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Cihlar T, Mackman RL. Journey of remdesivir from the inhibition of hepatitis C virus to the treatment of COVID-19. Antivir Ther 2022; 27:13596535221082773. [DOI: 10.1177/13596535221082773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
If a planned path reaches a dead-end, one can simply stop. Or one can turn around, walk back to the last intersection and take another path, or one can consider taking few paths in parallel. The last scenario is reflective of the journey of remdesivir, the first antiviral for the treatment of COVID-19, that was approved by FDA less than 10 months after the isolation of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. As of January 2022, 10 million COVID-19 patients have been treated with remdesivir worldwide, but the journey of this molecule started more than a decade earlier with the search for a cure of hepatitis C virus. The development path of remdesivir before the emergence of COVID-19 represents a valuable example of a preemptive pandemic preparedness, but the pursuit of this path would not have been possible without sustaining support of John C. Martin, whom we will sorely miss for his piercing vision, uncompromising leadership, and genuine compassion for patients suffering around the world.
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52
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Samineni R, Eda V, Rao P, Sen S, Oruganti S. Grignard Reagents as Niche Bases in the Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Relevant Molecules. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Samineni
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Vishnuvardhana Eda
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Pallavi Rao
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Saikat Sen
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Srinivas Oruganti
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
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53
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Nucleosides and emerging viruses: a new story. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1945-1953. [PMID: 35189369 PMCID: PMC8856764 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With several US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and high barriers to resistance, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs remain the cornerstone of antiviral therapies for not only herpesviruses, but also HIV and hepatitis viruses (B and C); however, with the exception of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), for which vaccines have been developed at unprecedented speed, there are no vaccines or small antivirals yet available for (re)emerging viruses, which are primarily RNA viruses. Thus, herein, we present an overview of ribonucleoside analogs recently developed and acting as inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). They are new lead structures that will be exploited for the discovery of new antiviral nucleosides.
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54
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Meshram RJ, Kathwate GH, Gacche RN. Progress, evolving therapeutic/diagnostic approaches, and challenges in the management of hepatitis C virus infections. Arch Virol 2022; 167:717-736. [PMID: 35089390 PMCID: PMC8795940 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are emerging as one of the foremost challenges in healthcare owing to its chronicity and the virus’s quasispecies nature. Worldwide, over 170 million people are chronically infected with HCV, with an annual mortality of over 500,000 people across the world. The emerging pathophysiological evidence links HCV infections to a risk of developing liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the great strides that have been made towards understanding the pathophysiology of disease progression, the tailored treatments of HCV infection remain to be established. The present review provides an update of the literature pertaining to evolving therapeutic approaches and prophylactic measures for the effective management of HCV infections. An extensive discussion of established and experimental immune prophylactic measures also sheds light on current developments in the design of vaccination strategies against HCV infection. We have also attempted to address the application of nanotechnology in formulating effective therapeutic interventions against HCV. Pointing out the limitations of the existing diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches against HCV might inspire the design and development of novel, efficient, reliable, and cost-effective diagnostic technologies as well as novel therapeutic and immune prophylactic interventions for the effective management of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajesh Nivarti Gacche
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, MS, 411007, India.
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55
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Abstract
In the 1970s, an unknown virus was suspected for documented cases of transfusion-associated hepatitis, a phenomenon called non-A, non-B hepatitis. In 1989, the infectious transmissible agent was identified and named hepatitis C virus (HCV) and, soon enough, the first diagnostic HCV antibody test was developed, which led to a dramatic decrease in new infections. Today, HCV infection remains a global health burden and a major cause of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation. However, tremendous advances have been made over the decades, and HCV became the first curable, chronic viral infection. The introduction of direct antiviral agents revolutionized antiviral treatment, leading to viral eradication in more than 98% of all patients infected with HCV. This Perspective discusses the history of HCV research, which reads like a role model for successful translational research: starting from a clinical observation, specific therapeutic agents were developed, which finally were implemented in national and global elimination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Manns
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Maasoumy
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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56
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Nakamura M, Uemura K, Saito-Tarashima N, Sato A, Orba Y, Sawa H, Matsuda A, Maenaka K, Minakawa N. Synthesis and anti-dengue virus activity of 5-ethynylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICA) nucleotide prodrugs. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 70:220-225. [PMID: 34955490 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that 5-ethynyl-(1-β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (1; EICAR) is a potent anti-dengue virus (DENV) compound but is cytotoxic to some cell lines, while its 4-thio derivative, 5-ethynyl-(4-thio-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (2; 4'-thioEICAR), has less cytotoxicity but also less anti-DENV activity. Based on the hypothesis that the lower anti-DENV activity of 2 is due to reduced susceptibility to phosphorylation by cellular kinase(s), we investigated whether a monophosphate prodrug of 2 can improve its activity. Here, we first prepared two types of prodrug of 1, which revealed that the S-acyl-2-thioethyl (SATE) prodrug had stronger anti-DENV activity than the aryloxyphosphoramidate (so-called ProTide) prodrug. Based on these findings, we next prepared the SATE prodrug of 4'-thioEICAR 18. As expected, the resulting 18 showed potent anti-DENV activity, which was comparable to that of 1; however, its cytotoxicity was also increased relative to 2. Our findings suggest that prodrugs of 4'-thioribonucleoside derivatives such as EICAR (1) represent an effective approach to developing potent biologically active compounds; however, the balance between antiviral activity and cytotoxicity remains to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University
| | - Kentaro Uemura
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.,Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Akihiko Sato
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.,Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University
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57
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Yan L, Cao R, Zhang H, Li Y, Li W, Li X, Fan S, Li S, Zhong W. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2'-acetylene-7-deaza-adenosine phosphoamidate derivatives as anti-EV71 and anti-EV-D68 agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113852. [PMID: 34560428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphoamidate derivatives of nucleoside 2'-acetylene-7-deaza-adenosine (NITD008) were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activities against the enteroviruses EV71 and EV-D68. The phosphoamidate (15f) containing a hexyl ester of l-alanine exhibited the most promising activity against EV71 (IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.08 μM) and was 4-times more potent than NITD008. Meanwhile, the derivative containing a cyclohexyl ester of l-alanine (15l) exhibited the most potent activity with high selectivity index against both EV71 (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.27 μM, SI = 117.00) and EV-D68 (IC50 = 0.17 ± 0.16 μM, SI = 130.76), which were both higher than that of NITD008. The results indicated that the phosphoamidate 15l was the most promising candidate for further development as antiviral agents for the treatment of both EV71 and EV-D68 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yuexiang Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Song Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
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58
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Ballatore C. New Heights for ProTides? J Med Chem 2021; 64:16422-16424. [PMID: 34783565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Janeba et al. found that the in vitro antiviral activity and selectivity index of the aryloxy phosphoramidate (ProTide) prodrug of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate tenofovir (tenofovir alafenamide) can be dramatically improved by replacing the aryloxy pro-moiety with an appropriate tyrosine derivative. This Viewpoint highlights the possible impact and ramifications that these findings may have in the development of new ProTides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ballatore
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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59
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Vicenti I, Martina MG, Boccuto A, De Angelis M, Giavarini G, Dragoni F, Marchi S, Trombetta CM, Crespan E, Maga G, Eydoux C, Decroly E, Montomoli E, Nencioni L, Zazzi M, Radi M. System-oriented optimization of multi-target 2,6-diaminopurine derivatives: Easily accessible broad-spectrum antivirals active against flaviviruses, influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113683. [PMID: 34273661 PMCID: PMC8255191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide circulation of different viruses coupled with the increased frequency and diversity of new outbreaks, strongly highlight the need for new antiviral drugs to quickly react against potential pandemic pathogens. Broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAAs) represent the ideal option for a prompt response against multiple viruses, new and re-emerging. Starting from previously identified anti-flavivirus hits, we report herein the identification of promising BSAAs by submitting the multi-target 2,6-diaminopurine chemotype to a system-oriented optimization based on phenotypic screening on cell cultures infected with different viruses. Among the synthesized compounds, 6i showed low micromolar potency against Dengue, Zika, West Nile and Influenza A viruses (IC50 = 0.5-5.3 μM) with high selectivity index. Interestingly, 6i also inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in different cell lines, with higher potency on Calu-3 cells that better mimic the SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo (IC50 = 0.5 μM, SI = 240). The multi-target effect of 6i on flavivirus replication was also analyzed in whole cell studies (in vitro selection and immunofluorescence) and against isolated host/viral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Adele Boccuto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marta De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Giavarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Filippo Dragoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Eydoux
- AFMB, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Decroly
- AFMB, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; VisMederi s.r.l, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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60
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Lee H, Jarhad DB, Lee A, Lee C, Jeong LS. 4′‐Selenonucleosides: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Novel Ribavirin and Acadesine Analogs as Anti‐Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Agents. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy Seoul National University Seoul 08826 (Republic of Korea
| | - Dnyandev B. Jarhad
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy Seoul National University Seoul 08826 (Republic of Korea
| | - Ahrim Lee
- College of Pharmacy Dongguk University-Seoul Goyang 10326 (Republic of Korea
| | - Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy Dongguk University-Seoul Goyang 10326 (Republic of Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy Seoul National University Seoul 08826 (Republic of Korea
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61
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Passow KT, Caldwell HS, Ngo KA, Arnold JJ, Antczak NM, Narayanan A, Jose J, Sturla SJ, Cameron CE, Ciota AT, Harki DA. A Chemical Strategy for Intracellular Arming of an Endogenous Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Nucleotide. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15429-15439. [PMID: 34661397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring nucleotide 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-cytidine-5'-triphosphate (ddhCTP) was recently found to exert potent and broad-spectrum antiviral activity. However, nucleoside 5'-triphosphates in general are not cell-permeable, which precludes the direct use of ddhCTP as a therapeutic. To harness the therapeutic potential of this endogenous antiviral nucleotide, we synthesized phosphoramidate prodrug HLB-0532247 (1) and found it to result in dramatically elevated levels of ddhCTP in cells. We compared 1 and 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-cytidine (ddhC) and found that 1 more effectively reduces titers of Zika and West Nile viruses in cell culture with minimal nonspecific toxicity to host cells. We conclude that 1 is a promising antiviral agent based on a novel strategy of facilitating elevated levels of the endogenous ddhCTP antiviral nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellan T Passow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Haley S Caldwell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York 12144, United States.,The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12201, United States
| | - Kiet A Ngo
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12201, United States
| | - Jamie J Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nicole M Antczak
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Anoop Narayanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joyce Jose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shana J Sturla
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Craig E Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alexander T Ciota
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York 12144, United States.,The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12201, United States
| | - Daniel A Harki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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62
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Abstract
The therapeutic targeting of the nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) with nucleotide analogs led to a deep understanding of this enzymes structure, function and substrate specificity. Unlike previously studied DNA polymerases including the reverse transcriptase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, development of biochemical assays for HCV RdRp proved challenging due to low solubility of the full-length protein and inefficient acceptance of exogenous primer/templates. Despite the poor apparent specific activity, HCV RdRp was found to support rapid and processive transcription once elongation is initiated in vitro consistent with its high level of viral replication in the livers of patients. Understanding of the substrate specificity of HCV RdRp led to the discovery of the active triphosphate of sofosbuvir as a nonobligate chain-terminator of viral RNA transcripts. The ternary crystal structure of HCV RdRp, primer/template, and incoming nucleotide showed the interaction between the nucleotide analog and the 2'-hydroxyl binding pocket and how an unfit mutation of serine 282 to threonine results in resistance by interacting with the uracil base and modified 2'-position of the analog. Host polymerases mediate off-target toxicity of nucleotide analogs and the active metabolite of sofosbuvir was found to not be efficiently incorporated by host polymerases including the mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT). Knowledge from studying inhibitors of HCV RdRp serves to advance antiviral drug discovery for other emerging RNA viruses including the discovery of remdesivir as an inhibitor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), the virus that causes COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States.
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63
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Suh CE, Carder HM, Wendlandt AE. Selective Transformations of Carbohydrates Inspired by Radical-Based Enzymatic Mechanisms. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1814-1828. [PMID: 33988380 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are a longstanding source of inspiration for synthetic reaction development. However, enzymatic reactivity and selectivity are frequently untenable in a synthetic context, as the principles that govern control in an enzymatic setting often do not translate to small molecule catalysis. Recent synthetic methods have revealed the viability of using small molecule catalysts to promote highly selective radical-mediated transformations of minimally protected sugar substrates. These transformations share conceptual similarities with radical SAM enzymes found in microbial carbohydrate biosynthesis and present opportunities for synthetic chemists to access microbial and unnatural carbohydrate building blocks without the need for protecting groups or lengthy synthetic sequences. Here, we highlight strategies through which radical reaction pathways can enable the site-, regio-, and diastereoselective transformation of minimally protected carbohydrates in both synthetic and enzymatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E. Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hayden M. Carder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alison E. Wendlandt
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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64
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Seifert M, Bera SC, van Nies P, Kirchdoerfer RN, Shannon A, Le TTN, Meng X, Xia H, Wood JM, Harris LD, Papini FS, Arnold JJ, Almo S, Grove TL, Shi PY, Xiang Y, Canard B, Depken M, Cameron CE, Dulin D. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase by nucleotide analogs from a single-molecule perspective. eLife 2021; 10:e70968. [PMID: 34617885 PMCID: PMC8497053 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of 'shovel-ready' anti-coronavirus drugs during vaccine development has exceedingly worsened the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Furthermore, new vaccine-resistant variants and coronavirus outbreaks may occur in the near future, and we must be ready to face this possibility. However, efficient antiviral drugs are still lacking to this day, due to our poor understanding of the mode of incorporation and mechanism of action of nucleotides analogs that target the coronavirus polymerase to impair its essential activity. Here, we characterize the impact of remdesivir (RDV, the only FDA-approved anti-coronavirus drug) and other nucleotide analogs (NAs) on RNA synthesis by the coronavirus polymerase using a high-throughput, single-molecule, magnetic-tweezers platform. We reveal that the location of the modification in the ribose or in the base dictates the catalytic pathway(s) used for its incorporation. We show that RDV incorporation does not terminate viral RNA synthesis, but leads the polymerase into backtrack as far as 30 nt, which may appear as termination in traditional ensemble assays. SARS-CoV-2 is able to evade the endogenously synthesized product of the viperin antiviral protein, ddhCTP, though the polymerase incorporates this NA well. This experimental paradigm is essential to the discovery and development of therapeutics targeting viral polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Seifert
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Subhas C Bera
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Pauline van Nies
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Robert N Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Ashleigh Shannon
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Thi-Tuyet-Nhung Le
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonUnited States
| | - James M Wood
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Lawrence D Harris
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Flavia S Papini
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Jamie J Arnold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillUnited States
| | - Steven Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, Institute for Protein InnovationBostonUnited States
| | - Tyler L Grove
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, Institute for Protein InnovationBostonUnited States
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonUnited States
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Bruno Canard
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Martin Depken
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of TechnologyDelftNetherlands
| | - Craig E Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillUnited States
| | - David Dulin
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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Balatow P, Sandlin A, Cory TJ. An evaluation of ledipasvir + sofosbuvir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:1839-1846. [PMID: 34157923 PMCID: PMC8478781 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1943359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Hepatitis C (HCV) is viral disease with a global impact. Over the last 10 years, the treatment of this disease has evolved. Treatment guidelines have evolved to adopt new medications for HCV. These drugs have shown efficacy over 90% throughout the class as well as a better safety profile than the previous recommended pharmacotherapy. Dual-therapy DAAs emerged with FDA approval of Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) in 2014.Areas Covered: LDV/SOF is a dual-therapy option for chronic HCV patients (>6 months of infection) in select genotypes. This article reviews the studies relevant to the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of these drugs as well as its trials leading to approval.Expert opinion: LDV/SOF is included in the AASLD/IDSA guidelines for the treatment of HCV genotypes 1a and 1b with or without cirrhosis and genotype 4 without cirrhosis with an evidence and recommendation rating of IA. Genotype 4 with cirrhosis and genotypes 5 and 6 carry a Class IIa level B recommendation. The combination is not FDA approved for genotypes 2 and 3. Single-pill regimens, like LDV/SOF, are important to maintain the quality of life of children and other special populations infected with HCV by shortening treatment regimens, avoiding complex pill regimens, and eliminating injection therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearson Balatow
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, USA
| | - Amber Sandlin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, USA
| | - Theodore James Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, USA
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Benazzato C, Russo FB, Beltrão-Braga PCB. An update on preclinical pregnancy models of Zika virus infection for drug and vaccine discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 17:19-25. [PMID: 34461793 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1973999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital Zika syndrome is caused by Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy and can culminate in structural and neurological defects in the fetus, including a spectrum of symptoms such as brain calcifications, hydrocephalus, holoprosencephaly, lissencephaly, ventriculomegaly, and microcephaly. Using animal models to study ZIKV infection during pregnancy represents a critical tool for understanding ZIKV pathophysiology, drug testing, vaccine development, and prevention of vertical transmission. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors cover state-of-the-art preclinical pregnancy models of ZIKV infection for drug discovery and vaccine development to prevent vertical transmission. EXPERT OPINION The discovery of drugs against ZIKV infection represents an urgent necessity, and until now, no effective drug that can prevent the effects of vertical transmission has been tested in humans. Even after six years of the ZIKV outbreak in Brazil, no drugs or vaccines have been approved for use in humans. In part, this failure could be related to the lack of translatability from available preclinical models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Benazzato
- Disease Modeling Laboratory at Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiele Baldino Russo
- Disease Modeling Laboratory at Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil.,Scientific Plataform Pasteur/USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cristina Baleeiro Beltrão-Braga
- Disease Modeling Laboratory at Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil.,Scientific Plataform Pasteur/USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Han S, Mei L, Quach T, Porter C, Trevaskis N. Lipophilic Conjugates of Drugs: A Tool to Improve Drug Pharmacokinetic and Therapeutic Profiles. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1497-1518. [PMID: 34463935 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic conjugates (LCs) of small molecule drugs have been used widely in clinical and pre-clinical studies to achieve a number of pharmacokinetic and therapeutic benefits. For example, lipophilic derivatives of drugs are employed in several long acting injectable products to provide sustained drug exposure for hormone replacement therapy and to treat conditions such as neuropsychiatric diseases. LCs can also be used to modulate drug metabolism, and to enhance drug permeation across membranes, either by increasing lipophilicity to enhance passive diffusion or by increasing protein-mediated active transport. Furthermore, such conjugation strategies have been employed to promote drug association with endogenous macromolecular carriers (e.g. albumin and lipoproteins), and this in turn results in altered drug distribution and pharmacokinetic profiles, where the changes can be 'general' (e.g. prolonged plasma half-life) or 'specific' (e.g. enhanced delivery to specific tissues in parallel with the macromolecular carriers). Another utility of LCs is to enhance the encapsulation of drugs within engineered nanoscale drug delivery systems, in order to best take advantage of the targeting and pharmacokinetic benefits of nanomedicines. The current review provides a summary of the mechanisms by which lipophilic conjugates, including in combination with delivery vehicles, can be used to control drug delivery, distribution and therapeutic profiles. The article is structured into sections which highlight a specific benefit of LCs and then demonstrate this benefit with case studies. The review attempts to provide a toolbox to assist researchers to design and optimise drug candidates, including consideration of drug-formulation compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Lianghe Mei
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Tim Quach
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Chris Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Natalie Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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Abstract
Flaviviruses such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Yellow Fever and Zika virus, cause viral hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis in humans. However, antiviral therapeutics to treat or prevent flavivirus infections are not yet available. Thus, there is pressing need to develop therapeutics and vaccines that target flavivirus infections. All flaviviruses carry a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome, which encodes ten proteins; three structural proteins form the virus shell, and seven nonstructural (NS) proteins are involved in replication of the viral genome. While all NS proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5) are part of a functional membrane-bound replication complex, enzymatic activities required for flaviviral replication reside in only two NS proteins, NS3 and NS5. NS3 functions as a protease, helicase, and triphosphatase, and NS5 as a capping enzyme, methyltransferase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In this chapter, we provide an overview of viral replication focusing on the structure and function of NS3 and NS5 replicases. We further describe strategies and examples of current efforts to identify potential flavivirus inhibitors against NS3 and NS5 enzymatic activities that can be developed as therapeutic agents to combat flavivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Knyazhanskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Marc C Morais
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kyung H Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
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Cox RM, Plemper RK. The impact of high-resolution structural data on stemming the COVID-19 pandemic. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 49:127-138. [PMID: 34130040 PMCID: PMC8173484 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a catastrophic impact on human health and the world economy. The response of the scientific community was unparalleled, and a combined global effort has resulted in the creation of vaccines in a shorter time frame than previously unimaginable. Reflecting this concerted effort, the structural analysis of the etiological agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has progressed with an unprecedented pace. Since the onset of the pandemic, over 1000 high-resolution structures of a broad range of SARS-CoV-2 proteins have been solved and made publicly available. These structures have aided in the identification of numerous potential druggable targets and have contributed to the design of different vaccine candidates. This opinion article will discuss the impact of high-resolution structures in understanding SARS-CoV-2 biology and explore their role in the development of vaccines and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Cox
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Chung JYL, Kassim AM, Simmons B, Davis TA, Song ZJ, Limanto J, Dalby SM, He CQ, Calabria R, Wright TJ, Campeau LC. Kilogram-Scale Synthesis of 2′-C-Methyl-arabino-Uridine from Uridine via Dynamic Selective Dipivaloylation. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Y. L. Chung
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Amude M. Kassim
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bryon Simmons
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tyler A. Davis
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhiguo J. Song
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John Limanto
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stephen M. Dalby
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cyndi Q. He
- Computational & Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ralph Calabria
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Timothy J. Wright
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Louis-Charles Campeau
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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García-Trejo JJ, Ortega R, Zarco-Zavala M. Putative Repurposing of Lamivudine, a Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogue and Antiretroviral to Improve the Outcome of Cancer and COVID-19 Patients. Front Oncol 2021; 11:664794. [PMID: 34367956 PMCID: PMC8335563 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.664794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamivudine, also widely known as 3TC belongs to a family of nucleotide/nucleoside analogues of cytidine or cytosine that inhibits the Reverse Transcriptase (RT) of retroviruses such as HIV. Lamivudine is currently indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection or for chronic Hepatitis B (HBV) virus infection associated with evidence of hepatitis B viral replication and active liver inflammation. HBV reactivation in patients with HBV infections who receive anticancer chemotherapy can be a life-threatening complication during and after the completion of chemotherapy. Lamivudine is used, as well as other antiretrovirals, to prevent the reactivation of the Hepatitis B virus during and after chemotherapy. In addition, Lamivudine has been shown to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. Lamivudine and other similar analogues also have direct positive effects in the prevention of cancer in hepatitis B or HIV positive patients, independently of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Recently, it has been proposed that Lamivudine might be also repurposed against SARS-CoV-2 in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this review we first examine recent reports on the re-usage of Lamivudine or 3TC against the SARS-CoV-2, and we present docking evidence carried out in silico suggesting that Lamivudine may bind and possibly work as an inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp RNA polymerase. We also evaluate and propose assessment of repurposing Lamivudine as anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-COVID-19 antiviral. Secondly, we summarize the published literature on the use of Lamivudine or (3TC) before or during chemotherapy to prevent reactivation of HBV, and examine reports of enhanced effectiveness of radiotherapy in combination with Lamivudine treatment against the cancerous cells or tissues. We show that the anti-cancer properties of Lamivudine are well established, whereas its putative anti-COVID effect is under investigation. The side effects of lamivudine and the appearance of resistance to 3TC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J García-Trejo
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Chemistry Faculty and School, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raquel Ortega
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Chemistry Faculty and School, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariel Zarco-Zavala
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Chemistry Faculty and School, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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Xia L, Fan W, Yuan XA, Yu S. Photoredox-Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of C-Nucleoside Analogues from Glycosyl Bromides and Heteroarenes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wenjing Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165 China
| | - Xiang-Ai Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165 China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
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Wu YJ, Meanwell NA. Geminal Diheteroatomic Motifs: Some Applications of Acetals, Ketals, and Their Sulfur and Nitrogen Homologues in Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9786-9874. [PMID: 34213340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetals and ketals and their nitrogen and sulfur homologues are often considered to be unconventional and potentially problematic scaffolding elements or pharmacophores for the design of orally bioavailable drugs. This opinion is largely a function of the perception that such motifs might be chemically unstable under the acidic conditions of the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract. However, even simple acetals and ketals, including acyclic molecules, can be sufficiently robust under acidic conditions to be fashioned into orally bioavailable drugs, and these structural elements are embedded in many effective therapeutic agents. The chemical stability of molecules incorporating geminal diheteroatomic motifs can be modulated by physicochemical design principles that include the judicious deployment of proximal electron-withdrawing substituents and conformational restriction. In this Perspective, we exemplify geminal diheteroatomic motifs that have been utilized in the discovery of orally bioavailable drugs or drug candidates against the backdrop of understanding their potential for chemical lability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Wu
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery and Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb PRI, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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Cordie A, Elsharkawy A, Abdel Alem S, Meshaal S, El Akel W, Abdellatif Z, Kamal W, Al Askalany M, Kamel S, Abdel Aziz H, Kandeel A, Esmat G. Sustained virologic response and changes in liver fibrosis parameters following 12-wk administration of generic sofosbuvir and daclatasvir in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with HCV genotype 4 infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 114:232-240. [PMID: 31925434 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel direct-acting antiviral agents have shown great efficacy and tolerability in HCV-monoinfected patients. However, data are lacking regarding their efficacy and safety in HIV/HCV-genotype (GT) 4-coinfected patients. METHODS A single-centre, prospective study including HIV/HCV-GT 4-coinfected patients who were treated with sofosbuvir and daclatasvir (SOF/DCV) was conducted for 12 wk. Sustained virological response (SVR) at week 12 post-treatment (SVR12), adverse events (AEs) and changes in liver stiffness measurement (LSM) at SVR12 in comparison with baseline were evaluated. RESULTS SVR12 was achieved in 46 of 50 patients (92%). No significant difference in SVR12 was noticed among patients who received antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens compared with those who did not receive ART regimens or between those with insignificant fibrosis (<F2) and those with significant fibrosis (≥F2) (p=0.9 and p=0.3, respectively). AEs occurred in 45 (90%) patients. The most frequent AEs were fatigue, headache and nausea. No treatment-related serious AEs or deaths were reported. HIV control was not compromised. LSM, fibrosis 4 score and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index showed a significant decrease at SVR12 when compared with baseline (p=0.0004, p=0.0003 and p<0.0001, respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed no association between baseline variables and SVR12 while significant fibrosis (≥F2) was the only baseline variable that was significantly associated with improvement of LSM at SVR12. CONCLUSION SOF/DCV achieved a high SVR12 and was well-tolerated in HIV/HCV-GT 4-coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Cordie
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Aisha Elsharkawy
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Shereen Abdel Alem
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Safa Meshaal
- Clinical pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Wafaa El Akel
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Abdellatif
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Walid Kamal
- Preventive sector, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo 11516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Al Askalany
- Imbaba Fever Hospital, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo 12651, Egypt
| | - Sherif Kamel
- Imbaba Fever Hospital, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo 12651, Egypt
| | - Hossam Abdel Aziz
- Department of Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11591, Egypt
| | - Amr Kandeel
- Preventive sector, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo 11516, Egypt
| | - Gamal Esmat
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Yu Y, Wang L, Han J, Wang A, Chu L, Xi X, Kan R, Sha C, Sun K. Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of Temozolomide Esters and Its Anti-glioma Study. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3431-3438. [PMID: 34147518 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Temozolomide is a first-line therapeutic drug for glioblastoma (GBM), and it has a low solubility, short biological half-life, and resistance to drug limits in clinical applications. Therefore, it is necessary to find more effective anti-tumor drugs to overcome drug resistance and enhance its anti-glioma activity. We therefore used n-butanol, n-hexanol, n-octanol, 1-dodecanol and 1-hexadecanol to synthesize a series of temozolomide ester compounds (TMZEs) and then investigated their physicochemical properties and anti-glioma efficacy. Our results showed that TMZEs had a higher lipophilicity compared to TMZ and could stably exist in plasma and brain homogenates. TMZEs had significantly increased cytotoxicity and cellular uptake in C6 glioma cells as chain lengths increased. Additionally, the IC50 of TMZ-16E towards TMZ-resistant cells (T98G) was 85.9-fold lower than that of TMZ (p < 0.001), and Western blot results demonstrated that TMZ-16E could significantly reduce the expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT). The in vivo anti-glioma efficacy of TMZ-16E were then investigated in orthotopic and subcutaneous GBM models. TMZ-16E prolonged the survival time to 35 days in orthotopic glioma bearing rats, which was 1.94-fold longer than the survival time of rats treated with TMZ, and TMZ-16E increased tumor cell apoptosis based on TUNEL staining. Moreover, TMZ-16E (50 mg/kg) noticeably slowed the growth of T98G subcutaneous tumors by down-modulating MGMT expression in subcutaneous GBM-bearing mice, indicating that TMZ-16E could effectively reverse drug resistance. In conclusion, TMZEs improved the lipophilicity and stability of these drugs. Especially, TMZ-16E could reverse drug resistance and improve therapeutic effects of TMZ, which has clinical application potential for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Liangxiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Junping Han
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China.
| | - Liuxiang Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Xinran Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Ronglin Kan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Chunjie Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Kaoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
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Slusarczyk M, Serpi M, Ghazaly E, Kariuki BM, McGuigan C, Pepper C. Single Diastereomers of the Clinical Anticancer ProTide Agents NUC-1031 and NUC-3373 Preferentially Target Cancer Stem Cells In Vitro. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8179-8193. [PMID: 34085825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 3'-protected route toward the synthesis of the diastereomers of clinically active ProTides, NUC-1031 and NUC-3373, is described. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of the individual diastereomers were found to be similar to their diastereomeric mixtures. In the KG1a cell line, NUC-1031 and NUC-3373 have preferential cytotoxic effects on leukemic stem cells (LSCs). These effects were not diastereomer-specific and were not observed with the parental nucleoside analogues gemcitabine and FUDR, respectively. In addition, NUC-1031 preferentially targeted LSCs in primary AML samples and cancer stem cells in the prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP. Although the mechanism for this remains incompletely resolved, NUC-1031-treated cells showed increased levels of triphosphate in both LSC and bulk tumor fractions. As ProTides are not dependent on nucleoside transporters, it seems possible that the LSC targeting observed with ProTides may be caused, at least in part, by preferential accumulation of metabolized nucleos(t)ide analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Slusarczyk
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Redwood Building, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Michaela Serpi
- Cardiff University, School of Chemistry, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Essam Ghazaly
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, U.K
| | - Benson M Kariuki
- Cardiff University, School of Chemistry, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Christopher McGuigan
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Redwood Building, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Chris Pepper
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Medical Teaching Building, Brighton BN1 9PX, U.K
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77
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Xie J, Wang Z. Can remdesivir and its parent nucleoside GS-441524 be potential oral drugs? An in vitro and in vivo DMPK assessment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1607-1616. [PMID: 34221871 PMCID: PMC8245906 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir (RDV) is the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for treating COVID-19. However, RDV can only be given by intravenous route, and there is a pressing medical need for oral antivirals. Significant evidence suggests that the role of the parent nucleoside GS-441524 in the clinical outcomes of RDV could be largely underestimated. We performed an in vitro and in vivo drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) assessment to examine the potential of RDV, and particularly GS-441524, as oral drugs. In our in vitro assessments, RDV exhibited prohibitively low stability in human liver microsomes (HLMs, t1/2 = ∼1 min), with the primary CYP-mediated metabolism being the mono-oxidation likely on the phosphoramidate moiety. This observation is poorly aligned with any potential oral use of RDV, though in the presence of cobicistat, the microsomal stability was drastically boosted to the level observed without enzyme cofactor NADPH. Conversely, GS-441524 showed excellent metabolic stability in human plasma and HLMs. In further in vivo studies in CD-1 mice, GS-441524 displayed a favorable oral bioavailability of 57%. Importantly, GS-441524 produced adequate drug exposure in the mice plasma and lung, and was effectively converted to the active triphosphate, suggesting that it could be a promising oral antiviral drug for treating COVID-19.
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Key Words
- ADK, adenosine kinase
- Antiviral
- COVID-19
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- Cobi, cobicistat
- DMPK, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics
- Drug metabolism
- EMS, enhanced mass scan
- EPI, enhanced product ion
- FIPV, feline infectious peritonitis coronavirus
- GS-441524
- HINTs, histidine triad nucleotide binding proteins
- HLMs, human liver microsomes
- IDA, information dependent acquisition
- MLMs, mouse liver microsomes
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- Nucleoside
- Oral bioavailability
- RDV, remdesivir
- RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA-polymerases
- Remdesivir
- SARS-CoV-2
- SOF, sofosbuvir
- TAF, tenofovir alafenamide
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78
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Serpi M, Pertusati F. An overview of ProTide technology and its implications to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1149-1161. [PMID: 33985395 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1922385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The ProTide technology is a phosphate (or phosphonate) prodrug method devised to deliver nucleoside monophosphate (or monophosphonate) intracellularly bypassing the key challenges of antiviral and anticancer nucleoside analogs. Three new antiviral drugs, exploiting this technology, have been approved by the FDA while others are in clinical studies as anticancer agents.Areas covered: The authors describe the origin and development of this technology and its incredible success in transforming the drug discovery of antiviral and anticancer nucleoside analogues. As evidence, discussion on the antiviral ProTides on the market, and those currently in clinical development are included. The authors focus on how the proven capacity of this technology to generate new drug candidates has stimulated its application to non-nucleoside-based molecules.Expert opinion: The ProTide approach has been extremely successful in delivering blockbuster antiviral medicines and it seems highly promising in oncology. Its application to non-nucleoside-based small molecules is recently emerging and proving effective in other therapeutic areas. However, investigations to explain the lack of activity of certain ProTide series and comprehensive structure activity relationship studies to identify the appropriate phosphoramidate motifs depending on the parent molecule are in our opinion mandatory for the future development of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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79
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Pimková Polidarová M, Břehová P, Kaiser MM, Smola M, Dračínský M, Smith J, Marek A, Dejmek M, Šála M, Gutten O, Rulíšek L, Novotná B, Brázdová A, Janeba Z, Nencka R, Boura E, Páv O, Birkuš G. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Phosphoester and Phosphorothioate Prodrugs of STING Agonist 3',3'-c-Di(2'F,2'dAMP). J Med Chem 2021; 64:7596-7616. [PMID: 34019405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are second messengers that bind to the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and trigger the expression of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. Here we evaluate the activity of 3',3'-c-di(2'F,2'dAMP) and its phosphorothioate analogues against five STING allelic forms in reporter-cell-based assays and rationalize our findings with X-ray crystallography and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations. We show that the presence of fluorine in the 2' position of 3',3'-c-di(2'F,2'dAMP) improves its activity not only against the wild type (WT) but also against REF and Q STING. Additionally, we describe the synthesis of the acyloxymethyl and isopropyloxycarbonyl phosphoester prodrugs of CDNs. Masking the negative charges of the CDNs results in an up to a 1000-fold improvement of the activities of the prodrugs relative to those of their parent CDNs. Finally, the uptake and intracellular cleavage of pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs to the parent CDN is rapid, reaching a peak intracellular concentration within 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Pimková Polidarová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Břehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Smola
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua Smith
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gutten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Novotná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Brázdová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Páv
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
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Ambrosi A, Bringley DA, Calimsiz S, Garber JAO, Huynh H, Mohan S, Sarma K, Shen J, Curl J, Kwong B, Lapina O, Leung E, Lin L, Martins A, McGinitie T, Phull J, Roberts B, Rosario M, Shi B, Standley EA, Wang L, Wang X, Yu G. Synthesis of Rovafovir Etalafenamide (Part III): Evolution of the Synthetic Process to the Phosphonamidate Fragment. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ambrosi
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Dustin A. Bringley
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Selcuk Calimsiz
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A. O. Garber
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Huy Huynh
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Sankar Mohan
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Keshab Sarma
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jinyu Shen
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jonah Curl
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Bernard Kwong
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Olga Lapina
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Edmund Leung
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Lennie Lin
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Andrew Martins
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Teague McGinitie
- Analytical Chemistry, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jaspal Phull
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Ben Roberts
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Mary Rosario
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Bing Shi
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Eric A. Standley
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Guojun Yu
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
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81
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Kataev VE, Garifullin BF. Antiviral nucleoside analogs. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021; 57:326-341. [PMID: 34007086 PMCID: PMC8118684 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The minireview surveys the modification of native nucleosides as a result of which huge libraries of nucleoside analogs of various structures were synthesized. Particular attention is paid to the synthesis of the so-called prodrug forms of nucleoside analogs which ensure their penetration into the cell and metabolism to active 5'-triphosphate derivatives. All the best known antiviral cyclic nucleoside analogs approved for the treatment of HIV infections, hepatitis B, C, and influenza since the 1960s, as well as those in various stages of clinical trials in recent years, are listed. Nucleoside analogs that have shown the ability to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are discussed, including remdesivir, approved by the FDA for emergency use in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E. Kataev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St., Kazan, 420088 Tatarstan Russia
| | - Bulat F. Garifullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St., Kazan, 420088 Tatarstan Russia
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82
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Chen KJ, Plaunt AJ, Leifer FG, Kang JY, Cipolla D. Recent advances in prodrug-based nanoparticle therapeutics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 165:219-243. [PMID: 33979661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research into prodrug modification of active pharmaceutical ingredients and nanoparticle drug delivery systems has led to unprecedented levels of control over the pharmacological properties of drugs and resulted in the approval of many prodrug or nanoparticle-based therapies. In recent years, the combination of these two strategies into prodrug-based nanoparticle drug delivery systems (PNDDS) has been explored as a way to further advance nanomedicine and identify novel therapies for difficult-to-treat indications. Many of the PNDDS currently in the clinical development pipeline are expected to enter the market in the coming years, making the rapidly evolving field of PNDDS highly relevant to pharmaceutical scientists. This review paper is intended to introduce PNDDS to the novice reader while also updating those working in the field with a comprehensive summary of recent efforts. To that end, first, an overview of FDA-approved prodrugs is provided to familiarize the reader with their advantages over traditional small molecule drugs and to describe the chemistries that can be used to create them. Because this article is part of a themed issue on nanoparticles, only a brief introduction to nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems is provided summarizing their successful application and unfulfilled opportunities. Finally, the review's centerpiece is a detailed discussion of rationally designed PNDDS formulations in development that successfully leverage the strengths of prodrug and nanoparticle approaches to yield highly effective therapeutic options for the treatment of many diseases.
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83
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Antiviral Evaluation of UV-4B and Interferon-Alpha Combination Regimens against Dengue Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050771. [PMID: 33925551 PMCID: PMC8145572 DOI: 10.3390/v13050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus associated with clinical manifestations ranging in severity from self-limiting dengue fever, to the potentially life threatening condition, severe dengue. There are currently no approved antiviral therapies for the treatment of DENV. Here, we evaluated the antiviral potential of four broad-spectrum antivirals, UV-4B, interferon-alpha (IFN), sofosbuvir (SOF), and favipiravir (FAV) against DENV serotype 2 as mono- and combination therapy in cell lines that are physiologically relevant to human infection. Cell lines derived from human liver (HUH-7), neurons (SK-N-MC), and skin (HFF-1) were infected with DENV and treated with UV-4B, IFN, SOF, or FAV. Viral supernatant was sampled daily and infectious viral burden was quantified by plaque assay on Vero cells. Drug effect on cell proliferation in uninfected and infected cells was also assessed. UV-4B inhibited DENV in HUH-7, SK-N-MC, and HFF-1 cells yielding EC50 values of 23.75, 49.44, and 37.38 µM, respectively. Clinically achievable IFN concentrations substantially reduced viral burden in HUH-7 (EC50 = 102.7 IU/mL), SK-N-MC (EC50 = 86.59 IU/mL), and HFF-1 (EC50 = 163.1 IU/mL) cells. SOF potently inhibited DENV in HUH-7 cells but failed to produce the same effect in SK-N-MC and HFF-1 cells. Finally, FAV provided minimal suppression in HUH-7 and SK-N-MC cells, but was ineffective in HFF-1 cells. The two most potent anti-DENV agents, UV-4B and IFN, were also assessed in combination. UV-4B + IFN treatment enhanced antiviral activity in HUH-7, SK-N-MC, and HFF-1 cells relative to monotherapy. Our results demonstrate the antiviral potential of UV-4B and IFN against DENV in multiple physiologically relevant cell types.
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84
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Malikova AZ, Shcherbakova AS, Konduktorov KA, Zemskaya AS, Dalina AA, Popenko VI, Leonova OG, Morozov AV, Kurochkin NN, Smirnova OA, Kochetkov SN, Kozlov MV. Pre-Senescence Induction in Hepatoma Cells Favors Hepatitis C Virus Replication and Can Be Used in Exploring Antiviral Potential of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4559. [PMID: 33925399 PMCID: PMC8123837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that fibrotic liver injury in patients with chronic hepatitis C correlates with cellular senescence in damaged liver tissue. However, it is still unclear how senescence can affect replication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). In this work, we report that an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6, palbociclib, not only induced in hepatoma cells a pre-senescent cellular phenotype, including G1 arrest in the cell cycle, but also accelerated viral replicon multiplication. Importantly, suppression of HCV replication by direct acting antivirals (DAAs) was barely affected by pre-senescence induction, and vice versa, the antiviral activities of host-targeting agents (HTAs), such as inhibitors of human histone deacetylases (HDACi), produced a wide range of reactions-from a dramatic reduction to a noticeable increase. It is very likely that under conditions of the G1 arrest in the cell cycle, HDACi exhibit their actual antiviral potency, since their inherent anticancer activity that complicates the interpretation of test results is minimized.
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85
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Mackman RL, Hui HC, Perron M, Murakami E, Palmiotti C, Lee G, Stray K, Zhang L, Goyal B, Chun K, Byun D, Siegel D, Simonovich S, Du Pont V, Pitts J, Babusis D, Vijjapurapu A, Lu X, Kim C, Zhao X, Chan J, Ma B, Lye D, Vandersteen A, Wortman S, Barrett KT, Toteva M, Jordan R, Subramanian R, Bilello JP, Cihlar T. Prodrugs of a 1'-CN-4-Aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine C-Nucleoside Leading to the Discovery of Remdesivir (GS-5734) as a Potent Inhibitor of Respiratory Syncytial Virus with Efficacy in the African Green Monkey Model of RSV. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5001-5017. [PMID: 33835812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A discovery program targeting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) identified C-nucleoside 4 (RSV A2 EC50 = 530 nM) as a phenotypic screening lead targeting the RSV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Prodrug exploration resulted in the discovery of remdesivir (1, GS-5734) that is >30-fold more potent than 4 against RSV in HEp-2 and NHBE cells. Metabolism studies in vitro confirmed the rapid formation of the active triphosphate metabolite, 1-NTP, and in vivo studies in cynomolgus and African Green monkeys demonstrated a >10-fold higher lung tissue concentration of 1-NTP following molar normalized IV dosing of 1 compared to that of 4. A once daily 10 mg/kg IV administration of 1 in an African Green monkey RSV model demonstrated a >2-log10 reduction in the peak lung viral load. These early data following the discovery of 1 supported its potential as a novel treatment for RSV prior to its development for Ebola and approval for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Mackman
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hon C Hui
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michel Perron
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Christopher Palmiotti
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Gary Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kirsten Stray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bindu Goyal
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kwon Chun
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Daniel Byun
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Dustin Siegel
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Scott Simonovich
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Venice Du Pont
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jared Pitts
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Darius Babusis
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Arya Vijjapurapu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Xianghan Lu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Cynthia Kim
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Julie Chan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Diane Lye
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Adelle Vandersteen
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Sarah Wortman
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kimberly T Barrett
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Maria Toteva
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Robert Jordan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Raju Subramanian
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - John P Bilello
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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86
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Geraghty RJ, Aliota MT, Bonnac LF. Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Strategies and Nucleoside Analogues. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040667. [PMID: 33924302 PMCID: PMC8069527 DOI: 10.3390/v13040667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence or re-emergence of viruses with epidemic and/or pandemic potential, such as Ebola, Zika, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 and 2 (SARS and SARS-CoV-2) viruses, or new strains of influenza represents significant human health threats due to the absence of available treatments. Vaccines represent a key answer to control these viruses. However, in the case of a public health emergency, vaccine development, safety, and partial efficacy concerns may hinder their prompt deployment. Thus, developing broad-spectrum antiviral molecules for a fast response is essential to face an outbreak crisis as well as for bioweapon countermeasures. So far, broad-spectrum antivirals include two main categories: the family of drugs targeting the host-cell machinery essential for virus infection and replication, and the family of drugs directly targeting viruses. Among the molecules directly targeting viruses, nucleoside analogues form an essential class of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. In this review, we will discuss the interest for broad-spectrum antiviral strategies and their limitations, with an emphasis on virus-targeted, broad-spectrum, antiviral nucleoside analogues and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Geraghty
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Matthew T. Aliota
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Laurent F. Bonnac
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Li J, Liu S, Shi J, Wang X, Xue Y, Zhu HJ. Tissue-Specific Proteomics Analysis of Anti-COVID-19 Nucleoside and Nucleotide Prodrug-Activating Enzymes Provides Insights into the Optimization of Prodrug Design and Pharmacotherapy Strategy. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:870-887. [PMID: 33855276 PMCID: PMC8033752 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs are an essential class of antivirals for COVID-19 treatment. Several nucleoside/nucleotide analogs have shown promising effects against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro; however, their in vivo efficacy is limited. Nucleoside/nucleotide analogs are often formed as ester prodrugs to improve pharmacokinetics (PK) performance. After entering cells, the prodrugs undergo several enzymatic metabolism steps to form the active metabolite triphosphate nucleoside (TP-Nuc); prodrug activation is therefore associated with the abundance and catalytic activity of the corresponding activating enzymes. Having the activation of nucleoside/nucleotide prodrugs occur at the target site of action, such as the lung, is critical for anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy. Herein, we conducted an absolute quantitative proteomics study to determine the expression of relevant activating enzymes in human organs related to the PK and antiviral efficacy of nucleoside/nucleotide prodrugs, including the lung, liver, intestine, and kidney. The protein levels of prodrug-activating enzymes differed significantly among the tissues. Using catalytic activity values reported previously for individual enzymes, we calculated prodrug activation profiles in these tissues. The prodrugs evaluated in this study include nine McGuigan phosphoramidate prodrugs, two cyclic monophosphate prodrugs, two l-valyl ester prodrugs, and one octanoate prodrug. Our analysis showed that most orally administered nucleoside/nucleotide prodrugs were primarily activated in the liver, suggesting that parenteral delivery routes such as inhalation and intravenous infusion could be better options when these antiviral prodrugs are used to treat COVID-19. The results also indicated that the l-valyl ester prodrug design can plausibly improve drug bioavailability and enhance effects against SARS-CoV-2 intestinal infections. This study further revealed that an octanoate prodrug could provide a long-acting antiviral effect targeting SARS-CoV-2 infections in the lung. Finally, our molecular docking analysis suggested several prodrug forms of favipiravir and GS-441524 that are likely to exhibit favorable PK features over existing prodrug forms. In sum, this study revealed the activation mechanisms of various nucleoside/nucleotide prodrugs relevant to COVID-19 treatment in different organs and shed light on the development of more effective anti-COVID-19 prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Li
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan
College of Pharmacy, 428 Church Street, Room 4565 NUB, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shuhan Liu
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan
College of Pharmacy, 428 Church Street, Room 4565 NUB, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Jian Shi
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan
College of Pharmacy, 428 Church Street, Room 4565 NUB, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio
Medical University College of Pharmacy, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, United States
| | - Yanling Xue
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan
College of Pharmacy, 428 Church Street, Room 4565 NUB, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan
College of Pharmacy, 428 Church Street, Room 4565 NUB, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Seifert M, Bera SC, van Nies P, Kirchdoerfer RN, Shannon A, Le TTN, Meng X, Xia H, Wood JM, Harris LD, Papini FS, Arnold JJ, Almo SC, Grove TL, Shi PY, Xiang Y, Canard B, Depken M, Cameron CE, Dulin D. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase by nucleotide analogs: a single molecule perspective. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2020.08.06.240325. [PMID: 33851161 PMCID: PMC8043451 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.06.240325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide analog Remdesivir (RDV) is the only FDA-approved antiviral therapy to treat infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The physical basis for efficient utilization of RDV by SARS-CoV-2 polymerase is unknown. Here, we characterize the impact of RDV and other nucleotide analogs on RNA synthesis by the polymerase using a high-throughput, single-molecule, magnetic-tweezers platform. The location of the modification in the ribose or in the base dictates the catalytic pathway(s) used for its incorporation. We reveal that RDV incorporation does not terminate viral RNA synthesis, but leads the polymerase into deep backtrack, which may appear as termination in traditional ensemble assays. SARS-CoV-2 is able to evade the endogenously synthesized product of the viperin antiviral protein, ddhCTP, though the polymerase incorporates this nucleotide analog well. This experimental paradigm is essential to the discovery and development of therapeutics targeting viral polymerases. TEASER We revise Remdesivir's mechanism of action and reveal SARS-CoV-2 ability to evade interferon-induced antiviral ddhCTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Seifert
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Subhas Chandra Bera
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pauline van Nies
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert N. Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ashleigh Shannon
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, Polytech Case 925, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Thi-Tuyet-Nhung Le
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, Polytech Case 925, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - James M. Wood
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence D. Harris
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Flávia S. Papini
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jamie J. Arnold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler L. Grove
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Bruno Canard
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, Polytech Case 925, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Martin Depken
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - David Dulin
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Matthew AN, Leidner F, Lockbaum GJ, Henes M, Zephyr J, Hou S, Desaboini NR, Timm J, Rusere LN, Ragland DA, Paulsen JL, Prachanronarong K, Soumana DI, Nalivaika EA, Yilmaz NK, Ali A, Schiffer CA. Drug Design Strategies to Avoid Resistance in Direct-Acting Antivirals and Beyond. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3238-3270. [PMID: 33410674 PMCID: PMC8126998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is prevalent across many diseases, rendering therapies ineffective with severe financial and health consequences. Rather than accepting resistance after the fact, proactive strategies need to be incorporated into the drug design and development process to minimize the impact of drug resistance. These strategies can be derived from our experience with viral disease targets where multiple generations of drugs had to be developed to combat resistance and avoid antiviral failure. Significant efforts including experimental and computational structural biology, medicinal chemistry, and machine learning have focused on understanding the mechanisms and structural basis of resistance against direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drugs. Integrated methods show promise for being predictive of resistance and potency. In this review, we give an overview of this research for human immunodeficiency virus type 1, hepatitis C virus, and influenza virus and the lessons learned from resistance mechanisms of DAAs. These lessons translate into rational strategies to avoid resistance in drug design, which can be generalized and applied beyond viral targets. While resistance may not be completely avoidable, rational drug design can and should incorporate strategies at the outset of drug development to decrease the prevalence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N. Matthew
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Florian Leidner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Gordon J. Lockbaum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Mina Henes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Jacqueto Zephyr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Shurong Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Nages Rao Desaboini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Jennifer Timm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Rutgers University
| | - Linah N. Rusere
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Raybow Pharmaceutical
| | - Debra A. Ragland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Janet L. Paulsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Schrodinger, Inc
| | - Kristina Prachanronarong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Djade I. Soumana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Cytiva
| | - Ellen A. Nalivaika
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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90
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Kumar R, Mishra S, Shreya, Maurya SK. Recent advances in the discovery of potent RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors targeting viruses. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:306-320. [PMID: 34046618 PMCID: PMC8130609 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
WHO has declared COVID-19 a pandemic, which has affected the whole world and has caused unprecedented social and economic disruption. Since the emergence of the disease, several druggable targets have been suggested including 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), spike, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and the papain-like protease (PLpro) computational approach. From the beginning, viral replication has been the main focus for any antiviral drug development for viral diseases, including HCV, influenza virus, zika virus, norovirus, measles, dengue virus, and coronaviruses. This review lists the nucleoside, nucleotide, and non-nucleoside RdRp inhibitor analogues of various viral diseases that may be evaluated for drug development to treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh-176 061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-HRDC Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201 002 India
| | - Sahil Mishra
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh-176 061 India
| | - Shreya
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh-176 061 India
| | - Sushil K Maurya
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh-176 061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-HRDC Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201 002 India
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91
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Vanden Avond MA, Meng H, Beatka MJ, Helbling DC, Prom MJ, Sutton JL, Slick RA, Dimmock DP, Pertusati F, Serpi M, Pileggi E, Crutcher P, Thomas S, Lawlor MW. The nucleotide prodrug CERC-913 improves mtDNA content in primary hepatocytes from DGUOK-deficient rats. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:492-501. [PMID: 33368311 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK) gene result in a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndrome. DGUOK plays an important role in converting deoxyribonucleosides to deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates via the salvage pathway for mtDNA synthesis. DGUOK deficiency manifests predominantly in the liver; the most common cause of death is liver failure within the first year of life and no therapeutic options are currently available. in vitro supplementation with deoxyguanosine or deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) were reported to rescue mtDNA depletion in DGUOK-deficient, patient-derived fibroblasts and myoblasts. CERC-913, a novel ProTide prodrug of dGMP, was designed to bypass defective DGUOK while improving permeability and stability relative to nucleoside monophosphates. To evaluate CERC-913 for its ability to rescue mtDNA depletion, we developed a primary hepatocyte culture model using liver tissue from DGUOK-deficient rats. DGUOK knockout rat hepatocyte cultures exhibit severely reduced mtDNA copy number (~10%) relative to wild type by qPCR and mtDNA content remains stable for up to 8 days in culture. CERC-913 increased mtDNA content in DGUOK-deficient hepatocytes up to 2.4-fold after 4 days of treatment in a dose-dependent fashion, which was significantly more effective than dGMP at similar concentrations. These early results suggest primary hepatocyte culture is a useful model for the study of mtDNA depletion syndromes and that CERC-913 treatment can improve mtDNA content in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Vanden Avond
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hui Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Margaret J Beatka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel C Helbling
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mariah J Prom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jessica L Sutton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rebecca A Slick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David P Dimmock
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elisa Pileggi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Michael W Lawlor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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92
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Milisavljevic N, Konkolová E, Kozák J, Hodek J, Veselovská L, Sýkorová V, Čížek K, Pohl R, Eyer L, Svoboda P, Růžek D, Weber J, Nencka R, Bouřa E, Hocek M. Antiviral Activity of 7-Substituted 7-Deazapurine Ribonucleosides, Monophosphate Prodrugs, and Triphoshates against Emerging RNA Viruses. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:471-478. [PMID: 33395259 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of 7-deazaadenine ribonucleosides bearing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or hetaryl groups at position 7 as well as their 5'-O-triphosphates and two types of monophosphate prodrugs (phosphoramidates and S-acylthioethanol esters) were prepared and tested for antiviral activity against selected RNA viruses (Dengue, Zika, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile, and SARS-CoV-2). The modified triphosphates inhibited the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases at micromolar concentrations through the incorporation of the modified nucleotide and stopping a further extension of the RNA chain. 7-Deazaadenosine nucleosides bearing ethynyl or small hetaryl groups at position 7 showed (sub)micromolar antiviral activities but significant cytotoxicity, whereas the nucleosides bearing bulkier heterocycles were still active but less toxic. Unexpectedly, the monophosphate prodrugs were similarly or less active than the corresponding nucleosides in the in vitro antiviral assays, although the bis(S-acylthioethanol) prodrug 14h was transported to the Huh7 cells and efficiently released the nucleoside monophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Milisavljevic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Konkolová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kozák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hodek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Veselovská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Sýkorová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Čížek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Eyer
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Bouřa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Rahimi P, Sharafi H, Bahramali G, SajadianFard F, Asadi NS, Alavian SM, Iranpur Mobarakeh V, Moravej SZ. Prevalence of Naturally-Occurring NS5A and NS5B Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Iranian Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:617375. [PMID: 33584581 PMCID: PMC7876467 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.617375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV), non-structural 5A (NS5A), and non-structural 5B (NS5B) resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) are the main causes of failure to direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs). NS5A and NS5B RASs can occur in patients with HCV infection naturally and before exposure to DAAs. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate naturally-occurring NS5A and NS5B RASs in Iranian patients with HCV genotype 1a (HCV-1a) and -3a infections. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, viral RNA was extracted from serum specimens. NS5A and NS5B regions were amplified using RT-PCR followed by DNA sequencing. The results of nucleotide sequences were aligned against reference sequences of HCV-1a and -3a and the amino acid substitutions were analyzed using geno2pheno [hcv] web application. RESULTS Among 135 patients with hepatitis C, NS5A amino acid substitutions/RASs were identified in 26.4% and 15.9% of patients with HCV-1a and -3a infections, respectively. The identified amino acid substitutions/RASs in the NS5A region of patients with HCV-1a infection were M28T/V/I 11.1%, Q30R/H 4.2%, L31M 1.4%, and H58Y/P/C/D/Q/S/T 16.7%. Y93H substitution was not found in HCV-1a sequences. In patients with HCV-3a infection, NS5A amino acid substitutions/RASs were A30T/K 9.5%, L31F 1.6%, P58S/T/C 3.2%, Y93H 3.2%, and Y93N 3.2%. No resistance substitutions were identified in NS5B sequences from patients with HCV-1a and -3a infections. CONCLUSION In this study, baseline amino acid substitutions/RASs were only identified in the NS5A region in Iranian patients with HCV-1a and -3a infections, and the prevalence of these amino acid substitutions/RASs were in accordance with similar studies. There were no RASs in the HCV-1a and -3a NS5B region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooneh Rahimi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Golnaz Bahramali
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Tian L, Qiang T, Liang C, Ren X, Jia M, Zhang J, Li J, Wan M, YuWen X, Li H, Cao W, Liu H. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors: The current landscape and repurposing for the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113201. [PMID: 33524687 PMCID: PMC7826122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread nature of several viruses is greatly credited to their rapidly altering RNA genomes that enable the infection to persist despite challenges presented by host cells. Within the RNA genome of infections is RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is an essential enzyme that helps in RNA synthesis by catalysing the RNA template-dependent development of phosphodiester bonds. Therefore, RdRp is an important therapeutic target in RNA virus-caused diseases, including SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we describe the promising RdRp inhibitors that have been launched or are currently in clinical studies for the treatment of RNA virus infections. Structurally, nucleoside inhibitors (NIs) bind to the RdRp protein at the enzyme active site, and nonnucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) bind to the RdRp protein at allosteric sites. By reviewing these inhibitors, more precise guidelines for the development of more promising anti-RNA virus drugs should be set, and due to the current health emergency, they will eventually be used for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China; Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Taotao Qiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
| | - Minyi Jia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Jiayun Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Minge Wan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Business & Commerce, Xi'an, 712046, PR China
| | - Xin YuWen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Han Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, 519030, PR China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, 519030, PR China.
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95
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Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity of 3'-Deoxy-3'-Fluoroadenosine against Emerging Flaviviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01522-20. [PMID: 33229424 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01522-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging flaviviruses are causative agents of severe and life-threatening diseases, against which no approved therapies are available. Among the nucleoside analogues, which represent a promising group of potentially therapeutic compounds, fluorine-substituted nucleosides are characterized by unique structural and functional properties. Despite having first been synthesized almost 5 decades ago, they still offer new therapeutic opportunities as inhibitors of essential viral or cellular enzymes active in nucleic acid replication/transcription or nucleoside/nucleotide metabolism. Here, we report evaluation of the antiflaviviral activity of 28 nucleoside analogues, each modified with a fluoro substituent at different positions of the ribose ring and/or heterocyclic nucleobase. Our antiviral screening revealed that 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoroadenosine exerted a low-micromolar antiviral effect against tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Zika virus, and West Nile virus (WNV) (EC50 values from 1.1 ± 0.1 μM to 4.7 ± 1.5 μM), which was manifested in host cell lines of neural and extraneural origin. The compound did not display any measurable cytotoxicity up to concentrations of 25 μM but had an observable cytostatic effect, resulting in suppression of cell proliferation at concentrations of >12.5 μM. Novel approaches based on quantitative phase imaging using holographic microscopy were developed for advanced characterization of antiviral and cytotoxic profiles of 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoroadenosine in vitro In addition to its antiviral activity in cell cultures, 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoroadenosine was active in vivo in mouse models of TBEV and WNV infection. Our results demonstrate that fluoro-modified nucleosides represent a group of bioactive molecules with excellent potential to serve as prospective broad-spectrum antivirals in antiviral research and drug development.
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96
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most prevalent cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.
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97
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Barenie RE, Avorn J, Tessema FA, Kesselheim AS. Public funding for transformative drugs: the case of sofosbuvir. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:273-281. [PMID: 33011345 PMCID: PMC7528745 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The approval of sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) in 2013 transformed chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) care, but its high cost was criticized in part because of reports of substantial public involvement in its development. We developed a methodology to assess the public's contribution through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in developing sofosbuvir. Using key terms from the timeline of sofosbuvir, we identified articles in PubMed; linked them to federal funding using the NIH RePORTER; reviewed the title, organization, and investigator of each resulting award for relatedness; and converted related awards to 2018 US dollars. Of 6043 unique awards, we identified 29 that were directly (US$7.7 million) and 110 that were indirectly (US$53.2 million) related awards made to major academic institutions and companies engaged in the development of the drug. These findings indicate that public funding had a key role in developing sofosbuvir, with an estimated US$60.9 million provided in NIH funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Barenie
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St, Suite 3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA.
| | - Jerry Avorn
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St, Suite 3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Frazer A Tessema
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St, Suite 3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Aaron S Kesselheim
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St, Suite 3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA
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98
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Huchting J. Targeting viral genome synthesis as broad-spectrum approach against RNA virus infections. Antivir Chem Chemother 2020; 28:2040206620976786. [PMID: 33297724 PMCID: PMC7734526 DOI: 10.1177/2040206620976786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic spillover, i.e. pathogen transmission from animal to human, has repeatedly introduced RNA viruses into the human population. In some cases, where these viruses were then efficiently transmitted between humans, they caused large disease outbreaks such as the 1918 flu pandemic or, more recently, outbreaks of Ebola and Coronavirus disease. These examples demonstrate that RNA viruses pose an immense burden on individual and public health with outbreaks threatening the economy and social cohesion within and across borders. And while emerging RNA viruses are introduced more frequently as human activities increasingly disrupt wild-life eco-systems, therapeutic or preventative medicines satisfying the “one drug-multiple bugs”-aim are unavailable. As one central aspect of preparedness efforts, this review digs into the development of broadly acting antivirals via targeting viral genome synthesis with host- or virus-directed drugs centering around nucleotides, the genomes’ universal building blocks. Following the first strategy, selected examples of host de novo nucleotide synthesis inhibitors are presented that ultimately interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis, with ribavirin being the most prominent and widely used example. For directly targeting the viral polymerase, nucleoside and nucleotide analogues (NNAs) have long been at the core of antiviral drug development and this review illustrates different molecular strategies by which NNAs inhibit viral infection. Highlighting well-known as well as recent, clinically promising compounds, structural features and mechanistic details that may confer broad-spectrum activity are discussed. The final part addresses limitations of NNAs for clinical development such as low efficacy or mitochondrial toxicity and illustrates strategies to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huchting
- Chemistry Department, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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99
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Sacco R, Messina V, Gentilucci UV, Adinolfi LE, Ascione A, Barbarini G, Barlattani A, Cariti G, Cozzolongo R, Fimiani B, Francavilla R, Furlan C, Garrucciu G, Iovinella V, Rinaldi L, Marignani M, Begini P, Palitti VP, Pellicelli AM, Scifo G, Facciorusso A, Giacomelli L, Shah A, Bertino G, Perazzo S, Bresci G, Izzi A. Sustained virological response in patients with HCV treated with daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir, with or without ribavirin: a large, field-practice study. Drugs Context 2020; 9:dic-2020-4-11. [PMID: 33408749 PMCID: PMC7747789 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2020-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The once-daily oral combination of daclatasvir (DCV) and sofosbuvir (SOF), with or without ribavirin (RBV), is effective and well tolerated in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, further field-practice studies are necessary to investigate the effectiveness and safety of the DCV+SOF combination in diverse subpopulations of patients with HCV, including those who are more challenging to treat such as patients with a genotype 3 (G3) infection. The aim of this retrospective, multicenter, field-practice study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the oral combination of DCV and SOF, with or without RBV (DCV+SOF±RBV), in a large unselected cohort of patients with chronic HCV infection (CHC). Patients and methods Consecutive patients received DCV+SOF±RBV for 12 or 24 weeks. The efficacy endpoint was sustained virological response at 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12). Safety factors were also considered. Results A total of 620 patients were included in this study; the predominant genotype was G3 (55.3%). Of the total sample, 248 (40%) patients were treated with DCV+SOF+RBV and 372 (60%) did not receive RBV. The majority of patients assessed at week 12 (98%, 596/608) achieved SVR12. Among G3 patients, 98.8% (335/339) achieved SVR12. The most common adverse event was elevated bilirubin (30.6%), recorded in 4.9% of cases as a grade 3–4 adverse event. Conclusion This study shows the high pan-genotypic effectiveness and safety of the DCV+SOF±RBV combination in a large, unselected sample of CHC patients with G1–4, including a wide proportion of G3 CHC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Sacco
- Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases Unit - Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Messina
- Infectious Disease Unit Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano Hospital Caserta, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Ascione
- Center for Liver Diseases "Buon Consiglio-Fatebenefratelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Cariti
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cozzolongo
- Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS "S De Bellis Hospital", Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Basilio Fimiani
- Internal Medicine Unit, "Umberto I" Hospital, Nocera Inferiore, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Furlan
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Policlinico "Umberto I", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Rinaldi
- Internal Medicine Unit "L Vanvitelli" University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paola Begini
- Digestive and Liver Diseases "S. Andrea" Hospital Rome, Italy
| | | | - Adriano M Pellicelli
- Liver Disease unit Department of Liver Transplantation "San Camillo" Hospital Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Scifo
- Infectious Disease Unit "Umberto I" Hospital, Siracusa, Italy
| | | | - Luca Giacomelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Serena Perazzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Emergency Infectious Diseases "D. Cotugno" Hospital Naples, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Bresci
- Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases Unit - Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Izzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Emergency Infectious Diseases "D. Cotugno" Hospital Naples, Italy
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100
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Yan VC, Pham CD, Arthur K, Yang KL, Muller FL. Aliphatic amines are viable pro-drug moieties in phosphonoamidate drugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127656. [PMID: 33130289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate and phosphonates containing a single PN bond are frequently used pro-drug motifs to improve cell permeability of these otherwise anionic moieties. Upon entry into the cell, the PN bond is cleaved by phosphoramidases to release the active agent. Here, we apply a novel mono-amidation strategy to our laboratory's phosphonate-containing glycolysis inhibitor and show that a diverse panel of phosphonoamidates may be rapidly generated for in vitro screening. We show that, in contrast to the canonical l-alanine or benzylamine moieties which have previously been reported as efficacious pro-drug moieties, small and long-chain aliphatic amines demonstrate greater drug release efficacy for our phosphonate inhibitor. These results expand the scope of possible amine pro-drugs that can be used as second pro-drug leave groups for phosphate or phosphonate-containing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Yan
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Cong-Dat Pham
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Kenisha Arthur
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kristine L Yang
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Florian L Muller
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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