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Zhang DF, Xu M, Bi R, Yao YG. Genetic Analyses of Alzheimer's Disease in China: Achievements and Perspectives. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:890-901. [PMID: 30698408 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2010, the Chinese have become one of the most aged populations in the world, leading to a severe burden of neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and has a high genetic heritability. In the past two decades, numerous genetic analyses, from linkage analyses and candidate gene studies to genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and next-generation sequencing studies, have identified dozens of AD susceptibility or causal genes. These studies have provided a comprehensive genetic view and contributed to the understanding of the pathological and molecular mechanisms of the disease. However, most of the recognized AD genetic risk factors have been reported in studies based on European populations or populations of European ancestry, and data about the genetics of AD from other populations has been very limited. As China has the largest AD population in the world and because of the remarkable genetic differences between the East and the West, deciphering the genetic basis and molecular mechanism in Chinese patients with AD may add key points to the full characterization of AD. In this review, we present an overview of the current state of AD genetic research in China, with an emphasis on genome-level studies. We also describe the challenges and opportunities for future advances, especially for in-depth collaborations, brain bank construction, and primate animal modeling. There is an urgent need to promote public awareness and increase our collaborations and data sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Kunming Institute of Zoology−Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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Benefits and Challenges of Rare Genetic Variation in Alzheimer’s Disease. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-019-0161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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53
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Zhang X, Zhu C, Beecham G, Vardarajan BN, Ma Y, Lancour D, Farrell JJ, Chung J, Mayeux R, Haines JL, Schellenberg GD, Pericak-Vance MA, Lunetta KL, Farrer LA. A rare missense variant of CASP7 is associated with familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:441-452. [PMID: 30503768 PMCID: PMC6408965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is only partially understood. METHODS We conducted an association study for AD using whole sequence data from 507 genetically enriched AD cases (i.e., cases having close relatives affected by AD) and 4917 cognitively healthy controls of European ancestry (EA) and 172 enriched cases and 179 controls of Caribbean Hispanic ancestry. Confirmation of top findings from stage 1 was sought in two family-based genome-wide association study data sets and in a whole genome-sequencing data set comprising members from 42 EA and 115 Caribbean Hispanic families. RESULTS We identified associations in EAs with variants in 12 novel loci. The most robust finding is a rare CASP7 missense variant (rs116437863; P = 2.44 × 10-10) which improved when combined with results from stage 2 data sets (P = 1.92 × 10-10). DISCUSSION Our study demonstrated that an enriched case design can strengthen genetic signals, thus allowing detection of associations that would otherwise be missed in a traditional case-control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Congcong Zhu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary Beecham
- Hussman Institute of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Yiyi Ma
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Lancour
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John J Farrell
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaeyoon Chung
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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54
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Wang ZT, Tan CC, Tan L, Yu JT. Systems biology and gene networks in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 96:31-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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55
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Takatori S, Wang W, Iguchi A, Tomita T. Genetic Risk Factors for Alzheimer Disease: Emerging Roles of Microglia in Disease Pathomechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1118:83-116. [PMID: 30747419 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of aggregated amyloid β (Aβ) peptides in the brain is deeply involved in Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis. Mutations in APP and presenilins play major roles in Aβ pathology in rare autosomal-dominant forms of AD, whereas pathomechanisms of sporadic AD, accounting for the majority of cases, remain unknown. In this chapter, we review current knowledge on genetic risk factors of AD, clarified by recent advances in genome analysis technology. Interestingly, TREM2 and many genes associated with disease risk are predominantly expressed in microglia, suggesting that these risk factors are involved in pathogenicity through common mechanisms involving microglia. Therefore, we focus on factors closely associated with microglia and discuss their possible roles in pathomechanisms of AD. Furthermore, we review current views on the pathological roles of microglia and emphasize the importance of microglial changes in response to Aβ deposition and mechanisms underlying the phenotypic changes. Importantly, functional outcomes of microglial activation can be both protective and deleterious to neurons. We further describe the involvement of microglia in tau pathology and the activation of other glial cells. Through these topics, we shed light on microglia as a promising target for drug development for AD and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Takatori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Iguchi
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Tavana JP, Rosene M, Jensen NO, Ridge PG, Kauwe JS, Karch CM. RAB10: an Alzheimer's disease resilience locus and potential drug target. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 14:73-79. [PMID: 30643396 PMCID: PMC6312396 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s159148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is mainly a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder. Substantial efforts have been made to solve the complex genetic architecture of AD as a means to identify therapeutic targets. Unfortunately, to date, no disease-altering therapeutics have been developed. As therapeutics are likely to be most effective in the early stages of disease (ie, before the onset of symptoms), a recent focus of AD research has been the identification of protective factors that prevent disease. One example is the discovery of a rare variant in the 3′-UTR of RAB10 that is protective for AD. Here, we review the possible genetic, molecular, and functional role of RAB10 in AD and potential therapeutic approaches to target RAB10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina P Tavana
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Matthew Rosene
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA,
| | - Nick O Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA,
| | - Perry G Ridge
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - John Sk Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA, .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA,
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57
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García JC, Bustos RH. The Genetic Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutic Perspectives. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8120222. [PMID: 30551598 PMCID: PMC6316116 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8120222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetics has led to a new focus regarding approaches to the most prevalent diseases today. Ascertaining the molecular secrets of neurodegenerative diseases will lead to developing drugs that will change natural history, thereby affecting the quality of life and mortality of patients. The sequencing of candidate genes in patients suffering neurodegenerative pathologies is faster, more accurate, and has a lower cost, thereby enabling algorithms to be proposed regarding the risk of neurodegeneration onset in healthy persons including the year of onset and neurodegeneration severity. Next generation sequencing has resulted in an explosion of articles regarding the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases involving exome sequencing or sequencing a whole gene for correlating phenotypical expression with genetic mutations in proteins having key functions. Many of them occur in neuronal glia, which can trigger a proinflammatory effect leading to defective proteins causing sporadic or familial mutations. This article reviews the genetic diagnosis techniques and the importance of bioinformatics in interpreting results from neurodegenerative diseases. Risk scores must be established in the near future regarding diseases with a high incidence in healthy people for defining prevention strategies or an early start for giving drugs in the absence of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio-César García
- Evidence-Based Therapeutics Group, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clínica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia.
| | - Rosa-Helena Bustos
- Evidence-Based Therapeutics Group, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia.
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58
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Lutz BM, Peng J. Deep Profiling of the Aggregated Proteome in Alzheimer's Disease: From Pathology to Disease Mechanisms. Proteomes 2018; 6:proteomes6040046. [PMID: 30424485 PMCID: PMC6313861 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease causing dementia, include protein aggregates such as amyloid beta plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in a patient’s brain. Understanding the complete composition and structure of protein aggregates in AD can shed light on the as-yet unidentified underlying mechanisms of AD development and progression. Biochemical isolation of aggregates coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) provides a comprehensive proteomic analysis of aggregates in AD. Dissection of these AD-specific aggregate components, such as U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (U1 snRNP), provides novel insights into the deregulation of RNA splicing in the disease. In this review, we summarize the methodologies of laser capture microdissection (LCM) and differential extraction to analyze the aggregated proteomes in AD samples, and discuss the derived novel insights that may contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M Lutz
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Junmin Peng
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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59
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Zhang DF, Fan Y, Xu M, Wang G, Wang D, Li J, Kong LL, Zhou H, Luo R, Bi R, Wu Y, Li GD, Li M, Luo XJ, Jiang HY, Tan L, Zhong C, Fang Y, Zhang C, Sheng N, Jiang T, Yao YG. Complement C7 is a novel risk gene for Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese. Natl Sci Rev 2018; 6:257-274. [PMID: 31032141 PMCID: PMC6477931 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and has a high level of genetic heritability and population heterogeneity. In this study, we performed the whole-exome sequencing of Han Chinese patients with familial and/or early-onset Alzheimer's disease, followed by independent validation, imaging analysis and function characterization. We identified an exome-wide significant rare missense variant rs3792646 (p.K420Q) in the C7 gene in the discovery stage (P = 1.09 × 10−6, odds ratio = 7.853) and confirmed the association in different cohorts and a combined sample (1615 cases and 2832 controls, Pcombined = 2.99 × 10−7, odds ratio = 1.930). The risk allele was associated with decreased hippocampal volume and poorer working memory performance in early adulthood, thus resulting in an earlier age of disease onset. Overexpression of the mutant p.K420Q disturbed cell viability, immune activation and β-amyloid processing. Electrophysiological analyses showed that the mutant p.K420Q impairs the inhibitory effect of wild type C7 on the excitatory synaptic transmission in pyramidal neurons. These findings suggested that C7 is a novel risk gene for Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Guihong Wang
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jin Li
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Li Kong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Hejiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Rongcan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Guo-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | | | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiong-Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hong-Yan Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Liwen Tan
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Chunjiu Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiru Fang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Nengyin Sheng
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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Deconstructing and targeting the genomic architecture of human neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1310-1317. [PMID: 30258235 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The field of neurodegenerative disease research has seen tremendous advances over the last two decades as new technologies and analytic methods have enabled well-powered human genomic studies. Driven first by genetic studies and more recently by transcriptomic and epigenomic studies of proper size, we have uncovered a large repertoire of loci, genes, and molecular features that are implicated in discrete, syndromically defined neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. As we begin to understand the impact of these genomic features in each disease, we also appreciate that many aging individuals accumulate each of these pathologies without fulfilling criteria for syndromic diagnoses, that other pathologies are common in individuals with a given diagnosis, and that there may be shared protective factors against central nervous system injury. Thus, we now need to bring these disparate observations together into a person-centered approach that considers all neurodegenerative and protective processes simultaneously to modulate the trajectory of cognitive and functional decline that comes with brain aging.
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61
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Huang F, Ben Aissa M, Lévesque G, Carreau M. FANCC localizes with UNC5A at neurite outgrowth and promotes neuritogenesis. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:662. [PMID: 30213274 PMCID: PMC6136181 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The Uncoordinated 5A (UNC5A) protein is part of a family of receptors that play roles in axonal pathfinding and cell migration. We previously showed that the Fanconi anemia C protein (FANCC) interacts with UNC5A and delays UNC5A-mediated apoptosis. FANCC is a predominantly cytoplasmic protein that has multiple functions including DNA damage signaling, oxygen radical metabolism, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and apoptosis. Given the direct interaction between FANCC and UNC5A and that FANCC interferes with UNC5A-mediated apoptosis, we explored the possibility that FANCC might play a role in axonal-like growth processes. Results Here we show that FANCC and UNC5A are localized to regions of neurite outgrowth during neuronal cell differentiation. We also show that absence of FANCC is required for neurite outgrowth. In addition, FANCC seems required for UNC5A expression. Results from this study combined with our previous report suggest that FANCC plays a role in tissue development through the regulation of UNC5A-mediated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- FengFei Huang
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, CHUL, 2705 Boul. Laurier, RC-9800, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Manel Ben Aissa
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, CHUL, 2705 Boul. Laurier, RC-9800, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Georges Lévesque
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, CHUL, 2705 Boul. Laurier, RC-9800, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Madeleine Carreau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, CHUL, 2705 Boul. Laurier, RC-9800, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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Logue MW, Lancour D, Farrell J, Simkina I, Fallin MD, Lunetta KL, Farrer LA. Targeted Sequencing of Alzheimer Disease Genes in African Americans Implicates Novel Risk Variants. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:592. [PMID: 30210277 PMCID: PMC6119822 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic architecture of late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) in African Americans (AAs) differs from that in persons of European ancestry. In addition to APOE, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of AD in AA samples have implicated ABCA7, COBL, and SLC10A2 as AA-AD risk genes. Previously, we identified by whole exome sequencing a small number of AA AD cases and subsequent genotyping in a large AA sample of AD cases and controls association of AD risk with a pair of rare missense variants in AKAP9. In this study, we performed targeted deep sequencing (including both introns and exons) of approximately 100 genes previously linked to AD or AD-related traits in an AA cohort of 489 AD cases and 472 controls to find novel AD risk variants. We observed association with an 11 base-pair frame-shift loss-of-function (LOF) variant in ABCA7 (rs567222111) for which the evidence was bolstered when combined with data from a replication AA cohort of 484 cases and 484 controls (OR = 2.42, p = 0.022). We also found association of AD with a rare 9 bp deletion (rs371245265) located very close to the AKAP9 transcription start site (rs371245265, OR = 10.75, p = 0.0053). The most significant findings were obtained with a rare protective variant in F5 (OR = 0.053, p = 6.40 × 10-5), a gene that was previously associated with a brain MRI measure of hippocampal atrophy, and two common variants in KIAA0196 (OR = 1.51, p<8.6 × 10-5). Gene-based tests of aggregated rare variants yielded several nominally significant associations with KANSL1, CNN2, and TRIM35. Although no associations passed multiple test correction, our study adds to a body of literature demonstrating the utility of examining sequence data from multiple ethnic populations for discovery of new and impactful risk variants. Larger sample sizes will be needed to generate well-powered epidemiological investigations of rare variation, and functional studies are essential for establishing the pathogenicity of variants identified by sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Logue
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel Lancour
- Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John Farrell
- Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Irina Simkina
- Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - M Daniele Fallin
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Stem Cells as Potential Targets of Polyphenols in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1483791. [PMID: 30112360 PMCID: PMC6077677 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1483791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis are major neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal pathogenic proteins due to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and pathogens, leading to neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits. Herein, we reviewed the utility of plant polyphenols in regulating proliferation and differentiation of stem cells for inducing brain self-repair in AD and multiple sclerosis. Firstly, we discussed the genetic, physiological, and environmental factors involved in the pathophysiology of both the disorders. Next, we reviewed various stem cell therapies available and how they have proved useful in animal models of AD and multiple sclerosis. Lastly, we discussed how polyphenols utilize the potential of stem cells, either complementing their therapeutic effects or stimulating endogenous and exogenous neurogenesis, against these diseases. We suggest that polyphenols could be a potential candidate for stem cell therapy against neurodegenerative disorders.
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Li Q, Wang BL, Sun FR, Li JQ, Cao XP, Tan L. The role of UNC5C in Alzheimer's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:178. [PMID: 29951500 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.04.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease in adults characterized by the deposition of extracellular plaques of β-amyloid protein (Aβ), intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), synaptic loss and neuronal apoptosis. AD has a strong and complex genetic component that involving into multiple genes. With recent advances in whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology, UNC5C was identified to have association with AD. Emerging studies on cell and animal models identified that aberrant UNC5C may contribute to AD by activating death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) which is a new component involved in AD pathogenesis with an extensive involvement in aberrant tau, Aβ and neuronal apoptosis/autophagy. In this review, we briefly summarize the biochemical properties, genetics, epigenetics, and the speculative role of UNC5C in AD. We hope our review would bring comprehensive understandings of AD pathogenesis and provide new therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bai-Ling Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Fu-Rong Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Li
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xi-Peng Cao
- Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Freudenberg-Hua Y, Li W, Davies P. The Role of Genetics in Advancing Precision Medicine for Alzheimer's Disease-A Narrative Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:108. [PMID: 29740579 PMCID: PMC5928202 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, which has a substantial genetic component. AD affects predominantly older people. Accordingly, the prevalence of dementia has been rising as the population ages. To date, there are no effective interventions that can cure or halt the progression of AD. The only available treatments are the management of certain symptoms and consequences of dementia. The current state-of-the-art medical care for AD comprises three simple principles: prevent the preventable, achieve early diagnosis, and manage the manageable symptoms. This review provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of risk factors for AD, biological diagnostic testing, and prospects for treatment. Special emphasis is given to recent advances in genetics of AD and the way genomic data may support prevention, early intervention, and development of effective pharmacological treatments. Mutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes cause early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) that follows a Mendelian inheritance pattern. For late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), APOE4 was identified as a major risk allele more than two decades ago. Population-based genome-wide association studies of late onset AD have now additionally identified common variants at roughly 30 genetic loci. Furthermore, rare variants (allele frequency <1%) that influence the risk for LOAD have been identified in several genes. These genetic advances have broadened our insights into the biological underpinnings of AD. Moreover, the known genetic risk variants could be used to identify presymptomatic individuals at risk for AD and support diagnostic assessment of symptomatic subjects. Genetic knowledge may also facilitate precision medicine. The goal of precision medicine is to use biological knowledge and other health information to predict individual disease risk, understand disease etiology, identify disease subcategories, improve diagnosis, and provide personalized treatment strategies. We discuss the potential role of genetics in advancing precision medicine for AD along with its ethical challenges. We outline strategies to implement genomics into translational clinical research that will not only improve accuracy of dementia diagnosis, thus enabling more personalized treatment strategies, but may also speed up the discovery of novel drugs and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Freudenberg-Hua
- Litwin-Zucker Center for the study of Alzheimer’s Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, United States
| | - Wentian Li
- Robert S Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Peter Davies
- Litwin-Zucker Center for the study of Alzheimer’s Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
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Lancour D, Naj A, Mayeux R, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Crovella M, Farrer LA, Kasif S. One for all and all for One: Improving replication of genetic studies through network diffusion. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007306. [PMID: 29684019 PMCID: PMC5933817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving accuracy in genetic studies would greatly accelerate understanding the genetic basis of complex diseases. One approach to achieve such an improvement for risk variants identified by the genome wide association study (GWAS) approach is to incorporate previously known biology when screening variants across the genome. We developed a simple approach for improving the prioritization of candidate disease genes that incorporates a network diffusion of scores from known disease genes using a protein network and a novel integration with GWAS risk scores, and tested this approach on a large Alzheimer disease (AD) GWAS dataset. Using a statistical bootstrap approach, we cross-validated the method and for the first time showed that a network approach improves the expected replication rates in GWAS studies. Several novel AD genes were predicted including CR2, SHARPIN, and PTPN2. Our re-prioritized results are enriched for established known AD-associated biological pathways including inflammation, immune response, and metabolism, whereas standard non-prioritized results were not. Our findings support a strategy of considering network information when investigating genetic risk factors. Integrating multiple types of -omics data is a rapidly growing research area due in part to the increasing amount of diverse and publicly accessible data. In this study, we demonstrated that integration of genetic association and protein interaction data using a network diffusion approach measurably improves reproducibility of top candidate genes. Application of this approach to Alzheimer disease (AD) using a large dataset assembled by the Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Consortium identified several novel candidate AD genes that are supported by pre-existing knowledge of AD pathobiology. Our findings support a strategy of considering network information when investigating genetic risk factors. Finally, we developed a transparent and easy-to-use R package that can facilitate the extension of our methodology to other phenotypes for which genetic data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lancour
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adam Naj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology and Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark Crovella
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Simon Kasif
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the main form of dementia in the elderly, is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by rapidly progressive cognitive dysfunction and behavior impairment. AD exhibits a considerable heritability and great advances have been made in approaches to searching the genetic etiology of AD. In AD genetic studies, methods have developed from classic linkage-based and candidate-gene-based association studies to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next generation sequencing (NGS). The identification of new susceptibility genes has provided deeper insights to understand the mechanisms underlying AD. In addition to searching novel genes associated with AD in large samples, the NGS technologies can also be used to shed light on the 'black matter' discovery even in smaller samples. The shift in AD genetics between traditional studies and individual sequencing will allow biomaterials of each patient as the central unit of genetic studies. This review will cover genetic findings in AD and consequences of AD genetic findings. Firstly, we will discuss the discovery of mutations in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, APOE, and ADAM10. Then we will summarize and evaluate the information obtained from GWAS of AD. Finally, we will outline the efforts to identify rare variants associated with AD using NGS.
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Pimenova AA, Raj T, Goate AM. Untangling Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:300-310. [PMID: 28666525 PMCID: PMC5699970 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder caused by fully penetrant single gene mutations in a minority of cases, while the majority of cases are sporadic or show modest familial clustering. These cases are of late onset and likely result from the interaction of many genes and the environment. More than 30 loci have been implicated in AD by a combination of linkage, genome-wide association, and whole genome/exome sequencing. We have learned from these studies that perturbations in endolysosomal, lipid metabolism, and immune response pathways substantially contribute to sporadic AD pathogenesis. We review here current knowledge about functions of AD susceptibility genes, highlighting cells of the myeloid lineage as drivers of at least part of the genetic component in late-onset AD. Although targeted resequencing utilized for the identification of causal variants has discovered coding mutations in some AD-associated genes, a lot of risk variants lie in noncoding regions. Here we discuss the use of functional genomics approaches that integrate transcriptomic, epigenetic, and endophenotype traits with systems biology to annotate genetic variants, and to facilitate discovery of AD risk genes. Further validation in cell culture and mouse models will be necessary to establish causality for these genes. This knowledge will allow mechanism-based design of novel therapeutic interventions in AD and promises coherent implementation of treatment in a personalized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Pimenova
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Towfique Raj
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Pihlstrøm L, Wiethoff S, Houlden H. Genetics of neurodegenerative diseases: an overview. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 145:309-323. [PMID: 28987179 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802395-2.00022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors are central to the etiology of neurodegeneration, both as monogenic causes of heritable disease and as modifiers of susceptibility to complex, sporadic disorders. Over the last two decades, the identification of disease genes and risk loci has led to some of the greatest advances in medicine and invaluable insights into pathogenic mechanisms and disease pathways. Large-scale research efforts, novel study designs, and advances in methodology are rapidly expanding our understanding of the genome and the genetic architecture of neurodegenerative disease. Here, we review major developments in the field to date, highlighting overarching historic trends and general insights. Monogenic neurodegenerative diseases are discussed from the perspectives of both rare Mendelian forms of common disorders, such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease, and heterogeneous heritable conditions, including ataxias and spastic paraplegias. Next, we summarize the experiences from investigations of complex neurodegenerative disorders, including genomewide association studies. In the final section, we reflect upon the limitations of current findings and outline important future directions. Genetics plays an essential role in translational research, ultimately aiming to develop novel disease-modifying therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. We anticipate that individual genetic profiling will also be increasingly relevant in a clinical context, with implications for patient care in line with the proposed ideal of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Henry Houlden
- UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.
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71
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Genetic Risk Factors for Complex Forms of Alzheimer’s Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72938-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Sarnowski C, Satizabal CL, DeCarli C, Pitsillides AN, Cupples LA, Vasan RS, Wilson JG, Bis JC, Fornage M, Beiser AS, DeStefano AL, Dupuis J, Seshadri S. Whole genome sequence analyses of brain imaging measures in the Framingham Study. Neurology 2017; 90:e188-e196. [PMID: 29282330 PMCID: PMC5772158 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We sought to identify rare variants influencing brain imaging phenotypes in the Framingham Heart Study by performing whole genome sequence association analyses within the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Program. Methods We performed association analyses of cerebral and hippocampal volumes and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) in up to 2,180 individuals by testing the association of rank-normalized residuals from mixed-effect linear regression models adjusted for sex, age, and total intracranial volume with individual variants while accounting for familial relatedness. We conducted gene-based tests for rare variants using (1) a sliding-window approach, (2) a selection of functional exonic variants, or (3) all variants. Results We detected new loci in 1p21 for cerebral volume (minor allele frequency [MAF] 0.005, p = 10−8) and in 16q23 for hippocampal volume (MAF 0.05, p = 2.7 × 10−8). Previously identified associations in 12q24 for hippocampal volume (rs7294919, p = 4.4 × 10−4) and in 17q25 for WMH (rs7214628, p = 2.0 × 10−3) were confirmed. Gene-based tests detected associations (p ≤ 2.3 × 10−6) in new loci for cerebral (5q13, 8p12, 9q31, 13q12-q13, 15q24, 17q12, 19q13) and hippocampal volumes (2p12) and WMH (3q13, 4p15) including Alzheimer disease– (UNC5D) and Parkinson disease–associated genes (GBA). Pathway analyses evidenced enrichment of associated genes in immunity, inflammation, and Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease pathways. Conclusions Whole genome sequence–wide search reveals intriguing new loci associated with brain measures. Replication of novel loci is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Sarnowski
- From the Department of Epidemiology (C.S., L.A.C., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University and the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., A.N.P., L.A.C., R.S.V., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D., S.S.); Departments of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., A.L.D., S.S.) and Cardiology, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California at Davis; Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston.
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- From the Department of Epidemiology (C.S., L.A.C., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University and the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., A.N.P., L.A.C., R.S.V., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D., S.S.); Departments of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., A.L.D., S.S.) and Cardiology, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California at Davis; Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Charles DeCarli
- From the Department of Epidemiology (C.S., L.A.C., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University and the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., A.N.P., L.A.C., R.S.V., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D., S.S.); Departments of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., A.L.D., S.S.) and Cardiology, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California at Davis; Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Achilleas N Pitsillides
- From the Department of Epidemiology (C.S., L.A.C., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University and the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., A.N.P., L.A.C., R.S.V., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D., S.S.); Departments of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., A.L.D., S.S.) and Cardiology, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California at Davis; Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- From the Department of Epidemiology (C.S., L.A.C., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University and the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., A.N.P., L.A.C., R.S.V., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D., S.S.); Departments of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., A.L.D., S.S.) and Cardiology, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California at Davis; Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- From the Department of Epidemiology (C.S., L.A.C., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University and the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., A.N.P., L.A.C., R.S.V., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D., S.S.); Departments of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., A.L.D., S.S.) and Cardiology, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California at Davis; Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - James G Wilson
- From the Department of Epidemiology (C.S., L.A.C., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University and the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., A.N.P., L.A.C., R.S.V., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D., S.S.); Departments of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., A.L.D., S.S.) and Cardiology, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California at Davis; Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Joshua C Bis
- From the Department of Epidemiology (C.S., L.A.C., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University and the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., A.N.P., L.A.C., R.S.V., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D., S.S.); Departments of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., A.L.D., S.S.) and Cardiology, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California at Davis; Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Myriam Fornage
- From the Department of Epidemiology (C.S., L.A.C., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University and the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., A.N.P., L.A.C., R.S.V., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D., S.S.); Departments of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., A.L.D., S.S.) and Cardiology, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California at Davis; Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- From the Department of Epidemiology (C.S., L.A.C., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University and the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., A.N.P., L.A.C., R.S.V., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D., S.S.); Departments of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., A.L.D., S.S.) and Cardiology, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California at Davis; Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Anita L DeStefano
- From the Department of Epidemiology (C.S., L.A.C., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University and the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., A.N.P., L.A.C., R.S.V., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D., S.S.); Departments of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., A.L.D., S.S.) and Cardiology, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California at Davis; Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Josée Dupuis
- From the Department of Epidemiology (C.S., L.A.C., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University and the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., A.N.P., L.A.C., R.S.V., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D., S.S.); Departments of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., A.L.D., S.S.) and Cardiology, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California at Davis; Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- From the Department of Epidemiology (C.S., L.A.C., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University and the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., A.N.P., L.A.C., R.S.V., A.S.B., A.L.D., J.D., S.S.); Departments of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., A.L.D., S.S.) and Cardiology, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California at Davis; Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
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Hansen RD, Christensen AF, Olesen J. Family studies to find rare high risk variants in migraine. J Headache Pain 2017; 18:32. [PMID: 28255817 PMCID: PMC5334193 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-017-0729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine has long been known as a common complex disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. The pathophysiology and the specific genetic susceptibility are poorly understood. Common variants only explain a small part of the heritability of migraine. It is thought that rare genetic variants with bigger effect size may be involved in the disease. Since migraine has a tendency to cluster in families, a family approach might be the way to find these variants. This is also indicated by identification of migraine-associated loci in classical linkage-analyses in migraine families. A single migraine study using a candidate-gene approach was performed in 2010 identifying a rare mutation in the TRESK potassium channel segregating in a large family with migraine with aura, but this finding has later become questioned. The technologies of next-generation sequencing (NGS) now provides an affordable tool to investigate the genetic variation in the entire exome or genome. The family-based study design using NGS is described in this paper. We also review family studies using NGS that have been successful in finding rare variants in other common complex diseases in order to argue the promising application of a family approach to migraine. METHOD PubMed was searched to find studies that looked for rare genetic variants in common complex diseases through a family-based design using NGS, excluding studies looking for de-novo mutations, or using a candidate-gene approach and studies on cancer. All issues from Nature Genetics and PLOS genetics 2014, 2015 and 2016 (UTAI June) were screened for relevant papers. Reference lists from included and other relevant papers were also searched. For the description of the family-based study design using NGS an in-house protocol was used. RESULTS Thirty-two successful studies, which covered 16 different common complex diseases, were included in this paper. We also found a single migraine study. Twenty-three studies found one or a few family specific variants (less than five), while other studies found several possible variants. Not all of them were genome wide significant. Four studies performed follow-up analyses in unrelated cases and controls and calculated odds ratios that supported an association between detected variants and risk of disease. Studies of 11 diseases identified rare variants that segregated fully or to a large degree with the disease in the pedigrees. CONCLUSION It is possible to find rare high risk variants for common complex diseases through a family-based approach. One study using a family approach and NGS to find rare variants in migraine has already been published but with strong limitations. More studies are under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Dyhr Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, DK-2600 Denmark
| | - Anne Francke Christensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, DK-2600 Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, DK-2600 Denmark
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74
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McKenzie AT, Moyon S, Wang M, Katsyv I, Song WM, Zhou X, Dammer EB, Duong DM, Aaker J, Zhao Y, Beckmann N, Wang P, Zhu J, Lah JJ, Seyfried NT, Levey AI, Katsel P, Haroutunian V, Schadt EE, Popko B, Casaccia P, Zhang B. Multiscale network modeling of oligodendrocytes reveals molecular components of myelin dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:82. [PMID: 29110684 PMCID: PMC5674813 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligodendrocytes (OLs) and myelin are critical for normal brain function and have been implicated in neurodegeneration. Several lines of evidence including neuroimaging and neuropathological data suggest that Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be associated with dysmyelination and a breakdown of OL-axon communication. METHODS In order to understand this phenomenon on a molecular level, we systematically interrogated OL-enriched gene networks constructed from large-scale genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data obtained from human AD postmortem brain samples. We then validated these networks using gene expression datasets generated from mice with ablation of major gene expression nodes identified in our AD-dysregulated networks. RESULTS The robust OL gene coexpression networks that we identified were highly enriched for genes associated with AD risk variants, such as BIN1 and demonstrated strong dysregulation in AD. We further corroborated the structure of the corresponding gene causal networks using datasets generated from the brain of mice with ablation of key network drivers, such as UGT8, CNP and PLP1, which were identified from human AD brain data. Further, we found that mice with genetic ablations of Cnp mimicked aspects of myelin and mitochondrial gene expression dysregulation seen in brain samples from patients with AD, including decreased protein expression of BIN1 and GOT2. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a molecular blueprint of the dysregulation of gene expression networks of OL in AD and identifies key OL- and myelination-related genes and networks that are highly associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. McKenzie
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Sarah Moyon
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Neuroscience Initiative, The City University of New York, Advanced Science Research Center, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031 USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Igor Katsyv
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Won-Min Song
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Xianxiao Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Eric B. Dammer
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Duc M. Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Integrated Proteomics Core Facility, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Joshua Aaker
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Yongzhong Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Noam Beckmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - James J. Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Integrated Proteomics Core Facility, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Allan I. Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Pavel Katsel
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Brian Popko
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Neuroscience Initiative, The City University of New York, Advanced Science Research Center, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031 USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
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Méneret A, Franz EA, Trouillard O, Oliver TC, Zagar Y, Robertson SP, Welniarz Q, Gardner RJM, Gallea C, Srour M, Depienne C, Jasoni CL, Dubacq C, Riant F, Lamy JC, Morel MP, Guérois R, Andreani J, Fouquet C, Doulazmi M, Vidailhet M, Rouleau GA, Brice A, Chédotal A, Dusart I, Roze E, Markie D. Mutations in the netrin-1 gene cause congenital mirror movements. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3923-3936. [PMID: 28945198 DOI: 10.1172/jci95442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 is a secreted protein that was first identified 20 years ago as an axon guidance molecule that regulates midline crossing in the CNS. It plays critical roles in various tissues throughout development and is implicated in tumorigenesis and inflammation in adulthood. Despite extensive studies, no inherited human disease has been directly associated with mutations in NTN1, the gene coding for netrin-1. Here, we have identified 3 mutations in exon 7 of NTN1 in 2 unrelated families and 1 sporadic case with isolated congenital mirror movements (CMM), a disorder characterized by involuntary movements of one hand that mirror intentional movements of the opposite hand. Given the diverse roles of netrin-1, the absence of manifestations other than CMM in NTN1 mutation carriers was unexpected. Using multimodal approaches, we discovered that the anatomy of the corticospinal tract (CST) is abnormal in patients with NTN1-mutant CMM. When expressed in HEK293 or stable HeLa cells, the 3 mutated netrin-1 proteins were almost exclusively detected in the intracellular compartment, contrary to WT netrin-1, which is detected in both intracellular and extracellular compartments. Since netrin-1 is a diffusible extracellular cue, the pathophysiology likely involves its loss of function and subsequent disruption of axon guidance, resulting in abnormal decussation of the CST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Méneret
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S1127, CIC-1422, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth A Franz
- Department of Psychology and fMRIotago, , University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Oriane Trouillard
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S1127, CIC-1422, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Thomas C Oliver
- Pathology Department, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yvrick Zagar
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Stephen P Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Quentin Welniarz
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S1127, CIC-1422, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - R J MacKinlay Gardner
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cécile Gallea
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S1127, CIC-1422, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Myriam Srour
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, and.,Department of Paediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christel Depienne
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S1127, CIC-1422, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Laboratoires de génétique, Institut de génétique médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine L Jasoni
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Caroline Dubacq
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Florence Riant
- AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Laboratoire de Génétique, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR S740, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Lamy
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S1127, CIC-1422, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Morel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Guérois
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jessica Andreani
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Coralie Fouquet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S1127, CIC-1422, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, and.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexis Brice
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S1127, CIC-1422, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S1127, CIC-1422, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - David Markie
- Pathology Department, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Sims R, van der Lee SJ, Naj AC, Bellenguez C, Badarinarayan N, Jakobsdottir J, Kunkle BW, Boland A, Raybould R, Bis JC, Martin ER, Grenier-Boley B, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Chouraki V, Kuzma AB, Sleegers K, Vronskaya M, Ruiz A, Graham RR, Olaso R, Hoffmann P, Grove ML, Vardarajan BN, Hiltunen M, Nöthen MM, White CC, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Epelbaum J, Maier W, Choi SH, Beecham GW, Dulary C, Herms S, Smith AV, Funk CC, Derbois C, Forstner AJ, Ahmad S, Li H, Bacq D, Harold D, Satizabal CL, Valladares O, Squassina A, Thomas R, Brody JA, Qu L, Sánchez-Juan P, Morgan T, Wolters FJ, Zhao Y, Garcia FS, Denning N, Fornage M, Malamon J, Naranjo MCD, Majounie E, Mosley TH, Dombroski B, Wallon D, Lupton MK, Dupuis J, Whitehead P, Fratiglioni L, Medway C, Jian X, Mukherjee S, Keller L, Brown K, Lin H, Cantwell LB, Panza F, McGuinness B, Moreno-Grau S, Burgess JD, Solfrizzi V, Proitsi P, Adams HH, Allen M, Seripa D, Pastor P, Cupples LA, Price ND, Hannequin D, Frank-García A, Levy D, Chakrabarty P, Caffarra P, Giegling I, Beiser AS, Giedraitis V, Hampel H, Garcia ME, Wang X, Lannfelt L, Mecocci P, Eiriksdottir G, Crane PK, Pasquier F, Boccardi V, Henández I, Barber RC, Scherer M, Tarraga L, Adams PM, Leber M, Chen Y, Albert MS, Riedel-Heller S, Emilsson V, Beekly D, Braae A, Schmidt R, Blacker D, Masullo C, Schmidt H, Doody RS, Spalletta G, Longstreth WT, Fairchild TJ, Bossù P, Lopez OL, Frosch MP, Sacchinelli E, Ghetti B, Yang Q, Huebinger RM, Jessen F, Li S, Kamboh MI, Morris J, Sotolongo-Grau O, Katz MJ, Corcoran C, Dunstan M, Braddel A, Thomas C, Meggy A, Marshall R, Gerrish A, Chapman J, Aguilar M, Taylor S, Hill M, Fairén MD, Hodges A, Vellas B, Soininen H, Kloszewska I, Daniilidou M, Uphill J, Patel Y, Hughes JT, Lord J, Turton J, Hartmann AM, Cecchetti R, Fenoglio C, Serpente M, Arcaro M, Caltagirone C, Orfei MD, Ciaramella A, Pichler S, Mayhaus M, Gu W, Lleó A, Fortea J, Blesa R, Barber IS, Brookes K, Cupidi C, Maletta RG, Carrell D, Sorbi S, Moebus S, Urbano M, Pilotto A, Kornhuber J, Bosco P, Todd S, Craig D, Johnston J, Gill M, Lawlor B, Lynch A, Fox NC, Hardy J, Albin RL, Apostolova LG, Arnold SE, Asthana S, Atwood CS, Baldwin CT, Barnes LL, Barral S, Beach TG, Becker JT, Bigio EH, Bird TD, Boeve BF, Bowen JD, Boxer A, Burke JR, Burns JM, Buxbaum JD, Cairns NJ, Cao C, Carlson CS, Carlsson CM, Carney RM, Carrasquillo MM, Carroll SL, Diaz CC, Chui HC, Clark DG, Cribbs DH, Crocco EA, DeCarli C, Dick M, Duara R, Evans DA, Faber KM, Fallon KB, Fardo DW, Farlow MR, Ferris S, Foroud TM, Galasko DR, Gearing M, Geschwind DH, Gilbert JR, Graff-Radford NR, Green RC, Growdon JH, Hamilton RL, Harrell LE, Honig LS, Huentelman MJ, Hulette CM, Hyman BT, Jarvik GP, Abner E, Jin LW, Jun G, Karydas A, Kaye JA, Kim R, Kowall NW, Kramer JH, LaFerla FM, Lah JJ, Leverenz JB, Levey AI, Li G, Lieberman AP, Lunetta KL, Lyketsos CG, Marson DC, Martiniuk F, Mash DC, Masliah E, McCormick WC, McCurry SM, McDavid AN, McKee AC, Mesulam M, Miller BL, Miller CA, Miller JW, Morris JC, Murrell JR, Myers AJ, O'Bryant S, Olichney JM, Pankratz VS, Parisi JE, Paulson HL, Perry W, Peskind E, Pierce A, Poon WW, Potter H, Quinn JF, Raj A, Raskind M, Reisberg B, Reitz C, Ringman JM, Roberson ED, Rogaeva E, Rosen HJ, Rosenberg RN, Sager MA, Saykin AJ, Schneider JA, Schneider LS, Seeley WW, Smith AG, Sonnen JA, Spina S, Stern RA, Swerdlow RH, Tanzi RE, Thornton-Wells TA, Trojanowski JQ, Troncoso JC, Van Deerlin VM, Van Eldik LJ, Vinters HV, Vonsattel JP, Weintraub S, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Wilhelmsen KC, Williamson J, Wingo TS, Woltjer RL, Wright CB, Yu CE, Yu L, Garzia F, Golamaully F, Septier G, Engelborghs S, Vandenberghe R, De Deyn PP, Fernadez CM, Benito YA, Thonberg H, Forsell C, Lilius L, Kinhult-Stählbom A, Kilander L, Brundin R, Concari L, Helisalmi S, Koivisto AM, Haapasalo A, Dermecourt V, Fievet N, Hanon O, Dufouil C, Brice A, Ritchie K, Dubois B, Himali JJ, Keene CD, Tschanz J, Fitzpatrick AL, Kukull WA, Norton M, Aspelund T, Larson EB, Munger R, Rotter JI, Lipton RB, Bullido MJ, Hofman A, Montine TJ, Coto E, Boerwinkle E, Petersen RC, Alvarez V, Rivadeneira F, Reiman EM, Gallo M, O'Donnell CJ, Reisch JS, Bruni AC, Royall DR, Dichgans M, Sano M, Galimberti D, St George-Hyslop P, Scarpini E, Tsuang DW, Mancuso M, Bonuccelli U, Winslow AR, Daniele A, Wu CK, Peters O, Nacmias B, Riemenschneider M, Heun R, Brayne C, Rubinsztein DC, Bras J, Guerreiro R, Al-Chalabi A, Shaw CE, Collinge J, Mann D, Tsolaki M, Clarimón J, Sussams R, Lovestone S, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Behrens TW, Mead S, Goate AM, Uitterlinden AG, Holmes C, Cruchaga C, Ingelsson M, Bennett DA, Powell J, Golde TE, Graff C, De Jager PL, Morgan K, Ertekin-Taner N, Combarros O, Psaty BM, Passmore P, Younkin SG, Berr C, Gudnason V, Rujescu D, Dickson DW, Dartigues JF, DeStefano AL, Ortega-Cubero S, Hakonarson H, Campion D, Boada M, Kauwe JK, Farrer LA, Van Broeckhoven C, Ikram MA, Jones L, Haines JL, Tzourio C, Launer LJ, Escott-Price V, Mayeux R, Deleuze JF, Amin N, Holmans PA, Pericak-Vance MA, Amouyel P, van Duijn CM, Ramirez A, Wang LS, Lambert JC, Seshadri S, Williams J, Schellenberg GD. Rare coding variants in PLCG2, ABI3, and TREM2 implicate microglial-mediated innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1373-1384. [PMID: 28714976 PMCID: PMC5669039 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We identified rare coding variants associated with Alzheimer's disease in a three-stage case-control study of 85,133 subjects. In stage 1, we genotyped 34,174 samples using a whole-exome microarray. In stage 2, we tested associated variants (P < 1 × 10-4) in 35,962 independent samples using de novo genotyping and imputed genotypes. In stage 3, we used an additional 14,997 samples to test the most significant stage 2 associations (P < 5 × 10-8) using imputed genotypes. We observed three new genome-wide significant nonsynonymous variants associated with Alzheimer's disease: a protective variant in PLCG2 (rs72824905: p.Pro522Arg, P = 5.38 × 10-10, odds ratio (OR) = 0.68, minor allele frequency (MAF)cases = 0.0059, MAFcontrols = 0.0093), a risk variant in ABI3 (rs616338: p.Ser209Phe, P = 4.56 × 10-10, OR = 1.43, MAFcases = 0.011, MAFcontrols = 0.008), and a new genome-wide significant variant in TREM2 (rs143332484: p.Arg62His, P = 1.55 × 10-14, OR = 1.67, MAFcases = 0.0143, MAFcontrols = 0.0089), a known susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's disease. These protein-altering changes are in genes highly expressed in microglia and highlight an immune-related protein-protein interaction network enriched for previously identified risk genes in Alzheimer's disease. These genetic findings provide additional evidence that the microglia-mediated innate immune response contributes directly to the development of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sims
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adam C Naj
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology/Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Céline Bellenguez
- INSERM, U1167, RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University Lille, U1167-Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Nandini Badarinarayan
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Brian W Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anne Boland
- CEA/Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Rachel Raybould
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eden R Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Benjamin Grenier-Boley
- INSERM, U1167, RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University Lille, U1167-Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vincent Chouraki
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amanda B Kuzma
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Vronskaya
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Agustin Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert R Graham
- Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert Olaso
- CEA/Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics, University Hospital and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Megan L Grove
- School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Badri N Vardarajan
- Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles C White
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jacques Epelbaum
- UMR 894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Seung-Hoan Choi
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gary W Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Cécile Dulary
- CEA/Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Stefan Herms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics, University Hospital and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Cory C Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Céline Derbois
- CEA/Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hongdong Li
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Delphine Bacq
- CEA/Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Denise Harold
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Otto Valladares
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rhodri Thomas
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Liming Qu
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pascual Sánchez-Juan
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED, 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital (University of Cantabria and IFIMAV), Santander, Spain
| | - Taniesha Morgan
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Frank J Wolters
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yi Zhao
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Nicola Denning
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John Malamon
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Elisa Majounie
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Departments of Medicine, Geriatrics, Gerontology and Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Beth Dombroski
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Wallon
- Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, Sotteville les Rouen, France
- INSERM U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Michelle K Lupton
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrice Whitehead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Laura Fratiglioni
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Medway
- Institute of Genetics, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Xueqiu Jian
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Lina Keller
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristelle Brown
- Institute of Genetics, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura B Cantwell
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Francesco Panza
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Bernadette McGuinness
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Sonia Moreno-Grau
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeremy D Burgess
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Petra Proitsi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hieab H Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Davide Seripa
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Pau Pastor
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Didier Hannequin
- INSERM U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France
- Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Ana Frank-García
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital la Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Levy
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Paolo Caffarra
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Center for Cognitive Disorders AUSL, Parma, Italy
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund and UPMC Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Melissa E Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Lille, France
- INSERM UMRS 1171, CNR-Maj, Lille, France
| | - Virginia Boccardi
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Isabel Henández
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert C Barber
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Martin Scherer
- Department of Primary Medical Care, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lluis Tarraga
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Perrie M Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Markus Leber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yuning Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marilyn S Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steffi Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Duane Beekly
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne Braae
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Deborah Blacker
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlo Masullo
- Department of Neurology, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rachelle S Doody
- Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Experimental Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | - W T Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas J Fairchild
- Office of Strategy and Measurement, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Paola Bossù
- Experimental Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eleonora Sacchinelli
- Experimental Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan M Huebinger
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Frank Jessen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M Ilyas Kamboh
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Oscar Sotolongo-Grau
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mindy J Katz
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Chris Corcoran
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Melanie Dunstan
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Amy Braddel
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Charlene Thomas
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alun Meggy
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rachel Marshall
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Amy Gerrish
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jade Chapman
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Miquel Aguilar
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Taylor
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matt Hill
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mònica Díez Fairén
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Hodges
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bruno Vellas
- INSERM U558, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Iwona Kloszewska
- Elderly and Psychiatric Disorders Department, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Makrina Daniilidou
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry for the Elderly, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - James Uphill
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Yogen Patel
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph T Hughes
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jenny Lord
- Institute of Genetics, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James Turton
- Institute of Genetics, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Roberta Cecchetti
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Serpente
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Arcaro
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Experimental Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Donata Orfei
- Experimental Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ciaramella
- Experimental Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pichler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Saarland, Germany
| | - Manuel Mayhaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Saarland, Germany
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Saarland, Germany
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Blesa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imelda S Barber
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Keeley Brookes
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chiara Cupidi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), ASP Catanzaro, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | | | - David Carrell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- NEUROFARBA (Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS 'Don Carlo Gnocchi', Florence, Italy
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maria Urbano
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Alberto Pilotto
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paolo Bosco
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima Srl, Troina, Italy
| | - Stephen Todd
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - David Craig
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Janet Johnston
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Michael Gill
- Mercers Institute for Research on Aging, St. James Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Lawlor
- Mercers Institute for Research on Aging, St. James Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoibhinn Lynch
- Mercers Institute for Research on Aging, St. James Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nick C Fox
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Roger L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System (VAAAHS), Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Alzheimer Disease Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Liana G Apostolova
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Craig S Atwood
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Clinton T Baldwin
- Department of Medicine (Genetics Program), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lisa L Barnes
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sandra Barral
- Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - James T Becker
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System/GRECC, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Adam Boxer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James R Burke
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Burns
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Chris S Carlson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cynthia M Carlsson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Regina M Carney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Steven L Carroll
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Carolina Ceballos Diaz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Helena C Chui
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David G Clark
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurology, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David H Cribbs
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Crocco
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Malcolm Dick
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ranjan Duara
- Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Denis A Evans
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kelley M Faber
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kenneth B Fallon
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Martin R Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Steven Ferris
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Douglas R Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marla Gearing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Neurogenetics Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John R Gilbert
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Neill R Graff-Radford
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert C Green
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine and Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John H Growdon
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald L Hamilton
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lindy E Harrell
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lawrence S Honig
- Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erin Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Gyungah Jun
- Department of Medicine (Genetics Program), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Karydas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Kaye
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ronald Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Neil W Kowall
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Department of Neuropsychology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System/GRECC, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Daniel C Marson
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frank Martiniuk
- Department of Medicine-Pulmonary, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wayne C McCormick
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan M McCurry
- School of Nursing Northwest Research Group on Aging, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew N McDavid
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ann C McKee
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marsel Mesulam
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carol A Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua W Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jill R Murrell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Amanda J Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sid O'Bryant
- Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - John M Olichney
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Vernon S Pankratz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Joseph E Parisi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Alzheimer Disease Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William Perry
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Elaine Peskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aimee Pierce
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Wayne W Poon
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ashok Raj
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Murray Raskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Barry Reisberg
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christiane Reitz
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - John M Ringman
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roger N Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Mark A Sager
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lon S Schneider
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amanda G Smith
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua A Sonnen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert A Stern
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tricia A Thornton-Wells
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jean Paul Vonsattel
- Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kathleen A Welsh-Bohmer
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kirk C Wilhelmsen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Williamson
- Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas S Wingo
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Randall L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Clinton B Wright
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fabienne Garzia
- CEA/Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Feroze Golamaully
- CEA/Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Gislain Septier
- CEA/Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Sebastien Engelborghs
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carmen Muñoz Fernadez
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Yoland Aladro Benito
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Hakan Thonberg
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Genetics Unit, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, KIADRC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Forsell
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Genetics Unit, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, KIADRC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Lilius
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Genetics Unit, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, KIADRC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Kinhult-Stählbom
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Genetics Unit, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, KIADRC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - RoseMarie Brundin
- Department of Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Letizia Concari
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Center for Cognitive Disorders AUSL, Parma, Italy
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Maria Koivisto
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vincent Dermecourt
- CHU Lille, Memory Center of Lille (Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche), Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Fievet
- INSERM, U1167, RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University Lille, U1167-Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
- University Paris Descartes, EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpital Broca, Geriatrics Department, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hanon
- University Paris Descartes, EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpital Broca, Geriatrics Department, Paris, France
| | - Carole Dufouil
- University of Bordeaux, Neuroepidemiology, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Neuroepidemiology, UMR 897, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Karen Ritchie
- INSERM U1061, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Institut des Neurosciences Translationnelles de Paris (IHU-A-ICM), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Paris, France
- INSERM, CNRS, UMRS 975, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - JoAnn Tschanz
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Annette L Fitzpatrick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Walter A Kukull
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maria Norton
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Thor Aspelund
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Centre for Public Health, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eric B Larson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ron Munger
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Richard B Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - María J Bullido
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital la Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eliecer Coto
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory-Hospital, University of Central Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Victoria Alvarez
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory-Hospital, University of Central Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eric M Reiman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Maura Gallo
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), ASP Catanzaro, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | | | - Joan S Reisch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Donald R Royall
- Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine, and Family and Community Medicine and South Texas Veterans Health Administration Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Mary Sano
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Debby W Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System/GRECC, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michelangelo Mancuso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Bonuccelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ashley R Winslow
- PharmaTherapeutics Clinical Research, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - Chuang-Kuo Wu
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Oliver Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- NEUROFARBA (Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS 'Don Carlo Gnocchi', Florence, Italy
| | | | - Reinhard Heun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher E Shaw
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Collinge
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David Mann
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 3rd Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jordi Clarimón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebecca Sussams
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Timothy W Behrens
- Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Simon Mead
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Clive Holmes
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System/GRECC, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David A Bennett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John Powell
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Florida Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, KIADRC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Systems Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Morgan
- Institute of Genetics, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nilufer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Onofre Combarros
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED, 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital (University of Cantabria and IFIMAV), Santander, Spain
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter Passmore
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Steven G Younkin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Claudine Berr
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Memory Research and Resources Center, CMRR of Montpellier, Department of Neurology, Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France
- Department of Neurology, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Anita L DeStefano
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, Palencia, Spain
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dominique Campion
- Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, Sotteville les Rouen, France
- INSERM U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Merce Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Keoni Kauwe
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine (Genetics Program), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lesley Jones
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neuroepidemiology, UMR 897, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter A Holmans
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- INSERM, U1167, RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University Lille, U1167-Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Lille, France
| | | | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Li-San Wang
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- INSERM, U1167, RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University Lille, U1167-Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie Williams
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kunkle BW, Vardarajan BN, Naj AC, Whitehead PL, Rolati S, Slifer S, Carney RM, Cuccaro ML, Vance JM, Gilbert JR, Wang LS, Farrer LA, Reitz C, Haines JL, Beecham GW, Martin ER, Schellenberg GD, Mayeux RP, Pericak-Vance MA. Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease and Candidate Risk Genes Involved in Endolysosomal Transport. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:1113-1122. [PMID: 28738127 PMCID: PMC5691589 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importance Mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 lead to early-onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD) but account for only approximately 11% of EOAD overall, leaving most of the genetic risk for the most severe form of Alzheimer disease unexplained. This extreme phenotype likely harbors highly penetrant risk variants, making it primed for discovery of novel risk genes and pathways for AD. Objective To search for rare variants contributing to the risk for EOAD. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case-control study, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in 51 non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients with EOAD (age at onset <65 years) and 19 Caribbean Hispanic families previously screened as negative for established APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 causal variants. Participants were recruited from John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Case Western Reserve University, and Columbia University. Rare, deleterious, nonsynonymous, or loss-of-function variants were filtered to identify variants in known and suspected AD genes, variants in multiple unrelated NHW patients, variants present in 19 Hispanic EOAD WES families, and genes with variants in multiple unrelated NHW patients. These variants/genes were tested for association in an independent cohort of 1524 patients with EOAD, 7046 patients with late-onset AD (LOAD), and 7001 cognitively intact controls (age at examination, >65 years) from the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium. The study was conducted from January 21, 2013, to October 13, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Alzheimer disease diagnosed according to standard National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria. Association between Alzheimer disease and genetic variants and genes was measured using logistic regression and sequence kernel association test-optimal gene tests, respectively. Results Of the 1524 NHW patients with EOAD, 765 (50.2%) were women and mean (SD) age was 60.0 (4.9) years; of the 7046 NHW patients with LOAD, 4171 (59.2%) were women and mean (SD) age was 77.4 (8.6) years; and of the 7001 NHW controls, 4215 (60.2%) were women and mean (SD) age was 77.4 (8.6) years. The gene PSD2, for which multiple unrelated NHW cases had rare missense variants, was significantly associated with EOAD (P = 2.05 × 10-6; Bonferroni-corrected P value [BP] = 1.3 × 10-3) and LOAD (P = 6.22 × 10-6; BP = 4.1 × 10-3). A missense variant in TCIRG1, present in a NHW patient and segregating in 3 cases of a Hispanic family, was more frequent in EOAD cases (odds ratio [OR], 2.13; 95% CI, 0.99-4.55; P = .06; BP = 0.413), and significantly associated with LOAD (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.37-3.62; P = 7.2 × 10-4; BP = 5.0 × 10-3). A missense variant in the LOAD risk gene RIN3 showed suggestive evidence of association with EOAD after Bonferroni correction (OR, 4.56; 95% CI, 1.26-16.48; P = .02, BP = 0.091). In addition, a missense variant in RUFY1 identified in 2 NHW EOAD cases showed suggestive evidence of an association with EOAD as well (OR, 18.63; 95% CI, 1.62-213.45; P = .003; BP = 0.129). Conclusions and Relevance The genes PSD2, TCIRG1, RIN3, and RUFY1 all may be involved in endolysosomal transport-a process known to be important to development of AD. Furthermore, this study identified shared risk genes between EOAD and LOAD similar to previously reported genes, such as SORL1, PSEN2, and TREM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Badri N. Vardarajan
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Adam C. Naj
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Patrice L. Whitehead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Sophie Rolati
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Susan Slifer
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Regina M. Carney
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael L. Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Jeffery M. Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - John R. Gilbert
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Li-San Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christiane Reitz
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gary W. Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Eden R. Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Richard P. Mayeux
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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Genetics of Alzheimer's disease: From pathogenesis to clinical usage. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 45:1-8. [PMID: 28869135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and has caused a major global health concern. Understanding the etiology of AD can be beneficial for the diagnosis and intervention of this disease. Genetics plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of AD. Research methods in genetics such as the linkage analysis, study of candidate genes, genome-wide association study (GWAS), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology help us map the genetic information in AD, which can not only provide a new insight into the pathogenesis of AD but also be beneficial for early targeted intervention of AD. This review summarizes the pathogenesis as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic value of genetics in AD.
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Raghavan N, Tosto G. Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease: the Importance of Polygenic and Epistatic Components. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:78. [PMID: 28825204 PMCID: PMC5699909 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0787-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We aimed to summarize the recent advances in genetic findings of Alzheimer's disease (AD), focusing on traditional single-marker and gene approaches and non-traditional ones, i.e., polygenic and epistatic components. RECENT FINDINGS Genetic studies have progressed over the last few decades from linkage to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and most recently studies utilizing high-throughput sequencing. So far, GWASs have identified several common variants characterized by small effect sizes (besides APOE-ε4). Sequencing has facilitated the study of rare variants with larger effects. Nevertheless, missing heritability for AD remains extensive; a possible explanation might lie in the existence of polygenic and epistatic components. We review findings achieved by single-marker approaches, but also polygenic and epistatic associations. The latter two are critical, yet-underexplored mechanisms. Genes involved in complex diseases are likely regulated by mechanisms and pathways involving many other genes, an aspect potentially missed by traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Raghavan
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street PH 19-314, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Giuseppe Tosto
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street PH 19-314, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street PH 19-314, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Cukier HN, Kunkle BK, Hamilton KL, Rolati S, Kohli MA, Whitehead PL, Jaworski J, Vance JM, Cuccaro ML, Carney RM, Gilbert JR, Farrer LA, Martin ER, Beecham GW, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA. Exome Sequencing of Extended Families with Alzheimer's Disease Identifies Novel Genes Implicated in Cell Immunity and Neuronal Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7. [PMID: 29177109 PMCID: PMC5698805 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder for which more than 20 genetic loci have been implicated to date. However, studies demonstrate not all genetic factors have been identified. Therefore, in this study we seek to identify additional rare variants and novel genes potentially contributing to AD. Methods Whole exome sequencing was performed on 23 multi-generational families with an average of eight affected subjects. Exome sequencing was filtered for rare, nonsynonymous and loss-of-function variants. Alterations predicted to have a functional consequence and located within either a previously reported AD gene, a linkage peak (LOD>2), or clustering in the same gene across multiple families, were prioritized. Results Rare variants were found in known AD risk genes including AKAP9, CD33, CR1, EPHA1, INPP5D, NME8, PSEN1, SORL1, TREM2 and UNC5C. Three families had five variants of interest in linkage regions with LOD>2. Genes with segregating alterations in these peaks include CD163L1 and CLECL1, two genes that have both been implicated in immunity, CTNNA1, which encodes a catenin in the cerebral cortex and MIEF1, a gene that may induce mitochondrial dysfunction and has the potential to damage neurons. Four genes were identified with alterations in more than one family include PLEKHG5, a gene that causes Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and THBS2, which promotes synaptogenesis. Conclusion Utilizing large families with a heavy burden of disease allowed for the identification of rare variants co-segregating with disease. Variants were identified in both known AD risk genes and in novel genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Cukier
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - B K Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - K L Hamilton
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - S Rolati
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M A Kohli
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - P L Whitehead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J Jaworski
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J M Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M L Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R M Carney
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service, Miami Veterans Affairs, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J R Gilbert
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - L A Farrer
- Departments of Medicine, Neurology, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Genomics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E R Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - G W Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J L Haines
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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81
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Yang HS, White CC, Chibnik LB, Klein HU, Schneider JA, Bennett DA, De Jager PL. UNC5C variants are associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurol Genet 2017; 3:e176. [PMID: 28761931 PMCID: PMC5515600 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether common genetic variants in UNC5C, a recently identified late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) dementia susceptibility gene, are associated with AD susceptibility or AD-related clinical/pathologic phenotypes. METHODS We used data from deceased individuals of European descent who participated in the Religious Orders Study or the Rush Memory and Aging Project (n = 1,288). We examined whether there were associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within ±100 kb of the UNC5C gene and a diagnosis of AD dementia, global cognitive decline, a pathologic diagnosis of AD, β-amyloid load, neuritic plaque count, diffuse plaque count, paired helical filament tau density, neurofibrillary tangle count, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) score. We also evaluated the relation of the CAA-associated variant and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) UNC5C RNA expression. Secondary analyses were performed to examine the interaction of the CAA-associated SNP and known genetic risk factors of CAA as well as the association of the SNP with other cerebrovascular pathologies. RESULTS A set of UNC5C SNPs tagged by rs28660566T was associated with a higher CAA score (p = 2.3 × 10-6): each additional rs28660566T allele was associated with a 0.60 point higher CAA score, which is equivalent to approximately 75% of the higher CAA score associated with each allele of APOE ε4. rs28660566T was weakly associated with lower UNC5C expression in the human DLPFC (p = 0.036). Moreover, rs28660566T had a synergistic interaction with APOE ε4 on their association with higher CAA severity (p = 0.027) and was associated with more severe arteriolosclerosis (p = 0.0065). CONCLUSIONS Targeted analysis of the UNC5C region uncovered a set of SNPs associated with CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sik Yang
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences; Department of Neurology (H.-S.Y.), Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School (H.-S.Y., H.-U.K.); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.B.C.), Boston; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., L.B.C., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.) and Department of Neurological Sciences (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (P.L.D.J.), Center for Translational & Systems Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Charles C White
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences; Department of Neurology (H.-S.Y.), Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School (H.-S.Y., H.-U.K.); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.B.C.), Boston; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., L.B.C., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.) and Department of Neurological Sciences (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (P.L.D.J.), Center for Translational & Systems Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Lori B Chibnik
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences; Department of Neurology (H.-S.Y.), Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School (H.-S.Y., H.-U.K.); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.B.C.), Boston; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., L.B.C., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.) and Department of Neurological Sciences (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (P.L.D.J.), Center for Translational & Systems Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hans-Ulrich Klein
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences; Department of Neurology (H.-S.Y.), Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School (H.-S.Y., H.-U.K.); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.B.C.), Boston; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., L.B.C., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.) and Department of Neurological Sciences (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (P.L.D.J.), Center for Translational & Systems Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences; Department of Neurology (H.-S.Y.), Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School (H.-S.Y., H.-U.K.); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.B.C.), Boston; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., L.B.C., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.) and Department of Neurological Sciences (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (P.L.D.J.), Center for Translational & Systems Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - David A Bennett
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences; Department of Neurology (H.-S.Y.), Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School (H.-S.Y., H.-U.K.); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.B.C.), Boston; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., L.B.C., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.) and Department of Neurological Sciences (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (P.L.D.J.), Center for Translational & Systems Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences; Department of Neurology (H.-S.Y.), Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School (H.-S.Y., H.-U.K.); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.B.C.), Boston; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (H.-S.Y., C.C.W., L.B.C., H.-U.K., P.L.D.J.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.) and Department of Neurological Sciences (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (P.L.D.J.), Center for Translational & Systems Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Contribution to Alzheimer's disease risk of rare variants in TREM2, SORL1, and ABCA7 in 1779 cases and 1273 controls. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 59:220.e1-220.e9. [PMID: 28789839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We performed whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing in 927 late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) cases, 852 early-onset AD (EOAD) cases, and 1273 controls from France. We assessed the evidence for gene-based association of rare variants with AD in 6 genes for which an association with such variants was previously claimed. When aggregating protein-truncating and missense-predicted damaging variants, we found exome-wide significant association between EOAD risk and rare variants in SORL1, TREM2, and ABCA7. No exome-wide significant signal was obtained in the LOAD sample, and significance of the order of 10-6 was observed in the whole AD group for TREM2. Our study confirms previous gene-level results for TREM2, SORL1, and ABCA7 and provides a clearer insight into the classes of rare variants involved. Despite different effect sizes and varying cumulative minor allele frequencies, the rare protein-truncating and missense-predicted damaging variants in TREM2, SORL1, and ABCA7 contribute similarly to the heritability of EOAD and explain between 1.1% and 1.5% of EOAD heritability each, compared with 9.12% for APOE ε4.
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Opening a New Time Window for Treatment of Stroke by Targeting HDAC2. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6712-6728. [PMID: 28592694 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0341-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Narrow therapeutic window limits treatments with thrombolysis and neuroprotection for most stroke patients. Widening therapeutic window remains a critical challenge. Understanding the key mechanisms underlying the pathophysiological events in the peri-infarct area where secondary injury coexists with neuroplasticity over days to weeks may offer an opportunity for expanding the therapeutic window. Here we show that ischemia-induced histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) upregulation from 5 to 7 d after stroke plays a crucial role. In this window phase, suppressing HDAC2 in the peri-infarct cortex of rodents by HDAC inhibitors, knockdown or knock-out of Hdac2 promoted recovery of motor function from stroke via epigenetically enhancing cells survival and neuroplasticity of surviving neurons as well as reducing neuroinflammation, whereas overexpressing HDAC2 worsened stroke-induced functional impairment of both WT and Hdac2 conditional knock-out mice. More importantly, inhibiting other isoforms of HDACs had no effect. Thus, the intervention by precisely targeting HDAC2 in this window phase is a novel strategy for the functional recovery of stroke survivors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Narrow time window phase impedes current therapies for stroke patients. Understanding the key mechanisms underlying secondary injury may open a new window for pharmacological interventions to promote recovery from stroke. Our study indicates that ischemia-induced histone deacetylase 2 upregulation from 5 to 7 d after stroke mediates the secondary functional loss by reducing survival and neuroplasticity of peri-infarct neurons as well as augmenting neuroinflammation. Thus, precisely targeting histone deacetylase 2 in the window phase provides a novel therapeutic strategy for stroke recovery.
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White CC, Yang HS, Yu L, Chibnik LB, Dawe RJ, Yang J, Klein HU, Felsky D, Ramos-Miguel A, Arfanakis K, Honer WG, Sperling RA, Schneider JA, Bennett DA, De Jager PL. Identification of genes associated with dissociation of cognitive performance and neuropathological burden: Multistep analysis of genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional data. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002287. [PMID: 28441426 PMCID: PMC5404753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The molecular underpinnings of the dissociation of cognitive performance and neuropathological burden are poorly understood, and there are currently no known genetic or epigenetic determinants of the dissociation. METHODS AND FINDINGS "Residual cognition" was quantified by regressing out the effects of cerebral pathologies and demographic characteristics on global cognitive performance proximate to death. To identify genes influencing residual cognition, we leveraged neuropathological, genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional data available for deceased participants of the Religious Orders Study (n = 492) and the Rush Memory and Aging Project (n = 487). Given that our sample size was underpowered to detect genome-wide significance, we applied a multistep approach to identify genes influencing residual cognition, based on our prior observation that independent genetic and epigenetic risk factors can converge on the same locus. In the first step (n = 979), we performed a genome-wide association study with a predefined suggestive p < 10-5, and nine independent loci met this threshold in eight distinct chromosomal regions. Three of the six genes within 100 kb of the lead SNP are expressed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC): UNC5C, ENC1, and TMEM106B. In the second step, in the subset of participants with DLPFC DNA methylation data (n = 648), we found that residual cognition was related to differential DNA methylation of UNC5C and ENC1 (false discovery rate < 0.05). In the third step, in the subset of participants with DLPFC RNA sequencing data (n = 469), brain transcription levels of UNC5C and ENC1 were evaluated for their association with residual cognition: RNA levels of both UNC5C (estimated effect = -0.40, 95% CI -0.69 to -0.10, p = 0.0089) and ENC1 (estimated effect = 0.0064, 95% CI 0.0033 to 0.0096, p = 5.7 × 10-5) were associated with residual cognition. In secondary analyses, we explored the mechanism of these associations and found that ENC1 may be related to the previously documented effect of depression on cognitive decline, while UNC5C may alter the composition of presynaptic terminals. Of note, the TMEM106B allele identified in the first step as being associated with better residual cognition is in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs1990622A (r2 = 0.66), a previously identified protective allele for TDP-43 proteinopathy. Limitations include the small sample size for the genetic analysis, which was underpowered to detect genome-wide significance, the evaluation being limited to a single cortical region for epigenetic and transcriptomic data, and the use of categorical measures for certain non-amyloid-plaque, non-neurofibrillary-tangle neuropathologies. CONCLUSIONS Through a multistep analysis of cognitive, neuropathological, genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic data, we identified ENC1 and UNC5C as genes with convergent genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic evidence supporting a potential role in the dissociation of cognition and neuropathology in an aging population, and we expanded our understanding of the TMEM106B haplotype that is protective against TDP-43 proteinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C. White
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hyun-Sik Yang
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lori B. Chibnik
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Dawe
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hans-Ulrich Klein
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Felsky
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alfredo Ramos-Miguel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - William G. Honer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reisa A. Sperling
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Translational & Systems Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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85
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Spilman PR, Corset V, Gorostiza O, Poksay KS, Galvan V, Zhang J, Rao R, Peters-Libeu C, Vincelette J, McGeehan A, Dvorak-Ewell M, Beyer J, Campagna J, Bankiewicz K, Mehlen P, John V, Bredesen DE. Netrin-1 Interrupts Amyloid-β Amplification, Increases sAβPPα in vitro and in vivo, and Improves Cognition in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:223-42. [PMID: 27060954 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that inoculation of susceptible mice with amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides accelerates Aβ deposition in the brain, supporting the idea that Aβ may be self-amplifying; however, the exact mechanism is not understood. Here we provide evidence that Aβ may self-amplify, in part, by inhibiting α-secretase ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) cleavage of full-length Aβ precursor protein (FL AβPP) and therefore allow greater β-secretase processing, and that Aβ itself is a substrate for ADAM10. Exposure of primary neuronal cultures from PDAβPP mice to exogenous rat Aβ1- 40 resulted in increased de novo human Aβ1-42 production and exposure of cells to Aβ decreased production of ADAM10 cleavage product soluble AβPPα (sAβPPα). In a cell-free assay, Aβ decreased ADAM10 cleavage of the chimeric substrate MBP-AβPPC125 and Aβ itself was apparently cleaved by the enzyme. The axonal guidance and trophic factor netrin-1, however, reduced the Aβ1- 40-induced Aβ1-42 increase, increased sAβPPα, and reversed the Aβ-induced sAβPPα decrease in vitro. In vivo, induction of netrin-1 expression in PDAβPPSwe/Ind transgenic mice resulted in reductions in both Aβ1-42 and Aβ1- 40, and ICV delivery of netrin-1 to PDAβPPSwe/Ind mice increased sAβPPα, decreased Aβ, and improved working memory. Finally, to support further study of netrin-1's potential as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease, pilot gene therapy studies were performed and a netrin mimetic peptide synthesized and tested that, like netrin, can increase sAβPPα and decrease Aβ1-42in vitro. Taken together, these data provide mechanistic insights into Aβ self-amplification and the ability of netrin-1 to disrupt it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Spilman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology & Easton Center for AD Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Veronique Corset
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, University of Lyon Cancer Center, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Junli Zhang
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Rammohan Rao
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Janine Beyer
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience Research, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jesus Campagna
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology & Easton Center for AD Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Krystof Bankiewicz
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience Research, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, University of Lyon Cancer Center, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Varghese John
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology & Easton Center for AD Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dale E Bredesen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology & Easton Center for AD Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Nicolas G, Charbonnier C, Campion D. From Common to Rare Variants: The Genetic Component of Alzheimer Disease. Hum Hered 2016; 81:129-141. [PMID: 28002825 DOI: 10.1159/000452256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a remarkable example of genetic heterogeneity. Extremely rare variants in the APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 genes, or duplications of the APP gene cause autosomal dominant forms, generally with complete penetrance by the age of 65 years. Nonautosomal dominant forms are considered as a complex disorder with a high genetic component, whatever the age of onset. Although genetically heterogeneous, AD is defined by the same neuropathological criteria in all configurations. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, the Aβ peptide, which aggregates in AD brains, is a key player. APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 gene mutations increase the production of more aggregation-prone forms of the Aβ peptide, triggering the pathological process. Several risk factors identified in association studies hit genes involved in Aβ production/secretion, aggregation, clearance, or toxicity. Among them, the APOE ε4 allele is a rare example of a common allele with a large effect size, the ORs ranging from 4 to 11-14 for heterozygous and homozygous carriers, respectively. In addition, genome-wide association studies have identified more than two dozen loci with a weak but significant association, the OR of the at-risk allele ranging from 1.08 to 1.30. Recently, the use of massive parallel sequencing has enabled the analysis of rare variants in a genome-wide manner. Two rare variants have been nominally associated with AD risk or protection (TREM2 p.R47H, MAF approximately 0.002, OR approximately 4 and APP p.A673T, MAF approximately 0.0005, OR approximately 0.2). Association analyses at the gene level identified rare loss-of-function and missense, predicted damaging, variants (MAF <0.01) in the SORL1 and ABCA7 genes associated with a moderate relative risk (OR approximately 5 and approximately 2.8, respectively). Although the latter analyses revealed association signals with moderately rare variants by collapsing them, the power to detect genes hit by extremely rare variants is still limited. An alternative approach is to consider the de novo paradigm, stating that de novo variants may contribute to AD genetics in sporadic patients. Here, we critically review AD genetics reports with a special focus on rare variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nicolas
- CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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87
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Abstract
Background: The progress of next-generation sequencing technologies has unveiled various non-coding RNAs that have previously been considered products of random degradation and attracted only minimal interest. Among small RNA families, microRNA (miRNAs) have traditionally been considered key post-transcriptional regulators. However, recent studies have reported evidence for widespread presence of fragments of tRNA molecules (tRFs) across a range of organisms and tissues, and of tRF involvement in Argonaute complexes.
Methods:To elucidate potential tRF functionality, we compared available RNA sequencing datasets derived from the brains of young, mid-aged and old rats. Using sliding 7-mer windows along a tRF, we searched for putative seed sequences with high numbers of conserved complementary sites within 3' UTRs of 23 vertebrate genomes. We analyzed Gene Ontology term enrichment of predicted tRF targets and compared their transcript levels with targets of miRNAs in the context of age.
Results and Discussion: We detected tRFs originating from 3’- and 5’-ends of tRNAs in rat brains at significant levels. These fragments showed dynamic changes: 3’ tRFs monotonously increased with age, while 5’ tRFs displayed less consistent patterns. Furthermore, 3’ tRFs showed a narrow size range compared to 5’ tRFs, suggesting a difference in their biogenesis mechanisms. Similar to our earlier results in
Drosophila and compatible with other experimental findings, we found “seed” sequence locations on both ends of different tRFs. Putative targets of these fragments were found to be enriched in neuronal and developmental functions. Comparison of tRFs and miRNAs increasing in abundance with age revealed small, but distinct changes in brain target transcript levels for these two types of small RNA, with the higher proportion of tRF targets decreasing with age. We also illustrated the utility of tRF analysis for annotating tRNA genes in sequenced genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros Karaiskos
- Department of Biology, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, USA
| | - Andrey Grigoriev
- Department of Biology, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, USA
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Jakobsdottir J, van der Lee SJ, Bis JC, Chouraki V, Li-Kroeger D, Yamamoto S, Grove ML, Naj A, Vronskaya M, Salazar JL, DeStefano AL, Brody JA, Smith AV, Amin N, Sims R, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Choi SH, Satizabal CL, Lopez OL, Beiser A, Ikram MA, Garcia ME, Hayward C, Varga TV, Ripatti S, Franks PW, Hallmans G, Rolandsson O, Jansson JH, Porteous DJ, Salomaa V, Eiriksdottir G, Rice KM, Bellen HJ, Levy D, Uitterlinden AG, Emilsson V, Rotter JI, Aspelund T, O’Donnell CJ, Fitzpatrick AL, Launer LJ, Hofman A, Wang LS, Williams J, Schellenberg GD, Boerwinkle E, Psaty BM, Seshadri S, Shulman JM, Gudnason V, van Duijn CM. Rare Functional Variant in TM2D3 is Associated with Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006327. [PMID: 27764101 PMCID: PMC5072721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an exome-wide association analysis in 1393 late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) cases and 8141 controls from the CHARGE consortium. We found that a rare variant (P155L) in TM2D3 was enriched in Icelanders (~0.5% versus <0.05% in other European populations). In 433 LOAD cases and 3903 controls from the Icelandic AGES sub-study, P155L was associated with increased risk and earlier onset of LOAD [odds ratio (95% CI) = 7.5 (3.5-15.9), p = 6.6x10-9]. Mutation in the Drosophila TM2D3 homolog, almondex, causes a phenotype similar to loss of Notch/Presenilin signaling. Human TM2D3 is capable of rescuing these phenotypes, but this activity is abolished by P155L, establishing it as a functionally damaging allele. Our results establish a rare TM2D3 variant in association with LOAD susceptibility, and together with prior work suggests possible links to the β-amyloid cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven J. van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vincent Chouraki
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Li-Kroeger
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Megan L. Grove
- School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adam Naj
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria Vronskaya
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jose L. Salazar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anita L. DeStefano
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, United States of America
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Carla A. Ibrahim-Verbaas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seung-Hoan Choi
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Departments of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa E. Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tibor V. Varga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Section for Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan-Håkon Jansson
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
- Research Unit, Skellefteå Hospital, Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - David J. Porteous
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kenneth M. Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel Levy
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United states of America
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute and Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Thor Aspelund
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Centre for Public Health, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Christopher J. O’Donnell
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United states of America
| | - Annette L. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Li-San Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julie Williams
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Shulman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, United States of America
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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89
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FLIM FRET Visualization of Cdc42 Activation by Netrin-1 in Embryonic Spinal Commissural Neuron Growth Cones. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159405. [PMID: 27482713 PMCID: PMC4970703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 is an essential extracellular chemoattractant that signals through its receptor DCC to guide commissural axon extension in the embryonic spinal cord. DCC directs the organization of F-actin in growth cones by activating an intracellular protein complex that includes the Rho GTPase Cdc42, a critical regulator of cell polarity and directional migration. To address the spatial distribution of signaling events downstream of netrin-1, we expressed the FRET biosensor Raichu-Cdc42 in cultured embryonic rat spinal commissural neurons. Using FLIM-FRET imaging we detected rapid activation of Cdc42 in neuronal growth cones following application of netrin-1. Investigating the signaling mechanisms that control Cdc42 activation by netrin-1, we demonstrate that netrin-1 rapidly enriches DCC at the leading edge of commissural neuron growth cones and that netrin-1 induced activation of Cdc42 in the growth cone is blocked by inhibiting src family kinase signaling. These findings reveal the activation of Cdc42 in embryonic spinal commissural axon growth cones and support the conclusion that src family kinase activation downstream of DCC is required for Cdc42 activation by netrin-1.
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90
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Freudenberg-Hua Y, Li W, Abhyankar A, Vacic V, Cortes V, Ben-Avraham D, Koppel J, Greenwald B, Germer S, Darnell RB, Barzilai N, Freudenberg J, Atzmon G, Davies P. Differential burden of rare protein truncating variants in Alzheimer's disease patients compared to centenarians. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3096-3105. [PMID: 27260402 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared coding region variants of 53 cognitively healthy centenarians and 45 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), all of Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) ancestry. Despite the small sample size, the known AD risk variant APOE4 reached genome-wide significance, indicating the advantage of utilizing 'super-controls'. We restricted our subsequent analysis to rare variants observed at most once in the 1000 Genomes database and having a minor allele frequency below 2% in our AJ sample. We compared the burden of predicted protein altering variants between cases and controls as normalized by the level of rare synonymous variants. We observed an increased burden among AD subjects for predicted loss-of-function (LoFs) variants defined as stop-gain, frame shift, initiation codon (INIT) and splice site mutations (n = 930, OR = 1.3, P = 1.5×E-5). There was no enrichment across all rare protein altering variants defined as missense plus LoFs, in frame indels and stop-loss variants (n = 13 014, OR = 0.97, P = 0.47). Among LoFs, the strongest burden was observed for INIT (OR = 2.16, P = 0.0097) and premature stop variants predicted to cause non-sense-mediated decay in the majority of transcripts (NMD) (OR = 1.98, P = 0.02). Notably, this increased burden of NMD, INIT and splice variants was more pronounced in a set of 1397 innate immune genes (OR = 4.55, P = 0.0043). Further comparison to additional exomes indicates that the difference in LoF burden originated both from the AD and centenarian sample. In summary, we observed an overall increased burden of rare LoFs in AD subjects as compared to centenarians, and this enrichment is more pronounced for innate immune genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Freudenberg-Hua
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA .,Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
| | - Wentian Li
- Robert S Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | | | | | - Vanessa Cortes
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Danny Ben-Avraham
- Institute for Aging Research and the Diabetes Research Center, Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jeremy Koppel
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Blaine Greenwald
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nir Barzilai
- Institute for Aging Research and the Diabetes Research Center, Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Robert S Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.,The Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA and
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Institute for Aging Research and the Diabetes Research Center, Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Peter Davies
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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91
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Abstract
Genetic characterization of individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), i.e. people having amyloid deposits in the brain without symptoms, people suffering from subjective cognitive decline (SCD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), has spurred the interests of researchers. However, their pre-dementia genetic profile remains mostly unexplored. In this study, we reviewed the loci related to phenotypes of AD, MCI and SCD from literature and performed the first meta-analyses evaluating the role of apolipoprotein E (APOE) in the risk of conversion from a healthy status to MCI and SCD. For AD dementia risk, an increased number of loci have been identified; to date, 28 genes have been associated with Late Onset AD. In MCI syndrome, APOE is confirmed as a pheno-conversion factor leading from MCI to AD, and clusterin is a promising candidate. Additionally, our meta-analyses revealed APOE as genetic risk factor to convert from a healthy status to MCI [OR = 1.849 (1.587-2.153); P = 2.80 × 10-15] and to a lesser extent from healthy status to SCD [OR = 1.151 (1.015-1.304); P = 0.028]. Thus, we believe that genetic studies in longitudinal SCD and MCI series may provide new therapeutic targets and improve the existing knowledge of AD. This type of studies must be completed on healthy subjects to better understand the natural disease resistance to brain insults and neurodegeneration.
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92
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Zhang W, Jiao B, Zhou M, Zhou T, Shen L. Modeling Alzheimer's Disease with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Current Challenges and Future Concerns. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7828049. [PMID: 27313629 PMCID: PMC4895035 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7828049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of dementia and its pathology is characterized by deposition of extracellular β-amyloid plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and extensive neuron loss. While only a few familial AD cases are due to mutations in three causative genes (APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2), the ultimate cause behind the rest of the cases, called sporadic AD, remains unknown. Current animal and cellular models of human AD, which are based on the Aβ and tau hypotheses only, partially resemble the familial AD. As a result, there is a pressing need for the development of new models providing insights into the pathological mechanisms of AD and for the discovery of ways to treat or delay the onset of the disease. Recent preclinical research suggests that stem cells can be used to model AD. Indeed, human induced pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into disease-relevant cell types that recapitulate the unique genome of a sporadic AD patient or family member. In this review, we will first summarize the current research findings on the genetic and pathological mechanisms of AD. We will then highlight the existing induced pluripotent stem cell models of AD and, lastly, discuss the potential clinical applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miaojin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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93
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia in elderly people. It is an emerging public health problem that poses a huge societal burden. Linkage analysis was the first milestone in unraveling the mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 that cause early-onset AD, followed by the discovery of apolipoprotein E-ε4 allele as the only one genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. Genome-wide association studies have revolutionized genetic research and have identified over 20 genetic loci associated with late-onset AD. Recently, next-generation sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of rare disease variants, including unmasking small mutations with intermediate risk of AD in PLD3, TREM2, UNC5C, AKAP9, and ADAM10. This review provides an overview of the genetic basis of AD and the relationship between these risk genes and the neuropathologic features of AD. An understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and the potentially implicated pathways will lead to the development of novel treatment for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Giri
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Lü
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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94
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Ridge PG, Hoyt KB, Boehme K, Mukherjee S, Crane PK, Haines JL, Mayeux R, Farrer LA, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Kauwe JSK. Assessment of the genetic variance of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 41:200.e13-200.e20. [PMID: 27036079 PMCID: PMC4948179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex genetic disorder with no effective treatments. More than 20 common markers have been identified, which are associated with AD. Recently, several rare variants have been identified in Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), Triggering Receptor Expressed On Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) and Unc-5 Netrin Receptor C (UNC5C) that affect risk for AD. Despite the many successes, the genetic architecture of AD remains unsolved. We used Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis to (1) estimate phenotypic variance explained by genetics; (2) calculate genetic variance explained by known AD single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); and (3) identify the genomic locations of variation that explain the remaining unexplained genetic variance. In total, 53.24% of phenotypic variance is explained by genetics, but known AD SNPs only explain 30.62% of the genetic variance. Of the unexplained genetic variance, approximately 41% is explained by unknown SNPs in regions adjacent to known AD SNPs, and the remaining unexplained genetic variance outside these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry G Ridge
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kaitlyn B Hoyt
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kevin Boehme
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (Genetics Program), Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, and The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John S K Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
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95
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Super-complexes of adhesion GPCRs and neural guidance receptors. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11184. [PMID: 27091502 PMCID: PMC4838878 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Latrophilin adhesion-GPCRs (Lphn1–3 or ADGRL1–3) and Unc5 cell guidance receptors (Unc5A–D) interact with FLRT proteins (FLRT1–3), thereby promoting cell adhesion and repulsion, respectively. How the three proteins interact and function simultaneously is poorly understood. We show that Unc5D interacts with FLRT2 in cis, controlling cell adhesion in response to externally presented Lphn3. The ectodomains of the three proteins bind cooperatively. Crystal structures of the ternary complex formed by the extracellular domains reveal that Lphn3 dimerizes when bound to FLRT2:Unc5, resulting in a stoichiometry of 1:1:2 (FLRT2:Unc5D:Lphn3). This 1:1:2 complex further dimerizes to form a larger ‘super-complex' (2:2:4), using a previously undescribed binding motif in the Unc5D TSP1 domain. Molecular dynamics simulations, point-directed mutagenesis and mass spectrometry demonstrate the stability and molecular properties of these complexes. Our data exemplify how receptors increase their functional repertoire by forming different context-dependent higher-order complexes. FLRT proteins are known to interact with Lphns and Unc5s, mediating cell adhesion and repulsion respectively. Here the authors use crystallography, native mass spectrometry, molecular dynamics simulations and cell-based assays to show that these three proteins form large super-complexes with functions distinct from their smaller subcomplexes.
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96
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Hashimoto Y, Toyama Y, Kusakari S, Nawa M, Matsuoka M. An Alzheimer Disease-linked Rare Mutation Potentiates Netrin Receptor Uncoordinated-5C-induced Signaling That Merges with Amyloid β Precursor Protein Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12282-93. [PMID: 27068745 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.698092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A missense mutation (T835M) in the uncoordinated-5C (UNC5C) netrin receptor gene increases the risk of late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) and also the vulnerability of neurons harboring the mutation to various insults. The molecular mechanisms underlying T835M-UNC5C-induced death remain to be elucidated. In this study, we show that overexpression of wild-type UNC5C causes low-grade death, which is intensified by an AD-linked mutation T835M. An AD-linked survival factor, calmodulin-like skin protein (CLSP), and a natural ligand of UNC5C, netrin1, inhibit this death. T835M-UNC5C-induced neuronal cell death is mediated by an intracellular death-signaling cascade, consisting of death-associated protein kinase 1/protein kinase D/apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/JNK/NADPH oxidase/caspases, which merges at ASK1 with a death-signaling cascade, mediated by amyloid β precursor protein (APP). Notably, netrin1 also binds to APP and partially inhibits the death-signaling cascade, induced by APP. These results may provide new insight into the amyloid β-independent pathomechanism of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Masaaki Matsuoka
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Dermatological Neuroscience, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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97
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Sala Frigerio C, De Strooper B. Alzheimer's Disease Mechanisms and Emerging Roads to Novel Therapeutics. Annu Rev Neurosci 2016; 39:57-79. [PMID: 27050320 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-014015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ten years of remarkable progress in understanding the fundamental biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease have been followed by ten years of remarkable and increasing clinical insight into the natural progression of the disorder. The concept of a long, intermediary, prodromal phase between the first appearance of amyloid plaques and tangles and the manifestation of dementia is now well established. The major challenge for the next decade is to chart the many cellular processes that underlie this phase and link the biochemical alterations to the clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease. We discuss here how genetics, new cell culture systems, and improved animal models will fuel this work. We anticipate that the resulting novel insights will provide a basis for further drug development for this terrible disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sala Frigerio
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Leuven 3000, Belgium; , .,Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Leuven 3000, Belgium; , .,Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG London, United Kingdom
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98
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Le Guennec K, Nicolas G, Quenez O, Charbonnier C, Wallon D, Bellenguez C, Grenier-Boley B, Rousseau S, Richard AC, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Bacq D, Garnier JG, Olaso R, Boland A, Meyer V, Deleuze JF, Amouyel P, Munter HM, Bourque G, Lathrop M, Frebourg T, Redon R, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Pasquier F, Rollin-Sillaire A, Génin E, Lambert JC, Hannequin D, Campion D. ABCA7 rare variants and Alzheimer disease risk. Neurology 2016; 86:2134-7. [PMID: 27037229 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between ABCA7 rare coding variants and Alzheimer disease (AD) in a case-control setting. METHODS We conducted a whole exome analysis among 484 French patients with early-onset AD and 590 ethnically matched controls. RESULTS After collapsing rare variants (minor allele frequency ≤1%), we detected an enrichment of ABCA7 loss of function (LOF) and predicted damaging missense variants in cases (odds ratio [OR] 3.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.68-7.35, p = 0.0002). Performing a meta-analysis with previously published data, we found that in a combined sample of 1,256 patients and 1,347 controls from France and Belgium, the OR was 2.81 (95% CI 1.89-4.20, p = 3.60 × 10(-7)). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that ABCA7 LOF variants are enriched in patients with AD and extend this finding to predicted damaging missense variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilan Le Guennec
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Céline Bellenguez
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Benjamin Grenier-Boley
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Rousseau
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Anne Rovelet-Lecrux
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Delphine Bacq
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Guillaume Garnier
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Robert Olaso
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Anne Boland
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Vincent Meyer
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Hans Markus Munter
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Guillaume Bourque
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Mark Lathrop
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Richard Redon
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Luc Letenneur
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Adeline Rollin-Sillaire
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Emmanuelle Génin
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- From INSERM (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen, Normandy University; Normandy Centre for Genomic Medicine and Personalized Medicine (K.L.G., G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., A.R.-L., T.F., D.H., D.C.), Rouen; Department of Genetics (G.N., T.F., D.H.), CNR-MAJ (G.N., O.Q., C.C., D.W., S.R., A.-C.R., F.P., A.R.-S., D.H., D.C.), and Department of Neurology (D.W., D.H.), Rouen University Hospital; INSERM (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.), U1167, Lille; Institut Pasteur de Lille (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Université Lille-Nord de France (C.B., B.G.-B., P.A., J.-C.L.); Centre National de Génotypage (D.B., J.-G.G., R.O., A.B., V.M., J.-F.Deleuze.), Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry; Fondation Jean Dausset (J.-F.Deleuze.), Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre (H.M.M., G.B., M.L.), Montréal, Canada; INSERM (R.R.), UMR 1087, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes; CNRS (R.R.), UMR 6291, Université de Nantes; INSERM (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.), U897, Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux (L.L., J.-F.Dartigues.); Department of Neurology (F.P., A.R.S.), Lille University Hospital; INSERM (E.G.), UMR1078, CHU Brest, Université Bretagne Occidentale, Brest; and Department of Research (D.C.), Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
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Oikkonen J, Kuusi T, Peltonen P, Raijas P, Ukkola-Vuoti L, Karma K, Onkamo P, Järvelä I. Creative Activities in Music--A Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148679. [PMID: 26909693 PMCID: PMC4766096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Creative activities in music represent a complex cognitive function of the human brain, whose biological basis is largely unknown. In order to elucidate the biological background of creative activities in music we performed genome-wide linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD) scans in musically experienced individuals characterised for self-reported composing, arranging and non-music related creativity. The participants consisted of 474 individuals from 79 families, and 103 sporadic individuals. We found promising evidence for linkage at 16p12.1-q12.1 for arranging (LOD 2.75, 120 cases), 4q22.1 for composing (LOD 2.15, 103 cases) and Xp11.23 for non-music related creativity (LOD 2.50, 259 cases). Surprisingly, statistically significant evidence for linkage was found for the opposite phenotype of creative activity in music (neither composing nor arranging; NCNA) at 18q21 (LOD 3.09, 149 cases), which contains cadherin genes like CDH7 and CDH19. The locus at 4q22.1 overlaps the previously identified region of musical aptitude, music perception and performance giving further support for this region as a candidate region for broad range of music-related traits. The other regions at 18q21 and 16p12.1-q12.1 are also adjacent to the previously identified loci with musical aptitude. Pathway analysis of the genes suggestively associated with composing suggested an overrepresentation of the cerebellar long-term depression pathway (LTD), which is a cellular model for synaptic plasticity. The LTD also includes cadherins and AMPA receptors, whose component GSG1L was linked to arranging. These results suggest that molecular pathways linked to memory and learning via LTD affect music-related creative behaviour. Musical creativity is a complex phenotype where a common background with musicality and intelligence has been proposed. Here, we implicate genetic regions affecting music-related creative behaviour, which also include genes with neuropsychiatric associations. We also propose a common genetic background for music-related creative behaviour and musical abilities at chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Oikkonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Tuire Kuusi
- Sibelius Academy, University of the Arts Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Peltonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Liisa Ukkola-Vuoti
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Karma
- Sibelius Academy, University of the Arts Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Onkamo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irma Järvelä
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Cervera-Carles L, Clarimón J. Genetic and Epigenetic Architecture of Alzheimer’s Dementia. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-016-0086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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