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Tanambell H, Bishop KS, Quek SY. Tangerine tomatoes: origin, biochemistry, potential health benefits and future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2237-2248. [PMID: 32530292 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1775172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomatoes and lycopene have been associated with the prevention of chronic diseases. Tetra-cis lycopene from tangerine tomatoes has been reported to be more bioavailable than the all-trans isomer found in red tomatoes. Therefore, tangerine tomatoes might contain superior health benefits compared to those of red tomatoes. SCOPE AND APPROACH This review focuses on the origin, biochemistry, nutritional composition, and potential health benefits of tangerine tomatoes, as well as their comparison with those of the red and high-β-carotene varieties. Information gathered from numerous studies on tomatoes, as well as conflicting perspectives, have been summarized to provide an unbiased review. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION The origin of tangerine tomatoes is disputable, but they were reportedly present from as early as 1934. The carotenoid biosynthesis pathway underlying the accumulation of tetra-cis lycopene in tangerine tomatoes has been well defined. However, the nutritional composition of tangerine tomatoes is not currently publicly available. The carotenoid composition of tangerine tomatoes is unique not only because of the presence of tetra-cis lycopene, but also due to the relatively high content of phytoene, phytofluene, ζ-carotene, and neurosporene relative to other tomato varieties. Although a few in vitro and in vivo studies have shown promising results, further studies are required to validate the health benefits of tangerine tomatoes. Furthermore, published data regarding the potential health benefits of tangerine tomatoes on cardiovascular and bone health is currently lacking even though red tomatoes have shown promise in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartono Tanambell
- Food Science, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen Suzanne Bishop
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Siew Young Quek
- Food Science, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence for Food Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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52
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Yan H, Pengfei W, Brennan H, Ping Q, Bingxiang L, Feiyan Z, Hongbo C, Haijiang C. Diversity of carotenoid composition, sequestering structures and gene transcription in mature fruits of four Prunus species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:113-123. [PMID: 32213457 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The genus Prunus contains many fruits used in the human diet, which exhibit a variety of different flavors. However, publications on the diversity of carotenoid profiles and sequestering structures in Prunus fruits are limited. In this study, carotenoids and their associated sequestering structures in mature fruits of four Prunus species, including peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batschi], nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batschi var. nucipersica], plum (Prunus salicina L.), and apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) were investigated. HPLC-PAD analysis revealed that mature fruits all accumulated carotenoid esters, while their profiles and levels differed significantly. Transcription analysis suggested a positive correlation between carotenogenic genes and carotenoid profiles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed a common globular chromoplast in Prunus. However, the number and size of plastids and plastoglobules varied between species. Noticeably, the white-flesh Ruiguang 19 nectarine contained plastids similar to chromoplasts, except with smaller plastoglobules. In addition, it seemed like a lipid-dissolved β-carotene form in apricot fruits, which is more effectively absorbed by humans than the solid-crystalline form. Moreover, the lowest transcriptions of plastid-related genes were found in Friar plum, and GLK2 and OR genes were presumed to be associated with the largest chromoplasts observed in apricot. We investigated the correlations among carotenoid accumulation, plastid characteristics and gene transcription and found that chromoplast development is likely more important in determining carotenoid accumulation than carotenogenic transcription in Prunus fruits. This study presents the first report on the diversity of carotenoid sequestering structures in Prunus fruits and suggests some crucial genes associated with diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Wang Pengfei
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Hyden Brennan
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Qu Ping
- Institute of Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Liu Bingxiang
- College of Forest, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Zhang Feiyan
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Cao Hongbo
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China.
| | - Chen Haijiang
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China.
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Vetö NM, Guzman F, Kulcheski FR, Segatto ALA, Lacerda MEG, Margis R, Turchetto-Zolet AC. Transcriptomics analysis of Psidium cattleyanum Sabine (Myrtaceae) unveil potential genes involved in fruit pigmentation. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190255. [PMID: 32353098 PMCID: PMC7199922 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Psidium cattleyanum Sabine is an Atlantic Forest native species
that presents some populations with red fruits and others with yellow fruits.
This variation in fruit pigmentation in this species is an intriguing character
that could be related to species evolution but still needs to be further
explored. Our goal was to provide genomic information for these morphotypes to
understand the molecular mechanisms of differences in fruit colour in this
species. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of red
and yellow morphotypes of P. cattleyanum, considering two
stages of fruit ripening. The transcriptomic analysis performed encompassing
leaves, unripe and ripe fruits, in triplicate for each morphotype. The
transcriptome consensus from each morphotype showed 301,058 and 298,310 contigs
from plants with yellow and red fruits, respectively. The differential
expression revealed important genes that were involved in anthocyanins
biosynthesis, such as the anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and
UDP-glucose:flavonoid-o-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) that were differentially
regulated during fruit ripening. This study reveals stimulating data for the
understanding of the pathways and mechanisms involved in the maturation and
colouring of P. cattleyanum fruits and suggests that the ANS
and UFGT genes are key factors involved in the synthase and pigmentation
accumulation in red fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Vetö
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Frank Guzman
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro de Biotecnologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Dirección de Recursos Genéticos y Biotecnología, Lima, Peru
| | - Franceli R Kulcheski
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e o Desenvolvimento, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia A Segatto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda G Lacerda
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Margis
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro de Biotecnologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Biofísica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andreia C Turchetto-Zolet
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Xiao Y, Kang B, Li M, Xiao L, Xiao H, Shen H, Yang W. Transcription of lncRNA ACoS-AS1 is essential to trans-splicing between SlPsy1 and ACoS-AS1 that causes yellow fruit in tomato. RNA Biol 2020; 17:596-607. [PMID: 31983318 PMCID: PMC7237131 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1721095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (PSY) has been considered as an important regulatory enzyme in carotenoids biosynthesis pathway. Previous study finds that the yellow fruit in Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme accession PI 114490 is caused by loss-of-function of SlPSY1 due to trans-splicing between SlPsy1 and an unknown gene transcribed from neighbour opposite strand DNA of SlPsy1. The genomic DNA sequences of SlPsy1 between red and yellow-fruited tomato lines have one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the fourth intron and one SSR in the intergenic region. In the current study, the cause of trans-splicing event was further investigated. The data showed that the previously defined unknown gene was a putative long non-coding RNA ACoS-AS1 with three variants in many yellow-fruited tomato lines. The intronic SNP and intergenic SSR were tightly associated with trans-splicing event SlPsy1-ACoS-AS1. However, transgenic tomato lines carrying the genomic DNA of SlPsy1 from PI 114490 did not generate transcripts of ACoS-AS1and SlPsy1-ACoS-AS1 suggesting that only the intronic SNP could not cause the trans-splicing event. Over-expression of SlPsy1-ACoS-AS1 in red-fruited tomato line M82 did not have any phenotype change while over-expression of wild type SlPsy1 resulted in altered leaf colour. Sub-cellular localization analysis showed that SlPSY1-ACoS-AS1 could not enter plastids where SlPSY1 has its enzyme activity. Mutation of ACoS-AS1 in PI 114490 generated by CRISPR/Cas9 techniques resulted in red fruits implying that ACoS-AS1 was essential to trans-splicing event SlPsy1-ACoS-AS1. The results obtained here will extend knowledge to understand the mechanism of trans-splicing event SlPsy1-ACoS-AS1 and provide additional information for the regulation of carotenoids biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Baoshan Kang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangjun Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huolin Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wencai Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
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55
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Dono G, Rambla JL, Frusciante S, Granell A, Diretto G, Mazzucato A. Color Mutations Alter the Biochemical Composition in the San Marzano Tomato Fruit. Metabolites 2020; 10:E110. [PMID: 32183449 PMCID: PMC7143285 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
San Marzano (SM) is a traditional Italian landrace characterized by red elongated fruits, originating in the province of Naples (Italy) and cultivated worldwide. Three mutations, yellow flesh (r), green flesh (gf) and colorless fruit epidermis (y) were introduced into SM by backcross and the resulting introgression lines (ILs) produced the expected yellow, brown and pink fruit variants. In addition, ILs carrying double combinations of those mutations were obtained. The six ILs plus the SM reference were analyzed for volatile (VOC), non-polar (NP) and polar (P) metabolites. Sixty-eight VOCs were identified, and several differences evidenced in the ILs; overall gf showed epistasis over r and y and r over y. Analysis of the NP component identified 54 metabolites; variation in early carotenoids (up to lycopene) and chlorophylls characterized respectively the ILs containing r and gf. In addition, compounds belonging to the quinone and xanthophyll classes were present in genotypes carrying the r mutation at levels higher than SM. Finally, the analysis of 129 P metabolites evidenced different levels of vitamins, amino acids, lipids and phenylpropanoids in the ILs. A correlation network approach was used to investigate metabolite-metabolite relationships in the mutant lines. Altogether these differences potentially modified the hedonistic and nutritional value of the berry. In summary, single and combined mutations in gf, r and y generated interesting visual and compositional diversity in the SM landrace, while maintaining its original typology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Dono
- DAFNE Dept. of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S.C. de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Jose Luis Rambla
- IBMCP Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (CSIC-UPV), Carrer de l’Enginyer Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (J.L.R.); (A.G.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Jaume I University, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n. 12071 Castellòn de la Plana, Spain
| | - Sarah Frusciante
- ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, S. Maria di Galeria, 00123 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Antonio Granell
- IBMCP Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (CSIC-UPV), Carrer de l’Enginyer Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (J.L.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, S. Maria di Galeria, 00123 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Andrea Mazzucato
- DAFNE Dept. of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S.C. de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
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56
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Zheng X, Giuliano G, Al-Babili S. Carotenoid biofortification in crop plants: citius, altius, fortius. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158664. [PMID: 32068105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are indispensable for human health, required as precursors of vitamin A and efficient antioxidants. However, these plant pigments that play a vital role in photosynthesis are represented at insufficient levels in edible parts of several crops, which creates a need for increasing their content or optimizing their composition through biofortification. In particular, vitamin A deficiency, a severe health problem affecting the lives of millions in developing countries, has triggered the development of a series of high-provitamin A crops, including Golden Rice as the best-known example. Further carotenoid-biofortified crops have been generated by using genetic engineering approaches or through classical breeding. In this review, we depict carotenoid metabolism in plants and provide an update on the development of carotenoid-biofortified plants and their potential to meet needs and expectations. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of using natural variation for carotenoid biofortification and the potential of gene editing tools. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Zheng
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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57
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Cazzonelli CI, Hou X, Alagoz Y, Rivers J, Dhami N, Lee J, Marri S, Pogson BJ. A cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid regulates etioplast and chloroplast development. eLife 2020; 9:45310. [PMID: 32003746 PMCID: PMC6994220 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are a core plastid component and yet their regulatory function during plastid biogenesis remains enigmatic. A unique carotenoid biosynthesis mutant, carotenoid chloroplast regulation 2 (ccr2), that has no prolamellar body (PLB) and normal PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE (POR) levels, was used to demonstrate a regulatory function for carotenoids and their derivatives under varied dark-light regimes. A forward genetics approach revealed how an epistatic interaction between a ζ-carotene isomerase mutant (ziso-155) and ccr2 blocked the biosynthesis of specific cis-carotenes and restored PLB formation in etioplasts. We attributed this to a novel apocarotenoid retrograde signal, as chemical inhibition of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase activity restored PLB formation in ccr2 etioplasts during skotomorphogenesis. The apocarotenoid acted in parallel to the repressor of photomorphogenesis, DEETIOLATED1 (DET1), to transcriptionally regulate PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE (POR), PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR3 (PIF3) and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5). The unknown apocarotenoid signal restored POR protein levels and PLB formation in det1, thereby controlling plastid development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Hou
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yagiz Alagoz
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - John Rivers
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Namraj Dhami
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Centre for Advanced Microscopy, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Shashikanth Marri
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid compounds synthesized de novo in all photosynthetic organisms as well as in some nonphotosynthetic bacteria and fungi. In plants, carotenoids are essential for light harvesting and photoprotection. They contribute to the vivid color found in many plant organs. The cleavage of carotenoids produces small molecules (apocarotenoids) that serve as aroma compounds, as well as phytohormones and signals to affect plant growth and development. Since carotenoids provide valuable nutrition and health benefits for humans, understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis, catabolism and storage is important for biofortification of crops with improved nutritional quality. This chapter primarily introduces our current knowledge about carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation pathways as well as carotenoid storage in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yaakov Tadmor
- Plant Science Institute, Israeli Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishai, Israel
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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59
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Sun T, Li L. Toward the 'golden' era: The status in uncovering the regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110331. [PMID: 31779888 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential pigments to plants and important natural products to humans. Carotenoids as both primary and specialized metabolites fulfill multifaceted functions in plants. As such, carotenoid accumulation (a net process of biosynthesis, degradation and sequestration) is subjected to complicated regulation throughout plant life cycle in response to developmental and environmental signals. Investigation of transcriptional regulation of carotenoid metabolic genes remains the focus in understanding the regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation. While discovery of bona fide carotenoid metabolic regulators is still challenging, the recent progress of identification of various transcription factors and regulators helps us to construct hierarchical regulatory network of carotenoid accumulation. The elucidation of carotenoid regulatory mechanisms at protein level and in chromoplast provides some insights into post-translational regulation of carotenogenic enzymes and carotenoid sequestration in plastid sink. This review briefly describes the pathways and main flux-controlling steps for carotenoid accumulation in plants. It highlights our recent understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid accumulation at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. It also discusses the opportunities to expand toolbox for further shedding light upon the intrinsic regulation of carotenoid accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Li Li
- Robert W Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
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Rodrigo MJ, Lado J, Alós E, Alquézar B, Dery O, Hirschberg J, Zacarías L. A mutant allele of ζ-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is associated with the yellow pigmentation of the "Pinalate" sweet orange mutant and reveals new insights into its role in fruit carotenogenesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:465. [PMID: 31684878 PMCID: PMC6829850 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit coloration is one of the main quality parameters of Citrus fruit primarily determined by genetic factors. The fruit of ordinary sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) displays a pleasant orange tint due to accumulation of carotenoids, representing β,β-xanthophylls more than 80% of the total content. 'Pinalate' is a spontaneous bud mutant, or somatic mutation, derived from sweet orange 'Navelate', characterized by yellow fruits due to elevated proportions of upstream carotenes and reduced β,β-xanthophylls, which suggests a biosynthetic blockage at early steps of the carotenoid pathway. RESULTS To identify the molecular basis of 'Pinalate' yellow fruit, a complete characterization of carotenoids profile together with transcriptional changes in carotenoid biosynthetic genes were performed in mutant and parental fruits during development and ripening. 'Pinalate' fruit showed a distinctive carotenoid profile at all ripening stages, accumulating phytoene, phytofluene and unusual proportions of 9,15,9'-tri-cis- and 9,9'-di-cis-ζ-carotene, while content of downstream carotenoids was significantly decreased. Transcript levels for most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes showed no alterations in 'Pinalate'; however, the steady-state level mRNA of ζ-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), which catalyses the conversion of 9,15,9'-tri-cis- to 9,9'-di-cis-ζ-carotene, was significantly reduced both in 'Pinalate' fruit and leaf tissues. Isolation of the 'Pinalate' Z-ISO genomic sequence identified a new allele with a single nucleotide insertion at the second exon, which generates an alternative splicing site that alters Z-ISO transcripts encoding non-functional enzyme. Moreover, functional assays of citrus Z-ISO in E.coli showed that light is able to enhance a non-enzymatic isomerization of tri-cis to di-cis-ζ-carotene, which is in agreement with the partial rescue of mutant phenotype when 'Pinalate' fruits are highly exposed to light during ripening. CONCLUSION A single nucleotide insertion has been identified in 'Pinalate' Z-ISO gene that results in truncated proteins. This causes a bottleneck in the carotenoid pathway with an unbalanced content of carotenes upstream to β,β-xanthophylls in fruit tissues. In chloroplastic tissues, the effects of Z-ISO alteration are mainly manifested as a reduction in total carotenoid content. Taken together, our results indicate that the spontaneous single nucleotide insertion in Z-ISO is the molecular basis of the yellow pigmentation in 'Pinalate' sweet orange and points this isomerase as an essential activity for carotenogenesis in citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Joanna Lado
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Salto, Uruguay
| | - Enriqueta Alós
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Berta Alquézar
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP) UPV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Orly Dery
- Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Hirschberg
- Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
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Chen L, Li W, Li Y, Feng X, Du K, Wang G, Zhao L. Identified trans-splicing of YELLOW-FRUITED TOMATO 2 encoding the PHYTOENE SYNTHASE 1 protein alters fruit color by map-based cloning, functional complementation and RACE. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:647-658. [PMID: 31154655 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Found a trans-splicing of PHYTOENE SYNTHASE 1 alters tomato fruit color by map-based cloning, functional complementation and RACE providing an insight into fruit color development. Color is an important fruit quality trait and a major determinant of the economic value of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Fruit color inheritance in a yellow-fruited cherry tomato (cv. No. 22), named yellow-fruited tomato 2 (yft2), was shown to be controlled by a single recessive gene, YFT2. The YFT2 gene was mapped in a 95.7 kb region on chromosome 3, and the candidate gene, PHYTOENE SYNTHASE 1 (PSY1), was confirmed by functional complementation analysis. Constitutive over expression of PSY1 in yft2 increased the accumulation of carotenoids and resulted in a red fruit color, while no causal mutation was detected in the YFT2 allele of yft2, compared with red-fruited SL1995 cherry tomato or cultivated variety (cv. M82). Expression of YFT2 3' region in yft2 was significantly lower than in SL1995, and further studies revealed a difference in YFT2 post-transcriptional processing in yft2 compared with SL1995 and cv. M82, resulting in a longer YFT2 transcript. The alternatively trans-spliced allele of YFT2 in yft2 is predicted to encode a novel LT-YFT2 protein of 432 amino acid (AA) residues, compared to the 412 AA YFT2 protein of SL1995. The trans-spliced event also resulted in significantly down regulated expression of YFT2 in yft2 tomato, and the YFT2 allele suppressed expression of the downstream genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway and carotenoids synthesis by a mechanism of the feed-forward regulation. In conclusion, we found that trans-splicing of YFT2 alters tomato fruit color, providing new insights into fruit color development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chen
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenzhen Li
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yongpeng Li
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuechao Feng
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Keyu Du
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ge Wang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Cao H, Luo H, Yuan H, Eissa MA, Thannhauser TW, Welsch R, Hao YJ, Cheng L, Li L. A Neighboring Aromatic-Aromatic Amino Acid Combination Governs Activity Divergence between Tomato Phytoene Synthases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1988-2003. [PMID: 31221734 PMCID: PMC6670109 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids exert multifaceted roles to plants and are critically important to humans. Phytoene synthase (PSY) is a major rate-limiting enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. PSY in plants is normally found as a small enzyme family with up to three members. However, knowledge of PSY isoforms in relation to their respective enzyme activities and amino acid residues that are important for PSY activity is limited. In this study, we focused on two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) PSY isoforms, PSY1 and PSY2, and investigated their abilities to catalyze carotenogenesis via heterologous expression in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and bacterial systems. We found that the fruit-specific PSY1 was less effective in promoting carotenoid biosynthesis than the green tissue-specific PSY2. Examination of the PSY proteins by site-directed mutagenesis analysis and three-dimensional structure modeling revealed two key amino acid residues responsible for this activity difference and identified a neighboring aromatic-aromatic combination in one of the PSY core structures as being crucial for high PSY activity. Remarkably, this neighboring aromatic-aromatic combination is evolutionarily conserved among land plant PSYs except PSY1 of tomato and potato (Solanum tuberosum). Strong transcription of tomato PSY1 likely evolved as compensation for its weak enzyme activity to allow for the massive carotenoid biosynthesis in ripe fruit. This study provides insights into the functional divergence of PSY isoforms and highlights the potential to rationally design PSY for the effective development of carotenoid-enriched crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Cao
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Mohamed A Eissa
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Theodore W Thannhauser
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Ralf Welsch
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology II, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lailiang Cheng
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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63
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Ilahy R, Tlili I, Siddiqui MW, Hdider C, Lenucci MS. Inside and Beyond Color: Comparative Overview of Functional Quality of Tomato and Watermelon Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:769. [PMID: 31263475 PMCID: PMC6585571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The quali-quantitative evaluation and the improvement of the levels of plant bioactive secondary metabolites are increasingly gaining consideration by growers, breeders and processors, particularly in those fruits and vegetables that, due to their supposed health promoting properties, are considered "functional." Worldwide, tomato and watermelon are among the main grown and consumed crops and represent important sources not only of dietary lycopene but also of other health beneficial bioactives. Tomato and watermelon synthesize and store lycopene as their major ripe fruit carotenoid responsible of their typical red color at full maturity. It is also the precursor of some characteristic aroma volatiles in both fruits playing, thus, an important visual and olfactory impact in consumer choice. While sharing the same main pigment, tomato and watermelon fruits show substantial biochemical and physiological differences during ripening. Tomato is climacteric while watermelon is non-climacteric; unripe tomato fruit is green, mainly contributed by chlorophylls and xanthophylls, while young watermelon fruit mesocarp is white and contains only traces of carotenoids. Various studies comparatively evaluated in vivo pigment development in ripening tomato and watermelon fruits. However, in most cases, other classes of compounds have not been considered. We believe this knowledge is fundamental for targeted breeding aimed at improving the functional quality of elite cultivars. Hence, in this paper, we critically review the recent understanding underlying the biosynthesis, accumulation and regulation of different bioactive compounds (carotenoids, phenolics, aroma volatiles, and vitamin C) during tomato and watermelon fruit ripening. We also highlight some concerns about possible harmful effects of excessive uptake of bioactive compound on human health. We found that a complex interweaving of anabolic, catabolic and recycling reactions, finely regulated at multiple levels and with temporal and spatial precision, ensures a certain homeostasis in the concentrations of carotenoids, phenolics, aroma volatiles and Vitamin C within the fruit tissues. Nevertheless, several exogenous factors including light and temperature conditions, pathogen attack, as well as pre- and post-harvest manipulations can drive their amounts far away from homeostasis. These adaptive responses allow crops to better cope with abiotic and biotic stresses but may severely affect the supposed functional quality of fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riadh Ilahy
- Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Institute of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Tlili
- Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Institute of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Bihar Agricultural University, Bhagalpur, India
| | - Chafik Hdider
- Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Institute of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marcello Salvatore Lenucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Lecce, Italy
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64
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Jeong H, Kang M, Jung A, Han K, Lee J, Jo J, Lee H, An J, Kim S, Kang B. Single-molecule real-time sequencing reveals diverse allelic variations in carotenoid biosynthetic genes in pepper (Capsicum spp.). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1081-1093. [PMID: 30467964 PMCID: PMC6523600 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The diverse colours of mature pepper (Capsicum spp.) fruit result from the accumulation of different carotenoids. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway has been well elucidated in Solanaceous plants, and analysis of candidate genes involved in this process has revealed variations in carotenoid biosynthetic genes in Capsicum spp. However, the allelic variations revealed by previous studies could not fully explain the variation in fruit colour in Capsicum spp. due to technical difficulties in detecting allelic variation in multiple candidate genes in numerous samples. In this study, we uncovered allelic variations in six carotenoid biosynthetic genes, including phytoene synthase (PSY1, PSY2), lycopene β-cyclase, β-carotene hydroxylase, zeaxanthin epoxidase and capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS) genes, in 94 pepper accessions by single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing. To investigate the relationship between allelic variations in the candidate genes and differences in fruit colour, we performed ultra-performance liquid chromatography analysis using 43 accessions representing each allelic variation. Different combinations of dysfunctional mutations in PSY1 and CCS could explain variation in the compositions and levels of carotenoids in the accessions examined in this study. Our results demonstrate that SMRT sequencing technology can be used to rapidly identify allelic variation in target genes in various germplasms. The newly identified allelic variants will be useful for pepper breeding and for further analysis of carotenoid biosynthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo‐Bong Jeong
- Department of Plant SciencePlant Genomics & Breeding InstituteResearch Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Min‐Young Kang
- Department of Plant SciencePlant Genomics & Breeding InstituteResearch Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ayoung Jung
- Department of Plant SciencePlant Genomics & Breeding InstituteResearch Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Koeun Han
- Department of Plant SciencePlant Genomics & Breeding InstituteResearch Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Joung‐Ho Lee
- Department of Plant SciencePlant Genomics & Breeding InstituteResearch Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jinkwan Jo
- Department of Plant SciencePlant Genomics & Breeding InstituteResearch Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hea‐Young Lee
- Department of Plant SciencePlant Genomics & Breeding InstituteResearch Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jong‐Wook An
- Department of Plant SciencePlant Genomics & Breeding InstituteResearch Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Suna Kim
- Food and Nutrition in Home EconomicsKorea National Open UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Byoung‐Cheorl Kang
- Department of Plant SciencePlant Genomics & Breeding InstituteResearch Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science and TechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
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65
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Rivers JY, Truong TT, Pogson BJ, McQuinn RP. Volatile apocarotenoid discovery and quantification in Arabidopsis thaliana: optimized sensitive analysis via HS-SPME-GC/MS. Metabolomics 2019; 15:79. [PMID: 31087204 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the field of carotenoid metabolism researchers' focus has been directed recently toward the discovery and quantification of carotenoid cleavage products (i.e. apocarotenoids, excluding the well-studied carotenoid-derived hormones abscisic acid and strigolactones), due to their emerging roles as putative signaling molecules. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and sample preparation via headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) are widely used analytical techniques for broad untargeted metabolomics studies and until now, no optimized quantitative targeted HS-SPME-GC/MS method has been developed specifically for volatile apocarotenoids (VAs) in planta. OBJECTIVES Optimization and subsequent validation of the HS-SPME technique for extracting and quantifying volatile apocarotenoids in planta. METHODS Factors considered during method optimization were HS-SPME parameters; vial storage conditions; different adsorbent SPME fibre coating chemistries; plant tissue matrix effects; and fresh tissues to be analyzed. RESULTS Mean linear regression in planta calibration correlation coefficients (R2) for VAs was 0.974. The resultant method mean limits of detection (LOD) and lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) for VAs using in planta standard additions were 0.384 ± 0.139 and 0.640 ± 0.231 µg/L, respectively. VAs remained stable at elevated SPME incubation temperatures, with no observable effects of thermal and photo-stereoisomerisation and oxidation. The bipolar 50/30 µm divinylbenzene/carboxen on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS/DVB/CAR) was identified as the optimal fibre for broad molecular weight range VA analysis. CONCLUSIONS An optimized HS-SPME-GC/MS method for VA detection and quantification was validated in vitro and in planta: based on biological replicates and stringent QA/QC approaches, thereby providing robust detection and quantification of VAs across a broad range of Arabidopsis tissues, fifteen of which were identified for the first time in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y Rivers
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Thy T Truong
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Facility, Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ryan P McQuinn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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66
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Berry HM, Rickett DV, Baxter CJ, Enfissi EMA, Fraser PD. Carotenoid biosynthesis and sequestration in red chilli pepper fruit and its impact on colour intensity traits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2637-2650. [PMID: 30820539 PMCID: PMC6506829 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of diverse natural variation has been a key progenitor of crop breeding over the last decade. However, commercial practice is now turning to the use of accessions with less extreme phenotypes as genetic donors. In the present study, the carotenoid formation in a red-fruited discovery panel of Capsicum annuum (chilli pepper) has been characterized. The data indicated that colour intensity correlated with the amount of capsanthin and its esters, along with transcript levels of the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and phytoene synthase-1 (PSY-1) genes. Quantification of carotenoids through development and ripening suggested the presence of separate biosynthesis and accumulation phases. Subplastid fractionation demonstrated the differential sequestration of pigments in high- and low-intensity lines and revealed the PSY protein to be most active in the membrane fractions when abundance was highest in the fibril fractions. Carotenoid accumulation was associated with the esterification of xanthophylls, expression of a putative carotenoid acyl transferase, and increased fibril content within the plastid. Interrogation of TEM images and carotenoid analysis of subplastid fractions suggest that the plastoglobuli are likely to be the progenitor of the characteristic fibrils found in pepper fruit. Collectively, these data provide an insight into the underpinning molecular, biochemical, and cellular mechanisms associated with the synthesis and sequestration of carotenoids in chromoplast-containing fruits, in addition to providing potential tools and resources for the breeding of high red colour intensity pepper varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet M Berry
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Daniel V Rickett
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - Charles J Baxter
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - Eugenia M A Enfissi
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
- Correspondence:
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67
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Pinheiro TT, Peres LEP, Purgatto E, Latado RR, Maniero RA, Martins MM, Figueira A. Citrus carotenoid isomerase gene characterization by complementation of the "Micro-Tom" tangerine mutant. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:623-636. [PMID: 30737538 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02393-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Complementation of the "Micro-Tom" tomato tangerine mutant with a Citrus CRTISO allele restores the wild-type fruit carotenoid profile, indicating that the Citrus allele encodes an authentic functional carotenoid isomerase. Citrus fruits are rich in carotenoids; the genus offers a large diversity in composition, yet to be fully explored to improve fruit nutritional quality. As perennial tree species, Citrus lack the resources for functional genetic studies, requiring the use of model plant systems. Here, we used the "Micro-Tom" (MT) tomato carrying the tangerine mutation (t), deficient for the carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) gene, to functionally characterize the homologous C. sinensis genes. We identified four putative loci in the C. sinensis genome, named CsCRTISO, CsCRTISO-Like 1, CsCRTISO-Like 2, and CsCRTISO-Like 2B, with the latter as a presumed duplication of CRTISO-Like 2. In general, all the Citrus paralogs showed less expression specialization than the tomato ones, with CsCRTISO being the most expressed gene in all tissues analyzed. MT-t plants were successfully complemented with the CsCRTISO, and fruits showed a carotenoid profile similar to the control, indicating that the Citrus allele indeed encodes an authentic functional carotenoid isomerase and that the signal peptide is functional in tomato. MT was silenced using an inverted repeat of a fragment from the Citrus CRTISO resulting in a stronger phenotype than MT-t. MT-t and MT silenced for CRTISO presented an overall decrease in transcript accumulation of all genes from the biosynthesis pathway. The expression of the Citrus CRTISO gene is able to restore the biosynthesis of carotenoids with the appropriate regulation in MT-t. The decrease in transcript accumulation in MT-t and MT-CRTISO-suppressed lines reinforces previous suggestions that transcriptional regulation of the carotenoid biosynthesis involves regulatory loops by intermediate products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaísa T Pinheiro
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, CP 96, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, CP 09, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Food Research Center (FoRC), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 580, Bloco 14, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Latado
- Centro APTA Citros "Sylvio Moreira", Instituto Agronômico, Rodovia Anhanguera, km 158, CP 04, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo A Maniero
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, CP 96, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Mônica M Martins
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, CP 96, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, CP 96, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil.
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Vlaisavljević S, Colmán Martínez M, Stojanović A, Martínez-Huélamo M, Grung B, Lamuela Raventós RM. Characterisation of bioactive compounds and assessment of antioxidant activity of different traditional Lycopersicum esculentum L. varieties: chemometric analysis. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 70:813-824. [PMID: 30969141 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1587742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Eight different Serbian genotypes were analysed for their polyphenol, carotenoid, vitamin C content and evaluated for their antioxidant properties. The highest content of biologically important carotenoids such as lutein (4.58 mg/10 g), lycopene (160.64 mg/10 g) and β-carotene (189.64 mg/10 g) were detected in the genotype S606. Rutin was the most abundant phenolic compound in all tastes samples, but its content is highest in the genotype S615 (1424.30 µg/100 g dw). All tomato samples were the great source of vitamin C, where the sample S615 stood out (68.54 mg AA g-1 of dw). Their content of antioxidant compounds suggested that genotypes S606 and S615 showed the best antioxidant potential. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Partial least squares (PLS) were applied to analyse results. The results obtained in the present study could be of considerable interest for breeding programmes wishing to select tomato genotypes with high biological and nutritional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Vlaisavljević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Mariel Colmán Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA-UB, y School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Miriam Martínez-Huélamo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA-UB, y School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Bjørn Grung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Rosa María Lamuela Raventós
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA-UB, y School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
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69
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Wurtzel ET. Changing Form and Function through Carotenoids and Synthetic Biology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:830-843. [PMID: 30361256 PMCID: PMC6393808 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The diverse structures and multifaceted roles of carotenoids make these colorful pigments attractive targets for synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York 10468
- The Graduate School and University Center-CUNY, New York, New York 10016-4309
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70
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Lu P, Wang S, Grierson D, Xu C. Transcriptomic changes triggered by carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors and role of Citrus sinensis phosphate transporter 4;2 (CsPHT4;2) in enhancing carotenoid accumulation. PLANTA 2019; 249:257-270. [PMID: 30083809 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid accumulation and chromoplast development in orange were perturbed by carotenoid inhibitors, and candidate genes were identified via transcriptomic analysis. The role of CsPHT4;2 in enhancing carotenoid accumulation was revealed. Carotenoids are important plant pigments and their accumulation can be affected by biosynthesis inhibitors, but the genes involved were largely unknown. Here, application of norflurazon (NFZ), 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine hydrochloride (CPTA) and clomazone for 30 days to in vitro cultured sweet orange juice vesicles caused over-accumulation of phytoene (over 1000-fold), lycopene (2.92 μg g-1 FW, none in control), and deficiency in total carotenoids (reduced to 22%), respectively. Increased carotenoids were associated with bigger chromoplasts with enlarged plastoglobules or a differently crystalline structure in NFZ, and CPTA-treated juice vesicles, respectively. Global transcriptomic changes following inhibitor treatments were profiled. Induced expression of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase 1 by CPTA, hydroxymethylbutenyl 4-diphosphate reductase by both NFZ and CPTA, and reduced expression of chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase by CPTA, as well as several downstream genes by at least one of the three inhibitors were observed. Expression of fibrillin 11 (CsFBN11) was induced following both NFZ and CPTA treatments. Using weighted correlation network analysis, a plastid-type phosphate transporter 4;2 (CsPHT4;2) was identified as closely correlated with high-lycopene accumulation induced by CPTA. Transient over-expression of CsPHT4;2 significantly enhanced carotenoid accumulation over tenfold in 'Cara Cara' sweet orange juice vesicle-derived callus. The study provides a valuable overview of the underlying mechanisms for altered carotenoid accumulation and chromoplast development following carotenoid inhibitor treatments and sheds light on the relationship between carotenoid accumulation and chromoplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjun Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Don Grierson
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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cis-carotene biosynthesis, evolution and regulation in plants: The emergence of novel signaling metabolites. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 654:172-184. [PMID: 30030998 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments synthesised by plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria as well as some non-photosynthetic bacteria, fungi and insects. Abundant carotenoids found in nature are synthesised via a linear route from phytoene to lycopene after which the pathway bifurcates into cyclised α- and β-carotenes. Plants evolved additional steps to generate a diversity of cis-carotene intermediates, which can accumulate in fruits or tissues exposed to an extended period of darkness. Enzymatic or oxidative cleavage, light-mediated photoisomerization and histone modifications can affect cis-carotene accumulation. cis-carotene accumulation has been linked to the production of signaling metabolites that feedback and forward to regulate nuclear gene expression. When cis-carotenes accumulate, plastid biogenesis and operational control can become impaired. Carotenoid derived metabolites and phytohormones such as abscisic acid and strigolactones can fine-tune cellular homeostasis. There is a hunt to identify a novel cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid signal and to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which it facilitates communication between the plastid and nucleus. In this review, we describe the biosynthesis and evolution of cis-carotenes and their links to regulatory switches, as well as highlight how cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid signals might control organelle communication, physiological and developmental processes in response to environmental change.
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Zhang Y, Li Z, Tu Y, Cheng W, Yang Y. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) SlIPT4, encoding an isopentenyltransferase, is involved in leaf senescence and lycopene biosynthesis during fruit ripening. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:107. [PMID: 29866038 PMCID: PMC5987576 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lycopene is an important carotenoid pigment in red fruits and vegetables, especially in tomato. Although lycopene biosynthesis and catabolism have been found to be regulated by multiple factors including phytohormones, little is known about their regulatory mechanism. Cytokinins are crucial to various aspects of plant growth. Isopentenyltransferases (IPTs) catalyze the initial rate-limiting step of cytokinins biosynthesis, however, their roles in fruit ripening remain unclear. RESULTS Here, the functions of SlIPT4, encoding an isopentenyltransferase, were characterized via RNAi-mediated gene silencing in tomato. As we expected, silencing of SlIPT4 expression resulted in accelerated leaf senescence. However, down-expression of SlIPT4 generated never-red orange fruits, corresponding with a dramatic reduction of lycopene. Among lycopene biosynthesis-related genes, the fact of remarkable decrease of ZISO transcript and upregulation of other genes, revealed that SlIPT4 regulates positively lycopene biosynthesis via directly affecting ZISO expression, and also supported the existence of regulatory loops in lycopene biosynthesis pathway. Meanwhile, the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) was reduced and the transcripts PSY1 were increased in SlIPT4-RNAi fruits, supporting the feedback regulation between ABA and lycopene biosynthesis. CONCLUSION The study revealed the crucial roles of SlIPT4 in leaf senescence and the regulatory network of lycopene biosynthesis in tomato, providing a new light on the lycopene biosynthesis and fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Yun Tu
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Wenjing Cheng
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Yingwu Yang
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
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73
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D'Ambrosio C, Stigliani AL, Giorio G. CRISPR/Cas9 editing of carotenoid genes in tomato. Transgenic Res 2018; 27:367-378. [PMID: 29797189 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology is rapidly spreading as genome editing system in crop breeding. The efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9 in tomato was tested on Psy1 and CrtR-b2, two key genes of carotenoid biosynthesis. Carotenoids are plant secondary metabolites that must be present in the diet of higher animals because they exert irreplaceable functions in important physiological processes. Psy1 and CrtR-b2 were chosen because their impairment is easily detectable as a change of fruit or flower color. Two CRISPR/Cas9 constructs were designed to target neighboring sequences on the first exon of each gene. Thirty-four out of forty-nine (69%) transformed plants showed the expected loss-of-function phenotypes due to the editing of both alleles of a locus. However, by including the seven plants edited only at one of the two homologs and showing a normal phenotype, the editing rate reaches the 84%. Although none chimeric phenotype was observed, the cloning of target region amplified fragments revealed that in the 40% of analyzed DNA samples were present more than two alleles. As concerning the type of mutation, it was possible to identify 34 new different alleles across the four transformation experiments. The sequence characterization of the CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations showed that the most frequent repair errors were the insertion and the deletion of one base. The results of this study prove that the CRISPRCas9 system can be an efficient and quick method for the generation of useful mutations in tomato to be implemented in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina D'Ambrosio
- Metapontum Agrobios Research Centre, Agenzia Lucana per lo Sviluppo e l'Innovazione in Agricoltura, SS Jonica 106, km 448.2, 75012, Metaponto, Italy.
| | - Adriana Lucia Stigliani
- Metapontum Agrobios Research Centre, Agenzia Lucana per lo Sviluppo e l'Innovazione in Agricoltura, SS Jonica 106, km 448.2, 75012, Metaponto, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giorio
- Metapontum Agrobios Research Centre, Agenzia Lucana per lo Sviluppo e l'Innovazione in Agricoltura, SS Jonica 106, km 448.2, 75012, Metaponto, Italy
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Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Avalos J, Bonet ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L, Hornero-Mendez D, Limon MC, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Palou A, Ribot J, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L, Zhu C. A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:62-93. [PMID: 29679619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and some non-photosynthetic prokaryotes and fungi. With some notable exceptions, animals (including humans) do not produce carotenoids de novo but take them in their diets. In photosynthetic systems carotenoids are essential for photoprotection against excess light and contribute to light harvesting, but perhaps they are best known for their properties as natural pigments in the yellow to red range. Carotenoids can be associated to fatty acids, sugars, proteins, or other compounds that can change their physical and chemical properties and influence their biological roles. Furthermore, oxidative cleavage of carotenoids produces smaller molecules such as apocarotenoids, some of which are important pigments and volatile (aroma) compounds. Enzymatic breakage of carotenoids can also produce biologically active molecules in both plants (hormones, retrograde signals) and animals (retinoids). Both carotenoids and their enzymatic cleavage products are associated with other processes positively impacting human health. Carotenoids are widely used in the industry as food ingredients, feed additives, and supplements. This review, contributed by scientists of complementary disciplines related to carotenoid research, covers recent advances and provides a perspective on future directions on the subjects of carotenoid metabolism, biotechnology, and nutritional and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - M Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gomez-Gomez
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Damaso Hornero-Mendez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limon
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Color & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Ribot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maria J Rodrigo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Cerletti M, Paggi R, Troetschel C, Ferrari MC, Guevara CR, Albaum S, Poetsch A, De Castro R. LonB Protease Is a Novel Regulator of Carotenogenesis Controlling Degradation of Phytoene Synthase in Haloferax volcanii. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1158-1171. [PMID: 29411617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The membrane protease LonB is an essential protein in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii and globally impacts its physiology. However, natural substrates of the archaeal Lon protease have not been identified. The whole proteome turnover was examined in a H. volcanii LonB mutant under reduced and physiological protease levels. LC-MS/MS combined with stable isotope labeling was applied for the identification/quantitation of membrane and cytoplasm proteins. Differential synthesis and degradation rates were evidenced for 414 proteins in response to Lon expression. A total of 58 proteins involved in diverse cellular processes showed a degradation pattern (none/very little degradation in the absence of Lon and increased degradation in the presence of Lon) consistent with a LonB substrate, which was further substantiated for several of these candidates by pull-down assays. The most notable was phytoene synthase (PSY), the rate-limiting enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis. The rapid degradation of PSY upon LonB induction in addition to the remarkable stabilization of this protein and hyperpigmentation phenotype in the Lon mutant strongly suggest that PSY is a LonB substrate. This work identifies for the first time candidate targets of the archaeal Lon protease and establishes proteolysis by Lon as a novel post-translational regulatory mechanism of carotenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Cerletti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Funes 3250 4to nivel, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - Roberto Paggi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Funes 3250 4to nivel, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | | | - María Celeste Ferrari
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Funes 3250 4to nivel, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | | | - Stefan Albaum
- Bioinformatics Resource Facility, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University , 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ansgar Poetsch
- Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum , 44801 Bochum, Germany.,School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University , Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Rosana De Castro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Funes 3250 4to nivel, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
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76
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Schaub P, Rodriguez-Franco M, Cazzonelli CI, Álvarez D, Wüst F, Welsch R. Establishment of an Arabidopsis callus system to study the interrelations of biosynthesis, degradation and accumulation of carotenoids. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192158. [PMID: 29394270 PMCID: PMC5796706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The net amounts of carotenoids accumulating in plant tissues are determined by the rates of biosynthesis and degradation. While biosynthesis is rate-limited by the activity of PHYTOENE SYNTHASE (PSY), carotenoid losses are caused by catabolic enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation. We established a system based on non-green Arabidopsis callus which allowed investigating major determinants for high steady-state levels of β-carotene. Wild-type callus development was characterized by strong carotenoid degradation which was only marginally caused by the activity of carotenoid cleavage oxygenases. In contrast, carotenoid degradation occurred mostly non-enzymatically and selectively affected carotenoids in a molecule-dependent manner. Using carotenogenic pathway mutants, we found that linear carotenes such as phytoene, phytofluene and pro-lycopene resisted degradation and accumulated while β-carotene was highly susceptible towards degradation. Moderately increased pathway activity through PSY overexpression was compensated by degradation revealing no net increase in β-carotene. However, higher pathway activities outcompeted carotenoid degradation and efficiently increased steady-state β-carotene amounts to up to 500 μg g-1 dry mass. Furthermore, we identified oxidative β-carotene degradation products which correlated with pathway activities, yielding β-apocarotenals of different chain length and various apocarotene-dialdehydes. The latter included methylglyoxal and glyoxal as putative oxidative end products suggesting a potential recovery of carotenoid-derived carbon for primary metabolic pathways. Moreover, we investigated the site of β-carotene sequestration by co-localization experiments which revealed that β-carotene accumulated as intra-plastid crystals which was confirmed by electron microscopy with carotenoid-accumulating roots. The results are discussed in the context of using the non-green calli carotenoid assay system for approaches targeting high steady-state β-carotene levels prior to their application in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schaub
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christopher Ian Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW Australia
| | - Daniel Álvarez
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Wüst
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Welsch
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Freiburg, Germany
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McQuinn RP, Wong B, Giovannoni JJ. AtPDS overexpression in tomato: exposing unique patterns of carotenoid self-regulation and an alternative strategy for the enhancement of fruit carotenoid content. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:482-494. [PMID: 28703352 PMCID: PMC5787846 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of plant carotenogenesis is an active research area for both biological discovery and practical implementation. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), we demonstrate additional bottlenecks exist in the poly-cis-transformation of phytoene to lycopene in the context of ripening-induced PSY1 expression and activity and reveal phytoene desaturase (PDS), as a target for manipulation towards elevated lycopene content in maturing tomato fruit. Overexpression of Arabidopsis PDS, AtPDS, elevated PDS transcript abundance in all aerial tissues resulting in both altered carotenoid accumulation and associated pathway gene expression in a tissue-specific manner. Significant increases in downstream carotenoids (all-trans-lycopene and β-carotene) and minimal changes in carotenogenic gene expression (carotenoid isomerase-like 1, CRTIL1) suggest overexpression of heterologous AtPDS in tomato circumvents endogenous regulatory mechanism observed with previous strategies. In transgenic leaves, depletion of the PDS substrate, phytoene, was accompanied by minor, but significant increases in xanthophyll production. Alterations in the leaf carotenogenic transcript profile, including the upstream MEP pathway, were observed revealing unique feedback and feedforward regulatory mechanisms in response to AtPDS overexpression. AtPDS overexpression in the background of the tangerine (carotenoid isomerase, CRTISO) mutant exposes its potential in elevating downstream cis-lycopene accumulation in ripe tomato fruit, as cis-lycopene is more bioavailable yet less abundant than all-trans-lycopene in the wild-type control. In summary, we demonstrate the limitation of PDS in ripening fruit, its utility in modifying carotenoid profiles towards improved quality, and reveal novel carotenoid pathway feedback regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. McQuinn
- Department of Plant BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant ResearchCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
- Present address:
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Breanna Wong
- Department of Plant BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant ResearchCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - James J. Giovannoni
- Department of Plant BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant ResearchCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and HealthUSDA‐ARSCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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78
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Welsch R, Zhou X, Yuan H, Álvarez D, Sun T, Schlossarek D, Yang Y, Shen G, Zhang H, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Thannhauser TW, Li L. Clp Protease and OR Directly Control the Proteostasis of Phytoene Synthase, the Crucial Enzyme for Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:149-162. [PMID: 29155321 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (PSY) is the crucial plastidial enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. However, its post-translational regulation remains elusive. Likewise, Clp protease constitutes a central part of the plastid protease network, but its substrates for degradation are not well known. In this study, we report that PSY is a substrate of the Clp protease. PSY was uncovered to physically interact with various Clp protease subunits (i.e., ClpS1, ClpC1, and ClpD). High levels of PSY and several other carotenogenic enzyme proteins overaccumulate in the clpc1, clpp4, and clpr1-2 mutants. The overaccumulated PSY was found to be partially enzymatically active. Impairment of Clp activity in clpc1 results in a reduced rate of PSY protein turnover, further supporting the role of Clp protease in degrading PSY protein. On the other hand, the ORANGE (OR) protein, a major post-translational regulator of PSY with holdase chaperone activity, enhances PSY protein stability and increases the enzymatically active proportion of PSY in clpc1, counterbalancing Clp-mediated proteolysis in maintaining PSY protein homeostasis. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the quality control of plastid-localized proteins and establish a hitherto unidentified post-translational regulatory mechanism of carotenogenic enzymes in modulating carotenoid biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Welsch
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology II, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Xiangjun Zhou
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hui Yuan
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Daniel Álvarez
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology II, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Yong Yang
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Guoxin Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Theodore W Thannhauser
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Sun T, Yuan H, Cao H, Yazdani M, Tadmor Y, Li L. Carotenoid Metabolism in Plants: The Role of Plastids. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:58-74. [PMID: 28958604 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are indispensable to plants and critical in human diets. Plastids are the organelles for carotenoid biosynthesis and storage in plant cells. They exist in various types, which include proplastids, etioplasts, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, and chromoplasts. These plastids have dramatic differences in their capacity to synthesize and sequester carotenoids. Clearly, plastids play a central role in governing carotenogenic activity, carotenoid stability, and pigment diversity. Understanding of carotenoid metabolism and accumulation in various plastids expands our view on the multifaceted regulation of carotenogenesis and facilitates our efforts toward developing nutrient-enriched food crops. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of various types of plastids on carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation, and discuss recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory control of carotenogenesis and metabolic engineering of carotenoids in light of plastid types in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hui Yuan
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hongbo Cao
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Mohammad Yazdani
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yaakov Tadmor
- Plant Science Institute, Israeli Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Yaar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishai 30095, Israel
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Koschmieder J, Fehling-Kaschek M, Schaub P, Ghisla S, Brausemann A, Timmer J, Beyer P. Plant-type phytoene desaturase: Functional evaluation of structural implications. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187628. [PMID: 29176862 PMCID: PMC5703498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoene desaturase (PDS) is an essential plant carotenoid biosynthetic enzyme and a prominent target of certain inhibitors, such as norflurazon, acting as bleaching herbicides. PDS catalyzes the introduction of two double bonds into 15-cis-phytoene, yielding 9,15,9'-tri-cis-ζ-carotene via the intermediate 9,15-di-cis-phytofluene. We present the necessary data to scrutinize functional implications inferred from the recently resolved crystal structure of Oryza sativa PDS in a complex with norflurazon. Using dynamic mathematical modeling of reaction time courses, we support the relevance of homotetrameric assembly of the enzyme observed in crystallo by providing evidence for substrate channeling of the intermediate phytofluene between individual subunits at membrane surfaces. Kinetic investigations are compatible with an ordered ping-pong bi-bi kinetic mechanism in which the carotene and the quinone electron acceptor successively occupy the same catalytic site. The mutagenesis of a conserved arginine that forms a hydrogen bond with norflurazon, the latter competing with plastoquinone, corroborates the possibility of engineering herbicide resistance, however, at the expense of diminished catalytic activity. This mutagenesis also supports a "flavin only" mechanism of carotene desaturation not requiring charged residues in the active site. Evidence for the role of the central 15-cis double bond of phytoene in determining regio-specificity of carotene desaturation is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Schaub
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Ghisla
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anton Brausemann
- University of Freiburg, Institute for Biochemistry, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- University of Freiburg, Department of Physics, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (PB); (JT)
| | - Peter Beyer
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (PB); (JT)
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81
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Kilambi HV, Manda K, Rai A, Charakana C, Bagri J, Sharma R, Sreelakshmi Y. Green-fruited Solanum habrochaites lacks fruit-specific carotenogenesis due to metabolic and structural blocks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4803-4819. [PMID: 29048567 PMCID: PMC5853803 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Members of the tomato clade exhibit a wide diversity in fruit color, but the mechanisms governing inter-species diversity of coloration are largely unknown. The carotenoid profiles, carotenogenic gene expression and proteome profiles of green-fruited Solanum habrochaites (SH), orange-fruited S. galapagense, and red-fruited S. pimpinellifolium were compared with cultivated tomato [S. lycopersicum cv. Ailsa Craig (SL)] to decipher the molecular basis of coloration diversity. Green-fruited SH, though it showed normal expression of chromoplast-specific phytoene synthase1 and lycopene β-cyclase genes akin to orange/red-fruited species, failed to accumulate lycopene and β-carotene. The SH phytoene synthase1 cDNA encoded an enzymatically active protein, whereas the lycopene β-cyclase cDNA was barely active. Consistent with its green-fruited nature, SH's fruits retained chloroplast structure and PSII activity, and had impaired chlorophyll degradation with high pheophorbide a levels. Comparison of the fruit proteomes with SL revealed retention of the proteome complement related to photosynthesis in SH. Targeted peptide monitoring revealed a low abundance of key carotenogenic and sequestration proteins in SH compared with tomato. The green-fruitedness of SH appears to stem from blocks at several critical steps regulating fruit-specific carotenogenesis namely the absence of chloroplast to chromoplast transformation, block in carotenoid biosynthesis, and a dearth of carotenoid sequestering proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himabindu Vasuki Kilambi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kalyani Manda
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Avanish Rai
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Chaitanya Charakana
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jayram Bagri
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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82
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Cichon MJ, Riedl KM, Wan L, Thomas‐Ahner JM, Francis DM, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ. Plasma Metabolomics Reveals Steroidal Alkaloids as Novel Biomarkers of Tomato Intake in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Cichon
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Ken M. Riedl
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Lei Wan
- Interdisciplinary Nutrition ProgramThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | | | - David M. Francis
- Department of Horticulture and Crop SciencesThe Ohio State University Wooster OH USA
| | - Steven K. Clinton
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Division of Medical OncologyDepartment of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Steven J. Schwartz
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
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83
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Brausemann A, Gemmecker S, Koschmieder J, Ghisla S, Beyer P, Einsle O. Structure of Phytoene Desaturase Provides Insights into Herbicide Binding and Reaction Mechanisms Involved in Carotene Desaturation. Structure 2017; 25:1222-1232.e3. [PMID: 28669634 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and plants synthesize carotenoids via a poly-cis pathway starting with phytoene, a membrane-bound C40 hydrocarbon. Phytoene desaturase (PDS) introduces two double bonds and concomitantly isomerizes two neighboring double bonds from trans to cis. PDS assembles into homo-tetramers that interact monotopically with membranes. A long hydrophobic tunnel is proposed to function in the sequential binding of phytoene and the electron acceptor plastoquinone. The herbicidal inhibitor norflurazon binds at a plastoquinone site thereby blocking reoxidation of FADred. Comparison with the sequence-dissimilar bacterial carotene desaturase CRTI reveals substantial similarities in the overall protein fold, defining both as members of the GR2 family of flavoproteins. However, the PDS active center architecture is unprecedented: no functional groups are found in the immediate flavin vicinity that might participate in dehydrogenation and isomerization. This suggests that the isoalloxazine moiety is sufficient for catalysis. Despite mechanistic differences, an ancient evolutionary relation of PDS and CRTI is apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Brausemann
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Gemmecker
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Koschmieder
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Ghisla
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter Beyer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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84
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Targeted recombination between homologous chromosomes for precise breeding in tomato. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15605. [PMID: 28548094 PMCID: PMC5458649 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) between parental chromosomes occurs stochastically. Here, we report on targeted recombination between homologous chromosomes upon somatic induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) via CRISPR-Cas9. We demonstrate this via a visual and molecular assay whereby DSB induction between two alleles carrying different mutations in the PHYTOENE SYNTHASE (PSY1) gene results in yellow fruits with wild type red sectors forming via HR-mediated DSB repair. We also show that in heterozygote plants containing one psy1 allele immune and one sensitive to CRISPR, repair of the broken allele using the unbroken allele sequence template is a common outcome. In another assay, we show evidence of a somatically induced DSB in a cross between a psy1 edible tomato mutant and wild type Solanum pimpinellifolium, targeting only the S. pimpinellifolium allele. This enables characterization of germinally transmitted targeted somatic HR events, demonstrating that somatically induced DSBs can be exploited for precise breeding of crops. Targeted homologous recombination between parental chromosomes could facilitate precision breeding of crop plants. Here, Filler Hayut et al. show that CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to induce DNA double strand breaks in somatic tissue and achieve targeted recombination between homologs at an endogenous locus in tomato.
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85
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Yoo HJ, Park WJ, Lee GM, Oh CS, Yeam I, Won DC, Kim CK, Lee JM. Inferring the Genetic Determinants of Fruit Colors in Tomato by Carotenoid Profiling. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050764. [PMID: 28481314 PMCID: PMC6154295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential for plant and animal nutrition, and are important factors in the variation of pigmentation in fruits, leaves, and flowers. Tomato is a model crop for studying the biology and biotechnology of fleshy fruits, particularly for understanding carotenoid biosynthesis. In commercial tomato cultivars and germplasms, visual phenotyping of the colors of ripe fruits can be done easily. However, subsequent analysis of metabolic profiling is necessary for hypothesizing genetic factors prior to performing time-consuming genetic analysis. We used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), employing a C30 reverse-phase column, to efficiently resolve nine carotenoids and isomers of several carotenoids in yellow, orange, and red colored ripe tomatoes. High content of lycopene was detected in red tomatoes. The orange tomatoes contained three dominant carotenoids, namely δ-carotene, β-carotene, and prolycopene. The yellow tomatoes showed low levels of carotenoids compared to red or orange tomatoes. Based on the HPLC profiles, genes responsible for overproducing δ-carotene and prolycopene were described as lycopene ε-cyclase and carotenoid isomerase, respectively. Subsequent genetic analysis using DNA markers for segregating population and germplasms were conducted to confirm the hypothesis. This study establishes the usefulness of metabolic profiling for inferring the genetic determinants of fruit color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Ju Yoo
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea.
| | - Gyu-Myung Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea.
| | - Inhwa Yeam
- Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong, Gyeongbuk 36729, Korea.
| | - Dong-Chan Won
- Breeding Institute, Nongwoo Bio Co., Ltd., Yeoju, Gyeonggi 12655, Korea.
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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86
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Kaur N, Pandey A, Kumar P, Pandey P, Kesarwani AK, Mantri SS, Awasthi P, Tiwari S. Regulation of Banana Phytoene Synthase (MaPSY) Expression, Characterization and Their Modulation under Various Abiotic Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:462. [PMID: 28421096 PMCID: PMC5377061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (PSY) is a key regulatory enzyme of carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants. The present study examines the role of PSY in carotenogenesis and stress management in banana. Germplasm screening of 10 Indian cultivars showed that Nendran (3011.94 μg/100 g dry weight) and Rasthali (105.35 μg/100 g dry weight) contained the highest and lowest amounts of β-carotene, respectively in ripe fruit-pulp. Nendran ripe pulp also showed significantly higher antioxidant activity as compared to Rasthali. Meta-analysis of three banana PSY genes (MaPSY1, MaPSY2, and MaPSY3) was performed to identify their structural features, subcellular, and chromosomal localization in banana genome. The distinct expression patterns of MaPSY1, MaPSY2, and MaPSY3 genes were observed in various tissues, and fruit developmental stages of these two contrasting cultivars, suggesting differential regulation of the banana PSY genes. A positive correlation was observed between the expression of MaPSY1 and β-carotene accumulation in the ripe fruit-peel and pulp of Nendran. The presence of stress responsive cis-regulatory motifs in promoter region of MaPSY genes were correlated with the expression pattern during various stress (abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid and dark) treatments. The positive modulation of MaPSY1 noticed under abiotic stresses suggested its role in plant physiological functions and defense response. The amino acid sequence analysis of the PSY proteins in contrasting cultivars revealed that all PSY comprises conserved domains related to enzyme activity. Bacterial complementation assay has validated the functional activity of six PSY proteins and among them PSY1 of Nendran (Nen-PSY1) gave the highest activity. These data provide new insights into the regulation of PSY expression in banana by developmental and stress related signals that can be explored in the banana improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
| | - Prateek Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
| | - Atul K Kesarwani
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
| | - Shrikant S Mantri
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
| | - Praveen Awasthi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
| | - Siddharth Tiwari
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
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87
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Pollmann H, Breitenbach J, Sandmann G. Development of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous as a production system for the colorless carotene phytoene. J Biotechnol 2017; 247:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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88
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Enfissi EMA, Nogueira M, Bramley PM, Fraser PD. The regulation of carotenoid formation in tomato fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:774-788. [PMID: 27865019 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid biosynthesis in plants includes a complex series of desaturation/isomerisation reactions, catalyzed by four independent enzymes. In bacteria and fungi one desaturase/isomerase enzyme completes the same series of reactions. In the present study, a bacterial desaturase (crtI) from Pantoea ananatis has been overexpressed in the tangerine mutant of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) which accumulates cis-carotene isomers in the fruit due to a defective isomerase (CRTISO) and the old gold crimson (ogc ) tomato mutant, which is defective in the fruit-enhanced lycopene β-cyclase (CYCB). Comprehensive molecular and biochemical characterization of the resulting lines expressing crtI has revealed negative feedback mechanisms, acting predominantly at the level of phytoene synthase-1 (PSY1), and feed-forward mechanisms inducing cyclisation. In both cases, altered transcription appears to be the progenitor, with subsequent post-transcriptional modulation highlighting the complexity of the processes involved in modulating carotenoid homeostasis in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia M A Enfissi
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 OEX, UK
| | - Marilise Nogueira
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 OEX, UK
| | - Peter M Bramley
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 OEX, UK
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 OEX, UK
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89
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Álvarez D, Voß B, Maass D, Wüst F, Schaub P, Beyer P, Welsch R. Carotenogenesis Is Regulated by 5'UTR-Mediated Translation of Phytoene Synthase Splice Variants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2314-2326. [PMID: 27729470 PMCID: PMC5129717 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (PSY) catalyzes the highly regulated, frequently rate-limiting synthesis of the first biosynthetically formed carotene. While PSY constitutes a small gene family in most plant taxa, the Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), predominantly possess a single PSY gene. This monogenic situation is compensated by the differential expression of two alternative splice variants (ASV), which differ in length and in the exon/intron retention of their 5'UTRs. ASV1 contains a long 5'UTR (untranslated region) and is involved in developmentally regulated carotenoid formation, such as during deetiolation. ASV2 contains a short 5'UTR and is preferentially induced when an immediate increase in the carotenoid pathway flux is required, such as under salt stress or upon sudden light intensity changes. We show that the long 5'UTR of ASV1 is capable of attenuating the translational activity in response to high carotenoid pathway fluxes. This function resides in a defined 5'UTR stretch with two predicted interconvertible RNA conformations, as known from riboswitches, which might act as a flux sensor. The translation-inhibitory structure is absent from the short 5'UTR of ASV2 allowing to bypass translational inhibition under conditions requiring rapidly increased pathway fluxes. The mechanism is not found in the rice (Oryza sativa) PSY1 5'UTR, consistent with the prevalence of transcriptional control mechanisms in taxa with multiple PSY genes. The translational control mechanism identified is interpreted in terms of flux adjustments needed in response to retrograde signals stemming from intermediates of the plastid-localized carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Álvarez
- Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II (D.A., D.M., F.W., P.S., P.B., R.W.), Institute for Biology III (B.V.), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Björn Voß
- Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II (D.A., D.M., F.W., P.S., P.B., R.W.), Institute for Biology III (B.V.), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Maass
- Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II (D.A., D.M., F.W., P.S., P.B., R.W.), Institute for Biology III (B.V.), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Wüst
- Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II (D.A., D.M., F.W., P.S., P.B., R.W.), Institute for Biology III (B.V.), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schaub
- Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II (D.A., D.M., F.W., P.S., P.B., R.W.), Institute for Biology III (B.V.), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Beyer
- Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II (D.A., D.M., F.W., P.S., P.B., R.W.), Institute for Biology III (B.V.), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Welsch
- Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II (D.A., D.M., F.W., P.S., P.B., R.W.), Institute for Biology III (B.V.), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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90
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Manzi M, Lado J, Rodrigo MJ, Arbona V, Gómez-Cadenas A. ABA accumulation in water-stressed Citrus roots does not rely on carotenoid content in this organ. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:151-161. [PMID: 27717451 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sustained abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in dehydrated citrus roots depends on the transport from aerial organs. Under this condition, the role of the β,β-carotenoids (ABA precursors) to the de novo synthesis of ABA in roots needs to be clarified since their low availability in this organ restricts its accumulation. To accomplish that, detached citrus roots were exposed to light (to increase their carotenoid content) and subsequently dehydrated (to trigger ABA accumulation). Stress imposition sharply decreased the pool of β,β-carotenoids but, unexpectedly, no concomitant rise in ABA content was observed. Contrastingly, roots of intact plants (with low levels of carotenoids) showed a similar decrease of ABA precursor together with a significant ABA accumulation. Furthermore, upon dehydration both types of roots showed similar upregulation of the key genes involved in biosynthesis of carotenoids and ABA (CsPSY3a; CsβCHX1; CsβCHX2; CsNCED1; CsNCED2), demonstrating a conserved transcriptional response triggered by water stress. Thus, the sharp decrease in root carotenoid levels in response to dehydration should be related to other stress-related signals instead of contributing to ABA biosynthesis. In summary, ABA accumulation in dehydrated-citrus roots largely relies on the presence of the aerial organs and it is independent of the amount of available root β,β-carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Manzi
- Ecofisiología y Biotecnología, Dept. Ciències Agraries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Joanna Lado
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Ecofisiología y Biotecnología, Dept. Ciències Agraries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Ecofisiología y Biotecnología, Dept. Ciències Agraries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
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91
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Bruno M, Koschmieder J, Wuest F, Schaub P, Fehling-Kaschek M, Timmer J, Beyer P, Al-Babili S. Enzymatic study on AtCCD4 and AtCCD7 and their potential to form acyclic regulatory metabolites. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5993-6005. [PMID: 27811075 PMCID: PMC5100015 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (AtCCD4) is a negative regulator of the carotenoid content of seeds and has recently been suggested as a candidate for the generation of retrograde signals that are thought to derive from the cleavage of poly-cis-configured carotene desaturation intermediates. In this work, we investigated the activity of AtCCD4 in vitro and used dynamic modeling to determine its substrate preference. Our results document strict regional specificity for cleavage at the C9-C10 double bond in carotenoids and apocarotenoids, with preference for carotenoid substrates and an obstructing effect on hydroxyl functions, and demonstrate the specificity for all-trans-configured carotenes and xanthophylls. AtCCD4 cleaved substrates with at least one ionone ring and did not convert acyclic carotene desaturation intermediates, independent of their isomeric states. These results do not support a direct involvement of AtCCD4 in generating the supposed regulatory metabolites. In contrast, the strigolactone biosynthetic enzyme AtCCD7 converted 9-cis-configured acyclic carotenes, such as 9-cis-ζ-carotene, 9'-cis-neurosporene, and 9-cis-lycopene, yielding 9-cis-configured products and indicating that AtCCD7, rather than AtCCD4, is the candidate for forming acyclic retrograde signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bruno
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Koschmieder
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Wuest
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schaub
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Fehling-Kaschek
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Department of Physics, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3a, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Department of Physics, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3a, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, Schaenzlestr. 18, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Beyer
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), BESE Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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92
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Hou X, Rivers J, León P, McQuinn RP, Pogson BJ. Synthesis and Function of Apocarotenoid Signals in Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:792-803. [PMID: 27344539 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In plants, carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection. However, carotenoids are not the end products of the pathway; apocarotenoids are produced by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) or non-enzymatic processes. Apocarotenoids are more soluble or volatile than carotenoids but they are not simply breakdown products, as there can be modifications post-cleavage and their functions include hormones, volatiles, and signals. Evidence is emerging for a class of apocarotenoids, here referred to as apocarotenoid signals (ACSs), that have regulatory roles throughout plant development beyond those ascribed to abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactone (SL). In this context we review studies of carotenoid feedback regulation, chloroplast biogenesis, stress signaling, and leaf and root development providing evidence that apocarotenoids may fine-tune plant development and responses to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hou
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John Rivers
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Patricia León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Ryan P McQuinn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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93
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Zhai S, Xia X, He Z. Carotenoids in Staple Cereals: Metabolism, Regulation, and Genetic Manipulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1197. [PMID: 27559339 PMCID: PMC4978713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play a critical role in animal and human health. Animals and humans are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo, and therefore rely upon diet as sources of these compounds. However, major staple cereals often contain only small amounts of carotenoids in their grains. Consequently, there is considerable interest in genetic manipulation of carotenoid content in cereal grain. In this review, we focus on carotenoid metabolism and regulation in non-green plant tissues, as well as genetic manipulation in staple cereals such as rice, maize, and wheat. Significant progress has been made in three aspects: (1) seven carotenogenes play vital roles in carotenoid regulation in non-green plant tissues, including 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase influencing isoprenoid precursor supply, phytoene synthase, β-cyclase, and ε-cyclase controlling biosynthesis, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases responsible for degradation, and orange gene conditioning sequestration sink; (2) provitamin A-biofortified crops, such as rice and maize, were developed by either metabolic engineering or marker-assisted breeding; (3) quantitative trait loci for carotenoid content on chromosomes 3B, 7A, and 7B were consistently identified, eight carotenogenes including 23 loci were detected, and 10 gene-specific markers for carotenoid accumulation were developed and applied in wheat improvement. A comprehensive and deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid metabolism in crops will be beneficial in improving our precision in improving carotenoid contents. Genomic selection and gene editing are emerging as transformative technologies for provitamin A biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhai
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xianchun Xia
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhonghu He
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
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94
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Bruno M, Al-Babili S. On the substrate specificity of the rice strigolactone biosynthesis enzyme DWARF27. PLANTA 2016; 243:1429-40. [PMID: 26945857 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The β-carotene isomerase OsDWARF27 is stereo- and double bond-specific. It converts bicyclic carotenoids with at least one unsubstituted β-ionone ring. OsDWARF27 may contribute to the formation of α-carotene-based strigolactone-like compounds. Strigolactones (SLs) are synthesized from all-trans-β-carotene via a pathway involving the β-carotene isomerase DWARF27, the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 7 and 8 (CCD7, CCD8), and cytochrome P450 enzymes from the 711 clade (MAX1 in Arabidopsis). The rice enzyme DWARF27 was shown to catalyze the reversible isomerization of all-trans- into 9-cis-β-carotene in vitro. β-carotene occurs in different cis-isomeric forms, and plants accumulate other carotenoids, which may be substrates of DWARF27. Here, we investigated the stereo and substrate specificity of the rice enzyme DWARF27 in carotenoid-accumulating E. coli strains and in in vitro assays performed with heterologously expressed and purified enzyme. Our results suggest that OsDWARF27 is strictly double bond-specific, solely targeting the C9-C10 double bond. OsDWARF27 did not introduce a 9-cis-double bond in 13-cis- or 15-cis-β-carotene. Substrates isomerized by OsDWARF27 are bicyclic carotenoids, including β-, α-carotene and β,β-cryptoxanthin, that contain at least one unsubstituted β-ionone ring. Accordingly, OsDWARF27 did not produce the abscisic acid precursors 9-cis-violaxanthin or -neoxanthin from the corresponding all-trans-isomers, excluding a direct role in the formation of this carotenoid derived hormone. The conversion of all-trans-α-carotene yielded two different isomers, including 9'-cis-α-carotene that might be the precursor of strigolactones with an ε-ionone ring, such as the recently identified heliolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bruno
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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95
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Chan KX, Phua SY, Crisp P, McQuinn R, Pogson BJ. Learning the Languages of the Chloroplast: Retrograde Signaling and Beyond. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:25-53. [PMID: 26735063 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor, communicating with the cell during biogenesis and operation to change the expression of thousands of proteins. This process, termed retrograde signaling, regulates expression in response to developmental cues and stresses that affect photosynthesis and yield. Recent advances have identified many signals and pathways-including carotenoid derivatives, isoprenes, phosphoadenosines, tetrapyrroles, and heme, together with reactive oxygen species and proteins-that build a communication network to regulate gene expression, RNA turnover, and splicing. However, retrograde signaling pathways have been viewed largely as a means of bilateral communication between organelles and nuclei, ignoring their potential to interact with hormone signaling and the cell as a whole to regulate plant form and function. Here, we discuss new findings on the processes by which organelle communication is initiated, transmitted, and perceived, not only to regulate chloroplastic processes but also to intersect with cellular signaling and alter physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xun Chan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; , , , ,
| | - Su Yin Phua
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; , , , ,
| | - Peter Crisp
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; , , , ,
| | - Ryan McQuinn
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; , , , ,
| | - Barry J Pogson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; , , , ,
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96
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Tian J, Song Y, Du Q, Yang X, Ci D, Chen J, Xie J, Li B, Zhang D. Population genomic analysis of gibberellin-responsive long non-coding RNAs in Populus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2467-82. [PMID: 26912799 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in a wide range of biological processes, but lncRNAs in plants remain largely unknown; in particular, we lack a systematic identification of plant lncRNAs involved in hormone responses. Moreover, allelic variation in lncRNAs remains poorly characterized at a large scale. Here, we conducted high-throughput RNA-sequencing of leaves from control and gibberellin (GA)-treated Populus tomentosa and identified 7655 reliably expressed lncRNAs. Among the 7655 lncRNAs, the levels of 410 lncRNAs changed in response to GA. Seven GA-responsive lncRNAs were predicted to be putative targets of 18 miRNAs, and one GA-responsive lncRNA (TCONS_00264314) was predicted to be a target mimic of ptc-miR6459b. Computational analysis predicted 939 potential cis-regulated target genes and 965 potential trans-regulated target genes for GA-responsive lncRNAs. Functional annotation of these potential target genes showed that they participate in many different biological processes, including auxin signal transduction and synthesis of cellulose and pectin, indicating that GA-responsive lncRNAs may influence growth and wood properties. Finally, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based association analysis showed that 112 SNPs from 52 GA-responsive lncRNAs and 1014 SNPs from 296 potential target genes were significantly associated with growth and wood properties. Epistasis analysis also provided evidence for interactions between lncRNAs and their potential target genes. Our study provides a comprehensive view of P. tomentosa lncRNAs and offers insights into the potential functions and regulatory interactions of GA-responsive lncRNAs, thus forming the foundation for future functional analysis of GA-responsive lncRNAs in P. tomentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yuepeng Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qingzhang Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Dong Ci
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jianbo Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Bailian Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China. Department of Forestry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8203, USA
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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97
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Gao L, Zhao W, Qu H, Wang Q, Zhao L. The yellow-fruited tomato 1 (yft1) mutant has altered fruit carotenoid accumulation and reduced ethylene production as a result of a genetic lesion in ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:717-728. [PMID: 26743523 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The isolated yft1 allele controls the formation of fruit color in n3122 via the regulation of response to ethylene, carotenoid accumulation and chromoplast development. Fruit color is one of the most important quality traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and is closely associated with both nutritional and market value. In this study, we characterized a tomato fruit color mutant n3122, named as yellow-fruited tomato 1 (yft1), which produces yellow colored mature fruit. Fruit color segregation of the progeny from an intra-specific cross (M82 × n3122) and an inter-specific cross (n3122 × LA1585) revealed that a single recessive nuclear gene determined the yellow fruit phenotype. Through map-based cloning, the yft1 locus was assigned to an 88.2 kb region at the top of chromosome 9 that was annotated as containing 12 genes. Sequencing revealed that one gene, Solyc09g007870, which encodes ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2), contained two mutations in yft1: a 13 bp deletion and a 573 bp insertion at position -318 bp upstream of the translation initiation site. We detected that EIN2 expression was substantially lower in yft1 than in the red-fruited M82 wild type and that, in addition, carotenoid accumulation was decreased, ethylene synthesis and perception were impaired and chromoplast development was delayed. The results implied that the reduced expression of EIN2 in yft1 leads to suppressed ethylene signaling which results in abnormal carotenoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haiou Qu
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qishan Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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98
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Tian J, Chen J, Li B, Zhang D. Association genetics in Populus reveals the interactions between Pto-miR160a and its target Pto-ARF16. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:1069-82. [PMID: 26732268 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in various biological processes. However, the interactions between miRNAs and their targets are largely unknown in plants. As a powerful tool for identification of variation associated with traits, association genetics provides another strategy for exploration of interactions between miRNAs and their targets. Here, we conducted expression analysis and association mapping to evaluate the interaction between Pto-miR160a and its target Pto-ARF16 in Populus tomentosa. By examining the expression patterns of Pto-MIR160a and Pto-ARF16, we identified a significant, negative correlation between their expression levels, indicating that Pto-miR160a may affect the expression of Pto-ARF16. Among the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in this study, one common SNP in the pre-miRNA region of Pto-miR160a altered its predicted secondary structure while another common SNP in the predicted miRNA target site changed the binding affinity of Pto-miR160a. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis revealed low LD levels of Pto-MIR160a and Pto-ARF16, indicating that they are suitable for candidate gene-based association analysis. Single SNP-based association analysis identified 19 SNPs (false discovery rate Q < 0.05) in Pto-MIR160a and Pto-ARF16 associated with three phenotypic traits. Epistasis analysis further identified 36 SNP-SNP interactions between SNPs in Pto-MIR160a and SNPs in Pto-ARF16, reflecting the possible genetic interaction of Pto-miR160a and Pto-ARF16. Taking these results together, our study identified SNPs in Pto-MIR160a and Pto-ARF16 associated with tree growth and wood properties, providing SNPs with potential applications in marker-assisted breeding and evidence for the genetic interaction of Pto-miR160a and Pto-ARF16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Bailian Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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99
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Okabe Y, Ariizumi T. Mutant Resources and TILLING Platforms in Tomato Research. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-48535-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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100
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Abstract
Carotenoids are recognized as the main pigments in most fruit crops, providing colours that range from yellow and pink to deep orange and red. Moreover, the edible portion of widely consumed fruits or their derived products represent a major dietary source of carotenoids for animals and humans. Therefore, these pigments are crucial compounds contributing to fruit aesthetic and nutritional quality but may also have protecting and ecophysiological functions in coloured fruits. Among plant organs, fruits display one of the most heterogeneous carotenoids patterns in terms of diversity and abundance. In this chapter a comprehensive list of the carotenoid content and profile in the most commonly cultivated fleshy fruits is reported. The proposed fruit classification systems attending to carotenoid composition are revised and discussed. The regulation of carotenoids in fruits can be rather complex due to the dramatic changes in content and composition during ripening, which are also dependent on the fruit tissue and the developmental stage. In addition, carotenoid accumulation is a dynamic process, associated with the development of chromoplasts during ripening. As a general rule, carotenoid accumulation is highly controlled at the transcriptional level of the structural and accessory proteins of the biosynthetic and degradation pathways, but other mechanisms such as post-transcriptional modifications or the development of sink structures have been recently revealed as crucial factors in determining the levels and stability of these pigments. In this chapter common key metabolic reactions regulating carotenoid composition in fruit tissues are described in addition to others that are restricted to certain species and generate unique carotenoids patterns. The existence of fruit-specific isoforms for key steps such as the phytoene synthase, lycopene β-cyclases or catabolic carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases has allowed an independent regulation of the pathway in fruit tissues and a source of variability to create novel activities or different catalytic properties. Besides key genes of the carotenoid pathway, changes in carotenoid accumulation could be also directly influenced by differences in gene expression or protein activity in the pathway of carotenoid precursors and some relevant examples are discussed. The objective of this chapter is to provide an updated review of the main carotenoid profiles in fleshy fruits, their pattern of changes during ripening and our current understanding of the different regulatory levels responsible for the diversity of carotenoid accumulation in fruit tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lado
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
- Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agropecuaria (INIA), Camino a la Represa s/n, Salto, Uruguay.
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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