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Paul P, Koh WP, Jin A, Michel A, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Wang R, Yuan JM, Butler LM. Soy and tea intake on cervical cancer risk: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:847-857. [PMID: 31154549 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Soy isoflavones and tea catechins have immunomodulating and chemopreventive properties relevant for cervical carcinogenesis; however, there are limited epidemiologic data on the relationship of soy and tea consumption with cervical cancer risk. The aim of our study was to examine effects of soy and tea intake on cervical cancer risk among Singapore Chinese women. METHODS The association between intake of soy and tea drinking and cervical cancer risk was investigated in a prospective, population-based cohort of 30,744 Chinese women in Singapore with an average 16.7 years of follow-up and 312 incident cervical cancer cases. Multivariable proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of cervical cancer associated with intake levels of soy and tea. RESULTS High intake of soy alone was associated with a statistically borderline significant 20% reduced risk of cervical cancer (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.61, 1.05) while green tea alone was not (HR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.76, 1.22). In stratified analysis, high intake of soy was associated with a statistically significant decrease in cervical cancer risk among green tea drinkers (HR 0.43; 95% CI 0.28, 0.69) but not among non-drinkers of green tea. The difference in the soy-cervical cancer risk association between green tea drinkers and non-drinkers was statistically significant (p for interaction = 0.004). This inverse association between soy intake and cervical cancer risk remained after further adjustment for human papillomavirus serostatus. Black tea consumption was not associated with cervical cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a protective effect of soy against cervical cancer development may depend on green tea constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Proma Paul
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aizhen Jin
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angelika Michel
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renwei Wang
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lesley M Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Effect of a Neoflavonoid (Dalbergin) on T47D Breast Cancer Cell Line and mRNA Levels of p53, Bcl-2, and STAT3 Genes. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.87175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Soda K. Spermine and gene methylation: a mechanism of lifespan extension induced by polyamine-rich diet. Amino Acids 2019; 52:213-224. [PMID: 31004229 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The polyamines spermidine and spermine are synthesized in almost all organisms and are also contained in food. Polyamine synthesis decreases with aging, but no significant decrease in polyamine concentrations were found in organs, tissues, and blood of adult animals and humans. We found that healthy dietary patterns were associated with a preference for polyamine-rich foods, and first reported that increased polyamine intake extended the lifespan of mice and decreased the incidence of colon cancer induced by repeated administration of moderate amounts of a carcinogen. Recent investigations have revealed that changes in DNA methylation status play an important role in lifespan and aging-associated pathologies. The methylation of DNA is regulated by DNA methyltransferases in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine. Decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine, converted from S-adenosylmethionine by S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, provides an aminopropyl group to synthesize spermine and spermidine and acts to inhibit DNMT activity. Long-term increased polyamine intake were shown to elevate blood spermine levels in mice and humans. In vitro studies demonstrated that spermine reversed changes induced by the inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (e.g., increased decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine, decreased DNA methyltransferase activity, increased aberrant DNA methylation), whose activity decreases with aging. Further, aged mice fed high-polyamine chow demonstrated suppression of aberrant DNA methylation and a consequent increase in protein levels of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1, which plays a pivotal role on inflammatory process. This review discusses the relation between polyamine metabolism and DNA methylation, as well as the biological mechanism of lifespan extension induced by increased polyamine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyasu Soda
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan.
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Guardado-Félix D, Antunes-Ricardo M, Rocha-Pizaña MR, Martínez-Torres AC, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA, Serna Saldivar SO. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) sprouts containing supranutritional levels of selenium decrease tumor growth of colon cancer cells xenografted in immune-suppressed mice. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Deciphering the Molecular Mechanisms Sustaining the Estrogenic Activity of the Two Major Dietary Compounds Zearalenone and Apigenin in ER-Positive Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020237. [PMID: 30678243 PMCID: PMC6412274 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavone apigenin and the mycotoxin zearalenone are two major compounds found in the human diet which bind estrogen receptors (ERs), and therefore influence ER activity. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well known. To unravel the molecular mechanisms that could explain the differential effect of zearalenone and apigenin on ER-positive breast cancer cell proliferation, gene-reporter assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments, proliferation assays and transcriptomic analysis were performed. We found that zearalenone and apigenin transactivated ERs and promoted the expression of estradiol (E2)-responsive genes. However, zearalenone clearly enhanced cellular proliferation, while apigenin appeared to be antiestrogenic in the presence of E2 in both ER-positive breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and T47D. The transcriptomic analysis showed that both compounds regulate gene expression in the same way, but with differences in intensity. Two major sets of genes were identified; one set was linked to the cell cycle and the other set was linked to stress response and growth arrest. Our results show that the transcription dynamics in gene regulation induced by apigenin were somehow different with zearalenone and E2 and may explain the differential effect of these compounds on the phenotype of the breast cancer cell. Together, our results confirmed the potential health benefit effect of apigenin, while zearalenone appeared to be a true endocrine-disrupting compound.
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Luo G, Tang Z, Li X, Hou Q, Chen Y, Lao K, Xiang H. 3, 9-di-O-substituted coumestrols incorporating basic amine side chains act as novel apoptosis inducers with improved pharmacological selectivity. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:140-151. [PMID: 30612080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is much interest in the use of phytoestrogens such as coumestrol in breast cancer intervention due to their antiestrogenic activity and multiple modes of tumor cell death. However, the clear beneficial effects of naturally occurring estrogen mimetic coumestrol remain controversial due to experimental evidence that it has been shown to stimulate MCF-7 cell proliferation via agonist effect on estrogen receptor at low concentration. Herein, to disconnect the ER interaction and apoptosis-specific mechanism of coumestrol, various 3, 9-di-O-substituted coumestrols (7a-7e) and their furan ring-opened analogs (5a-5e) were synthesized and assessed for antiproliferative properties. Attachment of a dimethylamine-containing side chain to 3-O of coumestrol led to the most promising compound 7e with improved antiproliferative activity (1.7-fold increase) against MCF-7 cells, decreased estrogen activity (>20 times weaker ERα binder) and a novel action to induce apoptosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that 7e is a tubulin polymerization inhibitor, which could arrest cell cycle at G2/M phase and induce apoptosis along with the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential. In summary, such subtle modifications to the 3, 9-di-hydroxyl groups of coumestrol allow the generation of a novel apoptosis inducer with distinct pharmacological properties, providing an excellent starting point to future development of novel tumor-vascular disrupting agents targeting tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhengpu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiangqiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kejing Lao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Bax EN, Cochran KE, Mao J, Wiedmeyer CE, Rosenfeld CS. Opposing effects of S-equol supplementation on metabolic and behavioral parameters in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 2018; 64:39-48. [PMID: 30802721 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens, such as daidzein and genistein, may be used to treat various hormone-dependent disorders. Daidzein can be metabolized by intestinal microbes to S-equol. However, not all individuals possess bacteria producing this metabolite, resulting in categorization of equol vs nonequol producers. Past human and rodent studies have suggested that supplementation of this compound might yield beneficial metabolic and behavioral effects. We hypothesized that administration of S-equol to diet-induced obese male and female mice would mitigate potential diet-induced metabolic and comorbid neurobehavioral disorders. To test this possibility, we placed 5-week-old C57 mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) to mimic the diet currently consumed by many Western adults. Animals were randomly assigned to S-equol supplementation (10 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle control group. After 4 weeks on HFD with or without S-equol supplementation, metabolic and behavioral phenotyping was performed. Although the initial hypothesis proposed that S-equol treatment would improve metabolic and neurobehavioral outcomes, this supplementation instead exacerbated aspects of HFD-induced metabolic disease, as indicated by suppressed physical activity in treated individuals, reduced energy expenditure in treated males, and serum chemistry changes (hyperglycemia in treated individuals; hyperinsulinemia and hypoleptinemia in treated males). Conversely, S-equol individuals exhibited less anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, as evidenced by increased exploratory time in the elevated plus maze by treated males and increased time spent mobile in the tail suspension test for treated individuals. In summary, S-equol may be beneficial in mitigating depression and anxiety disorders in individuals, but for indeterminate reasons, supplementation may worsen facets of metabolic disorders in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Bax
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Karlee E Cochran
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jiude Mao
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Charles E Wiedmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Yakimchuk K, Bangalore Revanna C, Huang D, Inzunza J, Okret S. Suppression of lymphoma growth by the xenoestrogens bisphenol A and genistein. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:1472-1479. [PMID: 30496125 PMCID: PMC6300865 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined physiological functions of estrogens are mediated via nuclear estrogen receptors α (ESR1) and β (ESR2). With regard to hematological malignancies, expression of ESR2 has been found in both B and T cell lymphomas. In addition to endogenous estrogens or selective ESR2 agonists, ESR2 signaling may be affected by both environmental synthetic estrogen-mimicking compounds and dietary phytoestrogens. In the present study, we demonstrate that oral exposure with either the synthetic compound bisphenol A (BPA) or the dietary phytoestrogen genistein reduced the growth of grafted murine T cell (EG7) and human B cell (Granta-519 mantle cell) lymphomas which both express ESR2. Suppression of lymphoma growth was due to reduced proliferation (BPA and genistein) and induction of apoptosis (genistein). Inhibition of lymphoma growth was seen at a BPA dose of 50 µg/kg body weight (BW)/day considered to be safe human exposure dose or a genistein dose of 1 mg/kg BW/day orally, which is reached in soy-rich diets. Thus, our study indicates that the environmental xenoestrogens BPA and genistein have anti-proliferative effects on ESR2-expressing lymphomas. Our data suggest that phytoestrogens may be considered as a dietary supplement for lymphoma patients and possibly for prevention of lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Yakimchuk
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet, Neo, Huddinge, Sweden
- Correspondence should be addressed to K Yakimchuk:
| | | | - Dan Huang
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet, Neo, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jose Inzunza
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet, Neo, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sam Okret
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet, Neo, Huddinge, Sweden
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Milk intake and mammographic density in premenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 174:249-255. [PMID: 30456438 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-5062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. Although diet is associated with breast cancer risk, there are limited studies linking adult diet, including milk intake, with mammographic density. Here, we investigate the association of milk intake with mammographic density in premenopausal women. METHODS We analyzed data from 375 cancer-free premenopausal women who had routine screening mammography at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri in 2016. We used Volpara to measure volumetric percent density, dense volume, and non-dense volume. We collected information on recent milk intake (past 12 months), and categorized skim milk and low/reduced-fat milk intake into 4 groups: < 1/week, 1/week, 2-6 times/week, ≥ 1/day, while whole and soy milk intake were categorized into 2 groups: < 1/week, ≥ 1/week. We used multivariable linear regression model to evaluate the associations of milk intake and log-transformed volumetric percent density, dense volume, and non-dense volume. RESULTS In multivariable analyses, volumetric percent density was 20% (p-value = 0.003) lower in the 1/week group, 14% (p-value = 0.047) lower in the 2-6/week group, and 12% (p-value = 0.144) lower in the ≥ 1/day group (p-trend = 0.011) compared with women who consumed low/reduced-fat milk < 1/week. Attenuated and non-significant associations were observed for low/reduced-fat milk intake and dense volume. There were no associations of whole, skim, and soy milk intake with volumetric percent density and dense volume. CONCLUSIONS Recent low/reduced-fat milk intake was inversely associated with volumetric percent density in premenopausal women. Studies on childhood and adolescent milk intake and adult mammographic density in premenopausal women are needed.
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Basu P, Maier C. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer: In vitro anticancer activities of isoflavones, lignans, coumestans, stilbenes and their analogs and derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1648-1666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Soda K. Polyamine Metabolism and Gene Methylation in Conjunction with One-Carbon Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3106. [PMID: 30309036 PMCID: PMC6213949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations have revealed that changes in DNA methylation status play an important role in aging-associated pathologies and lifespan. The methylation of DNA is regulated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b) in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which serves as a methyl group donor. Increased availability of SAM enhances DNMT activity, while its metabolites, S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcSAM), act to inhibit DNMT activity. SAH, which is converted from SAM by adding a methyl group to cytosine residues in DNA, is an intermediate precursor of homocysteine. dcSAM, converted from SAM by the enzymatic activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, provides an aminopropyl group to synthesize the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Increased homocysteine levels are a significant risk factor for the development of a wide range of conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. However, successful homocysteine-lowering treatment by vitamins (B6, B12, and folate) failed to improve these conditions. Long-term increased polyamine intake elevated blood spermine levels and inhibited aging-associated pathologies in mice and humans. Spermine reversed changes (increased dcSAM, decreased DNMT activity, aberrant DNA methylation, and proinflammatory status) induced by the inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase. The relation between polyamine metabolism, one-carbon metabolism, DNA methylation, and the biological mechanism of spermine-induced lifespan extension is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyasu Soda
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya, Saitama-city, Saitama Prefecture 330-8503, Japan.
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Sanaei M, Kavoosi F, Dehghani F. Comparative Analysis of the Effects of 17-Beta Estradiol on Proliferation, and Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hep G2 and LCL-PI 11 Cell Lines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2637-2641. [PMID: 30256559 PMCID: PMC6249463 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.9.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phytoestrogens are a group of natural compounds with estrogen-like activity and similar structure to estradiol that structurally mimic the mammalian estrogen 17-β estradiol (E2). They have a biphasic effect and exert pleiotropic effects which induce or inhibit estrogen action by activation/inhibition of the estrogen receptors (ERs). These compounds can induce apoptosis at high concentrations. The previous finding indicated that E2 inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) PLC/PRF/5 cell line. The aim of the present study was to investigate the apoptotic and proliferative effects of E2 on hepatocellular carcinoma HepG 2 and LCL-PI 11 cells. Methods: The Hep G2 and LCL-PI 11 cells were cultured and treated with E2 for different time periods and then MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl) -2, 5-diphenyl -2H- tetrazolium bromide] assay and flow cytometry assay were done to determine cell viability and cell apoptosis respectively. Results: E2 had inhibitory and apoptotic effects on Hep G2 cell line, whereas it indicated a biphasic effect on LCL-PI 11 cell line. The half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was 3 μM. The inhibitory effect of E2 on Hep G2 cells was observed with all concentrations of E2 (P <0.087), whereas E2 showed a biphasic effect on LCL-PI 11. This compound induced significant apoptosis in Hep G2 cell line at the all treatment times versus control groups, whereas, in the LCL-PI 11 cell, significant apoptotic cells were observed after 72 and 96h (P <0.001). Conclusion: E2 can inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG 2 and LCL-PI 11 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Sanaei
- Research Center for Non- Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
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Tan MM, Ho WK, Yoon SY, Mariapun S, Hasan SN, Lee DSC, Hassan T, Lee SY, Phuah SY, Sivanandan K, Ng PPS, Rajaram N, Jaganathan M, Jamaris S, Islam T, Rahmat K, Fadzli F, Vijayananthan A, Rajadurai P, See MH, Thong MK, Mohd Taib NA, Yip CH, Teo SH. A case-control study of breast cancer risk factors in 7,663 women in Malaysia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203469. [PMID: 30216346 PMCID: PMC6138391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer risk factors have been examined extensively in Western setting and more developed Asian cities/countries. However, there are limited data on developing Asian countries. The purpose of this study was to examine breast cancer risk factors and the change of selected risk factors across birth cohorts in Malaysian women. METHODS An unmatched hospital based case-control study was conducted from October 2002 to December 2016 in Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 3,683 cases and 3,980 controls were included in this study. Unconditional logistic regressions, adjusted for potential confounding factors, were conducted. The breast cancer risk factors were compared across four birth cohorts by ethnicity. RESULTS Ever breastfed, longer breastfeeding duration, a higher soymilk and soy product intake, and a higher level of physical activity were associated with lower risk of breast cancer. Chinese had the lowest breastfeeding rate, shortest breastfeeding duration, lowest parity and highest age of first full term pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that breastfeeding, soy intake and physical activity are modifiable risk factors for breast cancer. With the increasing incidence of breast cancer there is an urgent need to educate the women about lifestyle intervention they can take to reduce their breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Min Tan
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Weang-Kee Ho
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sook-Yee Yoon
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Tiara Hassan
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sheau-Yee Lee
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sze-Yee Phuah
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Nadia Rajaram
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Suniza Jamaris
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tania Islam
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kartini Rahmat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Biomedical Imaging Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Farhana Fadzli
- Biomedical Imaging Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anushya Vijayananthan
- Biomedical Imaging Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pathmanathan Rajadurai
- Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mee-Hong See
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meow-Keong Thong
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Aishah Mohd Taib
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cheng-Har Yip
- Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Hüser S, Guth S, Joost HG, Soukup ST, Köhrle J, Kreienbrock L, Diel P, Lachenmeier DW, Eisenbrand G, Vollmer G, Nöthlings U, Marko D, Mally A, Grune T, Lehmann L, Steinberg P, Kulling SE. Effects of isoflavones on breast tissue and the thyroid hormone system in humans: a comprehensive safety evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2703-2748. [PMID: 30132047 PMCID: PMC6132702 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are secondary plant constituents of certain foods and feeds such as soy, linseeds, and red clover. Furthermore, isoflavone-containing preparations are marketed as food supplements and so-called dietary food for special medical purposes to alleviate health complaints of peri- and postmenopausal women. Based on the bioactivity of isoflavones, especially their hormonal properties, there is an ongoing discussion regarding their potential adverse effects on human health. This review evaluates and summarises the evidence from interventional and observational studies addressing potential unintended effects of isoflavones on the female breast in healthy women as well as in breast cancer patients and on the thyroid hormone system. In addition, evidence from animal and in vitro studies considered relevant in this context was taken into account along with their strengths and limitations. Key factors influencing the biological effects of isoflavones, e.g., bioavailability, plasma and tissue concentrations, metabolism, temporality (pre- vs. postmenopausal women), and duration of isoflavone exposure, were also addressed. Final conclusions on the safety of isoflavones are guided by the aim of precautionary consumer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hüser
- Institute for Food Toxicology, Senate Commission on Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Guth
- Institute for Food Toxicology, Senate Commission on Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - H G Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - S T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, CVK, Berlin, Germany
| | - L Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - D W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Eisenbrand
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Molecular Nutrition, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - G Vollmer
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - U Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - D Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - L Lehmann
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - P Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Akhlaghi M, Ghobadi S, Mohammad Hosseini M, Gholami Z, Mohammadian F. Flavanols are potential anti-obesity agents, a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:675-690. [PMID: 29759310 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-obesity potential of flavonoids has been shown by animal and human studies. In this meta-analysis, we systematically reviewed controlled clinical trials and quantified the effects of flavonoids and flavonoid subclasses on obesity-related anthropometric measures. METHODS AND RESULTS PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases were searched to identify trials examining the effect of flavonoids on body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and body fat percentage. Fifty eight trials passed the eligibility process. Analysis endpoints were calculated as the mean difference between baseline and post-treatment. Flavonoids were in subclasses of flavanols, flavonols, isoflavones, flavanones, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins. They were mostly in the form of supplements and dosages varying from 40 to 1300 mg/day. Among flavonoid subclasses, flavanols showed potential for decreasing BMI, in the overall population (mean difference (MD) = -0.28 kg/m2, P = 0.04; n = 21) and in the subgroups of Asians (MD = -0.42 kg/m2; P = 0.046; n = 13), ages < 50 years (MD = -0.50 kg/m2; P = 0.008; n = 14), BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (MD = -0.30 kg/m2; P = 0.049; n = 15), and at doses ≥ 500 mg/day (MD = -0.36 kg/m2; P = 0.049; n = 12). Isoflavones also decreased BMI of non-Asian populations (MD = -0.26 kg/m2; P = 0.035; n = 13) and doses ≥ 75 mg/day (MD = -0.34 kg/m2; P = 0.027; n = 8). In the overall assessment, flavanols also decreased waist circumference (MD = -0.60 cm; P = 0.02; n = 18) but had no significant effect on body fat percentage. The available trials did not reveal significant effects from flavonols, flavanones, and anthocyanins on the specified anthropometric measures. CONCLUSIONS Overall results of this meta-analysis showed that flavanols have potential against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akhlaghi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S Ghobadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - M Mohammad Hosseini
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Z Gholami
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - F Mohammadian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Roy UK, Lavignac N, Rahman AM, Nielsen BV. Purification of lectin and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from soya seeds. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:436-442. [PMID: 29566134 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The search for potent and selective therapeutic agents is progressing by the study of natural compounds in plants. Plant-derived macromolecules are considered emerging therapeutic agents and an alternative to synthetic and small molecule drugs. Where it has long been known that plants possess medicinal properties, the compounds responsible for their action are in many cases still unknown: often only whole crude plant extracts or fractionated extracts are tested for the ability to inhibit common pathogens. Here, we present a fast protein liquid chromatography method for the separation of crude plant proteins. Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI; 24.2 kDa) and lectin (31 kDa) were purified from Glycine max by liquid extraction followed by ion exchange column chromatography. The need for serial chromatographic separation steps has been eliminated by introducing more complex elution profiles hence reducing cost, time and improving recovery. The identity of KTI-A and lectin was confirmed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). Cell proliferation assays using B16F1 melanoma cells revealed that both KTI and the monomeric lectin retained some antiproliferative activity. This method could be useful for rapid and cost-effective purification of bioactive compounds from plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam K Roy
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Nathalie Lavignac
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Azizur M Rahman
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Birthe V Nielsen
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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68
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Hiatt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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69
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Clarke MA, Joshu CE. Early Life Exposures and Adult Cancer Risk. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 39:11-27. [PMID: 28407101 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the influence of early life exposures on adult cancer risk. The purpose of this narrative review was to summarize the epidemiologic evidence relating early life tobacco use, obesity, diet, and physical activity to adult cancer risk; describe relevant theoretical frameworks and methodological strategies for studying early life exposures; and discuss policies and research initiatives focused on early life. Our findings suggest that in utero exposures may indirectly influence cancer risk by modifying biological pathways associated with carcinogenesis; however, more research is needed to firmly establish these associations. Initiation of exposures during childhood and adolescence may impact cancer risk by increasing duration and lifetime exposure to carcinogens and/or by acting during critical developmental periods. To expand the evidence base, we encourage the use of life course frameworks, causal inference methods such as Mendelian randomization, and statistical approaches such as group-based trajectory modeling in future studies. Further, we emphasize the need for objective exposure biomarkers and valid surrogate endpoints to reduce misclassification. With the exception of tobacco use, there is insufficient evidence to support the development of new cancer prevention policies; however, we highlight existing policies that may reduce the burden of these modifiable risk factors in early life.
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Rim CH. Development of quantitative index evaluating anticancer or carcinogenic potential of diet: the anti-cancer food scoring system 1.0. Nutr Res Pract 2018; 12:52-60. [PMID: 29399297 PMCID: PMC5792257 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2018.12.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Cancer is closely related to diet. One of the most reliable reports of the subject is the expert report from the World Cancer Research Fund & American Institute of Cancer Research (WCRF&AICR). However, majority of the studies including above were written with academic terms and in English. The aim of this study is to create a model, named Anti-Cancer Food Scoring System (ACFS), to provide a simple index of the anticancer potential of food. SUBJECTS/METHODS We created ACFS codes of various food groups. The evidence of the ACFS codes was provided by the literature at a level comparable to that suggested in the WCRF&AICR report or from the WCRF&AICR report. The ACFS grade was calculated considering food group, cooking, and normalization. Application was performed for Koreans' 20 common meals, which encompass multinational recipes. RESULT We calculated the ACFS grades of Koreans' 20 common meals. The results were not significantly different from the WCRF&AICR guidelines or information from the National Cancer Information Center of Korea. The grades were briefly interpreted as follows: grade S. ideal for cancer prevention; grade A. good for cancer prevention; grade B, might have anticancer potential; grade C, difficult to be regarded as preventive or carcinogenic; grade D, might against cancer prevention; grade E, probably against cancer prevention. CONCLUSIONS The ACFS provides a simple index of anticancer potential of diets. This indicator can be useful for the people without expertise, and is effective in evaluating the diets including Asian foods. The ACFS can help design of future clinical or nutritional studies of cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Hong Rim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ansan Hospital, Korea University Medical College, 123, Jeokgeum ro, Danwon-gu, Gyeonggi 15355, Korea
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71
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Estrogen–gut microbiome axis: Physiological and clinical implications. Maturitas 2017; 103:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lecomte S, Chalmel F, Ferriere F, Percevault F, Plu N, Saligaut C, Surel C, Lelong M, Efstathiou T, Pakdel F. Glyceollins trigger anti-proliferative effects through estradiol-dependent and independent pathways in breast cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:26. [PMID: 28666461 PMCID: PMC5493871 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen receptors (ER) α and β are found in both women and men in many tissues, where they have different functions, including having roles in cell proliferation and differentiation of the reproductive tract. In addition to estradiol (E2), a natural hormone, numerous compounds are able to bind ERs and modulate their activities. Among these compounds, phytoestrogens such as isoflavones, which are found in plants, are promising therapeutics for several pathologies. Glyceollins are second metabolites of isoflavones that are mainly produced in soybean in response to an elicitor. They have potentially therapeutic actions in breast cancer by reducing the proliferation of cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms driving these effects remain elusive. Methods First, to determine the proliferative or anti-proliferative effects of glyceollins, in vivo and in vitro approaches were used. The length of epithelial duct in mammary gland as well as uterotrophy after treatment by E2 and glyceollins and their effect on proliferation of different breast cell line were assessed. Secondly, the ability of glyceollin to activate ER was assessed by luciferase assay. Finally, to unravel molecular mechanisms involved by glyceollins, transcriptomic analysis was performed on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results In this study, we show that synthetic versions of glyceollin I and II exert anti-proliferative effects in vivo in mouse mammary glands and in vitro in different ER-positive and ER-negative breast cell lines. Using transcriptomic analysis, we produce for the first time an integrated view of gene regulation in response to glyceollins and reveal that these phytochemicals act through at least two major pathways. One pathway involving FOXM1 and ERα is directly linked to proliferation. The other involves the HIF family and reveals that stress is a potential factor in the anti-proliferative effects of glyceollins due to its role in increasing the expression of REDD1, an mTORC1 inhibitor. Conclusion Overall, our study clearly shows that glyceollins exert anti-proliferative effects by reducing the expression of genes encoding cell cycle and mitosis-associated factors and biomarkers overexpressed in cancers and by increasing the expression of growth arrest-related genes. These results reinforce the therapeutic potential of glyceollins for breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-017-0182-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lecomte
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Inserm U1085, Team Transcription, Environment and Cancer, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Chalmel
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Inserm U1085, Team Viral and Chemical Environment & Reproduction, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - François Ferriere
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Inserm U1085, Team Transcription, Environment and Cancer, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Percevault
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Inserm U1085, Team Transcription, Environment and Cancer, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Plu
- Laboratoire Nutrinov, Technopole Atalante Champeaux, 8 rue Jules Maillard de la Gournerie, 35012, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Christian Saligaut
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Inserm U1085, Team Transcription, Environment and Cancer, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Surel
- Laboratoire Nutrinov, Technopole Atalante Champeaux, 8 rue Jules Maillard de la Gournerie, 35012, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Marie Lelong
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Inserm U1085, Team Transcription, Environment and Cancer, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Theo Efstathiou
- Laboratoire Nutrinov, Technopole Atalante Champeaux, 8 rue Jules Maillard de la Gournerie, 35012, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France. .,Inserm U1085, Team Transcription, Environment and Cancer, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.
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Rietjens IMCM, Louisse J, Beekmann K. The potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1263-1280. [PMID: 27723080 PMCID: PMC5429336 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are plant-derived dietary compounds with structural similarity to 17-β-oestradiol (E2), the primary female sex hormone. This structural similarity to E2 enables phytoestrogens to cause (anti)oestrogenic effects by binding to the oestrogen receptors. The aim of the present review is to present a state-of-the-art overview of the potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens. Various beneficial health effects have been ascribed to phytoestrogens, such as a lowered risk of menopausal symptoms like hot flushes and osteoporosis, lowered risks of cardiovascular disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, brain function disorders, breast cancer, prostate cancer, bowel cancer and other cancers. In contrast to these beneficial health claims, the (anti)oestrogenic properties of phytoestrogens have also raised concerns since they might act as endocrine disruptors, indicating a potential to cause adverse health effects. The literature overview presented in this paper illustrates that several potential health benefits of phytoestrogens have been reported but that, given the data on potential adverse health effects, the current evidence on these beneficial health effects is not so obvious that they clearly outweigh the possible health risks. Furthermore, the data currently available are not sufficient to support a more refined (semi) quantitative risk-benefit analysis. This implies that a definite conclusion on possible beneficial health effects of phytoestrogens cannot be made. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Demchig D, Mello-Thoms C, Brennan PC. Breast cancer in Mongolia: an increasingly important health policy issue. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2017; 9:29-38. [PMID: 28176935 PMCID: PMC5268367 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s125584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death for women in both developed and developing countries. The incidence and mortality of breast cancer in Mongolia, while low compared with other counties, has been increasing on an annual basis. In addition, in Mongolia, approximately 90% of the patients are diagnosed at a late stage, resulting in high mortality, with the majority of individuals diagnosed with breast cancer dying within 5 years of diagnosis. Breast cancer screening plays an important role in reducing mortality in Western countries and has been adopted by a number of Asian countries; however, no such approach exists in Mongolia. In a country of limited resources, implementation of expensive health strategies such as screening requires effective allocations of resources and the identification of the most effective imaging methods. This requirement relies on recent accurate data; however, at this time, there is a paucity of information around breast cancer in Mongolia. Until data around features of the disease are available, effective strategies to diagnose breast cancer that recognize the economic climate in Mongolia cannot be implemented and the impact of breast cancer is likely to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delgermaa Demchig
- Medical Image Optimization and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Faculty of Health Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claudia Mello-Thoms
- Medical Image Optimization and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Faculty of Health Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick C Brennan
- Medical Image Optimization and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Faculty of Health Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Westmark CJ. Soy-Based Therapeutic Baby Formulas: Testable Hypotheses Regarding the Pros and Cons. Front Nutr 2017; 3:59. [PMID: 28149839 PMCID: PMC5241282 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy-based infant formulas have been consumed in the United States since 1909, and currently constitute a significant portion of the infant formula market. There are efforts underway to generate genetically modified soybeans that produce therapeutic agents of interest with the intent to deliver those agents in a soy-based infant formula platform. The threefold purpose of this review article is to first discuss the pros and cons of soy-based infant formulas, then present testable hypotheses to discern the suitability of a soy platform for drug delivery in babies, and finally start a discussion to inform public policy on this important area of infant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara J Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin , Madison, WI , USA
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76
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Maskarinec G, Ju D, Morimoto Y, Franke AA, Stanczyk FZ. Soy Food Intake and Biomarkers of Breast Cancer Risk: Possible Difference in Asian Women? Nutr Cancer 2016; 69:146-153. [PMID: 27918846 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1250924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Soy foods may protect against breast cancer in Asian but not in Western populations. We examined if the levels of various markers of breast cancer risk and inflammation, as well as the effects of soy food consumption on these markers, differ between Asian and non-Asian premenopausal women in two soy intervention trials. One study randomized 220 women to a 2-yr intervention and the other one randomized 96 women in a crossover design to examine the effects of consumption of 2 daily soy servings on nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) volume; estrogens in serum, NAF, and urine; insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein 3, and inflammatory markers in serum; and mammographic densities. Mixed linear models were applied to assess ethnic differences in biomarkers and response to the soy diet. Serum C-reactive protein, serum leptin, NAF volume, and NAF estrone sulfate were lower, while urinary isoflavones were higher in Asian than in non-Asian women. A significant interaction (pinteraction = 0.05) between ethnicity and soy diet was observed for IGF-1 but not for other biomarkers. The current findings suggest possible ethnic differences in levels of biomarkers for breast cancer risk but little evidence that Asian women respond differently to soy foods than non-Asian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertraud Maskarinec
- a Epidemiology Program , University of Hawaii Cancer Center , Honolulu , Hawaii , USA
| | - Dan Ju
- a Epidemiology Program , University of Hawaii Cancer Center , Honolulu , Hawaii , USA
| | - Yukiko Morimoto
- a Epidemiology Program , University of Hawaii Cancer Center , Honolulu , Hawaii , USA
| | - Adrian A Franke
- a Epidemiology Program , University of Hawaii Cancer Center , Honolulu , Hawaii , USA
| | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- b Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
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Dietz BM, Hajirahimkhan A, Dunlap TL, Bolton JL. Botanicals and Their Bioactive Phytochemicals for Women's Health. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:1026-1073. [PMID: 27677719 PMCID: PMC5050441 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements are increasingly popular for women's health, particularly for older women. The specific botanicals women take vary as a function of age. Younger women will use botanicals for urinary tract infections, especially Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry), where there is evidence for efficacy. Botanical dietary supplements for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are less commonly used, and rigorous clinical trials have not been done. Some examples include Vitex agnus-castus (chasteberry), Angelica sinensis (dong quai), Viburnum opulus/prunifolium (cramp bark and black haw), and Zingiber officinale (ginger). Pregnant women have also used ginger for relief from nausea. Natural galactagogues for lactating women include Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) and Silybum marianum (milk thistle); however, rigorous safety and efficacy studies are lacking. Older women suffering menopausal symptoms are increasingly likely to use botanicals, especially since the Women's Health Initiative showed an increased risk for breast cancer associated with traditional hormone therapy. Serotonergic mechanisms similar to antidepressants have been proposed for Actaea/Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) and Valeriana officinalis (valerian). Plant extracts with estrogenic activities for menopausal symptom relief include Glycine max (soy), Trifolium pratense (red clover), Pueraria lobata (kudzu), Humulus lupulus (hops), Glycyrrhiza species (licorice), Rheum rhaponticum (rhubarb), Vitex agnus-castus (chasteberry), Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed), Epimedium species (herba Epimedii, horny goat weed), and Medicago sativa (alfalfa). Some of the estrogenic botanicals have also been shown to have protective effects against osteoporosis. Several of these botanicals could have additional breast cancer preventive effects linked to hormonal, chemical, inflammatory, and/or epigenetic pathways. Finally, although botanicals are perceived as natural safe remedies, it is important for women and their healthcare providers to realize that they have not been rigorously tested for potential toxic effects and/or drug/botanical interactions. Understanding the mechanism of action of these supplements used for women's health will ultimately lead to standardized botanical products with higher efficacy, safety, and chemopreventive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit M Dietz
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Atieh Hajirahimkhan
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tareisha L Dunlap
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Judy L Bolton
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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78
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Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) play an important role in metabolism and clearance of most clinically utilized drugs and other xenobiotics. They are important in metabolism of endogenous compounds including fatty acids, sterols, steroids and lipid-soluble vitamins. Dietary factors such as phytochemicals are capable of affecting CYP expression and activity, which may be important in diet-drug interactions and in the development of fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer. One important diet-CYP interaction is with diets containing plant proteins, particularly soy protein. Soy diets are traditionally consumed in Asian countries and are linked to lower incidence of several cancers and of cardiovascular disease in Asian populations. Soy is also an important protein source in vegetarian and vegan diets and the sole protein source in soy infant formulas. Recent studies suggest that consumption of soy can inhibit induction of CY1 enzymes by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which may contribute to cancer prevention. In addition, there are data to suggest that soy components promiscuously activate several nuclear receptors including PXR, PPAR and LXR resulting in increased expression of CYP3As, CYP4As and CYPs involved in metabolism of cholesterol to bile acids. Such soy-CYP interactions may alter drug pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy and are associated with improved lipid homeostasis and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. The current review summarizes results from in vitro; in vivo and clinical studies of soy-CYP interactions and examines the evidence linking the effects of soy diets on CYP expression to isoflavone phytoestrogens, particularly, genistein and daidzein that are associated with soy protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J J Ronis
- a Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , LA , USA
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79
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Park MK, Paik HY, Lee Y. Intake Trends of Red Meat, Alcohol, and Fruits and Vegetables as Cancer-Related Dietary Factors from 1998 to 2009. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016; 7:180-9. [PMID: 27413649 PMCID: PMC4927666 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, and cancer incidence and mortality have been increasing steadily in South Korea. This study aimed to examine the change in consumption of three cancer-related dietary factors—red meat, alcohol, and fruits/vegetables, and to evaluate consumption of these dietary factors among Koreans according to the criteria from the recommendations of the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research. Methods Consumption of red meat, alcoholic beverages, and fruits and vegetables was calculated from the 24-hour recall data of 36,486 individuals older than 20 years who were selected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998–2009. The intake adequacy of these three factors was evaluated by the recommended criteria of the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research report. Results The mean red meat intake in the men in their 20s increased sharply (from 91.6 g to 111.3 g, p < 0.05). The mean alcohol intake increased continuously in men (from 10.3 g to 20.0 g, p < 0.05) and women (from 1.5 g to 3.5 g, p < 0.05). The mean fruit/vegetable intake decreased in the 21–29–year age group (from 349.4 g to 306.7 g in men; from 393.3 g to 292.5 g in women; p < 0.05). The percentage of individuals who did not meet the intake criteria for the three cancer-related dietary factors was especially high, and the percentage increased over 10 years in those in their 20s (p < 0.05). Conclusion We confirmed that intakes of red meat, alcoholic drink, and fruits and vegetables have moved toward a negative direction in both men and women in their 20s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Young Paik
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonsook Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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80
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Soukup ST, Helppi J, Müller DR, Zierau O, Watzl B, Vollmer G, Diel P, Bub A, Kulling SE. Phase II metabolism of the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein in humans, rats and mice: a cross-species and sex comparison. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1335-47. [PMID: 26838042 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Soy isoflavones (IF) are in the focus of biomedical research since more than two decades. To assess their bioactivity, IF are investigated in rats and mice as a model. As the biological activity of IF is affected by their biotransformation, our aim was to comprehensively compare the conjugative and microbial metabolism of daidzein and genistein in adult humans, rats and mice of both sexes. One identical soy extract and a validated LC-MS method were used for all studies. We detected considerable differences between the three species. In rats and mice, sex-specific differences were observed in addition. The major plasma phase II metabolites in humans were the 7-sulfo-4'-glucuronides (39-49 %) and, in case of genistein, also the diglucuronide (34 %), whereas in mice monosulfates (33-41 %) and monoglucuronides (30-40 %) predominated. In male rats the disulfates (23-62 %) and 7-sulfo-4'-glucuronides (19-54 %) were predominant, while in female rats the 7-glucuronides (81-93 %) exhibited highest concentrations. The portion of aglycones was low in humans (0.5-1.3 %) and rats (0.5-3.1 %) but comparatively high in mice (3.1-26.0 %), especially in the case of daidzein. Furthermore, substantial differences were observed between daidzein and genistein metabolism. In contrast to humans, all rats and mice were equol producer, independent of their sex. In conclusion, there are marked differences between humans, rats and mice in the profile of major metabolites following IF phase II metabolism. These differences may contribute to resolve inconsistencies in results concerning the bioactivity of IF and should be considered when applying findings of animal studies to humans, e.g., for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jussi Helppi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dennis R Müller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute for Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernhard Watzl
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Günter Vollmer
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute for Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Achim Bub
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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81
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Schmidt M, Arjomand-Wölkart K, Birkhäuser MH, Genazzani AR, Gruber DM, Huber J, Kölbl H, Kreft S, Leodolter S, Linsberger D, Metka M, Simoncini T, Vrabic Dezman L. Consensus: soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32:427-30. [PMID: 26943176 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2016.1152240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between an increased uptake of isoflavones and a reduced frequency of menopausal hot flushes was first described in 1992, based on a lower incidence of hot flushes in countries with a high consumption of soy. Since then, numerous clinical trials with various sources of isoflavones including soy and red clover have been presented, with practically all of the studies with adequate design delivering an outcome in favour of isoflavone supplementation. An in-depth risk assessment (EFSA 2015) concludes that the amply available human data does not indicate any suspected harmful effects from a potential interaction of isoflavones with hormone-sensitive tissues in the mammary gland, the uterus and the thyroid gland. Safety was ascertained with long-term intake of up to 150 mg isoflavones per day ingested for the duration of at least 3 years. Moreover, high isoflavone intake was found to have preventive effects with respect to breast cancer. Clinical findings indicate potential benefits of isoflavone exposure even during breast cancer treatment with tamoxifen or anastrozole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schmidt
- a International Society for Phytosciences , Mattsies , Germany
| | - Karin Arjomand-Wölkart
- b Institut Für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Martin H Birkhäuser
- c Gynaecological Endocrinonoly and Reproductive Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Berne , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Andrea R Genazzani
- d Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , European Society of Gynecology, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Doris M Gruber
- e 1st Department of Gynaeology and Obstetrics, University of Vienna , Wien , Austria
| | - J Huber
- e 1st Department of Gynaeology and Obstetrics, University of Vienna , Wien , Austria
| | - Heinz Kölbl
- e 1st Department of Gynaeology and Obstetrics, University of Vienna , Wien , Austria
| | - Samo Kreft
- f Chair of Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Sepp Leodolter
- e 1st Department of Gynaeology and Obstetrics, University of Vienna , Wien , Austria
| | - Doris Linsberger
- e 1st Department of Gynaeology and Obstetrics, University of Vienna , Wien , Austria
| | - Markus Metka
- e 1st Department of Gynaeology and Obstetrics, University of Vienna , Wien , Austria
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- g Division of Obstetrics and Gynadecology , Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università Di Pisa , Pisa , Italy , and
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82
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Guo X, Cai Q, Bao P, Wu J, Wen W, Ye F, Zheng W, Zheng Y, Shu XO. Long-term soy consumption and tumor tissue MicroRNA and gene expression in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer 2016; 122:2544-51. [PMID: 27183356 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soy food intake may have protective effects against the risk for breast cancer, including estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS To evaluate the association of soy intake with the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and genes in the tumor tissue of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC; ie, breast cancer lacking expression of ER, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), the expression of 800 miRNAs and 302 genes were measured with NanoString nCounter assays in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from 272 TNBC patients. Soy intake during the 1-year period before the cancer diagnosis was assessed with a validated food-frequency questionnaire. The association of soy intake with the expression of miRNAs and genes was evaluated via linear regression analysis with adjustments for patient age and TNM stage. RESULTS A total of 14 miRNAs and 24 genes were significantly associated with soy food intake (P < .05): Thirteen of the 14 miRNAs (92.9%) and 9 of the 24 genes (37.5%), including tumor suppressors miR-29a-3p and IGF1R, showed overexpression for those women with high soy intake, whereas the remaining miRNAs and genes, including oncogenes KRAS and FGFR4, showed underexpression. Furthermore, cell growth-related genes showed a predominantly underexpression pattern according to a comparison of tumor samples from women with high soy food intake and samples from women with lower soy food intake. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that long-term prediagnosis soy intake may lead to increased expression of tumor suppressors and decreased expression of oncogenes, especially cell growth-related genes, in breast tumor tissues. Cancer 2016;122:2544-51. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Guo
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Pingping Bao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wanqing Wen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ying Zheng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Nadadur M, Stanczyk FZ, Tseng CC, Kim L, Wu AH. The Effect of Reduced Dietary Fat and Soy Supplementation on Circulating Adipocytokines in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled 2-Month Trial. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:554-9. [PMID: 27145207 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1158294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The reduced risk of breast cancer observed in Asia has been linked with diets rich in soy foods, and observational studies suggest that regular soy food intake is related to lower circulating levels of some inflammatory markers which have been implicated in breast cancer risk. However, short-term intervention studies with soy-based diets in small numbers of women have shown few significant changes in adipocytokine levels. This 8-wk dietary intervention study in 57 healthy postmenopausal women investigated whether soy food supplementation (50 mg isoflavones or 15 g soy protein in the form of tofu) or a very low-fat diet (11.3% of total energy), similar to the traditional Asian diet, is associated with beneficial effects on serum levels of the following adipocytokines: TNF-α, IL-6, adiponectin, and resistin. We found no statistically significant changes in the levels of these adipocytokines in association with the very low-fat diet or soy supplementation. Only the change in TNF-α levels between the very low-fat and control diet groups had borderline statistical significance. We conclude that ingestion of a very low-fat diet or a soy food supplemented diet for 8 wk does not significantly alter important circulating adipocytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Nadadur
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Keck School of Medicine of USC , Los Angeles , California
| | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- b Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine , Keck School of Medicine of USC , Los Angeles , California
| | - Chiu-Chen Tseng
- c Department of Preventive Medicine , Keck School of Medicine of USC , Los Angeles , California
| | - Lila Kim
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Keck School of Medicine of USC , Los Angeles , California
| | - Anna H Wu
- c Department of Preventive Medicine , Keck School of Medicine of USC , Los Angeles , California
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84
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Johnson KA, Vemuri S, Alsahafi S, Castillo R, Cheriyath V. Glycone-rich Soy Isoflavone Extracts Promote Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer Cell Growth. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:622-33. [PMID: 27043076 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1154578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the association of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with breast cancer risk, estrogenically active soy isoflavones are considered as an HRT alternative to alleviate menopausal symptoms. However, several recent reports challenged the health benefits of soy isoflavones and associated them with breast cancer promotion. While glyconic isoflavones are the major constituents of soybean seeds, due to their low cell permeability, they are considered to be biologically inactive. The glyconic isoflavones may exert their effects on membrane-bound estrogen receptors or could be converted to aglycones by extracellular β-glucosidases. Therefore, we hypothesized that despite their low cell permeability, soybean cultivars with high glyconic isoflavones may promote breast cancer cell growth. To test this, composition and estrogenic activity of isoflavones from 54 commercial soybean cultivars were determined. Soybean seeds produced in identical climate and growth conditions were used to minimize the effects of extraneous factors on isoflavone profile and concentrations. The glyconic daidzin concentration negatively correlated with genistin and with other aglycones. Relative to control, isoflavone extracts from 51 cultivars were estrogenic and promoted the growth of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line MCF-7 from 1.14 to 4.59 folds and other three cultivars slightly reduced the growth. Among these, extracts from three cultivars were highly estrogenic and promoted MCF-7 cell growth by 2.59-4.64 folds (P<0.005). Among six isoflavones, daidzin was positively associated with MCF-7 cell growth (P<0.005, r = 0.13966), whereas the negative correlation between genistin and MCF-7 cell growth was nearly significant (P≤0.0562, r = -0.026141). Furthermore, in drug interaction studies daidzin-rich isoflavone extracts antagonized tamoxifen, an ER inhibitor. Taken together, our results suggest that the glyconic daidzin-rich soy isoflavone extracts may exert estrogenic effects and promote ER+ breast cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailee A Johnson
- a Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , Texas A&M University-Commerce , Commerce , Texas , USA
| | - Sravan Vemuri
- a Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , Texas A&M University-Commerce , Commerce , Texas , USA
| | - Sameerh Alsahafi
- a Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , Texas A&M University-Commerce , Commerce , Texas , USA
| | - Rudy Castillo
- a Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , Texas A&M University-Commerce , Commerce , Texas , USA
| | - Venugopalan Cheriyath
- a Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , Texas A&M University-Commerce , Commerce , Texas , USA
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85
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Kristanc L, Kreft S. European medicinal and edible plants associated with subacute and chronic toxicity part I: Plants with carcinogenic, teratogenic and endocrine-disrupting effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:150-64. [PMID: 27090581 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of herbal medicines and food products has been widely embraced in many developed countries. These products are generally highly accepted by consumers who often believe that "natural" equals "safe". This is, however, an oversimplification because several botanicals have been found to contain toxic compounds in concentrations harmful to human health. Acutely toxic plants are in most cases already recognised as dangerous as a result of their traditional use, but plants with subacute and chronic toxicity are difficult or even impossible to detect by traditional use or by clinical research studies. In this review, we systematically address major issues including the carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and endocrine-disrupting effects associated with the use of herbal preparations with a strong focus on plant species that either grow natively or are cultivated in Europe. The basic information regarding the molecular mechanisms of the individual subtypes of plant-induced non-acute toxicity is given, which is followed by a discussion of the pathophysiological and clinical characteristics. We describe the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of alkenylbenzenes, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and bracken fern ptaquiloside, the teratogenicity issues regarding anthraquinone glycosides and specific alkaloids, and discuss the human health concerns regarding the phytoestrogens and licorice consumption in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Kristanc
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Primary Healthcare of Gorenjska, ZD Kranj, Gosposvetska Ulica 10, 4000 Kranj, Slovenia.
| | - Samo Kreft
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška Cesta 32, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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86
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Spanogiannopoulos P, Bess EN, Carmody RN, Turnbaugh PJ. The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:273-87. [PMID: 26972811 PMCID: PMC5243131 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of human genetic polymorphisms in therapeutic outcomes is well established, the role of our 'second genome' (the microbiome) has been largely overlooked. In this Review, we highlight recent studies that have shed light on the mechanisms that link the human gut microbiome to the efficacy and toxicity of xenobiotics, including drugs, dietary compounds and environmental toxins. Continued progress in this area could enable more precise tools for predicting patient responses and for the development of a new generation of therapeutics based on, or targeted at, the gut microbiome. Indeed, the admirable goal of precision medicine may require us to first understand the microbial pharmacists within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Spanogiannopoulos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth N. Bess
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rachel N. Carmody
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter J. Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Brenner DR, Brockton NT, Kotsopoulos J, Cotterchio M, Boucher BA, Courneya KS, Knight JA, Olivotto IA, Quan ML, Friedenreich CM. Breast cancer survival among young women: a review of the role of modifiable lifestyle factors. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:459-72. [PMID: 26970739 PMCID: PMC4796361 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-016-0726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Almost 7 % of breast cancers are diagnosed among women age 40 years and younger in Western populations. Clinical outcomes among young women are worse. Early age-of-onset increases the risk of contralateral breast cancer, local and distant recurrence, and subsequent mortality. Breast cancers in young women (BCYW) are more likely to present with triple-negative (TNBC), TP53-positive, and HER-2 over-expressing tumors than among older women. However, despite these known differences in breast cancer outcomes and tumor subtypes, there is limited understanding of the basic biology, epidemiology, and optimal therapeutic strategies for BCYW. Several modifiable lifestyle factors associated with reduced risk of developing breast cancer have also been implicated in improved prognosis among breast cancer survivors of all ages. Given the treatment-related toxicities and the extended window for late effects, long-term lifestyle modifications potentially offer significant benefits to BCYW. In this review, we propose a model identifying three main areas of lifestyle factors (energy imbalance, inflammation, and dietary nutrient adequacy) that may influence survival in BCYW. In addition, we provide a summary of mechanisms of action and a synthesis of previous research on each of these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Brenner
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Room 513, Holy Cross Centre, Box ACB, 2210-2nd St. SW, Calgary, AB, T2S 3C3, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Nigel T Brockton
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Room 513, Holy Cross Centre, Box ACB, 2210-2nd St. SW, Calgary, AB, T2S 3C3, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joanne Kotsopoulos
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Cotterchio
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Beatrice A Boucher
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kerry S Courneya
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Julia A Knight
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ivo A Olivotto
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - May Lynn Quan
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christine M Friedenreich
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Room 513, Holy Cross Centre, Box ACB, 2210-2nd St. SW, Calgary, AB, T2S 3C3, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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88
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Lupton JR, Blumberg JB, L'Abbe M, LeDoux M, Rice HB, von Schacky C, Yaktine A, Griffiths JC. Nutrient reference value: non-communicable disease endpoints--a conference report. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55 Suppl 1:S1-10. [PMID: 26983608 PMCID: PMC4819601 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition is complex-and seemingly getting more complicated. Most consumers are familiar with "essential nutrients," e.g., vitamins and minerals, and more recently protein and important amino acids. These essential nutrients have nutrient reference values, referred to as dietary reference intakes (DRIs) developed by consensus committees of scientific experts convened by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and carried out by the Food and Nutrition Board. The DRIs comprise a set of four nutrient-based reverence values, the estimated average requirements, the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs), the adequate intakes and the tolerable upper intake levels for micronutrient intakes and an acceptable macronutrient distribution range for macronutrient intakes. From the RDA, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) derives a labeling value called the daily value (DV), which appears on the nutrition label of all foods for sale in the US. The DRI reports do not make recommendations about whether the DV labeling values can be set only for what have been defined to date as "essential nutrients." For example, the FDA set a labeling value for "dietary fiber" without having the DV. Nutrient reference values-requirements are set by Codex Alimentarius for essential nutrients, and regulatory bodies in many countries use these Codex values in setting national policy for recommended dietary intakes. However, the focus of this conference is not on essential nutrients, but on the "nonessential nutrients," also termed dietary bioactive components. They can be defined as "Constituents in foods or dietary supplements, other than those needed to meet basic human nutritional needs, which are responsible for changes in health status (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office of Public Health and Science, Department of Health and Human Services in Fed Regist 69:55821-55822, 2004)." Substantial and often persuasive scientific evidence does exist to confirm a relationship between the intake of a specific bioactive constituent and enhanced health conditions or reduced risk of a chronic disease. Further, research on the putative mechanisms of action of various classes of bioactives is supported by national and pan-national government agencies, and academic institutions, as well as functional food and dietary supplement manufacturers. Consumers are becoming educated and are seeking to purchase products containing bioactives, yet there is no evaluative process in place to let the public know how strong the science is behind the benefits or the quantitative amounts needed to achieve these beneficial health effects or to avoid exceeding the upper level (UL). When one lacks an essential nutrient, overt deficiency with concomitant physiological determents and eventually death are expected. The absence of bioactive substances from the diet results in suboptimal health, e.g., poor cellular and/or physiological function, which is relative and not absolute. Regrettably at this time, there is no DRI process to evaluate bioactives, although a recent workshop convened by the National Institutes of Health (Options for Consideration of Chronic Disease Endpoints for Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs); March 10-11, 2015; http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dri/ ) did explore the process to develop DVs for nutrients, the lack of which result in increased risk of chronic disease (non-communicable disease) endpoints. A final report is expected soon. This conference (CRN-International Scientific Symposium; "Nutrient Reference Value-Non-Communicable Disease (NRV-NCD) Endpoints," 20 November in Kronberg, Germany; http://www.crn-i.ch/2015symposium/ ) explores concepts related to the Codex NRV process, the public health opportunities in setting NRVs for bioactive constituents, and further research and details on the specific class of bioactives, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (also termed omega-3 fatty acids) and their constituents, specifically docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lupton
- Emeritus, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - M L'Abbe
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M LeDoux
- Natural Alternatives International, Inc., San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - H B Rice
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - A Yaktine
- The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J C Griffiths
- Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA.
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89
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Fan P, Maximov PY, Curpan RF, Abderrahman B, Jordan VC. The molecular, cellular and clinical consequences of targeting the estrogen receptor following estrogen deprivation therapy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:245-63. [PMID: 26052034 PMCID: PMC4760743 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During the past 20 years our understanding of the control of breast tumor development, growth and survival has changed dramatically. The once long forgotten application of high dose synthetic estrogen therapy as the first chemical therapy to treat any cancer has been resurrected, refined and reinvented as the new biology of estrogen-induced apoptosis. High dose estrogen therapy was cast aside once tamoxifen, from its origins as a failed "morning after pill", was reinvented as the first targeted therapy to treat any cancer. The current understanding of the mechanism of estrogen-induced apoptosis is described as a consequence of acquired resistance to long term antihormone therapy in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. The ER signal transduction pathway remains a target for therapy in breast cancer despite "antiestrogen" resistance, but becomes a regulator of resistance. Multiple mechanisms of resistance come into play: Selective ER modulator (SERM) stimulated growth, growth factor/ER crosstalk, estrogen-induced apoptosis and mutations of ER. But it is with the science of estrogen-induced apoptosis that the next innovation in women's health will be developed. Recent evidence suggests that the glucocorticoid properties of medroxyprogesterone acetate blunt estrogen-induced apoptosis in estrogen deprived breast cancer cell populations. As a result breast cancer develops during long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT). A new synthetic progestin with estrogen-like properties, such as the 19 nortestosterone derivatives used in oral contraceptives, will continue to protect the uterus from unopposed estrogen stimulation but at the same time, reinforce apoptosis in vulnerable populations of nascent breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fan
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philipp Y Maximov
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ramona F Curpan
- Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania
| | | | - V Craig Jordan
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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90
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Fan L, Goss PE, Strasser-Weippl K. Current Status and Future Projections of Breast Cancer in Asia. Breast Care (Basel) 2015; 10:372-8. [PMID: 26989355 PMCID: PMC4789872 DOI: 10.1159/000441818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Asia is the world's largest continent comprising about 3/5 of the human population. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in Asia, accounting for 39% of all breast cancers diagnosed worldwide. The incidence of breast cancer in Asia varies widely across the continent and is still lower than in Western countries, but the proportional contribution of Asia to the global breast cancer rates is increasing rapidly in parallel to the socioeconomic development. However, the mortality-to-incidence ratios are much higher for Asia than for Western countries. Most Asian countries are low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where breast cancer presents at a younger age and a later stage, and where patients are more likely to die from the disease than those in Western countries. Moreover, diagnostic workup, treatment and palliative services are inadequate in most Asian LMICs. In this review, we present an overview of the breast cancer risk factors and epidemiology, control measures, and cancer care among Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fan
- Breast Cancer Institute, Cancer Hospital, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul E. Goss
- Global Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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91
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Santos MA, Florencio-Silva R, Teixeira CP, Sasso GRDS, Marinho DS, Simões RS, Simões MJ, Carbonel AF. Effects of early and late treatment with soy isoflavones in the mammary gland of ovariectomized rats. Climacteric 2015; 19:77-84. [PMID: 26606166 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2015.1094783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soy isoflavones have been shown to be an alternative to hormone therapy at menopause, without causing side-effects such as breast cancer. However, the effects of early and late treatment with isoflavones on the mammary gland remain controversial. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of early and late treatment with soy isoflavones on the mammary gland of ovariectomized rats. METHODS Thirty 3-month-old rats were ovariectomized and divided equally into groups: Control, treated with vehicle solution; or with 150 mg/kg/body weight of isoflavones by gavage; or subcutaneously treated with 10 μg/kg/body weight with 17β-estradiol. Treatments started 3 days (early treatment) or 30 days (late treatment) after ovariectomy and lasted for 30 consecutive days. Thereafter, the animals were euthanized and the mammary glands were removed and processed for paraffin embedding. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histomorphometry or subjected to immunohistochemical detection of Ki-67 and VEGF-A. RESULTS The ductal, lobular and total epithelial fractions were similar between controls and the early/late isoflavone groups, but they were significantly higher in the groups treated with estradiol. In both epithelial and stromal regions, the immunoreactivity of VEGF-A and the percentage of Ki-67-positive cells were significantly higher in the groups treated with estradiol, while they were similar in the early/late isoflavone groups and control groups. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that early and late treatment with soy isoflavones at the dose of 150 mg/kg/body weight does not show proliferative and angiogenic effects on the mammary gland of ovariectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Florencio-Silva
- b Morphology and Genetics , Universidade Federal De São Paulo , São Paulo
| | - C P Teixeira
- b Morphology and Genetics , Universidade Federal De São Paulo , São Paulo
| | | | - D Souza Marinho
- b Morphology and Genetics , Universidade Federal De São Paulo , São Paulo
| | - R S Simões
- c Gynecology, Universidade De São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - M J Simões
- b Morphology and Genetics , Universidade Federal De São Paulo , São Paulo
| | - A Ferraz Carbonel
- b Morphology and Genetics , Universidade Federal De São Paulo , São Paulo
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92
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Wu AH, Spicer D, Garcia A, Tseng CC, Hovanessian-Larsen L, Sheth P, Martin SE, Hawes D, Russell C, MacDonald H, Tripathy D, Su MY, Ursin G, Pike MC. Double-Blind Randomized 12-Month Soy Intervention Had No Effects on Breast MRI Fibroglandular Tissue Density or Mammographic Density. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:942-51. [PMID: 26276750 PMCID: PMC4596769 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Soy supplementation by patients with breast cancer remains controversial. No controlled intervention studies have investigated the effects of soy supplementation on mammographic density in patients with breast cancer. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention study in previously treated patients with breast cancer (n = 66) and high-risk women (n = 29). We obtained digital mammograms and breast MRI scans at baseline and after 12 months of daily soy (50 mg isoflavones per day; n = 46) or placebo (n = 49) tablet supplementation. The total breast area (MA) and the area of mammographic density (MD) on the mammogram were measured using a validated computer-assisted method, and mammographic density percent (MD% = 100 × MD/MA) was determined. A well-tested computer algorithm was used to quantitatively measure the total breast volume (TBV) and fibroglandular tissue volume (FGV) on the breast MRI, and the FGV percent (FGV% = 100 × FGV/TBV) was calculated. On the basis of plasma soy isoflavone levels, compliance was excellent. Small decreases in MD% measured by the ratios of month 12 to baseline levels were seen in the soy (0.95) and the placebo (0.87) groups; these changes did not differ between the treatments (P = 0.38). Small decreases in FGV% were also found in both the soy (0.90) and the placebo (0.92) groups; these changes also did not differ between the treatments (P = 0.48). Results were comparable in patients with breast cancer and high-risk women. We found no evidence that soy supplementation would decrease mammographic density and that MRI might be more sensitive to changes in density than mammography.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Breast Density
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Dietary Supplements
- Double-Blind Method
- Female
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Mammary Glands, Human/abnormalities
- Mammary Glands, Human/drug effects
- Middle Aged
- Radiography
- Soybean Proteins/therapeutic use
- Glycine max
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Darcy Spicer
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Agustin Garcia
- Hematology Oncology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chiu-Chen Tseng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Linda Hovanessian-Larsen
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pulin Sheth
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sue Ellen Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Debra Hawes
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christy Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Heather MacDonald
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Debu Tripathy
- MBreast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Min-Ying Su
- Tu and Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Giske Ursin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malcolm C Pike
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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93
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Liu Y, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Zhang Y, Wang X, Pan YX, Xuan J, Fleck SC, Doerge DR, Helferich WG. Isoflavones in soy flour diet have different effects on whole-genome expression patterns than purified isoflavone mix in human MCF-7 breast tumors in ovariectomized athymic nude mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1419-30. [PMID: 25820259 PMCID: PMC5763549 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Soy flour diet (MS) prevented isoflavones from stimulating MCF-7 tumor growth in athymic nude mice, indicating that other bioactive compounds in soy can negate the estrogenic properties of isoflavones. The underlying signal transduction pathways to explain the protective effects of soy flour consumption were studied here. METHODS AND RESULTS Ovariectomized athymic nude mice inoculated with MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were fed either Soy flour diet (MS) or purified isoflavone mix diet (MI), both with equivalent amounts of genistein. Positive controls received estradiol pellets and negative controls received sham pellets. GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array platform was used to evaluate gene expressions, and results were analyzed using bioinformatics approaches. Tumors in MS-fed mice exhibited higher expression of tumor growth suppressing genes ATP2A3 and BLNK and lower expression of oncogene MYC. Tumors in MI-fed mice expressed a higher level of oncogene MYB and a lower level of MHC-I and MHC-II, allowing tumor cells to escape immunosurveillance. MS-induced gene expression alterations were predictive of prolonged survival among estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer patients, whilst MI-induced gene changes were predictive of shortened survival. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that dietary soy flour affects gene expression differently than purified isoflavones, which may explain why soy foods prevent isoflavones-induced stimulation of MCF-7 tumor growth in athymic nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxian Liu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Leena Hilakivi-Clarke
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Yuan-xiang Pan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jianhua Xuan
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Stefanie C. Fleck
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Daniel R. Doerge
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - William G. Helferich
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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94
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Aresta A, Di Grumo F, Zambonin C. Determination of Major Isoflavones in Soy Drinks by Solid-Phase Micro Extraction Coupled to Liquid Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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95
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Ferrini K, Ghelfi F, Mannucci R, Titta L. Lifestyle, nutrition and breast cancer: facts and presumptions for consideration. Ecancermedicalscience 2015; 9:557. [PMID: 26284121 PMCID: PMC4531134 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2015.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and the high incidence of this cancer coupled with improvements in initial treatments has led to an ever-increasing number of breast cancer survivors. Among the prospective epidemiological studies on diet and breast cancer incidence and recurrence, to date, there is no association that is strong, reproducible and statistically significant, with the exception of alcohol intake, overweight, and weight gain. Nevertheless, many beliefs about food and breast cancer persist in the absence of supporting scientific evidence. After a comprehensive review regarding the role of lifestyle on breast cancer outcomes and a thorough study of the dissemination field including mass media, clinical institutions, and academic figures, we briefly reported the most common presumptions and also facts from the literature regarding lifestyle, nutrition, and breast cancer. The randomised controlled trial is the best study-design that could provide direct evidence of a causal relationship; however, there are methodological difficulties in applying and maintaining a lifestyle intervention for a sufficient period; consequently, there is a lack of this type of study in the literature. Instead, it is possible to obtain indirect evidence from observational prospective studies. In this article, it becomes clear that for now the best advice for women’s health is to follow the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) recommendations on diet, nutrition, physical activity, and weight management for cancer prevention, because they are associated with a lower risk of developing most types of cancer, including breast cancer. Despite current awareness of the role of nutrition in cancer outcomes, there is inadequate translation from research findings into clinical practice. We suggest the establishment of a multidisciplinary research consortium to demonstrate the real power of lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krizia Ferrini
- SmartFood Program, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy ; Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Francesca Ghelfi
- SmartFood Program, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy ; Università degli Studi di Parma, 43121, Italy
| | - Roberta Mannucci
- SmartFood Program, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Lucilla Titta
- SmartFood Program, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
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96
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Spagnuolo C, Russo GL, Orhan IE, Habtemariam S, Daglia M, Sureda A, Nabavi SF, Devi KP, Loizzo MR, Tundis R, Nabavi SM. Genistein and cancer: current status, challenges, and future directions. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:408-19. [PMID: 26178025 PMCID: PMC4496735 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.008052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary prevention through lifestyle interventions is a cost-effective alternative for preventing a large burden of chronic and degenerative diseases, including cancer, which is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the past decade, epidemiologic and preclinical evidence suggested that polyphenolic phytochemicals present in many plant foods possess chemopreventive properties against several cancer forms. Thus, there has been increasing interest in the potential cancer chemopreventive agents obtained from natural sources, such as polyphenols, that may represent a new, affordable approach to curb the increasing burden of cancer throughout the world. Several epidemiologic studies showed a relation between a soy-rich diet and cancer prevention, which was attributed to the presence of a phenolic compound, genistein, present in soy-based foods. Genistein acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis. Targeting caspases, B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2, kinesin-like protein 20A (KIF20A), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), Wingless and integration 1 β-catenin (Wnt/β-catenin), and phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathways may act as the molecular mechanisms of the anticancer, therapeutic effects of genistein. Genistein also shows synergistic behavior with well-known anticancer drugs, such as adriamycin, docetaxel, and tamoxifen, suggesting a potential role in combination therapy. This review critically analyzes the available literature on the therapeutic role of genistein on different types of cancer, focusing on its chemical features, plant food sources, bioavailability, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Spagnuolo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy;
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress and CIBERobn (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India; and
| | - Monica Rosa Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
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97
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Krishnan HB, Wang TTY. An effective and simple procedure to isolate abundant quantities of biologically active chemopreventive Lunasin Protease Inhibitor Concentrate (LPIC) from soybean. Food Chem 2015; 177:120-6. [PMID: 25660866 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lunasin is a 5-kDa soybean bioactive peptide with demonstrated anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, purification methods have been developed to obtain gram quantities of lunasin. However, these methods are cumbersome, time consuming and cost-prohibitive. To overcome these constrains we have developed a novel method which involves extraction of soybean flour with 30% ethanol followed by preferential precipitation of lunasin and protease inhibitors by calcium. The calcium precipitated protein fraction, which we termed as Lunasin Protease Inhibitor Concentrate (LPIC), contains three abundant proteins with molecular weights of 21, 14 and 5 kDa. This simple procedure yields 3.2g of LPIC from 100g of soybean flour and the entire isolation procedure can be completed in less than 2h. Treatment of THP-1 human monocyte cell lines with LPIC resulted in suppression of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine expression, demonstrating that the LPIC isolated by our simple procedure is biologically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari B Krishnan
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 205 Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Plant Science Division, University of Missouri, 1-41 Agriculture Bldg., Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
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98
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Lee MJ, Chung IM, Kim H, Jung MY. High resolution LC-ESI-TOF-mass spectrometry method for fast separation, identification, and quantification of 12 isoflavones in soybeans and soybean products. Food Chem 2015; 176:254-62. [PMID: 25624231 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A high resolution LC-ESI-TOF-MS analytical method was established for the rapid isolation, identification, and quantification of 12 isoflavones in soybean and soybean products. Individual isoflavones were identified on the basis of the accurate mass data of their respective protonated mass ions, Na or K adduct ions, fragment ions, and isotope ion patterns. The protonated mass ions of isoflavones were extracted for their quantification in soybean products. Twelve different isoflavones in the soybean products were fully separated, identified and quantified within 12min separation time. The established LC-TOF/MS was an effective analytical method for the simultaneous characterization and quantification of isoflavones with exceptionally short analytical time, high selectivity, a high linearity (r(2)>0.992) in a wide range, low LOD and LOQ, high precision, inter-and intra-day repeatability, and no significant matrix effect. Furthermore, it requires simple sample preparation procedure (solvent extraction, dilution, and syringe filtration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Lee
- College of Food Science, Woosuk University, Samrea-Up, Wanju-Kun, Jeonbuk Province 565-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Applied Life Science, College of Life and Environment Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunjung Kim
- Food Research R&D Center, Nongshim Food Co., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Yhung Jung
- College of Food Science, Woosuk University, Samrea-Up, Wanju-Kun, Jeonbuk Province 565-701, Republic of Korea.
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99
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Varinska L, Gal P, Mojzisova G, Mirossay L, Mojzis J. Soy and breast cancer: focus on angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11728-49. [PMID: 26006245 PMCID: PMC4463727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have revealed that high consumption of soy products is associated with low incidences of hormone-dependent cancers, including breast and prostate cancer. Soybeans contain large amounts of isoflavones, such as the genistein and daidzain. Previously, it has been demonstrated that genistein, one of the predominant soy isoflavones, can inhibit several steps involved in carcinogenesis. It is suggested that genistein possesses pleiotropic molecular mechanisms of action including inhibition of tyrosine kinases, DNA topoisomerase II, 5α-reductase, galectin-induced G2/M arrest, protein histidine kinase, and cyclin-dependent kinases, modulation of different signaling pathways associated with the growth of cancer cells (e.g., NF-κB, Akt, MAPK), etc. Moreover, genistein is also a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Uncontrolled angiogenesis is considered as a key step in cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. Genistein was found to inhibit angiogenesis through regulation of multiple pathways, such as regulation of VEGF, MMPs, EGFR expressions and NF-κB, PI3-K/Akt, ERK1/2 signaling pathways, thereby causing strong antiangiogenic effects. This review focuses on the antiangiogenic properties of soy isoflavonoids and examines their possible underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Varinska
- Department of Pharmacology, P.J. Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Gal
- Department of Pharmacology, P.J. Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
- Department for Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ondavská 8, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Commenius University, Odbojárov 10, 832 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriela Mojzisova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Trieda SNP-1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Ladislav Mirossay
- Department of Pharmacology, P.J. Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Jan Mojzis
- Department of Pharmacology, P.J. Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
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100
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Guo TL, Germolec DR, Zheng JF, Kooistra L, Auttachoat W, Smith MJ, White KL, Elmore SA. Genistein protects female nonobese diabetic mice from developing type 1 diabetes when fed a soy- and alfalfa-free diet. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:435-48. [PMID: 24713318 PMCID: PMC4190109 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314526318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) on the time of onset and/or the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in female nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, when administered GEN by gavage once every day for up to 180 days. Five groups of mice (approximately 24 animals/group; 6-7 weeks of age) were included: naive control, vehicle control (25 mM Na2CO3 in water), and 3 GEN treatment groups (2 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg). Mice were maintained on a soy- and alfalfa-free diet (5K96) during the study and were monitored for blood glucose changes every week. When compared to the vehicle control, exposure to 2-mg/kg GEN produced significant decreases ranging from 55 to 79% in the total incidences of diabetes (blood glucose ≥ 250 mg/dl) and severe diabetes (blood glucose ≥ 400 mg/dl) starting at week 14 of the study. However, during the later stages of the study (i.e., after week 23), the 2-mg/kg dose had no effect on disease incidence. In animals treated with 6-mg/kg and 20-mg/kg GEN, significant decreases in the total incidence of diabetes were observed starting at week 16, while the incidence of severe diabetes was significantly decreased with the changes being observed initially at weeks 18 and 17 for the 6-mg/kg and 20-mg/kg GEN treatment groups, respectively. Several lines of evidence, including histopathological analysis, suggested that GEN protected the pancreas from autoimmune destruction. However, this protective effect of GEN was absent when female NOD mice were maintained on NTP-2000 rodent diet, which contained 5% soybean meal and 7.5% alfalfa meal (the total concentrations of phytoestrogens ranged between 95 and 134 mg/kg). In summary, oral dosing of GEN reduced the incidence and increased the time to onset of T1D in female NOD mice but only when fed a soy- and alfalfa-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian Feng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Wimolnut Auttachoat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew J Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kimber L White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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