call STraits (Stomatal Traits), was used to determine patterns in maximum g s (g smax) across bioclimatic zones and whether there was similarity in the mean g smax of C3 woody angiosperms across ecosystem types. We also tested for differential g smax in two broadly defined habitat groups - open-canopy and understory-subcanopy - within and across bioclimatic zones. We found strong convergence in mean g smax of C3 woody angiosperms in the understory-subcanopy habitats across six bioclimatic zones, but not in open-canopy habitats. Mean g smax in open-canopy habitats (266 ± 100 mmol m-2 s-1) was significantly higher than in understory-subcanopy habitats (233 ± 86 mmol m-2 s-1). There was also a central tendency in the overall dataset to operate toward a g smax of ∼250 mmol m-2 s-1. We suggest that the observed convergence in mean g smax of C3 woody angiosperms in the understory-subcanopy is due to a buffering of g smax against macroclimate effects which will lead to differential response of C3 woody angiosperm vegetation in these two habitats to future global change. Therefore, it will be important for future studies of g smax to categorize vegetation according to habitat group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Murray
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wuu Kuang Soh
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Charilaos Yiotis
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sven Batke
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert A. Spicer
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian J. Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Conor Purcell
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer C. McElwain
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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94
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Leakey ADB, Ferguson JN, Pignon CP, Wu A, Jin Z, Hammer GL, Lobell DB. Water Use Efficiency as a Constraint and Target for Improving the Resilience and Productivity of C 3 and C 4 Crops. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:781-808. [PMID: 31035829 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ratio of plant carbon gain to water use, known as water use efficiency (WUE), has long been recognized as a key constraint on crop production and an important target for crop improvement. WUE is a physiologically and genetically complex trait that can be defined at a range of scales. Many component traits directly influence WUE, including photosynthesis, stomatal and mesophyll conductances, and canopy structure. Interactions of carbon and water relations with diverse aspects of the environment and crop development also modulate WUE. As a consequence, enhancing WUE by breeding or biotechnology has proven challenging but not impossible. This review aims to synthesize new knowledge of WUE arising from advances in phenotyping, modeling, physiology, genetics, and molecular biology in the context of classical theoretical principles. In addition, we discuss how rising atmospheric CO2 concentration has created and will continue to create opportunities for enhancing WUE by modifying the trade-off between photosynthesis and transpiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D B Leakey
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA;
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - John N Ferguson
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Charles P Pignon
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA;
| | - Alex Wu
- Centre for Crop Science and Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4069, Australia
| | - Zhenong Jin
- Department of Earth System Science and Center for Food Security and Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Graeme L Hammer
- Centre for Crop Science and Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4069, Australia
| | - David B Lobell
- Department of Earth System Science and Center for Food Security and Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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95
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Fujita T, Noguchi K, Ozaki H, Terashima I. Confirmation of mesophyll signals controlling stomatal responses by a newly devised transplanting method. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:467-481. [PMID: 30940335 DOI: 10.1071/fp18250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There are opposing views on whether the responses of stomata to environmental stimuli are all autonomous reactions of stomatal guard cells or whether mesophyll is involved in these responses. Transplanting isolated epidermis onto mesophyll is a potent methodology for examining the roles of mesophyll-derived signals in stomatal responses. Here we report on development of a new transplanting method. Leaf segments of Commelina communis L. were pretreated in the light or dark at 10, 39 or 70Pa ambient CO2 for 1h. Then the abaxial epidermises were removed and the epidermal strips prepared from the other leaves kept in the dark at 39Pa CO2, were transplanted onto the mesophyll. After illumination of the transplants for 1h at 39Pa CO2, stomatal apertures were measured. We also examined the molecular sizes of the mesophyll signals by inserting the dialysis membrane permeable to molecules smaller than 100-500Da or 500-1000Da between the epidermis and mesophyll. Mesophyll pretreatments in the light at low CO2 partial pressures accelerated stomatal opening in the transplanted epidermal strips, whereas pretreatments at 70Pa CO2 suppressed stomatal opening. Insertion of these dialysis membranes did not suppress stomatal opening significantly at 10Pa CO2 in the light, whereas insertion of the 100-500Da membrane decelerated stomatal closure at high CO2. It is probable that the mesophyll signals inducing stomatal opening at low CO2 in the light would permeate both membranes, and that those inducing stomatal closure at high CO2 would not permeate the 100-500Da membrane. Possible signal compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; and Present address: Yodosha, Co. LTD, 2-5-1 Kandaogawamachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0052, Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; and School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; and Corresponding author.
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96
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Voelker SL, Merschel AG, Meinzer FC, Ulrich DEM, Spies TA, Still CJ. Fire deficits have increased drought sensitivity in dry conifer forests: Fire frequency and tree-ring carbon isotope evidence from Central Oregon. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1247-1262. [PMID: 30536531 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A century of fire suppression across the Western United States has led to more crowded forests and increased competition for resources. Studies of forest thinning or stand conditions after mortality events have provided indirect evidence for how competition can promote drought stress and predispose forests to severe fire and/or bark beetle outbreaks. Here, we demonstrate linkages between fire deficits and increasing drought stress through analyses of annually resolved tree-ring growth, fire scars, and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13 C) across a dry mixed-conifer forest landscape. Fire deficits across the study area have increased the sensitivity of leaf gas exchange to drought stress over the past >100 years. Since 1910, stand basal area in these forests has more than doubled and fire-return intervals have increased from 25 to 140 years. Meanwhile, the portion of interannual variation in tree-ring Δ13 C explained by the Palmer Drought Severity Index has more than doubled in ca. 300-500-year-old Pinus ponderosa as well as in fire-intolerant, ca. 90-190-year-old Abies grandis. Drought stress has increased in stands with a basal area of ≥25 m2 /ha in 1910, as indicated by negative temporal Δ13 C trends, whereas stands with basal area ≤25 m2 /ha in 1910, due to frequent or intense wildfire activity in decades beforehand, were initially buffered from increased drought stress and have benefited more from rising ambient carbon dioxide concentrations, [CO2 ], as demonstrated by positive temporal Δ13 C trends. Furthermore, the average Δ13 C response across all P. ponderosa since 1830 indicates that photosynthetic assimilation rates and stomatal conductance have been reduced by ~10% and ~20%, respectively, compared to expected trends due to increasing [CO2 ]. Although disturbance legacies contribute to local-scale intensity of drought stress, fire deficits have reduced drought resistance of mixed-conifer forests and made them more susceptible to challenges by pests and pathogens and other disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Voelker
- Plants, Soils and Climate Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - Andrew G Merschel
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | | | | | - Thomas A Spies
- USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon
| | - Christopher J Still
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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97
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Fricke W. Night-Time Transpiration - Favouring Growth? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:311-317. [PMID: 30770287 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants grow and transpire water during the day and night. Recent work highlights the idea that night-time transpirational water loss is a consequence of allowing respiratory CO2 to escape at sufficiently high rates through stomata. Respiration fuels night-time leaf expansion and requires carbohydrates produced during the day. As carbohydrate availability and growth are under the control of the plants' internal clock, so is night-time transpiration. The cost of night-time transpiration is that water is lost without carbon being gained, the benefit is a higher efficiency of taken up water for use in leaf expansion. This could provide a stress acclimation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; https://people.ucd.ie/wieland.fricke.
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98
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Rozpądek P, Nosek M, Domka A, Ważny R, Jędrzejczyk R, Tokarz K, Pilarska M, Niewiadomska E, Turnau K. Acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus and alterations in sugar metabolism in response to inoculation with endophytic fungi. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1408-1423. [PMID: 30516827 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of an endophytic Zygomycete Mucor sp. in growth promotion and adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to increased energy demands of its hosts Arabidopsis arenosa and Arabidopsis thaliana was evaluated. Inoculation with the fungus improved the water use efficiency of the plants and allowed for them to utilize incident light for photochemistry more effectively by upregulating the expression of several photosystem I- and II-related genes and their respective proteins, proteins involved in light harvesting in PSII and PSI and carbon assimilation. This effect was independent of the ability of the plants to acquire nutrients from the soil. We hypothesize that the accelerated growth of the symbiotic plants resulted from an increase in their demand for carbohydrates and carbohydrate turnover (sink strength) that triggered a simultaneous upregulation of carbon assimilation. Arabidopsis plants inoculated with Mucor sp. exhibited upregulated expression in several genes encoding proteins involved in carbohydrate catabolism, sugar transport, and smaller starch grains that indicate a significant upregulation of carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rozpądek
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Michał Nosek
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Kraków, 30-084, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Domka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Rafał Ważny
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Roman Jędrzejczyk
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarz
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Kraków, 31-425, Poland
| | - Maria Pilarska
- The F. Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Niewiadomska
- The F. Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Turnau
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
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99
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Ehonen S, Yarmolinsky D, Kollist H, Kangasjärvi J. Reactive Oxygen Species, Photosynthesis, and Environment in the Regulation of Stomata. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1220-1237. [PMID: 29237281 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Stomata sense the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (Ci) and water availability under changing environmental conditions and adjust their apertures to maintain optimal cellular conditions for photosynthesis. Stomatal movements are regulated by a complex network of signaling cascades where reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role as signaling molecules. Recent Advances: Recent research has uncovered several new signaling components involved in CO2- and abscisic acid-triggered guard cell signaling pathways. In addition, we are beginning to understand the complex interactions between different signaling pathways. CRITICAL ISSUES Plants close their stomata in reaction to stress conditions, such as drought, and the subsequent decrease in Ci leads to ROS production through photorespiration and over-reduction of the chloroplast electron transport chain. This reduces plant growth and thus drought may cause severe yield losses for agriculture especially in arid areas. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The focus of future research should be drawn toward understanding the interplay between various signaling pathways and how ROS, redox, and hormonal balance changes in space and time. Translating this knowledge from model species to crop plants will help in the development of new drought-resistant crop species with high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Ehonen
- 1 Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,2 Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Hannes Kollist
- 3 Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- 1 Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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100
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Huang W, Chen X, Guan Q, Zhong Z, Ma J, Yang B, Wang T, Zhu W, Tian J. Changes of alternative splicing in Arabidopsis thaliana grown under different CO2 concentrations. Gene 2019; 689:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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