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Xu H, Giannetti A, Sugiyama Y, Zheng W, Schneider R, Watanabe Y, Oda Y, Persson S. Secondary cell wall patterning-connecting the dots, pits and helices. Open Biol 2022; 12:210208. [PMID: 35506204 PMCID: PMC9065968 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
All plant cells are encased in primary cell walls that determine plant morphology, but also protect the cells against the environment. Certain cells also produce a secondary wall that supports mechanically demanding processes, such as maintaining plant body stature and water transport inside plants. Both these walls are primarily composed of polysaccharides that are arranged in certain patterns to support cell functions. A key requisite for patterned cell walls is the arrangement of cortical microtubules that may direct the delivery of wall polymers and/or cell wall producing enzymes to certain plasma membrane locations. Microtubules also steer the synthesis of cellulose-the load-bearing structure in cell walls-at the plasma membrane. The organization and behaviour of the microtubule array are thus of fundamental importance to cell wall patterns. These aspects are controlled by the coordinated effort of small GTPases that probably coordinate a Turing's reaction-diffusion mechanism to drive microtubule patterns. Here, we give an overview on how wall patterns form in the water-transporting xylem vessels of plants. We discuss systems that have been used to dissect mechanisms that underpin the xylem wall patterns, emphasizing the VND6 and VND7 inducible systems, and outline challenges that lay ahead in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Xu
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alessandro Giannetti
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yuki Sugiyama
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Wenna Zheng
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - René Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology Department, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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52
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Åhl H, Zhang Y, Jönsson H. High-Throughput 3D Phenotyping of Plant Shoot Apical Meristems From Tissue-Resolution Data. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:827147. [PMID: 35519801 PMCID: PMC9062647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.827147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Confocal imaging is a well-established method for investigating plant phenotypes on the tissue and organ level. However, many differences are difficult to assess by visual inspection and researchers rely extensively on ad hoc manual quantification techniques and qualitative assessment. Here we present a method for quantitatively phenotyping large samples of plant tissue morphologies using triangulated isosurfaces. We successfully demonstrate the applicability of the approach using confocal imaging of aerial organs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Automatic identification of flower primordia using the surface curvature as an indication of outgrowth allows for high-throughput quantification of divergence angles and further analysis of individual flowers. We demonstrate the throughput of our method by quantifying geometric features of 1065 flower primordia from 172 plants, comparing auxin transport mutants to wild type. Additionally, we find that a paraboloid provides a simple geometric parameterisation of the shoot inflorescence domain with few parameters. We utilise parameterisation methods to provide a computational comparison of the shoot apex defined by a fluorescent reporter of the central zone marker gene CLAVATA3 with the apex defined by the paraboloid. Finally, we analyse the impact of mutations which alter mechanical properties on inflorescence dome curvature and compare the results with auxin transport mutants. Our results suggest that region-specific expression domains of genes regulating cell wall biosynthesis and local auxin transport can be important in maintaining the wildtype tissue shape. Altogether, our results indicate a general approach to parameterise and quantify plant development in 3D, which is applicable also in cases where data resolution is limited, and cell segmentation not possible. This enables researchers to address fundamental questions of plant development by quantitative phenotyping with high throughput, consistency and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Åhl
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Zhang
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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53
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Isolation of Plasmodesmata Membranes for Lipidomic and Proteomic Analysis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2457:189-207. [PMID: 35349141 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are membranous intercellular nanochannels crossing the plant cell wall to connect adjacent cells in plants. Our understanding of PD function heavily relies on the identification of their molecular components, these being proteins or lipids. In that regard, proteomic and lipidomic analyses of purified PD represent a crucial strategy in the field. Here we describe a simple two-step purification procedure that allows isolation of pure PD-derived membranes from Arabidopsis suspension cells suitable for "omic" approaches. The first step of this procedure consists on isolating pure cell walls containing intact PD, followed by a second step which involves an enzymatic degradation of the wall matrix to release PD membranes. The PD-enriched fraction can then serve to identify the lipid and protein composition of PD using lipidomic and proteomic approaches, which we also describe in this method article.
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Gao Z, Guo L, Ramakrishnan M, Xiang Y, Jiao C, Jiang J, Vinod KK, Fei Z, Que F, Ding Y, Yu F, Chen T, Wei Q. Cellular and molecular characterizations of the irregular internode division zone formation of a slow-growing bamboo variant. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:570-584. [PMID: 34633049 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The key molecular mechanisms underlying the sectionalized growth within bamboo or other grass internodes remain largely unknown. Here, we genetically and morphologically compared the culm and rhizome internode division zones (DZs) of a slow-growing bamboo variant (sgv) having dwarf internodes, with those of the corresponding wild type (WT). Histological analysis discovers that the sgv has an irregular internode DZ. However, the shoot apical meristems in height, width, outside shape, cell number and cell width of the sgv and the WT were all similar. The DZ irregularities first appeared post apical meristem development, in 1-mm sgv rhizome internodes. Thus, the sgv is a DZ irregularity bamboo variant, which has been first reported in bamboo according to our investigation. Transcriptome sequencing analysis finds that a number of cell wall biogenesis and cell division-related genes are dramatically downregulated in the sgv DZ. Interestingly, both transcriptomic and brassinosteroid (BR) contents detection, as well as quantitative real-time PCR analyses show that these irregularities have resulted from the BR signaling pathway defects. Brassinosteroid defect might also cause the erect leaves and branches as well as the irregular epidermis of the sgv. These results suggest that BR signaling pathway plays critical roles in bamboo internode DZ and leaf development from a mutant perspective and also explain the upstream mechanisms causing the dwarf internode of the sgv bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Gao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jiaweng Jiang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Kunnummal K Vinod
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Sahyadri Ave New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Feng Que
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yulong Ding
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Fen Yu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agriculture University, College of Forestry, 1101 Zhimin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Tianguo Chen
- Changzhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center, 289-1 Changjiang Middle Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agriculture University, College of Forestry, 1101 Zhimin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
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Zhang S, Sheng H, Ma Y, Wei Y, Liu D, Dou Y, Cui H, Liang B, Liesche J, Li J, Chen S. Mutation of CESA1 phosphorylation site influences pectin synthesis and methylesterification with a role in seed development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 270:153631. [PMID: 35180541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall biogenesis is required for the production of seeds of higher plants. However, little is known about regulatory mechanisms underlying cell wall biogenesis during seed formation. Here we show a role for the phosphorylation of Arabidopsis cellulose synthase 1 (AtCESA1) in modulating pectin synthesis and methylesterification in seed coat mucilage. A phosphor-null mutant of AtCESA1 on T166 (AtCESA1T166A) was constructed and introduced into a null mutant of AtCESA1 (Atcesa1-1). The resulting transgenic lines showed a slight but significant decrease in cellulose contents in mature seeds. Defects in cellulosic ray architecture along with reduced levels of non-adherent and adherent mucilage were observed on the seeds of the AtCESA1T166A mutant. Reduced mucilage pectin synthesis was also reflected by a decrease in the level of uronic acid. Meanwhile, an increase in the degree of pectin methylesterification was also observed in the seed coat mucilage of AtCESA1T166A mutant. Change in seed development was further reflected by a delayed germination and about 50% increase in the accumulation of proanthocyanidins, which is known to bind pectin and inhibit seed germination as revealed by previous studies. Taken together, the results suggest a role of AtCESA1 phosphorylation on T166 in modulating mucilage pectin synthesis and methylesterification as well as cellulose synthesis with a role in seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Zhang
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huachun Sheng
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanping Wei
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanhua Dou
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huiying Cui
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Boyou Liang
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Johannes Liesche
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jisheng Li
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shaolin Chen
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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56
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NBS-LRR-WRKY genes and protease inhibitors (PIs) seem essential for cowpea resistance to root-knot nematode. J Proteomics 2022; 261:104575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Guo Y, Chen F, Luo J, Qiao M, Zeng W, Li J, Xu W. The DUF288 domain containing proteins GhSTLs participate in cotton fiber cellulose synthesis and impact on fiber elongation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 316:111168. [PMID: 35151452 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is one of the most important economic crops in the world, with over 90 % cellulose in the mature fiber. However, the cellulose synthesis mechanism in cotton fibers is poorly understood. Here, we identified four DUF288 domain containing proteins, which we designated GhSTL1-4. These four GhSTL genes are highly expressed in 6 days post anthesis (dpa) and 20 dpa cotton fibers. They are localized to the Golgi apparatus, and can rescue the growth defects in primary cell wall (PCW) and secondary cell wall (SCW) of cellulose synthesis of the Arabidopsis stl1stl2 double mutant at varying degrees. Silencing of GhSTLs resulted in reduced cellulose content and shorter fibers. In addition, split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that GhSTL1 and GhSTL4 can interact with PCW-related GhCesA6-1/6-3 and SCW-associated GhCesA7-1/7-2. GhSTL3 can interact with SCW-related GhCesA4-3. These interactions are further confirmed by firefly luciferase complementation imaging assay. Together, we demonstrate that GhSTLs can selectively interact with both the PCW and SCW-associated GhCesAs and impact on cellulose synthesis and fiber development. Our findings provide insights into the mechanism underlying cellulose biosynthesis in cotton fibers, and offer potential candidate genes to coordinate PCW and SCW cellulose synthesis of cotton fibers for developing elite cotton varieties with enhanced fiber quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jingwen Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Mengfei Qiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Juan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wenliang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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58
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Zhao R, Cheng H, Wang Q, Lv L, Zhang Y, Song G, Zuo D. Identification of the CesA Subfamily and Functional Analysis of GhMCesA35 in Gossypium Hirsutum L. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020292. [PMID: 35205337 PMCID: PMC8871739 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellulose synthase genes control the biosynthesis of cellulose in plants. Nonetheless, the gene family members of CesA have not been identified in the newly assembled genome of Gossypiumhirsutum (AD1, HEBAU_NDM8). We identified 38 CesA genes in G. hirsutum (NDM8) and found that the protein sequence of GhMCesA35 is 100% identical to CelA1 in a previous study. It is already known that CelA1 is involved in cellulose biosynthesis in vitro. However, the function of this gene in vivo has not been validated. In this study, we verified the function of GhMCesA35 in vivo based on overexpressed Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, we found that it interacted with GhCesA7 through the yeast two-hybrid assay. This study provides new insights for studying the biological functions of CesA genes in G. hirsutum, thereby improving cotton fiber quality and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Zhao
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Z.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (G.S.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hailiang Cheng
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Z.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (G.S.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiaolian Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Z.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (G.S.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Limin Lv
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Z.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (G.S.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Youping Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Z.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (G.S.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guoli Song
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Z.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (G.S.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dongyun Zuo
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Z.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (G.S.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-037-2256-2375
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Gu Y, Rasmussen CG. Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:103-128. [PMID: 34613413 PMCID: PMC8774047 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars, and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Author for correspondence: (Y.G.), (C.G.R.)
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60
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Duncombe SG, Chethan SG, Anderson CT. Super-resolution imaging illuminates new dynamic behaviors of cellulose synthase. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:273-286. [PMID: 34524465 PMCID: PMC8846172 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Confocal imaging has shown that CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) particles move through the plasma membrane as they synthesize cellulose. However, the resolution limit of confocal microscopy circumscribes what can be discovered about these tiny biosynthetic machines. Here, we applied Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM), which improves resolution two-fold over confocal or widefield imaging, to explore the dynamic behaviors of CESA particles in living plant cells. SIM imaging reveals that Arabidopsis thaliana CESA particles are more than twice as dense in the plasma membrane as previously estimated, helping explain the dense arrangement of cellulose observed in new wall layers. CESA particles tracked by SIM display minimal variation in velocity, suggesting coordinated control of CESA catalytic activity within single complexes and that CESA complexes might move steadily in tandem to generate larger cellulose fibrils or bundles. SIM data also reveal that CESA particles vary in their overlaps with microtubule tracks and can complete U-turns without changing speed. CESA track patterns can vary widely between neighboring cells of similar shape, implying that cellulose patterning is not the sole determinant of cellular growth anisotropy. Together, these findings highlight SIM as a powerful tool to advance CESA imaging beyond the resolution limit of conventional light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney G Duncombe
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Samir G Chethan
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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61
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An Y, Lu W, Li W, Pan L, Lu M, Cesarino I, Li Z, Zeng W. Dietary Fiber in Plant Cell Walls—The Healthy Carbohydrates. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is one of the major classes of nutrients for humans. It is widely distributed in the edible parts of natural plants, with the cell wall being the main DF-containing structure. The DF content varies significantly in different plant species and organs, and the processing procedure can have a dramatic effect on the DF composition of plant-based foods. Given the considerable nutritional value of DF, a deeper understanding of DF in food plants, including its composition and biosynthesis, is fundamental to the establishment of a daily intake reference of DF and is also critical to molecular breeding programs for modifying DF content. In the past decades, plant cell wall biology has seen dramatic progress, and such knowledge is of great potential to be translated into DF-related food science research and may provide future research directions for improving the health benefits of food crops. In this review, to spark interdisciplinary discussions between food science researchers and plant cell wall biologists, we focus on a specific category of DF—cell wall carbohydrates. We first summarize the content and composition of carbohydrate DF in various plant-based foods, and then discuss the structure and biosynthesis mechanism of each carbohydrate DF category, in particular the respective biosynthetic enzymes. Health impacts of DF are highlighted, and finally, future directions of DF research are also briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li Q, Nie S, Li G, Du J, Ren R, Yang X, Liu B, Gao X, Liu T, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Li X, Nie Y, Wang B, Lin H, Ding H, Pan G. Identification and Fine Mapping of the Recessive Gene BK-5, Which Affects Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Plant Brittleness in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:814. [PMID: 35055000 PMCID: PMC8775815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellulose of the plant cell wall indirectly affects the cell shape and straw stiffness of the plant. Here, the novel brittleness mutant brittle stalk-5 (bk-5) of the maize inbred line RP125 was characterized. We found that the mutant displayed brittleness of the stalk and even the whole plant, and that the brittleness phenotype existed during the whole growth period from germination to senescence. The compressive strength was reduced, the cell wall was thinner, and the cellulose content was decreased compared to that of the wild type. Genetic analysis and map-based cloning indicated that bk-5 was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene and that it was located in a 90.2-Kb region on chromosome 3 that covers three open reading frames (ORFs). Sequence analysis revealed a single non-synonymous missense mutation, T-to-A, in the last exon of Zm00001d043477 (B73: version 4, named BK-5) that caused the 951th amino acid to go from leucine to histidine. BK-5 encodes a cellulose synthase catalytic subunit (CesA), which is involved with cellulose synthesis. We found that BK-5 was constitutively expressed in all tissues of the germinating stage and silking stage, and highly expressed in the leaf, auricula, and root of the silking stage and the 2-cm root and bud of the germinating stage. We found that BK-5 mainly localized to the Golgi apparatus, suggesting that the protein might move to the plasma membrane with the aid of Golgi in maize. According to RNA-seq data, bk-5 had more downregulated genes than upregulated genes, and many of the downregulated genes were enzymes and transcription factors related to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin biosynthesis of the secondary cell wall. The other differentially expressed genes were related to metabolic and cellular processes, and were significantly enriched in hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, and the plant-pathogen interaction pathway. Taken together, we propose that the mutation of gene BK-5 causes the brittle stalk phenotype and provides important insights into the regulatory mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall development in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigui Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.L.); (S.N.); (H.L.)
| | - Shujun Nie
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.L.); (S.N.); (H.L.)
| | - Gaoke Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Crops Research Institute, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Jiyuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (J.D.); (R.R.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.N.)
| | - Ruchang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (J.D.); (R.R.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.N.)
| | - Xiu Yang
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Y.); (B.W.)
| | - Boyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (J.D.); (R.R.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.N.)
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (J.D.); (R.R.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.N.)
| | - Tianjian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (J.D.); (R.R.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.N.)
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (J.D.); (R.R.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.N.)
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (J.D.); (R.R.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.N.)
| | - Xinzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (J.D.); (R.R.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yongxin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (J.D.); (R.R.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.N.)
| | - Baichen Wang
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Y.); (B.W.)
| | - Haijian Lin
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.L.); (S.N.); (H.L.)
| | - Haiping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (J.D.); (R.R.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.N.)
| | - Guangtang Pan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.L.); (S.N.); (H.L.)
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Verbančič J, Huang JJ, McFarlane HE. Analysis of cellulose synthase activity in Arabidopsis using spinning disk microscopy. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100863. [PMID: 34661171 PMCID: PMC8503582 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe sample preparation and visualization of fluorescently tagged cellulose synthases in cellulose synthase complexes at the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis hypocotyl epidermal cells using live-cell imaging via spinning disk microscopy. We present a technique for sample mounting that may be suitable for imaging other samples. Additionally, we offer free, open-source solutions for image analysis and provide extensive troubleshooting suggestions. For complete information on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to McFarlane et al., 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Verbančič
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jenny Jiahui Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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Georgiou A, Sieber S, Hsiao CC, Grayfer T, Gorenflos López JL, Gademann K, Eberl L, Bailly A. Leaf nodule endosymbiotic Burkholderia confer targeted allelopathy to their Psychotria hosts. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22465. [PMID: 34789815 PMCID: PMC8599487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After a century of investigations, the function of the obligate betaproteobacterial endosymbionts accommodated in leaf nodules of tropical Rubiaceae remained enigmatic. We report that the α-D-glucose analogue (+)-streptol, systemically supplied by mature Ca. Burkholderia kirkii nodules to their Psychotria hosts, exhibits potent and selective root growth inhibiting activity. We provide compelling evidence that (+)-streptol specifically affects meristematic root cells transitioning to anisotropic elongation by disrupting cell wall organization in a mechanism of action that is distinct from canonical cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors. We observed no inhibitory or cytotoxic effects on organisms other than seed plants, further suggesting (+)-streptol as a bona fide allelochemical. We propose that the suppression of growth of plant competitors is a major driver of the formation and maintenance of the Psychotria-Burkholderia association. In addition to potential agricultural applications as a herbicidal agent, (+)-streptol might also prove useful to dissect plant cell and organ growth processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antri Georgiou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Sieber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chien-Chi Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tatyana Grayfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacob L Gorenflos López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Eberl
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland.
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65
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Gupta K, Gupta S, Faigenboim-Doron A, Patil AS, Levy Y, Carrus SC, Hovav R. Deep transcriptomic study reveals the role of cell wall biosynthesis and organization networks in the developing shell of peanut pod. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:509. [PMID: 34732143 PMCID: PMC8565004 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) belongs to an exceptional group of legume plants, wherein the flowers are produced aerially, but the pods develop under the ground. In such a unique environment, the pod's outer shell plays a vital role as a barrier against mechanical damage and soilborne pathogens. Recent studies have reported the uniqueness and importance of gene expression patterns that accompany peanut pods' biogenesis. These studies focused on biogenesis and pod development during the early stages, but the late developmental stages and disease resistance aspects still have gaps. To extend this information, we analyzed the transcriptome generated from four pod developmental stages of two genotypes, Hanoch (Virginia-type) and IGC53 (Peruvian-type), which differs significantly in their pod shell characteristics and pathogen resistance. RESULTS The transcriptome study revealed a significant reprogramming of the number and nature of differentially expressed (DE) genes during shell development. Generally, the numbers of DE genes were higher in IGC53 than in Hanoch, and the R5-R6 transition was the most dynamic in terms of transcriptomic changes. Genes related to cell wall biosynthesis, modification and transcription factors (TFs) dominated these changes therefore, we focused on their differential, temporal and spatial expression patterns. Analysis of the cellulose synthase superfamily identified specific Cellulose synthase (CesAs) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes and their coordinated interplay with other cell wall-related genes during the peanut shell development was demonstrated. TFs were also identified as being involved in the shell development process, and their pattern of expression differed in the two peanut genotypes. The shell component analysis showed that overall crude fiber, cellulose, lignin, hemicelluloses and dry matter increased with shell development, whereas K, N, protein, and ash content decreased. Genotype IGC53 contained a higher level of crude fiber, cellulose, NDF, ADF, K, ash, and dry matter percentage, while Hanoch had higher protein and nitrogen content. CONCLUSIONS The comparative transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes, enriched processes, and molecular processes like cell wall biosynthesis/modifications, carbohydrate metabolic process, signaling, transcription factors, transport, stress, and lignin biosynthesis during the peanut shell development between two contrasting genotypes. TFs and other genes like chitinases were also enriched in peanut shells known for pathogen resistance against soilborne major pathogens causing pod wart disease and pod damages. This study will shed new light on the biological processes involved with underground pod development in an important legume crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Gupta
- Department of Field Crops, Plant Sciences Institute, ARO, Rishon Lezion, Israel.
- Department of Biotechnology, Siddharth University, Kapilvastu, Siddharth Nagar, UP, India.
| | - Shubhra Gupta
- Department of Field Crops, Plant Sciences Institute, ARO, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | | | | | - Yael Levy
- Department of Field Crops, Plant Sciences Institute, ARO, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Scott Cohen Carrus
- Department of Field Crops, Plant Sciences Institute, ARO, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Ran Hovav
- Department of Field Crops, Plant Sciences Institute, ARO, Rishon Lezion, Israel.
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66
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McCubbin TJ, Braun DM. Phloem anatomy and function as shaped by the cell wall. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153526. [PMID: 34555540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The partitioning of assimilated carbon is a complex process that involves the loading, long-distance transport, and subsequent unloading of carbohydrates from source to sink tissues. The network of plumbing that facilitates this coordinated process is the phloem tissue. Our understanding of the physiology of phloem transport has grown tremendously since the modern theory of mass flow was first put forward, aided by the concomitant progress of technology and experimental methodologies. Recent findings have put a renewed emphasis on the underlying anatomy of the phloem, and in particular the important role that cell walls play in enabling the high-pressure flow of photoassimilates through the sieve element. This review will briefly summarize the foundational work in phloem anatomy and highlight recent work exploring the physiology of phloem cell wall structure and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J McCubbin
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, The Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri,Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - David M Braun
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, The Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri,Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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67
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The Functionally Characterization of Putative Genes Involved in the Formation of Mannose in the Aplanospore Cell Wall of Haematococcus pluvialis (Volvocales, Chlorophyta). Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110725. [PMID: 34822383 PMCID: PMC8618704 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unicellular volvocalean green algal Haematococcus pluvialis, known as astaxanthin rich microalgae, transforms into aplanospore stage from the flagellate stage when exposed to the stress environments. However, the mechanism of the formation of aplanospore cell wall, which hinders the extraction of astaxanthin and the genetic manipulation is still unclear. In this study, the cell wall components under salicylic acid and high light stresses were explored, and cellulose was considered the main component in the flagellates, which changed gradually into mannose in the aplanospore stages. During the period, the genes related to the cellulose and mannose metabolisms were identified based on the RNA-seq data, which presented a similar expression pattern. The positive correlations were observed among these studied genes by Pearson Correlation (PC) analysis, indicating the coordination between pathways of cellulose and mannose metabolism. The study firstly explored the formation mechanism of aplanospore cell wall, which might be of scientific significance in the study of H. pluvialis.
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68
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Yang X, Hill KA, Austin RS, Tian L. Differential Gene Expression of Brachypodium distachyon Roots Colonized by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and the Role of BdCESA8 in the Colonization. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1143-1156. [PMID: 34709058 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0170-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alternatives to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer are needed to reduce the costs of crop production and offset environmental damage. Nitrogen-fixing bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus has been proposed as a possible biofertilizer for monocot crop production. However, the colonization of G. diazotrophicus in most monocot crops is limited and deep understanding of the response of host plants to G. diazotrophicus colonization is still lacking. In this study, the molecular response of the monocot plant model Brachypodium distachyon was studied during G. diazotrophicus root colonization. The gene expression profiles of B. distachyon root tissues colonized by G. diazotrophicus were generated via next-generation RNA sequencing, and investigated through gene ontology and metabolic pathway analysis. The RNA sequencing results indicated that Brachypodium is actively involved in G. diazotrophicus colonization via cell wall synthesis. Jasmonic acid, ethylene, gibberellin biosynthesis. nitrogen assimilation, and primary and secondary metabolite pathways are also modulated to accommodate and control the extent of G. diazotrophicus colonization. Cellulose synthesis is significantly downregulated during colonization. The loss of function mutant for Brachypodium cellulose synthase 8 (BdCESA8) showed decreased cellulose content in xylem and increased resistance to G. diazotrophicus colonization. This result suggested that the cellulose synthesis of the secondary cell wall is involved in G. diazotrophicus colonization. The results of this study provide insights for future research in regard to gene manipulation for efficient colonization of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Brachypodium and monocot crops.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Kathleen A Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Ryan S Austin
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Lining Tian
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
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69
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Wan J, He M, Hou Q, Zou L, Yang Y, Wei Y, Chen X. Cell wall associated immunity in plants. STRESS BIOLOGY 2021; 1:3. [PMID: 37676546 PMCID: PMC10429498 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is the first physical and defensive barrier against pathogens. The plant cell wall usually undergoes dynamic remodeling as an immune response to prevent infection by pathogens. In this review, we summarize advances on relationship between cell wall and immunity in plants. In particular, we outline current progresses regarding the regulation of the cell wall components, including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, on plant disease resistance. We also discuss the impacts of cell wall-derived cellodextrin, oligogalacturonic acid and xyloglucan/xylan oligosaccharides as potent elicitors or signal molecules to trigger plant immune response. We further propose future studies on dissecting the molecular regulation of cell wall on plant immunity, which have potentials in practical application of crop breeding aiming at improvement of plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxue Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Karas BJ, Ross L, Novero M, Amyot L, Shrestha A, Inada S, Nakano M, Sakai T, Bonetta D, Sato S, Murray JD, Bonfante P, Szczyglowski K. Intragenic complementation at the Lotus japonicus CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE D1 locus rescues root hair defects. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:2037-2050. [PMID: 34618101 PMCID: PMC8331140 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root hair cells form the primary interface of plants with the soil environment, playing key roles in nutrient uptake and plant defense. In legumes, they are typically the first cells to become infected by nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria during root nodule symbiosis. Here, we report a role for the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE D1 (CSLD1) gene in root hair development in the legume species Lotus japonicus. CSLD1 belongs to the cellulose synthase protein family that includes cellulose synthases and cellulose synthase-like proteins, the latter thought to be involved in the biosynthesis of hemicellulose. We describe 11 Ljcsld1 mutant alleles that impose either short (Ljcsld1-1) or variable (Ljcsld1-2 to 11) root hair length phenotypes. Examination of Ljcsld1-1 and one variable-length root hair mutant, Ljcsld1-6, revealed increased root hair cell wall thickness, which in Ljcsld1-1 was significantly more pronounced and also associated with a strong defect in root nodule symbiosis. Lotus japonicus plants heterozygous for Ljcsld1-1 exhibited intermediate root hair lengths, suggesting incomplete dominance. Intragenic complementation was observed between alleles with mutations in different CSLD1 domains, suggesting CSLD1 function is modular and that the protein may operate as a homodimer or multimer during root hair development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogumil J Karas
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada, N5V 4T3
| | - Loretta Ross
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada, N5V 4T3
| | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lisa Amyot
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada, N5V 4T3
| | - Arina Shrestha
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Sayaka Inada
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Michiharu Nakano
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-nino-cho, Nishiku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Dario Bonetta
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sushei Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada, N5V 4T3
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular and Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Szczyglowski
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada, N5V 4T3
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
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Xu W, Cheng H, Zhu S, Cheng J, Ji H, Zhang B, Cao S, Wang C, Tong G, Zhen C, Mu L, Zhou Y, Cheng Y. Functional understanding of secondary cell wall cellulose synthases in Populus trichocarpa via the Cas9/gRNA-induced gene knockouts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1478-1495. [PMID: 33713445 PMCID: PMC8362133 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant cellulose is synthesized by a large plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase (CesA) complex. However, an overall functional determination of secondary cell wall (SCW) CesAs is still lacking in trees, especially one based on gene knockouts. Here, the Cas9/gRNA-induced knockouts of PtrCesA4, 7A, 7B, 8A and 8B genes were produced in Populus trichocarpa. Based on anatomical, immunohistochemical and wood composition evidence, we gained a comprehensive understanding of five SCW PtrCesAs at the genetic level. Complete loss of PtrCesA4, 7A/B or 8A/B led to similar morphological abnormalities, indicating similar and nonredundant genetic functions. The absence of the gelatinous (G) layer, one-layer-walled fibres and a 90% decrease in cellulose in these mutant woods revealed that the three classes of SCW PtrCesAs are essential for multilayered SCW structure and wood G-fibre. In addition, the mutant primary and secondary phloem fibres lost the n(G + L)- and G-layers and retained the thicker S-layers (L, lignified; S, secondary). Together with polysaccharide immunolocalization data, these findings suggest differences in the role of SCW PtrCesAs-synthesized cellulose in wood and phloem fibre wall structures. Overall, this functional understanding of the SCW PtrCesAs provides further insights into the impact of lacking cellulose biosynthesis on growth, SCW, wood G-fibre and phloem fibre wall structures in the tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
- School of ForestryNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Siran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Jiyao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Huanhuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Shenquan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Guimin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Cheng Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Liqiang Mu
- School of ForestryNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Yuxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
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TRANVIA (TVA) facilitates cellulose synthase trafficking and delivery to the plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021790118. [PMID: 34290139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021790118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs), which are assembled in the Golgi and secreted to the plasma membrane through the trans-Golgi network (TGN) compartment. However, the molecular mechanisms that guide CSCs through the secretory system and deliver them to the plasma membrane are poorly understood. Here, we identified an uncharacterized gene, TRANVIA (TVA), that is transcriptionally coregulated with the CESA genes required for primary cell wall synthesis. The tva mutant exhibits enhanced sensitivity to cellulose synthesis inhibitors; reduced cellulose content; and defective dynamics, density, and secretion of CSCs to the plasma membrane as compared to wild type. TVA is a plant-specific protein of unknown function that is detected in at least two different intracellular compartments: organelles labeled by markers for the TGN and smaller compartments that deliver CSCs to the plasma membrane. Together, our data suggest that TVA promotes trafficking of CSCs to the plasma membrane by facilitating exit from the TGN and/or interaction of CSC secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.
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Daras G, Templalexis D, Avgeri F, Tsitsekian D, Karamanou K, Rigas S. Updating Insights into the Catalytic Domain Properties of Plant Cellulose synthase ( CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like ( Csl) Proteins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144335. [PMID: 34299608 PMCID: PMC8306620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The wall is the last frontier of a plant cell involved in modulating growth, development and defense against biotic stresses. Cellulose and additional polysaccharides of plant cell walls are the most abundant biopolymers on earth, having increased in economic value and thereby attracted significant interest in biotechnology. Cellulose biosynthesis constitutes a highly complicated process relying on the formation of cellulose synthase complexes. Cellulose synthase (CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes encode enzymes that synthesize cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides. Arabidopsis and rice are invaluable genetic models and reliable representatives of land plants to comprehend cell wall synthesis. During the past two decades, enormous research progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis and construction of the plant cell wall. A plethora of cesa and csl mutants have been characterized, providing functional insights into individual protein isoforms. Recent structural studies have uncovered the mode of CesA assembly and the dynamics of cellulose production. Genetics and structural biology have generated new knowledge and have accelerated the pace of discovery in this field, ultimately opening perspectives towards cellulose synthesis manipulation. This review provides an overview of the major breakthroughs gathering previous and recent genetic and structural advancements, focusing on the function of CesA and Csl catalytic domain in plants.
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Chaudhary A, Chen X, Leśniewska B, Boikine R, Gao J, Wolf S, Schneitz K. Cell wall damage attenuates root hair patterning and tissue morphogenesis mediated by the receptor kinase STRUBBELIG. Development 2021; 148:270854. [PMID: 34251020 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall remodeling is essential for the control of growth and development as well as the regulation of stress responses. However, the underlying cell wall monitoring mechanisms remain poorly understood. Regulation of root hair fate and flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana requires signaling mediated by the atypical receptor kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB). Furthermore, SUB is involved in cell wall integrity signaling and regulates the cellular response to reduced levels of cellulose, a central component of the cell wall. Here, we show that continuous exposure to sub-lethal doses of the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben results in altered root hair patterning and floral morphogenesis. Genetically impairing cellulose biosynthesis also results in root hair patterning defects. We further show that isoxaben exerts its developmental effects through the attenuation of SUB signaling. Our evidence indicates that downregulation of SUB is a multi-step process and involves changes in SUB complex architecture at the plasma membrane, enhanced removal of SUB from the cell surface, and downregulation of SUB transcript levels. The results provide molecular insight into how the cell wall regulates cell fate and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Chaudhary
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Xia Chen
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rodion Boikine
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jin Gao
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Cell wall signaling group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Ren G, Zhang X, Li Y, Ridout K, Serrano-Serrano ML, Yang Y, Liu A, Ravikanth G, Nawaz MA, Mumtaz AS, Salamin N, Fumagalli L. Large-scale whole-genome resequencing unravels the domestication history of Cannabis sativa. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/29/eabg2286. [PMID: 34272249 PMCID: PMC8284894 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa has long been an important source of fiber extracted from hemp and both medicinal and recreational drugs based on cannabinoid compounds. Here, we investigated its poorly known domestication history using whole-genome resequencing of 110 accessions from worldwide origins. We show that C. sativa was first domesticated in early Neolithic times in East Asia and that all current hemp and drug cultivars diverged from an ancestral gene pool currently represented by feral plants and landraces in China. We identified candidate genes associated with traits differentiating hemp and drug cultivars, including branching pattern and cellulose/lignin biosynthesis. We also found evidence for loss of function of genes involved in the synthesis of the two major biochemically competing cannabinoids during selection for increased fiber production or psychoactive properties. Our results provide a unique global view of the domestication of C. sativa and offer valuable genomic resources for ongoing functional and molecular breeding research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangpeng Ren
- Laboratory for Conservation Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Science and Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Science and Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Science and Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Kate Ridout
- Laboratory for Conservation Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Oxford Molecular Diagnostics Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martha L Serrano-Serrano
- Laboratory for Conservation Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yongzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Science and Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Ai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Science and Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Gudasalamani Ravikanth
- Suri Sehgal Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Royal Enclave Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Muhammad Ali Nawaz
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Samad Mumtaz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Computational Biology, Génopode, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Fumagalli
- Laboratory for Conservation Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Centre Universitaire Romand de Médecine Légale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et Université de Lausanne, Chemin de la Vulliette 4, 1000 Lausanne 25, Switzerland
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Inhibition of cell expansion enhances cortical microtubule stability in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:13. [PMID: 34082808 PMCID: PMC8173746 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-021-00143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Cortical microtubules regulate cell expansion by determining cellulose microfibril orientation in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana. While the regulation of cell wall properties by cortical microtubules is well studied, the data on the influence of cell wall to cortical microtubule organization and stability remain scarce. Studies on cellulose biosynthesis mutants revealed that cortical microtubules depend on Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) function and/or cell expansion. Furthermore, it has been reported that cortical microtubules in cellulose-deficient mutants are hypersensitive to oryzalin. In this work, the persistence of cortical microtubules against anti-microtubule treatment was thoroughly studied in the roots of several cesa mutants, namely thanatos, mre1, any1, prc1-1 and rsw1, and the Cellulose Synthase Interacting 1 protein (csi1) mutant pom2-4. In addition, various treatments with drugs affecting cell expansion were performed on wild-type roots. Whole mount tubulin immunolabeling was applied in the above roots and observations were performed by confocal microscopy. Results Cortical microtubules in all mutants showed statistically significant increased persistence against anti-microtubule drugs, compared to those of the wild-type. Furthermore, to examine if the enhanced stability of cortical microtubules was due to reduced cellulose biosynthesis or to suppression of cell expansion, treatments of wild-type roots with 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and Congo red were performed. After these treatments, cortical microtubules appeared more resistant to oryzalin, than in the control. Conclusions According to these findings, it may be concluded that inhibition of cell expansion, irrespective of the cause, results in increased microtubule stability in A. thaliana root. In addition, cell expansion does not only rely on cortical microtubule orientation but also plays a regulatory role in microtubule dynamics, as well. Various hypotheses may explain the increased cortical microtubule stability under decreased cell expansion such as the role of cell wall sensors and the presence of less dynamic cortical microtubules. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40709-021-00143-8.
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Huang L, Li X, Zhang C. Endosidin20-1 is more potent than endosidin20 in inhibiting plant cellulose biosynthesis and molecular docking analysis of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors on modeled cellulose synthase structure. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1605-1624. [PMID: 33793980 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endosidin20 (ES20) is a recently identified cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) that targets the catalytic site of plant cellulose synthase (CESA). Here, we screened over 600 ES20 analogs and identified nine active analogs named ES20-1 to ES20-9. Among these, endosidin20-1 (ES20-1) had stronger inhibitory effects on plant growth and cellulose biosynthesis than ES20. At the biochemical level, we demonstrated that ES20-1, like ES20, directly interacts with CESA6. At the cellular level, this molecule, like ES20, induced the accumulation of cellulose synthase complexes at the Golgi apparatus and inhibited their secretion to the plasma membrane. Like ES20, ES20-1 likely targets the catalytic site of CESA. However, through molecular docking analysis using a modeled structure of full-length CESA6, we found that both ES20 and ES20-1 might have another target site at the transmembrane regions of CESA6. Besides ES20, other CBIs such as isoxaben, C17, and flupoxam are widely used tools to dissect the mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis and are also valuable resources for the development of herbicides. Here, based on mutant genetic analysis and molecular docking analysis, we have identified the potential target sites of these CBIs on a modeled CESA structure. Some bacteria also produce cellulose, and both ES20 and ES20-1 inhibited bacterial cellulose biosynthesis. Therefore, we conclude that ES20-1 is a more potent analog of ES20 that inhibits intrinsic cellulose biosynthesis in plants, and both ES20 and ES20-1 show an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth and cellulose synthesis, making them excellent tools for exploring the mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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78
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Mao J, Li W, Liu J, Li J. Versatile Physiological Functions of Plant GSK3-Like Kinases. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050697. [PMID: 34066668 PMCID: PMC8151121 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like kinases are highly conserved protein serine/threonine kinases that are grouped into four subfamilies. Similar to their mammalian homologs, these kinases are constitutively active under normal growth conditions but become inactivated in response to diverse developmental and environmental signals. Since their initial discoveries in the early 1990s, many biochemical and genetic studies were performed to investigate their physiological functions in various plant species. These studies have demonstrated that the plant GSK3-like kinases are multifunctional kinases involved not only in a wide variety of plant growth and developmental processes but also in diverse plant stress responses. Here we summarize our current understanding of the versatile physiological functions of the plant GSK3-like kinases along with their confirmed and potential substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Wenxin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.L.)
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79
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McFarlane HE, Mutwil-Anderwald D, Verbančič J, Picard KL, Gookin TE, Froehlich A, Chakravorty D, Trindade LM, Alonso JM, Assmann SM, Persson S. A G protein-coupled receptor-like module regulates cellulose synthase secretion from the endomembrane system in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1484-1497.e7. [PMID: 33878345 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is produced at the plasma membrane of plant cells by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs). CSCs are assembled in the endomembrane system and then trafficked to the plasma membrane. Because CESAs are only active in the plasma membrane, control of CSC secretion regulates cellulose synthesis. We identified members of a family of seven transmembrane domain-containing proteins (7TMs) that are important for cellulose production during cell wall integrity stress. 7TMs are often associated with guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein signaling and we found that mutants affecting the Gβγ dimer phenocopied the 7tm mutants. Unexpectedly, the 7TMs localized to the Golgi/trans-Golgi network where they interacted with G protein components. Here, the 7TMs and Gβγ regulated CESA trafficking but did not affect general protein secretion. Our results outline how a G protein-coupled module regulates CESA trafficking and reveal that defects in this process lead to exacerbated responses to cell wall integrity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Daniela Mutwil-Anderwald
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; School of the Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jana Verbančič
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kelsey L Picard
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001 TAS, Australia
| | - Timothy E Gookin
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Anja Froehlich
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - David Chakravorty
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jose M Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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80
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Allelign Ashagre H, Zaltzman D, Idan-Molakandov A, Romano H, Tzfadia O, Harpaz-Saad S. FASCICLIN-LIKE 18 Is a New Player Regulating Root Elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:645286. [PMID: 33897736 PMCID: PMC8058476 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.645286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of root development represents a key trait that enables plants to adapt to diverse environmental cues. The pattern of cell wall deposition, alongside other parameters, affects the extent, and direction of root growth. In this study, we report that FASCICLIN-LIKE ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEIN 18 (FLA18) plays a role during root elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using root-specific co-expression analysis, we identified FLA18 to be co-expressed with a sub-set of genes required for root elongation. FLA18 encodes for a putative extra-cellular arabinogalactan protein from the FLA-gene family. Two independent T-DNA insertion lines, named fla18-1 and fla18-2, display short and swollen lateral roots (LRs) when grown on sensitizing condition of high-sucrose containing medium. Unlike fla4/salt overly sensitive 5 (sos5), previously shown to display short and swollen primary root (PR) and LRs under these conditions, the PR of the fla18 mutants is slightly longer compared to the wild-type. Overexpression of the FLA18 CDS complemented the fla18 root phenotype. Genetic interaction between either of the fla18 alleles and sos5 reveals a more severe perturbation of anisotropic growth in both PR and LRs, as compared to the single mutants and the wild-type under restrictive conditions of high sucrose or high-salt containing medium. Additionally, under salt-stress conditions, fla18sos5 had a small, chlorotic shoot phenotype, that was not observed in any of the single mutants or the wild type. As previously shown for sos5, the fla18-1 and fla18-1sos5 root-elongation phenotype is suppressed by abscisic acid (ABA) and display hypersensitivity to the ABA synthesis inhibitor, Fluridon. Last, similar to other cell wall mutants, fla18 root elongation is hypersensitive to the cellulose synthase inhibitor, Isoxaben. Altogether, the presented data assign a new role for FLA18 in the regulation of root elongation. Future studies of the unique vs. redundant roles of FLA proteins during root elongation is anticipated to shed a new light on the regulation of root architecture during plant adaptation to different growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewot Allelign Ashagre
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Zaltzman
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Idan-Molakandov
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hila Romano
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oren Tzfadia
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Smadar Harpaz-Saad
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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81
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Petrova A, Kozlova L, Gorshkov O, Nazipova A, Ageeva M, Gorshkova T. Cell Wall Layer Induced in Xylem Fibers of Flax Upon Gravistimulation Is Similar to Constitutively Formed Cell Walls of Bast Fibers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660375. [PMID: 33936149 PMCID: PMC8080151 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the fibers of many plant species after the formation of secondary cell walls, cellulose-enriched cell wall layers (often named G-layers or tertiary cell walls) are deposited which are important in many physiological situations. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) phloem fibers constitutively develop tertiary cell walls during normal plant growth. During the gravitropic response after plant inclination, the deposition of a cellulose-enriched cell wall layer is induced in xylem fibers on one side of the stem, providing a system similar to that of tension wood in angiosperm trees. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), immunochemistry, and transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that the G-layer induced in flax xylem fibers was similar to the constitutively formed tertiary cell wall of bast (phloem) fibers but different from the secondary cell wall. The tertiary cell walls, independent of tissue of origin and inducibility, were twice as stiff as the secondary cell walls. In the gravitropic response, the tertiary cell wall deposition rate in xylem was higher than that of the secondary cell wall. Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) with galactan side chains was a prominent component in cellulose-rich layers of both phloem and xylem flax fibers. Transcriptomic events underlying G-layer deposition in phloem and xylem fibers had much in common. At the induction of tertiary cell wall deposition, several genes for rhamnosyltransferases of the GT106 family were activated in xylem samples. The same genes were expressed in the isolated phloem fibers depositing the tertiary cell wall. The comparison of transcriptomes in fibers with both inducible and constitutive tertiary cell wall deposition and xylem tissues that formed the secondary cell walls is an effective system that revealed important molecular players involved in the formation of cellulose-enriched cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Petrova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg Gorshkov
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alsu Nazipova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Microscopy Cabinet, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
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Gibberellin induced transcription factor bZIP53 regulates CesA1 expression in maize kernels. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244591. [PMID: 33730027 PMCID: PMC7968625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper development of the maize kernel is of great significance for high and stable maize yield to ensure national food security. Gibberellin (GA), one of the hormones regulating plant growth, is involved in modulating the development of maize kernels. Cellulose, one of the main components of plant cells, is also regulated by gibberellin. The mechanism of hormone regulation during maize grain development is highly complicated, and reports on GA-mediated modulation of cellulose synthesis during maize grain development are rare. Our study revealed that during grain growth and development, the grain length and bulk density of GA-treated corn kernels improved significantly, and the cellulose content of grains increased, while seed coat thickness decreased. The transcription factor basic region/leucine zipper motif 53 (bZIP53), which is strongly correlated with cellulose synthase gene 1 (CesA1) expression, was screened by transcriptome sequencing and the expression of the cellulose synthase gene in maize grain development after GA treatment was determined. It was found that bZIP53 expression significantly promoted the expression of CesA1. Further, analysis of the transcription factor bZIP53 determined that the gene-encoded protein was localized in the cell and nuclear membranes, but the transcription factor bZIP53 itself showed no transcriptional activation. Further studies are required to explore the interaction of bZIP53 with CesA1.
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83
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Ma Z, Liu X, Nath S, Sun H, Tran TM, Yang L, Mayor S, Miao Y. Formin nanoclustering-mediated actin assembly during plant flagellin and DSF signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108884. [PMID: 33789103 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to bacterial infection acutely with actin remodeling during plant immune responses. The mechanisms by which bacterial virulence factors (VFs) modulate plant actin polymerization remain enigmatic. Here, we show that plant-type-I formin serves as the molecular sensor for actin remodeling in response to two bacterial VFs: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) diffusible signal factor (DSF), and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Both VFs regulate actin assembly by tuning the clustering and nucleation activity of formin on the plasma membrane (PM) at the nano-sized scale. By being integrated within the cell-wall-PM-actin cytoskeleton (CW-PM-AC) continuum, the dynamic behavior and function of formins are highly dependent on each scaffold layer's composition within the CW-PM-AC continuum during both DSF and PTI signaling. Our results reveal a central mechanism for rapid actin remodeling during plant-bacteria interactions, in which bacterial signaling molecules fine tune plant formin nanoclustering in a host mechanical-structure-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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84
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Kong Y, Pei S, Wang Y, Xu Y, Wang X, Zhou G, Hu R. HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS2 regulates cellulose biosynthesis in seed coat mucilage by activating CELLULOSE SYNTHASE5. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:77-93. [PMID: 33631797 PMCID: PMC8133575 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Numerous proteins involved in cellulose biosynthesis and assembly have been functionally characterized. Nevertheless, we have a limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of the genes that encode these proteins. Here, we report that HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS2 (HDG2), a Homeobox-Leucine Zipper IV transcription factor, regulates cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed coat mucilage. HDG2 is a transcriptional activator with the transactivation domain located within its Leucine-Zipper domain. Transcripts of HDG2 were detected specifically in seed coat epidermal cells with peak expression at 10 d postanthesis. Disruptions of HDG2 led to seed coat mucilage with aberrant morphology due to a reduction in its crystalline cellulose content. Electrophoretic mobility shift and yeast one-hybrid assays, together with chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative PCR, provided evidence that HDG2 directly activates CELLULOSE SYNTHASE5 (CESA5) expression by binding to the L1-box cis-acting element in its promoter. Overexpression of CESA5 partially rescued the mucilage defects of hdg2-3. Together, our data suggest that HDG2 directly activates CESA5 expression and thus is a positive regulator of cellulose biosynthesis in seed coat mucilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhen Kong
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Shengqiang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Ruibo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
- Author for communication:
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85
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Cuadrado-Pedetti MB, Rauschert I, Sainz MM, Amorim-Silva V, Botella MA, Borsani O, Sotelo-Silveira M. The Arabidopsis TETRATRICOPEPTIDE THIOREDOXIN-LIKE 1 Gene Is Involved in Anisotropic Root Growth during Osmotic Stress Adaptation. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:236. [PMID: 33562207 PMCID: PMC7915054 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Arabidopsis TETRATRICOPEPTIDE THIOREDOXIN-LIKE 1 (TTL1) gene cause reduced tolerance to osmotic stress evidenced by an arrest in root growth and root swelling, which makes it an interesting model to explore how root growth is controlled under stress conditions. We found that osmotic stress reduced the growth rate of the primary root by inhibiting the cell elongation in the elongation zone followed by a reduction in the number of cortical cells in the proximal meristem. We then studied the stiffness of epidermal cell walls in the root elongation zone of ttl1 mutants under osmotic stress using atomic force microscopy. In plants grown in control conditions, the mean apparent elastic modulus was 448% higher for live Col-0 cell walls than for ttl1 (88.1 ± 2.8 vs. 16.08 ± 6.9 kPa). Seven days of osmotic stress caused an increase in the stiffness in the cell wall of the cells from the elongation zone of 87% and 84% for Col-0 and ttl1, respectively. These findings suggest that TTL1 may play a role controlling cell expansion orientation during root growth, necessary for osmotic stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Cuadrado-Pedetti
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Inés Rauschert
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay;
| | - María Martha Sainz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Vítor Amorim-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.A.-S); (M.A.B.)
| | - Miguel Angel Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.A.-S); (M.A.B.)
| | - Omar Borsani
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Mariana Sotelo-Silveira
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
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86
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Huang L, Zhang C. The Mode of Action of Endosidin20 Differs from That of Other Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 61:2139-2152. [PMID: 33104193 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Endosidin20 (ES20) was recently identified as a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) that targets the catalytic domain of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 6 (CESA6) and thus inhibits the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we characterized the effects of ES20 on the growth of other plant species and found that ES20 is a broad-spectrum plant growth inhibitor. We tested the inhibitory effects of previously characterized CBIs (isoxaben, indaziflam and C17) on the growth of Arabidopsis cesa6 mutants that have reduced sensitivity to ES20. We found that most of these mutants are sensitive to isoxaben, indaziflam and C17, indicating that these tested CBIs have a different mode of action than ES20. ES20 also has a synergistic inhibitory effect on plant growth when jointly applied with other CBIs, further confirming that ES20 has a different mode of action than isoxaben, indaziflam and C17. We demonstrated that plants carrying two missense mutations conferring resistance to ES20 and isoxaben can tolerate the dual inhibitory effects of these CBIs when combined. ES20 inhibits Arabidopsis growth in growth medium and in soil following direct spraying. Therefore, our results pave the way for using ES20 as a broad-spectrum herbicide, and for the use of gene-editing technologies to produce ES20-resistant crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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87
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Lorrai R, Francocci F, Gully K, Martens HJ, De Lorenzo G, Nawrath C, Ferrari S. Impaired Cuticle Functionality and Robust Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants With Altered Homogalacturonan Integrity Are Dependent on the Class III Peroxidase AtPRX71. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:696955. [PMID: 34484262 PMCID: PMC8415794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a major cell wall component that plays important roles in plant development and response to environmental stresses. Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a fungal polygalacturonase (PG plants) that degrades homogalacturonan (HG), a major pectin component, as well as loss-of-function mutants for QUASIMODO2 (QUA2), encoding a putative pectin methyltransferase important for HG biosynthesis, show accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced growth and almost complete resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Both PG and qua2 plants show increased expression of the class III peroxidase AtPRX71 that contributes to their elevated ROS levels and reduced growth. In this work, we show that leaves of PG and qua2 plants display greatly increased cuticle permeability. Both increased cuticle permeability and resistance to B. cinerea in qua2 are suppressed by loss of AtPRX71. Increased cuticle permeability in qua2, rather than on defects in cuticle ultrastructure or cutin composition, appears to be dependent on reduced epidermal cell adhesion, which is exacerbated by AtPRX71, and is suppressed by the esmeralda1 mutation, which also reverts the adhesion defect and the resistant phenotype. Increased cuticle permeability, accumulation of ROS, and resistance to B. cinerea are also observed in mutants lacking a functional FERONIA, a receptor-like kinase thought to monitor pectin integrity. In contrast, mutants with defects in other structural components of primary cell wall do not have a defective cuticle and are normally susceptible to the fungus. Our results suggest that disrupted cuticle integrity, mediated by peroxidase-dependent ROS accumulation, plays a major role in the robust resistance to B. cinerea of plants with altered HG integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Lorrai
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fedra Francocci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helle J. Martens
- Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simone Ferrari,
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88
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Li H, von Wangenheim D, Zhang X, Tan S, Darwish‐Miranda N, Naramoto S, Wabnik K, De Rycke R, Kaufmann WA, Gütl D, Tejos R, Grones P, Ke M, Chen X, Dettmer J, Friml J. Cellular requirements for PIN polar cargo clustering in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:351-369. [PMID: 32810889 PMCID: PMC7984064 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell and tissue polarization is fundamental for plant growth and morphogenesis. The polar, cellular localization of Arabidopsis PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins is crucial for their function in directional auxin transport. The clustering of PIN polar cargoes within the plasma membrane has been proposed to be important for the maintenance of their polar distribution. However, the more detailed features of PIN clusters and the cellular requirements of cargo clustering remain unclear. Here, we characterized PIN clusters in detail by means of multiple advanced microscopy and quantification methods, such as 3D quantitative imaging or freeze-fracture replica labeling. The size and aggregation types of PIN clusters were determined by electron microscopy at the nanometer level at different polar domains and at different developmental stages, revealing a strong preference for clustering at the polar domains. Pharmacological and genetic studies revealed that PIN clusters depend on phosphoinositol pathways, cytoskeletal structures and specific cell-wall components as well as connections between the cell wall and the plasma membrane. This study identifies the role of different cellular processes and structures in polar cargo clustering and provides initial mechanistic insight into the maintenance of polarity in plants and other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Li
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Daniel von Wangenheim
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Centre for Plant Integrative BiologySchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)Vienna1190Austria
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | | | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendai980‐8577Japan
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhent9052Belgium
- Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy and VIB BioImaging CoreGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Walter A. Kaufmann
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Daniel Gütl
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Ricardo Tejos
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Departamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasCentro de Biología Molecular VegetalUniversidad de ChileSantiago7800003Chile
| | - Peter Grones
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Meiyu Ke
- Haixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Haixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Jan Dettmer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
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89
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Allen H, Wei D, Gu Y, Li S. A historical perspective on the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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90
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Disruption of Very-Long-Chain-Fatty Acid Synthesis Has an Impact on the Dynamics of Cellulose Synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111599. [PMID: 33218005 PMCID: PMC7698757 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized by membrane-spanning large protein complexes named cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). In this study, the Arabidopsis PASTICCINO2 (PAS2) was identified as an interacting partner of cellulose synthases. PAS2 was previously characterized as the plant 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydratase, an ER membrane-localized dehydratase that is essential for very-long-chain-fatty acid (VLCFA) elongation. The pas2-1 mutants show defective cell elongation and reduction in cellulose content in both etiolated hypocotyls and light-grown roots. Although disruption of VLCFA synthesis by a genetic alteration had a reduction in VLCFA in both etiolated hypocotyls and light-grown roots, it had a differential effect on cellulose content in the two systems, suggesting the threshold level of VLCFA for efficient cellulose synthesis may be different in the two biological systems. pas2-1 had a reduction in both CSC delivery rate and CSC velocity at the PM in etiolated hypocotyls. Interestingly, Golgi but not post-Golgi endomembrane structures exhibited a severe defect in motility. Experiments using pharmacological perturbation of VLCFA content in etiolated hypocotyls strongly indicate a novel function of PAS2 in the regulation of CSC and Golgi motility. Through a combination of genetic, biochemical and cell biology studies, our study demonstrated that PAS2 as a multifunction protein has an important role in the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis hypocotyl.
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91
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Galinousky D, Mokshina N, Padvitski T, Ageeva M, Bogdan V, Kilchevsky A, Gorshkova T. The Toolbox for Fiber Flax Breeding: A Pipeline From Gene Expression to Fiber Quality. Front Genet 2020; 11:589881. [PMID: 33281880 PMCID: PMC7690631 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.589881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of any plant breeding program is to improve quality of a target crop. Crop quality is a comprehensive feature largely determined by biological background. To improve the quality parameters of crops grown for the production of fiber, a functional approach was used to search for genes suitable for the effective manipulation of technical fiber quality. A key step was to identify genes with tissue and stage-specific pattern of expression in the developing fibers. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between gene expression evaluated in bast fibers of developing flax plants and the quality parameters of technical fibers measured after plant harvesting. Based on previously published transcriptomic data, two sets of genes that are upregulated in fibers during intrusive growth and tertiary cell wall deposition were selected. The expression level of the selected genes and fiber quality parameters were measured in fiber flax, linseed (oil flax) cultivars, and wild species that differ in type of yield and fiber quality parameters. Based on gene expression data, linear regression models for technical stem length, fiber tensile strength, and fiber flexibility were constructed, resulting in the identification of genes that have high potential for manipulating fiber quality. Chromosomal localization and single nucleotide polymorphism distribution in the selected genes were characterized for the efficacy of their use in conventional breeding and genome editing programs. Transcriptome-based selection is a highly targeted functional approach that could be used during the development of new cultivars of various crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Galinousky
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Ecological Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Natalia Mokshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Tsimafei Padvitski
- Cellular Network and Systems Biology Group, University of Cologne, CECAD, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Laboratory of Microscopy, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Victor Bogdan
- Laboratory of Fiber Flax Breeding, Institute of Flax, Ustie, Belarus
| | - Alexander Kilchevsky
- Laboratory of Ecological Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
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92
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Hu B, Zhu J, Wu H, Xu K, Zhai H, Guo N, Gao Y, Yang J, Zhu D, Xia Z. Enhanced Chlorophyll Degradation Triggers the Pod Degreening of "Golden Hook," a Special Ecotype in Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Front Genet 2020; 11:570816. [PMID: 33133159 PMCID: PMC7573562 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.570816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal genetic factors or pathways involved in the pod degreening, we performed transcriptome and metabolome analyses using a yellow pod cultivar of the common bean "golden hook" ecotype and its green pod mutants yielded via gamma radiation. Transcriptional profiling showed that expression levels of red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCCR, Phvul.008G280300) involved in chlorophyll degradation was strongly enhanced at an early stage (2 cm long) in wild type but not in green pod mutants. The expression levels of genes involved in cellulose synthesis was inhibited by the pod degreening. Metabolomic profiling showed that the content of most flavonoid, flavones, and isoflavonoid was decreased during pod development, but the content of afzelechin, taxifolin, dihydrokaempferol, and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside was remarkably increased in both wild type and green pod mutant. This study revealed that the pod degreening of the golden hook resulting from chlorophyll degradation could trigger changes in cellulose and flavonoids biosynthesis pathway, offering this cultivar a special color appearance and good flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Guo
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Science of Xuhuai Region, Huai'an, China
| | - Danhua Zhu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengjun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
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93
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Du J, Kirui A, Huang S, Wang L, Barnes WJ, Kiemle SN, Zheng Y, Rui Y, Ruan M, Qi S, Kim SH, Wang T, Cosgrove DJ, Anderson CT, Xiao C. Mutations in the Pectin Methyltransferase QUASIMODO2 Influence Cellulose Biosynthesis and Wall Integrity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3576-3597. [PMID: 32883711 PMCID: PMC7610292 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pectins are abundant in the cell walls of dicotyledonous plants, but how they interact with other wall polymers and influence wall integrity and cell growth has remained mysterious. Here, we verified that QUASIMODO2 (QUA2) is a pectin methyltransferase and determined that QUA2 is required for normal pectin biosynthesis. To gain further insight into how pectin affects wall assembly and integrity maintenance, we investigated cellulose biosynthesis, cellulose organization, cortical microtubules, and wall integrity signaling in two mutant alleles of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) QUA2, qua2 and tsd2 In both mutants, crystalline cellulose content is reduced, cellulose synthase particles move more slowly, and cellulose organization is aberrant. NMR analysis shows higher mobility of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides in the mutants. Microtubules in mutant hypocotyls have aberrant organization and depolymerize more readily upon treatment with oryzalin or external force. The expression of genes related to wall integrity, wall biosynthesis, and microtubule stability is dysregulated in both mutants. These data provide insights into how homogalacturonan is methylesterified upon its synthesis, the mechanisms by which pectin functionally interacts with cellulose, and how these interactions are translated into intracellular regulation to maintain the structural integrity of the cell wall during plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Alex Kirui
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Shixin Huang
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Lianglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - William J Barnes
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Sarah N Kiemle
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yunzhen Zheng
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Mei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Seong H Kim
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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94
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Li J, Wang X, Wang X, Ma P, Yin W, Wang Y, Chen Y, Chen S, Jia H. Hydrogen sulfide promotes hypocotyl elongation via increasing cellulose content and changing the arrangement of cellulose fibrils in alfalfa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5852-5864. [PMID: 32640016 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is known to have positive physiological functions in plant growth, but limited data are available on its influence on cell walls. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism by which H2S regulates the biosynthesis and deposition of cell wall cellulose in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Treatment with NaHS was found to increase the length of epidermal cells in the hypocotyl, and transcriptome analysis indicated that it caused the differential expression of numerous of cell wall-related genes. These differentially expressed genes were directly associated with the biosynthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose, and with the degradation of pectin. Analysis of cell wall composition showed that NaHS treatment increased the contents of cellulose and hemicellulose, but decreased the pectin content. Atomic force microscopy revealed that treatment with NaHS decreased the diameter of cellulose fibrils, altered the arrangement of the fibrillar bundles, and increased the spacing between the bundles. The dynamics of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) were closely related to cellulose synthesis, and NaHS increased the rate of mobility of the particles. Overall, our results suggest that the H2S signal enhances the plasticity of the cell wall by regulating the deposition of cellulose fibrils and by decreasing the pectin content. The resulting increases in cellulose and hemicellulose contents lead to cell wall expansion and cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Li
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peiyun Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weili Yin
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Life Science Research Core, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaolin Chen
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Honglei Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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95
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Wang L, Hart BE, Khan GA, Cruz ER, Persson S, Wallace IS. Associations between phytohormones and cellulose biosynthesis in land plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:807-824. [PMID: 32619216 PMCID: PMC7539351 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytohormones are small molecules that regulate virtually every aspect of plant growth and development, from basic cellular processes, such as cell expansion and division, to whole plant environmental responses. While the phytohormone levels and distribution thus tell the plant how to adjust itself, the corresponding growth alterations are actuated by cell wall modification/synthesis and internal turgor. Plant cell walls are complex polysaccharide-rich extracellular matrixes that surround all plant cells. Among the cell wall components, cellulose is typically the major polysaccharide, and is the load-bearing structure of the walls. Hence, the cell wall distribution of cellulose, which is synthesized by large Cellulose Synthase protein complexes at the cell surface, directs plant growth. SCOPE Here, we review the relationships between key phytohormone classes and cellulose deposition in plant systems. We present the core signalling pathways associated with each phytohormone and discuss the current understanding of how these signalling pathways impact cellulose biosynthesis with a particular focus on transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Because cortical microtubules underlying the plasma membrane significantly impact the trajectories of Cellulose Synthase Complexes, we also discuss the current understanding of how phytohormone signalling impacts the cortical microtubule array. CONCLUSION Given the importance of cellulose deposition and phytohormone signalling in plant growth and development, one would expect that there is substantial cross-talk between these processes; however, mechanisms for many of these relationships remain unclear and should be considered as the target of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bret E Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Edward R Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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96
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Huang L, Zhang C. Endosidin20 does not affect cellulose synthase complex transport from ER to the Golgi. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1780039. [PMID: 32567470 PMCID: PMC8570753 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1780039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, as the main component of the plant cell wall, is synthesized by plasma membrane-embedded cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs). We recently reported a new CESA inhibitor named Endosidin20 (ES20) that targets the catalytic site of CESA6 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found that inhibiting CESA catalytic activity by ES20 treatment reduces the motility of CSC at the plasma membrane and reduces the delivery of CSC to the plasma membrane. We also found that ES20 treatment causes an increased abundance of CSC at the Golgi. Through further investigation, here we show that inhibiting CESA catalytic activity by ES20 treatment does not interfere with the transport of CSC from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, indicating that inhibiting CESA catalytic activity reduces efficient CSC exit from Golgi. We also show that ES20 affects CSC trafficking without interfering with the trafficking of other cargo proteins in the secretory pathway and does not disturb the cellular localization of typical organelle marker proteins. In combination with our recent findings, our results show that inhibiting CESA catalytic activity by short-term ES20 treatment affects CSC exit from Golgi and CSC post-Golgi transport but does not affect CSC transport from ER to the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- CONTACT Chunhua Zhang Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University., West Lafayette, IN47907
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97
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Park S, Ding SY. The N-terminal zinc finger of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE6 is critical in defining its functional properties by determining the level of homodimerization in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1826-1838. [PMID: 32524705 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary cell wall cellulose is synthesized by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) containing CELLULOSE SYNTHASE1 (CESA1), CESA3 and one of four CESA6-like proteins in Arabidopsis. It has been proposed that the CESA6-like proteins occupy the same position in the CSC, but their underlying selection mechanism remains unclear. We produced a chimeric CESA5 by replacing its N-terminal zinc finger with its CESA6 counterpart to investigate the consequences for its homodimerization, a crucial step in forming higher-order structures during assembly of the CSC. We found that the mutant phenotypes of prc1-1, a cesa6 null mutant, were rescued by the chimeric CESA5, and became comparable to the wild type (WT) and prc1-1 complemented by WT CESA6 in regard to plant growth, cellulose content, cellulose microfibril organization, CSC dynamics and subcellular localization. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays were employed to evaluate pairwise interactions between the N-terminal regions of CESA1, CESA3, CESA5, CESA6 and the chimeric CESA5. We verified that the chimeric CESA5 explicitly interacted with all the other CESA partners, comparable to CESA6, whereas interaction between CESA5 with itself was significantly weaker than that of all other CESA pairs. Our findings suggest that the homodimerization of CESA6 through its N-terminal zinc finger is critical in defining its functional properties, and possibly determines its intrinsic roles in facilitating higher-order structures in CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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98
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Li M, Hameed I, Cao D, He D, Yang P. Integrated Omics Analyses Identify Key Pathways Involved in Petiole Rigidity Formation in Sacred Lotus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145087. [PMID: 32708483 PMCID: PMC7404260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is a relic aquatic plant with two types of leaves, which have distinct rigidity of petioles. Here we assess the difference from anatomic structure to the expression of genes and proteins in two petioles types, and identify key pathways involved in petiole rigidity formation in sacred lotus. Anatomically, great variation between the petioles of floating and vertical leaves were observed. The number of collenchyma cells and thickness of xylem vessel cell wall was higher in the initial vertical leaves’ petiole (IVP) compared to the initial floating leaves’ petiole (IFP). Among quantified transcripts and proteins, 1021 and 401 transcripts presented 2-fold expression increment (named DEGs, genes differentially expressed between IFP and IVP) in IFP and IVP, 421 and 483 proteins exhibited 1.5-fold expression increment (named DEPs, proteins differentially expressed between IFP and IVP) in IFP and IVP, respectively. Gene function and pathway enrichment analysis displayed that DEGs and DEPs were significantly enriched in cell wall biosynthesis and lignin biosynthesis. In consistent with genes and proteins expressions in lignin biosynthesis, the contents of lignin monomers precursors were significantly different in IFP and IVP. These results enable us to understand lotus petioles rigidity formation better and provide valuable candidate genes information on further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Ishfaq Hameed
- Departments of Botany, University of Chitral, Chitral 17200, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
| | - Dingding Cao
- Institue of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Dongli He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Pingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.L.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence:
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99
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Huang L, Li X, Zhang W, Ung N, Liu N, Yin X, Li Y, Mcewan RE, Dilkes B, Dai M, Hicks GR, Raikhel NV, Staiger CJ, Zhang C. Endosidin20 Targets the Cellulose Synthase Catalytic Domain to Inhibit Cellulose Biosynthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2141-2157. [PMID: 32327535 PMCID: PMC7346566 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cellulose is synthesized by rosette-structured cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs). Each CSC is composed of multiple subunits of CESAs representing three different isoforms. Individual CESA proteins contain conserved catalytic domains for catalyzing cellulose synthesis, other domains such as plant-conserved sequences, and class-specific regions that are thought to facilitate complex assembly and CSC trafficking. Because of the current lack of atomic-resolution structures for plant CSCs or CESAs, the molecular mechanism through which CESA catalyzes cellulose synthesis and whether its catalytic activity influences efficient CSC transport at the subcellular level remain unknown. Here, by performing chemical genetic analyses, biochemical assays, structural modeling, and molecular docking, we demonstrate that Endosidin20 (ES20) targets the catalytic site of CESA6 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Chemical genetic analysis revealed important amino acids that potentially participate in the catalytic activity of plant CESA6, in addition to previously identified conserved motifs across kingdoms. Using high spatiotemporal resolution live cell imaging, we found that inhibiting the catalytic activity of CESA6 by ES20 treatment reduced the efficiency of CSC transport to the plasma membrane. Our results demonstrate that ES20 is a chemical inhibitor of CESA activity and trafficking that represents a powerful tool for studying cellulose synthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Nolan Ung
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Nana Liu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Xianglin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Robert E Mcewan
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Brian Dilkes
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Glenn R Hicks
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Uppsala Bio Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-75007, 19 Sweden
| | - Natasha V Raikhel
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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100
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Jayawardhane KN, Singer SD, Ozga JA, Rizvi SM, Weselake RJ, Chen G. Seed-specific down-regulation of Arabidopsis CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 1 or 9 reduces seed cellulose content and differentially affects carbon partitioning. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:953-969. [PMID: 32314045 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seed-specific down-regulation of AtCESA1 and AtCESA9, which encode cellulose synthase subunits, differentially affects seed storage compound accumulation in Arabidopsis. High amounts of cellulose can negatively affect crop seed quality, and, therefore, diverting carbon partitioning from cellulose to oil, protein and/or starch via molecular breeding may improve seed quality. To determine the effect of seed cellulose content reduction on levels of storage compounds, Arabidopsis thaliana CELLULOSE SYNTHASE1 (AtCESA1) and AtCESA9 genes, which both encode cellulose synthase subunits, were individually down-regulated using seed-specific intron-spliced hairpin RNA (hpRNAi) constructs. The selected seed-specific AtCESA1 and AtCESA9 Arabidopsis RNAi lines displayed reduced cellulose contents in seeds, and exhibited no obvious visual phenotypic growth defects with the exception of a minor effect on early root development in AtCESA1 RNAi seedlings and early hypocotyl elongation in the dark in both types of RNAi line. The seed-specific down-regulation of AtCESA9 resulted in a reduction in seed weight compared to empty vector controls, which was not observed in AtCESA1 RNAi lines. In terms of effects on carbon partitioning, AtCESA1 and AtCESA9 RNAi lines exhibited distinct effects. The down-regulation of AtCESA1 led to a ~ 3% relative increase in seed protein content (P = 0.04) and a ~ 3% relative decrease in oil content (P = 0.02), but caused no alteration in soluble glucose levels. On the contrary, AtCESA9 RNAi lines did not display a significant reduction in seed oil, protein or soluble glucose content. Taken together, our results indicate that the seed-specific down-regulation of AtCESA1 causes alterations in seed storage compound accumulation, while the effect of AtCESA9 on carbon partitioning is absent or minor in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kethmi N Jayawardhane
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Stacy D Singer
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Jocelyn A Ozga
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Syed Masood Rizvi
- Corteva Agriscience, Site 600, RR #6, PO Box 12, Saskatoon, SK, S7K 3J9, Canada
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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