51
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He P, Wright IJ, Zhu S, Onoda Y, Liu H, Li R, Liu X, Hua L, Oyanoghafo OO, Ye Q. Leaf mechanical strength and photosynthetic capacity vary independently across 57 subtropical forest species with contrasting light requirements. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:607-618. [PMID: 30887533 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf mechanical strength and photosynthetic capacity are critical plant life-history traits associated with tolerance and growth under various biotic and abiotic stresses. In principle, higher mechanical resistance achieved via higher relative allocation to cell walls should slow photosynthetic rates. However, interspecific relationships among these two leaf functions have not been reported. We measured leaf traits of 57 dominant woody species in a subtropical evergreen forest in China, focusing especially on photosynthetic rates, mechanical properties, and leaf lifespan (LLS). These species were assigned to two ecological strategy groups: shade-tolerant species and light-demanding species. On average, shade-tolerant species had longer LLS, higher leaf mechanical strength but lower photosynthetic rates, and exhibited longer LLS for a given leaf mass per area (LMA) or mechanical strength than light-demanding species. Depending on the traits and the basis of expression (per area or per mass), leaf mechanical resistance and photosynthetic capacity were either deemed unrelated, or only weakly negatively correlated. We found only weak support for the proposed trade-off between leaf biomechanics and photosynthesis among co-occurring woody species. This suggests there is considerable flexibility in these properties, and the observed relationships may result more so from trait coordination than any physically or physiologically enforced trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing, 100049, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Shidan Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Ronghua Li
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Osazee O Oyanoghafo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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Shang B, Xu Y, Dai L, Yuan X, Feng Z. Elevated ozone reduced leaf nitrogen allocation to photosynthesis in poplar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:169-178. [PMID: 30537578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of elevated ozone (O3) concentration on leaf nitrogen (N), a key determinant of plant photosynthesis, with two clones of poplar grown in open-top chambers. We focus on the difference between mass-based leaf N concentration (Nmass) and area-based one (Narea) in their responses to elevated O3, and the allocation of N to different leaf components: photosynthetic apparatus, cell walls, and others under elevated O3 level. Our results showed that elevated O3 significantly increased Nmass, but reduced Narea and leaf mass per area (LMA). The two clones showed no difference in Nmass response to O3, but the more sensitive clone showed greater reduction of Narea and LMA due to O3. We also found positive relationships between Narea and photosynthetic parameters, e.g. light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Asat). Furthermore, elevated O3 significantly reduced photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE) and leaf N allocation to photosynthetic components, while increasing N allocation to cell walls and other components. We concluded that plants invested more N in cell walls and other components to resist O3 damages at the expense of photosynthetic N. The change of N allocation in plant leaves in response to elevated O3 could have an impact on ecological processes, e.g. leaf litter decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yansen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lulu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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53
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Tang J, Sun B, Cheng R, Shi Z, Da Luo, Liu S, Centritto M. Effects of soil nitrogen (N) deficiency on photosynthetic N-use efficiency in N-fixing and non-N-fixing tree seedlings in subtropical China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4604. [PMID: 30872731 PMCID: PMC6418086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil nitrogen (N) deficiencies can affect the photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE), mesophyll conductance (gm), and leaf N allocation. However, lack of information about how these physiological characteristics in N-fixing trees could be affected by soil N deficiency and the difference between N-fixing and non-N-fixing trees. In this study, we chose seedlings of two N-fixing (Dalbergia odorifera and Erythrophleum fordii) and two non-N-fixing trees (Castanopsis hystrix and Betula alnoides) as study objects, and we conducted a pot experiment with three levels of soil N treatments (high nitrogen, set as Control; medium nitrogen, MN; and low nitrogen, LN). Our results showed that soil N deficiency significantly decreased the leaf N concentration and photosynthesis ability of the two non-N-fixing trees, but it had less influence on two N-fixing trees. The LN treatment had lower gm in D. odorifera and lower leaf N allocated to Rubisco (PR), leaf N allocated to bioenergetics (PB), and gm in B. alnoides, eventually resulting in low PNUE values. Our findings suggested that the D. odorifera and E. fordii seedlings could grow well in N-deficient soil, and adding N may increase the growth rates of B. alnoides and C. hystrix seedlings and promote the growth of artificial forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Tang
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Baodi Sun
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Ruimei Cheng
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zuomin Shi
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China. .,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China. .,Tree and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Da Luo
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,Research Institute of Economic Forestry, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Science, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Tree and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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54
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Tang J, Sun B, Cheng R, Shi Z, Luo D, Liu S, Centritto M. Seedling leaves allocate lower fractions of nitrogen to photosynthetic apparatus in nitrogen fixing trees than in non-nitrogen fixing trees in subtropical China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208971. [PMID: 30830910 PMCID: PMC6398865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic-nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) is a useful trait to characterize leaf physiology and survival strategy. PNUE can also be considered as part of ‘leaf economics spectrum’ interrelated with leaf nutrient concentrations, photosynthesis and respiration, leaf life-span and dry-mass investment. However, few studies have paid attention to PNUE of N-fixing tree seedlings in subtropical China. In this study, we investigated the differences in PNUE, leaf nitrogen (N) allocation, and mesophyll conductance (gm) in Dalbergia odorifera and Erythrophleum fordii (N-fixing trees), and Betula alnoides and Castanopsis hystrix (non-N-fixing trees). PNUE of D. odorifera and E. fordii were significantly lower than those of B. alnoides and C. hystrix mainly because of their allocation of a lower fraction of leaf N to Rubisco (PR) and bioenergetics (PB). Mesophyll conductance had a significant positive correlation with PNUE in D. odorifera, E. fordii, and B. alnoides, but the effect of gm on PNUE was different between species. The fraction of leaf N to cell wall (PCW) had a significant negative correlation with PR in B. alnoides and C. hystrix seedling leaves, but no correlation in D. odorifera and E. fordii seedling leaves, which may indicate that B. alnoides and C. hystrix seedling leaves did not have enough N to satisfy the demand from both the cell wall and Rubisco. Our results indicate that B. alnoides and C. hystrix may have a higher competitive ability in natural ecosystems with fertile soil, and D. odorifera and E. fordii may grow well in N-poor soil. Mixing these non-N-fixing and N-fixing trees for afforestation is useful for improving soil N utilization efficiency in the tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Tang
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baodi Sun
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruimei Cheng
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zuomin Shi
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Tree and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Da Luo
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Economic Forestry, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Science, Urumqi, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Tree and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
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55
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Wang QW, Daumal M, Nagano S, Yoshida N, Morinaga SI, Hikosaka K. Plasticity of functional traits and optimality of biomass allocation in elevational ecotypes of Arabidopsis halleri grown at different soil nutrient availabilities. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:237-249. [PMID: 30721383 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In mountainous areas, plant distribution is constrained by various environmental stresses. Plasticity and constancy in plant functional traits may relate to optimal strategies at respective habitats and to ecotypic differentiation along elevation. Although plant biomass allocation has been extensively studied in relation to adaptation to soil nutrient availability along elevation, its optimality is still poorly understood. We examined soil nutrient availability in the field and conducted growth analysis for two elevational ecotypes of Arabidopsis halleri grown under different nutrient availabilities. We determined plasticity in morphological and physiological traits and evaluated optimal biomass allocation using an optimality model. Our field investigation indicated that soil nitrogen (N) availability increased rather than decreased with increasing elevation. Our growth analysis revealed that lowland ecotype was more plastic in morphological variables and N concentrations, whereas the highland ecotype was more plastic in other physiological variables such as the net assimilation rate (NAR). The leaf mass ratio (LMR) in the lowland ecotype was moderately plastic at the whole range of N availabilities, whereas LMR in the highland ecotype was very plastic at higher N availabilities only. The optimality model indicated that the LMR of the lowland ecotype was nearly optimal throughout the range of studied N availabilities, whereas that of the highland ecotype was suboptimal at low N availability. These results suggest that highland ecotype is adapted only to high N availability, whereas the lowland ecotype is adapted to a relatively wide range of N availabilities as a result of natural selection in their respective habitats. We conclude that an adaptive differentiation has occurred between the two ecotypes and plasticity in the biomass allocation is directly related to its optimization in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wei Wang
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Maya Daumal
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Soichiro Nagano
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
| | - Naofumi Yoshida
- Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Morinaga
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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56
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Ren T, Weraduwage SM, Sharkey TD. Prospects for enhancing leaf photosynthetic capacity by manipulating mesophyll cell morphology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1153-1165. [PMID: 30590670 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are beautifully specialized organs designed to maximize the use of light and CO2 for photosynthesis. Engineering leaf anatomy therefore holds great potential to enhance photosynthetic capacity. Here we review the effect of the dominant leaf anatomical traits on leaf photosynthesis and confirm that a high chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular airspace per unit leaf area (Sc) is critical for efficient photosynthesis. The possibility of improving Sc through appropriately increasing mesophyll cell density is further analyzed. The potential influences of modifying mesophyll cell morphology on CO2 diffusion, light distribution within the leaf, and other physiological processes are also discussed. Some potential target genes regulating leaf mesophyll cell proliferation and expansion are explored. Indeed, more comprehensive research is needed to understand how manipulating mesophyll cell morphology through editing the potential target genes impacts leaf photosynthetic capacity and related physiological processes. This will pinpoint the targets for engineering leaf anatomy to maximize photosynthetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ren
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Sarathi M Weraduwage
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Resiience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Resiience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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57
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Liu Y, Kleunen M. Nitrogen acquisition of Central European herbaceous plants that differ in their global naturalization success. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Taizhou University Taizhou China
- Ecology, Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy Sciences Changchun China
| | - Mark Kleunen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Taizhou University Taizhou China
- Ecology, Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
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58
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Zhong C, Jian SF, Huang J, Jin QY, Cao XC. Trade-off of within-leaf nitrogen allocation between photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency and water deficit stress acclimation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:41-50. [PMID: 30500517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) allocation in leaves affects plant photosynthesis-N relationship and adaptation to environmental fluctuations. To reveal the role of leaf N allocation in water deficit stress acclimation in rice, the plants were grown in infertile soil supplying with low N (0.05 g N·kg-1 soil) and high N (0.2 g N·kg-1 soil), and then imposed to water deficit stress (∼75% relative soil water content). We found that the proportion of leaf N allocated in the photosynthetic apparatus was significantly positive correlated with photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE), and that N allocation in the carboxylation system and bioenergetics were the primary two limiting factors of PNUE under the conditions of high N and water deficit stress. PNUE was not significantly affected by water stress in low N condition, but markedly reduced in high N condition. Under low N condition, plants reduced N allocation in the light-harvesting system and increased soluble protein and free amino acids, or reduced N allocation in the cell wall to maintain PNUE under water deficit stress. Under high N, however, plants decreased N allocation in bioenergetics or carboxylation, but increased N allocation in non-photosynthetic components during water stress. Our results reveal that the coordination of leaf N allocation between photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic apparatus, and among the components of the photosynthetic apparatus is important for the trade-off between PNUE and the acclimation of water deficit stress in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Fen Jian
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Yu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Chuang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.
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59
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Yang Y, Wang H, Harrison SP, Prentice IC, Wright IJ, Peng C, Lin G. Quantifying leaf-trait covariation and its controls across climates and biomes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:155-168. [PMID: 30272817 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant functional ecology requires the quantification of trait variation and its controls. Field measurements on 483 species at 48 sites across China were used to analyse variation in leaf traits, and assess their predictability. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to characterize trait variation, redundancy analysis (RDA) to reveal climate effects, and RDA with variance partitioning to estimate separate and overlapping effects of site, climate, life-form and family membership. Four orthogonal dimensions of total trait variation were identified: leaf area (LA), internal-to-ambient CO2 ratio (χ), leaf economics spectrum traits (specific leaf area (SLA) versus leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and nitrogen per area (Narea )), and photosynthetic capacities (Vcmax , Jmax at 25°C). LA and χ covaried with moisture index. Site, climate, life form and family together explained 70% of trait variance. Families accounted for 17%, and climate and families together 29%. LDMC and SLA showed the largest family effects. Independent life-form effects were small. Climate influences trait variation in part by selection for different life forms and families. Trait values derived from climate data via RDA showed substantial predictive power for trait values in the available global data sets. Systematic trait data collection across all climates and biomes is still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzheng Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing, 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Han Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Sandy P Harrison
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Sciences (SAGES), University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK
| | - I Colin Prentice
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Changhui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, H3C 3P8, QC, Canada
| | - Guanghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope and Gulf Ecology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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60
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Tanaka T, Kurokawa C, Oikawa S. Leaf shedding increases the photosynthetic rate of the canopy in N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing woody species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1903-1911. [PMID: 30219918 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It has long been hypothesized that timing of leaf shedding is critical for plant fitness but there is little experimental evidence to support the hypothesis. According to an optimality theory, shedding of old leaves increases canopy photosynthesis despite some nitrogen (N) being lost as litterfall, when the ratio of daily photosynthesis to leaf N (N-use efficiency, ε) in old leaves, expressed as a fraction of ε in new leaves, becomes lower than the fraction of leaf N that is resorbed before shedding (RN). This was shown to be true for N-poor plants but not for N-rich plants in a pot experiment; however, the use of planting pots imposes a variety of physical, chemical and biological constraints that could change the experimental results. Here we conducted a 3-year field survey in a cool temperate deciduous forest to examine whether Alnus sieboldiana Matsum. (N2-fixing) and Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim. (non-N2-fixing) shed their leaves to increase canopy photosynthesis in accord with the above criterion. These species often grow sympatrically and were chosen as representatives of N-rich and N-poor plants, respectively. Overall, daily photosynthesis decreased with leaf age, accompanied by small changes in leaf N, resulting in a decrease in ε. In both species, ε of leaves at shedding expressed as a fraction of ε in new leaves was nearly equal to RN in all years, implying that the old leaves were shed to increase canopy photosynthesis. Our results, together with those of previous field surveys, suggested that the timing of leaf shedding is explained by N use in maximizing canopy photosynthesis across broad groups of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
| | | | - Shimpei Oikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
- College of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
- Institute for Global Change Adaptation Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
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61
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Bahar NHA, Gauthier PPG, O Sullivan OS, Brereton T, Evans JR, Atkin OK. Phosphorus deficiency alters scaling relationships between leaf gas exchange and associated traits in a wide range of contrasting Eucalyptus species. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:813-826. [PMID: 32291064 DOI: 10.1071/fp17134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) limitation is known to have substantial impacts on leaf metabolism. However, uncertainty remains around whether P deficiency alters scaling functions linking leaf metabolism to associated traits. We investigated the effect of P deficiency on leaf gas exchange and related leaf traits in 17 contrasting Eucalyptus species that exhibit inherent differences in leaf traits. Saplings were grown under controlled-environment conditions in a glasshouse, where they were subjected to minus and plus P treatments for 15 weeks. P deficiency decreased P concentrations and increased leaf mass per area (LMA) of newly-developed leaves. Rates of photosynthesis (A) and respiration (R) were also reduced in P-deficient plants compared with P-fertilised plants. By contrast, P deficiency had little effect on the temperature sensitivity of R. Irrespective of P treatment, on a log-log basis A and R scaled positively with increasing leaf nitrogen concentration [N] and negatively with increasing LMA. Although P deficiency had limited impact on A-R-LMA relationships, rates of CO2 exchange per unit N were consistently lower in P-deficient plants. Our results highlight the importance of P supply for leaf carbon metabolism and show how P deficiencies (i.e. when excluding confounding genotypic and environmental effects) can have a direct effect on commonly used leaf trait scaling relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur H A Bahar
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Paul P G Gauthier
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Odhran S O Sullivan
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas Brereton
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John R Evans
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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62
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Yao H, Zhang Y, Yi X, Zhang X, Fan D, Chow WS, Zhang W. Diaheliotropic leaf movement enhances leaf photosynthetic capacity and photosynthetic light and nitrogen use efficiency via optimising nitrogen partitioning among photosynthetic components in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:213-222. [PMID: 29222927 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phototropic leaf movement of plants is an effective mechanism for adapting to light conditions. Light is the major driver of plant photosynthesis. Leaf N is also an important limiting factor on leaf photosynthetic potential. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) exhibits diaheliotropic leaf movement. Here, we compared the long-term photosynthetic acclimation of fixed leaves (restrained) and free leaves (allowed free movement) in cotton. The fixed leaves and free leaves were used for determination of PAR, leaf chlorophyll concentration, leaf N content and leaf gas exchange. The measurements were conducted under clear sky conditions at 0, 7, 15 and 30 days after treatment (DAT). The results showed that leaf N allocation and partitioning among different components of the photosynthetic apparatus were significantly affected by diaheliotropic leaf movement. Diaheliotropic leaf movement significantly increased light interception per unit leaf area, which in turn affected leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf N content (NA ) and leaf N allocation to photosynthesis (NP ). In addition, cotton leaves optimised leaf N allocation to the photosynthetic apparatus by adjusting leaf mass per area and NA in response to optimal light interception. In the presence of diaheliotropic leaf movement, cotton leaves optimised their structural tissue and photosynthetic characteristics, such as LMA, NA and leaf N allocation to photosynthesis, so that leaf photosynthetic capacity was maximised to improve the photosynthetic use efficiency of light and N under high light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Y Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - X Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - X Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - D Fan
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - W S Chow
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - W Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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63
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Effect of Wind on the Relation of Leaf N, P Stoichiometry with Leaf Morphology in Quercus Species. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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64
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Xiao Y, Liu S, Tong F, Chen B, Kuang Y. Dominant Species in Subtropical Forests Could Decrease Photosynthetic N Allocation to Carboxylation and Bioenergetics and Enhance Leaf Construction Costs during Forest Succession. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:117. [PMID: 29472939 PMCID: PMC5809493 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It is important to understand how eco-physiological characteristics shift in forests when elucidating the mechanisms underlying species replacement and the process of succession and stabilization. In this study, the dominant species at three typical successional stages (early-, mid-, and late-succession) in the subtropical forests of China were selected. At each stage, we compared the leaf construction costs (CC), payback time (PBT), leaf area based N content (NA), maximum CO2 assimilation rate (Pmax), specific leaf area (SLA), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), and leaf N allocated to carboxylation (NC), and to bioenergetics (NB). The relationships between these leaf functional traits were also determined. The results showed that the early-succession forest is characterized with significantly lower leaf CC, PBT, NA, but higher Pmax, SLA, PNUE, NC, and NB, in relation to the late-succession forest. From the early- to the late-succession forests, the relationship between Pmax and leaf CC strengthened, whereas the relationships between NB, NC, PNUE, and leaf CC weakened. Thus, the dominant species are able to decrease the allocation of the photosynthetic N fraction to carboxylation and bioenergetics during forest succession. The shift in these leaf functional traits and their linkages might represent a fundamental physiological mechanism that occurs during forest succession and stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Xiao
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, China's State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Fuchun Tong
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bufeng Chen
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanwen Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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65
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Tang J, Cheng R, Shi Z, Xu G, Liu S, Centritto M. Fagaceae tree species allocate higher fraction of nitrogen to photosynthetic apparatus than Leguminosae in Jianfengling tropical montane rain forest, China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192040. [PMID: 29390007 PMCID: PMC5794133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in photosynthetic-nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) is generally affected by several factors such as leaf nitrogen allocation and leaf diffusional conductances to CO2, although it is still unclear which factors significantly affect PNUE in tropical montane rain forest trees. In this study, comparison of PNUE, photosynthetic capacity, leaf nitrogen allocation, and diffusional conductances to CO2 between five Fagaceae tree species and five Leguminosae tree species were analyzed in Jianfengling tropical montane rain forest, Hainan Island, China. The result showed that PNUE of Fagaceae was significantly higher than that of Leguminosae (+35.5%), attributed to lower leaf nitrogen content per area (Narea, -29.4%). The difference in nitrogen allocation was the main biochemical factor that influenced interspecific variation in PNUE of these tree species. Fagaceae species allocated a higher fraction of leaf nitrogen to the photosynthetic apparatus (PP, +43.8%), especially to Rubisco (PR, +50.0%) and bioenergetics (PB +33.3%) in comparison with Leguminosae species. Leaf mass per area (LMA) of Leguminosae species was lower than that of Fagaceae species (-15.4%). While there was no significant difference shown for mesophyll conductance (gm), Fagaceae tree species may have greater chloroplast to total leaf surface area ratios and that offset the action of thicker cell walls on gm. Furthermore, weak negative relationship between nitrogen allocation in cell walls and in Rubisco was found for Castanopsis hystrix, Cyclobalanopsis phanera and Cy. patelliformis, which might imply that nitrogen in the leaves was insufficient for both Rubisco and cell walls. In summary, our study concluded that higher PNUE might contribute to the dominance of most Fagaceae tree species in Jianfengling tropical montane rain forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Tang
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimei Cheng
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zuomin Shi
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Tree and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gexi Xu
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Key Laboratory on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Tree and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
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66
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Peschiutta ML, Scholz FG, Goldstein G, Bucci SJ. Herbivory alters plant carbon assimilation, patterns of biomass allocation and nitrogen use efficiency. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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67
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Crous KY, O'Sullivan OS, Zaragoza-Castells J, Bloomfield KJ, Negrini ACA, Meir P, Turnbull MH, Griffin KL, Atkin OK. Nitrogen and phosphorus availabilities interact to modulate leaf trait scaling relationships across six plant functional types in a controlled-environment study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:992-1008. [PMID: 28505389 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have key roles in leaf metabolism, resulting in a strong coupling of chemical composition traits to metabolic rates in field-based studies. However, in such studies, it is difficult to disentangle the effects of nutrient supply per se on trait-trait relationships. Our study assessed how high and low N (5 mM and 0.4 mM, respectively) and P (1 mM and 2 μM, respectively) supply in 37 species from six plant functional types (PTFs) affected photosynthesis (A) and respiration (R) (in darkness and light) in a controlled environment. Low P supply increased scaling exponents (slopes) of area-based log-log A-N or R-N relationships when N supply was not limiting, whereas there was no P effect under low N supply. By contrast, scaling exponents of A-P and R-P relationships were altered by P and N supply. Neither R : A nor light inhibition of leaf R was affected by nutrient supply. Light inhibition was 26% across nutrient treatments; herbaceous species exhibited a lower degree of light inhibition than woody species. Because N and P supply modulates leaf trait-trait relationships, the next generation of terrestrial biosphere models may need to consider how limitations in N and P availability affect trait-trait relationships when predicting carbon exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Y Crous
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Odhran S O'Sullivan
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Joana Zaragoza-Castells
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Keith J Bloomfield
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - A Clarissa A Negrini
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Patrick Meir
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
| | - Matthew H Turnbull
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Earth and Environment Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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68
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Liu MC, Kong DL, Lu XR, Huang K, Wang S, Wang WB, Qu B, Feng YL. Higher photosynthesis, nutrient- and energy-use efficiencies contribute to invasiveness of exotic plants in a nutrient poor habitat in northeast China. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:373-382. [PMID: 28321883 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The roles of photosynthesis-related traits in invasiveness of introduced plant species are still not well elucidated, especially in nutrient-poor habitats. In addition, little effort has been made to determine the physiological causes and consequences of the difference in these traits between invasive and native plants. To address these problems, we compared the differences in 16 leaf functional traits related to light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Pmax ) between 22 invasive and native plants in a nutrient-poor habitat in northeast China. The invasive plants had significantly higher Pmax , photosynthetic nitrogen- (PNUE), phosphorus- (PPUE), potassium- (PKUE) and energy-use efficiencies (PEUE) than the co-occurring natives, while leaf nutrient concentrations, construction cost (CC) and specific leaf area were not significantly different between the invasive and native plants. The higher PNUE contributed to higher Pmax for the invasive plants, which in turn contributed to higher PPUE, PKUE and PEUE. CC changed independently with other traits such as Pmax , PNUE, PPUE, PKUE and PEUE, showing two trait dimensions, which may facilitate acclimation to multifarious niche dimensions. Our results indicate that the invasive plants have a superior resource-use strategy, i.e. higher photosynthesis under similar resource investments, contributing to invasion success in the barren habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chao Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, China
| | - De-Liang Kong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, China
| | - Xiu-Rong Lu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, China
| | - Wei-Bin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, China
| | - Bo Qu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, China
| | - Yu-Long Feng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, China
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69
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Ghimire B, Riley WJ, Koven CD, Kattge J, Rogers A, Reich PB, Wright IJ. A global trait-based approach to estimate leaf nitrogen functional allocation from observations. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:1421-1434. [PMID: 28370740 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for plant growth and a major constituent of proteins that regulate photosynthetic and respiratory processes. However, a comprehensive global analysis of nitrogen allocation in leaves for major processes with respect to different plant functional types (PFTs) is currently lacking. This study integrated observations from global databases with photosynthesis and respiration models to determine plant-functional-type-specific allocation patterns of leaf nitrogen for photosynthesis (Rubisco, electron transport, light absorption) and respiration (growth and maintenance), and by difference from observed total leaf nitrogen, an unexplained "residual" nitrogen pool. Based on our analysis, crops partition the largest fraction of nitrogen to photosynthesis (57%) and respiration (5%) followed by herbaceous plants (44% and 4%). Tropical broadleaf evergreen trees partition the least to photosynthesis (25%) and respiration (2%) followed by needle-leaved evergreen trees (28% and 3%). In trees (especially needle-leaved evergreen and tropical broadleaf evergreen trees) a large fraction (70% and 73%, respectively) of nitrogen was not explained by photosynthetic or respiratory functions. Compared to crops and herbaceous plants, this large residual pool is hypothesized to emerge from larger investments in cell wall proteins, lipids, amino acids, nucleic acid, CO2 fixation proteins (other than Rubisco), secondary compounds, and other proteins. Our estimates are different from previous studies due to differences in methodology and assumptions used in deriving nitrogen allocation estimates. Unlike previous studies, we integrate and infer nitrogen allocation estimates across multiple PFTs, and report substantial differences in nitrogen allocation across different PFTs. The resulting pattern of nitrogen allocation provides insights on mechanisms that operate at a cellular scale within leaves, and can be integrated with ecosystem models to derive emergent properties of ecosystem productivity at local, regional, and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bardan Ghimire
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - William J Riley
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Charles D Koven
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alistair Rogers
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, 55455, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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70
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Gérant D, Pluchon M, Mareschal L, Koutika LS, Epron D. Seasonality of nitrogen partitioning (non-structural vs structural) in the leaves and woody tissues of tropical eucalypts experiencing a marked dry season. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:790-798. [PMID: 28369560 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that internal nitrogen (N) translocation in temperate tree species is governed by photoperiod duration and temperature. For tropical tree species, the seasonality of rainfall is known to affect growth and foliage production, suggesting that efficient internal N recycling also occurs throughout the year. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the N budgets and N partitioning (non-structural vs structural N) in the different organs of 7-year-old Eucalyptus urophylla (S.T. Blake) × E. grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden) trees from a plantation in coastal Congo on poor sandy soil. The trees were sampled at the end of the dry season and late in the rainy season. Lower N concentrations and N investment in the non-structural fraction were observed in leaves during the dry season, which indicates resorption of non-structural N from senescing leaves. Stem wood, which contributes to about 60% of the total biomass of the trees, accumulated high amounts of non-structural N at the end of the dry season, most of which was remobilized during the following rainy season. These results support the hypothesis of efficient internal N recycling, which may be an important determinant for the growth potential of eucalypts on N-poor soils. Harvesting trees late in the rainy season when stem wood is depleted in non-structural N should be recommended to limit the export of nutrients off-site and to improve the sustainability of tropical eucalypt plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Gérant
- UMR Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, F-54500, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Morgane Pluchon
- UMR Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, F-54500, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Louis Mareschal
- CIRAD, UMR 111, Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Biogéochimie des Sols et Agrosystèmes, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- CRDPI, BP 1291 Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Daniel Epron
- UMR Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, F-54500, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
- CIRAD, UMR 111, Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Biogéochimie des Sols et Agrosystèmes, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- CRDPI, BP 1291 Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo
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71
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Onoda Y, Wright IJ, Evans JR, Hikosaka K, Kitajima K, Niinemets Ü, Poorter H, Tosens T, Westoby M. Physiological and structural tradeoffs underlying the leaf economics spectrum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1447-1463. [PMID: 28295374 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The leaf economics spectrum (LES) represents a suite of intercorrelated leaf traits concerning construction costs per unit leaf area, nutrient concentrations, and rates of carbon fixation and tissue turnover. Although broad trade-offs among leaf structural and physiological traits have been demonstrated, we still do not have a comprehensive view of the fundamental constraints underlying the LES trade-offs. Here, we investigated physiological and structural mechanisms underpinning the LES by analysing a novel data compilation incorporating rarely considered traits such as the dry mass fraction in cell walls, nitrogen allocation, mesophyll CO2 diffusion and associated anatomical traits for hundreds of species covering major growth forms. The analysis demonstrates that cell wall constituents are major components of leaf dry mass (18-70%), especially in leaves with high leaf mass per unit area (LMA) and long lifespan. A greater fraction of leaf mass in cell walls is typically associated with a lower fraction of leaf nitrogen (N) invested in photosynthetic proteins; and lower within-leaf CO2 diffusion rates, as a result of thicker mesophyll cell walls. The costs associated with greater investments in cell walls underpin the LES: long leaf lifespans are achieved via higher LMA and in turn by higher cell wall mass fraction, but this inevitably reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - John R Evans
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kitajima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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72
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Amada G, Onoda Y, Ichie T, Kitayama K. Influence of leaf trichomes on boundary layer conductance and gas-exchange characteristics inMetrosideros polymorpha(Myrtaceae). Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Amada
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho Sakyo-Ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho Sakyo-Ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ichie
- Faculty of Agriculture; Kochi University; B200, Monobe Nankoku 783-8502 Japan
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho Sakyo-Ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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73
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DeMilto AM, Rouquette M, Mueller UG, Kellner K, Seal JN. Effects of substrate, ant and fungal species on plant fiber degradation in a fungus-gardening ant symbiosis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 98:301-308. [PMID: 28193479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungus-gardening or attine ants have outsourced most of their digestive function to a symbiotic fungus. The ants feed their fungus - essentially an external digestive organ - a variety of substrates of botanical origin, including fresh and dried flowers, leaves and insect frass (processed leaves). Although plant tissues are rich in fibers (lignocelluloses, hemicelluloses, pectins and starches) and the symbiotic fungus possesses the genetic and enzymatic machinery to metabolize these compounds, the highly derived attines, the leaf-cutters (Atta and Acromyrmex), are known to produce fiber-rich waste. While leaf-cutting ants are important consumers of primary plant tissue, there have been fewer studies on physiological activity of fungi grown by closely related ant species in the genus Trachymyrmex, which generally grow related species of fungi, have smaller colonies and consume a wider variety of fungal substrates in addition to fresh leaves and flowers. In this study, we measured the cellulase activity of the fungus-gardening ants Atta texana, Trachymyrmex arizonensis and T. septentrionalis. We then quantified fiber consumption of the fungus-gardening ants Trachymyrmex septentrionalis and Trachymyrmex arizonensis by comparing the amounts and percentages present in their food and in fungus garden refuse during a controlled feeding experiment over the span of several months. Finally, we compared waste composition of T. arizonensis colonies growing different fungal strains, because this species is known to cultivate multiple strains of Leucoagaricus in its native range. The leaf-cutting ant A. texana was found to have lower cellulytic activity than T. arizonensis or T. septentrionalis. Total lignocellulose and hemicellulose amounts were significantly lower in refuse piles than in the substrates fed to the Trachymyrmex colonies, thus these fibers were consumed by the fungal symbionts of these ant species. Although lignocellulose utilization was similar in two distinct fungal species grown by T. arizonensis colonies, hemicellulose utilization was higher in T. arizonensis colonies growing a derived leaf-cutting ant fungal symbiont than when growing a native type of symbiont. The results of this study demonstrate that fiber digestion in fungus-gardening ants is an outcome of ant-fungal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria M DeMilto
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX 75799, USA.
| | - Monte Rouquette
- Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Overton, Overton, TX 75684, USA.
| | - Ulrich G Mueller
- Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station #C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Katrin Kellner
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX 75799, USA.
| | - Jon N Seal
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX 75799, USA; Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station #C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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74
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Wang H, Prentice IC, Davis TW, Keenan TF, Wright IJ, Peng C. Photosynthetic responses to altitude: an explanation based on optimality principles. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:976-982. [PMID: 27859388 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - I Colin Prentice
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Tyler W Davis
- AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Centre for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Changhui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, H3C 3P8, QC, Canada
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75
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Zaka S, Frak E, Julier B, Gastal F, Louarn G. Intraspecific variation in thermal acclimation of photosynthesis across a range of temperatures in a perennial crop. AOB PLANTS 2016; 8:plw035. [PMID: 27178065 PMCID: PMC4940478 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the thermal acclimation of photosynthesis has been stimulated by the increasing relevance of climate change. However, little is known about intra-specific variations in thermal acclimation and its potential for breeding. In this article, we examined the difference in thermal acclimation between alfalfa (Medicago sativa) cultivars originating from contrasting origins, and sought to analyze the mechanisms in play. A series of experiments was carried out at seven growth temperatures between 5 and 35 °C using four cultivars from temperate and Mediterranean origin. Leaf traits, the photosynthetic rate at 25 °C (A400 (25)), the photosynthetic rate at optimal temperature (A400 (opt)), the thermal optimum of photosynthesis (Topt), and the photosynthetic parameters from the Farqhuar model were determined. Irrespective of cultivar origin, a clear shift in the temperature responses of photosynthesis was observed as a function of growth temperature, affecting thermal optimum of photosynthesis, photosynthetic rate at optimal temperature and photosynthetic rate at 25 °C. For both cultivars, Topt values increased linearly in leaves grown between 5 and 35 °C. Relative homeostasis of A400 (25) and A400 (opt) was found between 10 °C and 30 °C growth temperatures, but sharp declines were recorded at 5 and 35 °C. This homeostasis was achieved in part through modifications to leaf nitrogen content, which increased at extreme temperatures. Significant changes were also recorded regarding nitrogen partitioning in the photosynthetic apparatus and in the temperature dependence of photosynthetic parameters. The cultivars differed only in terms of the temperature response of photosynthetic parameters, with Mediterranean genotypes displaying a greater sensitivity of the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation to elevated temperatures. It was concluded that intra-specific variations in the temperature acclimation of photosynthesis exist among alfalfa cultivars, but that Mediterranean genotypes presented no evidence of superior performance at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Zaka
- INRA, UR4 URP3F, BP6, F86600 Lusignan, France
| | - Ela Frak
- INRA, UR4 URP3F, BP6, F86600 Lusignan, France
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76
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Aoyagi R, Kitayama K. Nutrient allocation among plant organs across 13 tree species in three Bornean rain forests with contrasting nutrient availabilities. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:675-684. [PMID: 27056098 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Allocation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) among plant organs is an important factor regulating growth rate, which is a key ecological process associated with plant life-history strategies. However, few studies have explored how N and P investment in photosynthetic (leaves) and non-photosynthetic (stems and roots) organs changes in relation to depletion of each element. We investigated nutrient concentrations of plant organs in relation to whole-plant nutrient concentration (total nutrient weight per total biomass) as an index of nutrient status of each individual using the saplings of the 13 species in three tropical rain forests with contrasting N and P availabilities (tropical evergreen forests and tropical heath forests). We found a steeper decrease in foliar N concentration than foliar P concentration with decreasing whole-plant nutrient concentration. Moreover, the steeper decrease in foliar N concentration was associated with relatively stable N concentration in stems, and vice versa for P. We suggest that the depletion of N is associated with a rapid dilution of foliar N because the cell walls in non-photosynthetic organs function as an N sink. On the other hand, these species can maintain foliar P concentration by decreasing stem P concentrations despites the depletion of P. Our results emphasize the significance of non-photosynthetic organs as an N sink for understanding the variation of foliar nutrient concentrations for the tree species in the three Bornean rain forests with different N and P availabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Aoyagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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77
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Li FL, Zan QJ, Hu ZY, Shin PKS, Cheung SG, Wong YS, Tam NFY, Lei AP. Are Photosynthetic Characteristics and Energetic Cost Important Invasive Traits for Alien Sonneratia Species in South China? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157169. [PMID: 27286250 PMCID: PMC4902315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A higher photosynthesis and lower energetic cost are recognized as important characteristics for invasive species, but whether these traits are also important for the ability of alien mangrove species to become invasive has seldom been reported. A microcosm study was conducted to compare the photosynthetic characteristics, energetic cost indices and other growth traits between two alien species (Sonneratia apetala and S. caseolaris) and four native mangrove species over four seasons in a subtropical mangrove nature reserve in Shenzhen, South China. The aim of the study was to evaluate the invasive potential of Sonneratia based on these physiological responses. The annual average net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and total carbon assimilation per unit leaf area (Atotal) of the two alien Sonneratia species were significantly higher than the values of the native mangroves. In contrast, the opposite results were obtained for the leaf construction cost (CC) per unit dry mass (CCM) and CC per unit area (CCA) values. The higher Atotal and lower CC values resulted in a 72% higher photosynthetic energy-use efficiency (PEUE) for Sonneratia compared to native mangroves, leading to a higher relative growth rate (RGR) of the biomass and height of Sonneratia with the respective values being 51% and 119% higher than those of the native species. Higher photosynthetic indices for Sonneratia compared to native species were found in all seasons except winter, whereas lower CC values were found in all four seasons. The present findings reveal that alien Sonneratia species may adapt well and become invasive in subtropical mangrove wetlands in Shenzhen due to their higher photosynthetic characteristics coupled with lower costs in energy use, leading to a higher PEUE. The comparison of these physiological responses between S. apetala and S. caseolaris reveal that the former species is more invasive than the latter one, thus requiring more attention in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Futian-CityU Mangrove Research and Development Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qi-Jie Zan
- Guangdong Neilingding Futian National Nature Reserve, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Hu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Paul-K. S. Shin
- Futian-CityU Mangrove Research and Development Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siu-Gin Cheung
- Futian-CityU Mangrove Research and Development Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuk-Shan Wong
- Futian-CityU Mangrove Research and Development Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Science and Technology, Open University of Hong Kong, Homantin, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nora Fung-Yee Tam
- Futian-CityU Mangrove Research and Development Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail: (NFYT); (APL)
| | - An-Ping Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (NFYT); (APL)
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78
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Hikosaka K. Optimality of nitrogen distribution among leaves in plant canopies. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:299-311. [PMID: 27059755 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The vertical gradient of the leaf nitrogen content in a plant canopy is one of the determinants of vegetation productivity. The ecological significance of the nitrogen distribution in plant canopies has been discussed in relation to its optimality; nitrogen distribution in actual plant canopies is close to but always less steep than the optimal distribution that maximizes canopy photosynthesis. In this paper, I review the optimality of nitrogen distribution within canopies focusing on recent advancements. Although the optimal nitrogen distribution has been believed to be proportional to the light gradient in the canopy, this rule holds only when diffuse light is considered; the optimal distribution is steeper when the direct light is considered. A recent meta-analysis has shown that the nitrogen gradient is similar between herbaceous and tree canopies when it is expressed as the function of the light gradient. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain why nitrogen distribution is suboptimal. However, hypotheses explain patterns observed in some specific stands but not in others; there seems to be no general hypothesis that can explain the nitrogen distributions under different conditions. Therefore, how the nitrogen distribution in canopies is determined remains open for future studies; its understanding should contribute to the correct prediction and improvement of plant productivity under changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
- CREST, JST, Tokyo, Japan.
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79
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Cavalli G, Baattrup-Pedersen A, Riis T. Nutrient availability and nutrient use efficiency in plants growing in the transition zone between land and water. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:301-306. [PMID: 26414531 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The transition zone between terrestrial and freshwater habitats is highly dynamic, with large variability in environmental characteristics. Here, we investigate how these characteristics influence the nutritional status and performance of plant life forms inhabiting this zone. Specifically, we hypothesised that: (i) tissue nutrient content differs among submerged, amphibious and terrestrial species, with higher content in submerged species; and (ii) PNUE gradually increases from submerged over amphibious to terrestrial species, reflecting differences in the availability of N and P relative to inorganic C across the land-water ecotone. We found that tissue nutrient content was generally higher in submerged species and C:N and C:P ratios indicated that content was limiting for growth for ca. 20% of plant individuals, particularly those belonging to amphibious and terrestrial species groups. As predicted, the PNUE increased from submerged over amphibious to terrestrial species. We suggest that this pattern reflects that amphibious and terrestrial species allocate proportionally more nutrients into processes of importance for photosynthesis at saturating CO2 availability, i.e. enzymes involved in substrate regeneration, compared to submerged species that are acclimated to lower availability of CO2 in the aquatic environment. Our results indicate that enhanced nutrient loading may affect relative abundance of the three species groups in the land-water ecotone of stream ecosystems. Thus, species of amphibious and terrestrial species groups are likely to benefit more from enhanced nutrient availability in terms of faster growth compared to aquatic species, and that this can be detrimental to aquatic species growing in the land-water ecotone, e.g. Ranunculus and Callitriche.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cavalli
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - T Riis
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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80
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González-Zurdo P, Escudero A, Babiano J, García-Ciudad A, Mediavilla S. Costs of leaf reinforcement in response to winter cold in evergreen species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:273-86. [PMID: 26764268 PMCID: PMC4885944 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The competitive equilibrium between deciduous and evergreen plant species to a large extent depends on the intensity of the reduction in carbon gain undergone by evergreen leaves, associated with the leaf traits that confer resistance to stressful conditions during the unfavourable part of the year. This study explores the effects of winter harshness on the resistance traits of evergreen leaves. Leaf mass per unit area (LMA), leaf thickness and the concentrations of fibre, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), soluble protein, chlorophyll and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) were determined in three evergreen and two deciduous species along a winter temperature gradient. In the evergreen species, LMA, thickness, and P and structural carbohydrate concentrations increased with the decrease in winter temperatures. Nitrogen and lignin concentrations did not show definite patterns in this regard. Chlorophyll, soluble proteins and Rubisco decreased with the increase in winter harshness. Our results suggest that an increase in LMA and in the concentration of structural carbohydrates would be a requirement for the leaves to cope with low winter temperatures. The evergreen habit would be associated with higher costs at cooler sites, because the cold resistance traits imply additional maintenance costs and reduced N allocation to the photosynthetic machinery, associated with structural reinforcement at colder sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia González-Zurdo
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alfonso Escudero
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Josefa Babiano
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Mediavilla
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071 Salamanca, Spain
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81
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Mu X, Chen Q, Chen F, Yuan L, Mi G. Within-Leaf Nitrogen Allocation in Adaptation to Low Nitrogen Supply in Maize during Grain-Filling Stage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:699. [PMID: 27252716 PMCID: PMC4877366 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) plays a vital role in photosynthesis and crop productivity. Maize plants may be able to increase physiological N utilization efficiency (NUtE) under low-N stress by increasing photosynthetic rate (P n) per unit leaf N, that is, photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE). In this study, we analyzed the relationship between PNUE and N allocation in maize ear-leaves during the grain-filling stage under low N (no N application) and high N (180 kg N ha(-1)) in a 2-year field experiment. Under low N, grain yield decreased while NUtE increased. Low-N treatment reduced the specific N content of ear leaves by 38% without significant influencing P n, thereby increasing PNUE by 54%. Under low-N stress, maize plants tended to invest relatively more N into bioenergetics to sustain electron transport. In contrast, N allocated to chlorophyll and light-harvesting proteins was reduced to control excess electron production. Soluble proteins were reduced to shrink the N storage reservoir. We conclude that optimization of N allocation within leaves is a key adaptive mechanism to maximize P n and crop productivity when N is limited during the grain-filling stage in maize under low-N conditions.
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82
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Stinziano JR, Hüner NPA, Way DA. Warming delays autumn declines in photosynthetic capacity in a boreal conifer, Norway spruce (Picea abies). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1303-13. [PMID: 26543154 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, via warmer springs and autumns, may lengthen the carbon uptake period of boreal tree species, increasing the potential for carbon sequestration in boreal forests, which could help slow climate change. However, if other seasonal cues such as photoperiod dictate when photosynthetic capacity declines, warmer autumn temperatures may have little effect on when carbon uptake capacity decreases in these species. We investigated whether autumn warming would delay photosynthetic decline in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) by growing seedlings under declining weekly photoperiods and weekly temperatures either at ambient temperature or a warming treatment 4 °C above ambient. Photosynthetic capacity was relatively constant in both treatments when weekly temperatures were >8 °C, but declined rapidly at lower temperatures, leading to a delay in the autumn decline in photosynthetic capacity in the warming treatment. The decline in photosynthetic capacity was not related to changes in leaf nitrogen or chlorophyll concentrations, but was correlated with a decrease in the apparent fraction of leaf nitrogen invested in Rubisco, implicating a shift in nitrogen allocation away from the Calvin cycle at low autumn growing temperatures. Our data suggest that as the climate warms, the period of net carbon uptake will be extended in the autumn for boreal forests dominated by Norway spruce, which could increase total carbon uptake in these forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Stinziano
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B6
| | - Norman P A Hüner
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B6
| | - Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B6 Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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83
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Ali AA, Xu C, Rogers A, McDowell NG, Medlyn BE, Fisher RA, Wullschleger SD, Reich PB, Vrugt JA, Bauerle WL, Santiago LS, Wilson CJ. Global-scale environmental control of plant photosynthetic capacity. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 25:2349-2365. [PMID: 26910960 DOI: 10.1890/14-2111.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic capacity, determined by light harvesting and carboxylation reactions, is a key plant trait that determines the rate of photosynthesis; however, in Earth System Models (ESMs) at a reference temperature, it is either a fixed value for a given plant functional type or derived from a linear function of leaf nitrogen content. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis that considered correlations of environmental factors with photosynthetic capacity as determined by maximum carboxylation (V(cm)) rate scaled to 25 degrees C (i.e., V(c),25; μmol CO2 x m(-2)x s(-1)) and maximum electron transport rate (J(max)) scaled to 25 degrees C (i.e., J25; μmol electron x m(-2) x s(-1)) at the global scale. Our results showed that the percentage of variation in observed V(c),25 and J25 explained jointly by the environmental factors (i.e., day length, radiation, temperature, and humidity) were 2-2.5 times and 6-9 times of that explained by area-based leaf nitrogen content, respectively. Environmental factors influenced photosynthetic capacity mainly through photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, rather than through leaf nitrogen content. The combination of leaf nitrogen content and environmental factors was able to explain -56% and -66% of the variation in V(c),25 and J25 at the global scale, respectively. Our analyses suggest that model projections of plant photosynthetic capacity and hence land-atmosphere exchange under changing climatic conditions could be substantially improved if environmental factors are incorporated into algorithms used to parameterize photosynthetic capacity in ESMs.
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84
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Singh V, Gupta S, Singh H, Raghubanshi AS. Ecophysiological characteristics of five weeds and a wheat crop in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, India. WEED BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2015; 15:102-112. [PMID: 32834774 PMCID: PMC7169674 DOI: 10.1111/wbm.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to compare selected ecophysiological parameters for a wheat crop found in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India and its five dominant weeds. The dominant and regionally ubiquitous weeds in the wheat field that was selected for the study were Anagallis arvensis, Chenopodium album, Melilotus albus, Phalaris minor and Rumex dentatus. Taller weeds, such as C. album and P. minor, constituted one group along with the crop, with a low photosynthetic rate, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen mass basis, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency and leaf area ratio, in comparison to shorter weeds, such as A. arvensis, M. albus and R. dentatus, which formed another group with a high photosynthetic rate, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen mass basis, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency and leaf area ratio. Interspecific variations in the photosynthetic rate were driven mainly by variability in the specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content. The taller weeds and the crop had a low specific leaf area later in the season, whereas the smaller weeds had a relatively high specific leaf area, which might be an adaptation to the shaded environment below the canopy. The result indicates that any weed management in the wheat fields of the Indo-Gangetic Plains will need two different approaches because of the different strategies followed by the two weed groups that were identified in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Singh
- Ecosystems Analysis LaboratoryBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
| | - Sweta Gupta
- Ecosystems Analysis LaboratoryBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
| | - Hema Singh
- Ecosystems Analysis LaboratoryBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
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85
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Moyo H, Scholes MC, Twine W. Resprouting after coppicing is negatively influenced by browsing in Terminalia sericea. Ecol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-015-1291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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86
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Moon M, Kang KS, Park IK, Kim T, Kim HS. Effects of leaf nitrogen allocation on the photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency of seedlings of three tropical species in Indonesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-015-0074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Holaday AS, Schwilk DW, Waring EF, Guvvala H, Griffin CM, Lewis OM. Plasticity of nitrogen allocation in the leaves of the invasive wetland grass, Phalaris arundinacea and co-occurring Carex species determines the photosynthetic sensitivity to nitrogen availability. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 177:20-29. [PMID: 25659333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phalaris arundinacea displaces the slower-growing, native sedge, Carex stricta, where nitrogen availability is high. Our aim was to address whether morphological and physiological traits associated with carbon gain for P. arundinacea and C. stricta responded to nitrogen supply differently and if the species exhibited different degrees of plasticity in these traits. The plants were grown in gravel and provided modified Hoagland's solution containing four nitrogen concentrations from 0.15 to 15 mM for 6 to 7 weeks. Supplied nitrogen affected the leaf nitrogen content to the same degree for both species. Increasing supplied nitrogen strongly increased CO2 assimilation (A), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), and respiration for P. arundinacea but had only a small effect on these parameters for C. stricta. Relative to growth at 15 mM nitrogen, growth at 0.15 mM for young leaves decreased carboxylation capacity and efficiency and the capacity for electron transport for P. arundinacea and a larger, stouter Carex species, Carex lacustris, by 53 to 70% but only 20 to 24% for C. stricta. Leaf nitrogen decreased approximately 50% for all species, but vacuolar nitrate did not decrease for P. arundinacea and C. stricta, suggesting that it does not serve as a nitrogen reserve for use during nitrogen deprivation in these species. After 4 months of nitrogen deprivation, P. arundinacea doubled A in 12 days after being supplied 15 mM nitrogen, whereas A for C. stricta increased only 22%. We propose that one factor linking P. arundinacea abundance to nitrogen availability involves this species' plastic response of carbon gain to nitrogen supply. C. stricta appears to be adapted to tolerate low nitrogen availability but cannot respond as rapidly and extensively as P. arundinacea when nitrogen supply is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scott Holaday
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Flint and Main Streets, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA.
| | - Dylan W Schwilk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Flint and Main Streets, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
| | - Elizabeth F Waring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Flint and Main Streets, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
| | - Hasitha Guvvala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Flint and Main Streets, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
| | - Chelsea M Griffin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Flint and Main Streets, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
| | - O Milo Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Flint and Main Streets, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
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88
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Enemies lost: parallel evolution in structural defense and tolerance to herbivory of invasive Jacobaea vulgaris. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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89
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Estiarte M, Peñuelas J. Alteration of the phenology of leaf senescence and fall in winter deciduous species by climate change: effects on nutrient proficiency. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:1005-17. [PMID: 25384459 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence in winter deciduous species signals the transition from the active to the dormant stage. The purpose of leaf senescence is the recovery of nutrients before the leaves fall. Photoperiod and temperature are the main cues controlling leaf senescence in winter deciduous species, with water stress imposing an additional influence. Photoperiod exerts a strict control on leaf senescence at latitudes where winters are severe and temperature gains importance in the regulation as winters become less severe. On average, climatic warming will delay and drought will advance leaf senescence, but at varying degrees depending on the species. Warming and drought thus have opposite effects on the phenology of leaf senescence, and the impact of climate change will therefore depend on the relative importance of each factor in specific regions. Warming is not expected to have a strong impact on nutrient proficiency although a slower speed of leaf senescence induced by warming could facilitate a more efficient nutrient resorption. Nutrient resorption is less efficient when the leaves senesce prematurely as a consequence of water stress. The overall effects of climate change on nutrient resorption will depend on the contrasting effects of warming and drought. Changes in nutrient resorption and proficiency will impact production in the following year, at least in early spring, because the construction of new foliage relies almost exclusively on nutrients resorbed from foliage during the preceding leaf fall. Changes in the phenology of leaf senescence will thus impact carbon uptake, but also ecosystem nutrient cycling, especially if the changes are consequence of water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Estiarte
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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90
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Luo Y, Guo W, Yuan Y, Liu J, Du N, Wang R. Increased nitrogen deposition alleviated the competitive effects of the introduced invasive plant Robinia pseudoacacia on the native tree Quercus acutissima. PLANT AND SOIL 2014; 385:63-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11104-014-2227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
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91
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Bloomfield KJ, Farquhar GD, Lloyd J. Photosynthesis-nitrogen relationships in tropical forest tree species as affected by soil phosphorus availability: a controlled environment study. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:820-832. [PMID: 32481036 DOI: 10.1071/fp13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical soils are often characterised by low phosphorus availability and tropical forest trees typically exhibit lower area-based rates of photosynthesis (Aa) for a given area-based leaf nitrogen concentration ([N]a) compared with plants growing in higher-latitude, N-limited ecosystems. Nevertheless, to date, very few studies have assessed the effects of P deprivation per se on Aa⟷[N]a relationships in tropical trees. Our study investigated the effect of reduced soil P availability on light-saturated Aa and related leaf traits of seven Australian tropical tree species. We addressed the following questions: (1) Do contrasting species exhibit inherent differences in nutrient partitioning and morphology? (2) Does P deprivation lead to a change in the nature of the Aa⟷[N]a relationship? (3) Does P deprivation lead to an alteration in leaf nitrogen levels or N allocation within the leaf? Applying a mixed effects model, we found that for these Australian tropical tree species, removal of P from the nutrient solution decreased area-based photosynthetic capacity (Amax,a) by 18% and reduced the slope of the Amax,a⟷[N]a relationship and differences among species accounted for around 30% of response variation. Despite greater N allocation to chlorophyll, photosynthetic N use efficiency was significantly reduced in low-P plants. Collectively, our results support the view that low soil P availability can alter photosynthesis-nitrogen relationships in tropical trees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Jon Lloyd
- Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment Initiative, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berkshire, UK
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92
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Merilo E, Jõesaar I, Brosché M, Kollist H. To open or to close: species-specific stomatal responses to simultaneously applied opposing environmental factors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:499-508. [PMID: 24392838 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant stomatal responses to single environmental factors are well studied; however, responses to a change in two (or more) factors - a common situation in nature - have been less frequently addressed. We studied the stomatal responses to a simultaneous application of opposing environmental factors in six evolutionarily distant mono- and dicotyledonous herbs representing different life strategies (ruderals, competitors and stress-tolerators) to clarify whether the crosstalk between opening- and closure-inducing pathways leading to stomatal response is universal or species-specific. Custom-made gas exchange devices were used to study the stomatal responses to a simultaneous application of two opposing factors: decreased/increased CO2 concentration and light availability or reduced air humidity. The studied species responded similarly to changes in single environmental factors, but showed species-specific and nonadditive responses to two simultaneously applied opposing factors. The stomata of the ruderals Arabidopsis thaliana and Thellungiella salsuginea (previously Thellungiella halophila) always opened, whereas those of competitor-ruderals either closed in all two-factor combinations (Triticum aestivum), remained relatively unchanged (Nicotiana tabacum) or showed a response dominated by reduced air humidity (Hordeum vulgare). Our results, indicating that in changing environmental conditions species-specific stomatal responses are evident that cannot be predicted from studying one factor at a time, might be interesting for stomatal modellers, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Jõesaar
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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93
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Houter NC, Pons TL. Gap effects on leaf traits of tropical rainforest trees differing in juvenile light requirement. Oecologia 2014; 175:37-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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94
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Pang J, Palta JA, Rebetzke GJ, Milroy SP. Wheat genotypes with high early vigour accumulate more nitrogen and have higher photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency during early growth. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:215-222. [PMID: 32480980 DOI: 10.1071/fp13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Genotypic differences in early growth and nitrogen (N) uptake among 24 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were assessed in a field trial. At late tillering, large genetic variation was observed for shoot biomass (23-56gm-2 ground area) and N uptake (1.1-1.8gm-2 ground area). A strong correlation between aboveground biomass and N uptake was observed. Variation around this relationship was also found, with some genotypes having similar N uptake but large differences in aboveground biomass. A controlled environment experiment was conducted to investigate the underlying mechanisms for this variation in aboveground biomass using three vigorous genotypes (38-19, 92-11 and CV97) and a non-vigorous commercial cultivar (Janz). Vigorous genotypes had lower specific leaf N in the youngest fully expanded leaf than Janz. However, there was no difference in chlorophyll content, maximum Rubisco activity or the rate of electron transport per unit area. This suggests that Janz invested more N in non-photosynthetic components than the vigorous lines, which could explain the higher photosynthetic N use efficiency of the vigorous genotypes. The results suggest that the utilisation of wheat genotypes with high early vigour could improve the efficiency of N use for biomass production in addition to improving N uptake during early growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Pang
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | - Jairo A Palta
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | | | - Stephen P Milroy
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
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95
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Periodicity of leaf growth and leaf dry mass changes in the evergreen and deciduous species of Southern Assam, India. Ecol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-013-1105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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96
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Funk JL. The physiology of invasive plants in low-resource environments. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 1:cot026. [PMID: 27293610 PMCID: PMC4806624 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cot026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
While invasive plant species primarily occur in disturbed, high-resource environments, many species have invaded ecosystems characterized by low nutrient, water, and light availability. Species adapted to low-resource systems often display traits associated with resource conservation, such as slow growth, high tissue longevity, and resource-use efficiency. This contrasts with our general understanding of invasive species physiology derived primarily from studies in high-resource environments. These studies suggest that invasive species succeed through high resource acquisition. This review examines physiological and morphological traits of native and invasive species in low-resource environments. Existing data support the idea that species invading low-resource environments possess traits associated with resource acquisition, resource conservation or both. Disturbance and climate change are affecting resource availability in many ecosystems, and understanding physiological differences between native and invasive species may suggest ways to restore invaded ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Funk
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
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97
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Yuan Y, Guo W, Ding W, Du N, Luo Y, Liu J, Xu F, Wang R. Competitive interaction between the exotic plant Rhus typhina L. and the native tree Quercus acutissima Carr. in Northern China under different soil N:P ratios. PLANT AND SOIL 2013; 372:389-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s11104-013-1748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
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98
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Funk JL, Glenwinkel LA, Sack L. Differential allocation to photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic nitrogen fractions among native and invasive species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64502. [PMID: 23700483 PMCID: PMC3659119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species are expected to cluster on the "high-return" end of the leaf economic spectrum, displaying leaf traits consistent with higher carbon assimilation relative to native species. Intra-leaf nitrogen (N) allocation should support these physiological differences; however, N biochemistry has not been examined in more than a few invasive species. We measured 34 leaf traits including seven leaf N pools for five native and five invasive species from Hawaii under low irradiance to mimic the forest understory environment. We found several trait differences between native and invasive species. In particular, invasive species showed preferential N allocation to metabolism (amino acids) rather than photosynthetic light reactions (membrane-bound protein) by comparison with native species. The soluble protein concentration did not vary between groups. Under these low irradiance conditions, native species had higher light-saturated photosynthetic rates, possibly as a consequence of a greater investment in membrane-bound protein. Invasive species may succeed by employing a wide range of N allocation mechanisms, including higher amino acid production for fast growth under high irradiance or storage of N in leaves as soluble protein or amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Funk
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA.
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99
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Heskel M, Greaves H, Kornfeld A, Gough L, Atkin OK, Turnbull MH, Shaver G, Griffin KL. Differential physiological responses to environmental change promote woody shrub expansion. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1149-62. [PMID: 23762503 PMCID: PMC3678471 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct and indirect effects of warming are increasingly modifying the carbon-rich vegetation and soils of the Arctic tundra, with important implications for the terrestrial carbon cycle. Understanding the biological and environmental influences on the processes that regulate foliar carbon cycling in tundra species is essential for predicting the future terrestrial carbon balance in this region. To determine the effect of climate change impacts on gas exchange in tundra, we quantified foliar photosynthesis (Anet), respiration in the dark and light (RD and RL, determined using the Kok method), photorespiration (PR), carbon gain efficiency (CGE, the ratio of photosynthetic CO2 uptake to total CO2 exchange of photosynthesis, PR, and respiration), and leaf traits of three dominant species – Betula nana, a woody shrub; Eriophorum vaginatum, a graminoid; and Rubus chamaemorus, a forb – grown under long-term warming and fertilization treatments since 1989 at Toolik Lake, Alaska. Under warming, B. nana exhibited the highest rates of Anet and strongest light inhibition of respiration, increasing CGE nearly 50% compared with leaves grown in ambient conditions, which corresponded to a 52% increase in relative abundance. Gas exchange did not shift under fertilization in B. nana despite increases in leaf N and P and near-complete dominance at the community scale, suggesting a morphological rather than physiological response. Rubus chamaemorus, exhibited minimal shifts in foliar gas exchange, and responded similarly to B. nana under treatment conditions. By contrast, E. vaginatum, did not significantly alter its gas exchange physiology under treatments and exhibited dramatic decreases in relative cover (warming: −19.7%; fertilization: −79.7%; warming with fertilization: −91.1%). Our findings suggest a foliar physiological advantage in the woody shrub B. nana that is further mediated by warming and increased soil nutrient availability, which may facilitate shrub expansion and in turn alter the terrestrial carbon cycle in future tundra environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Heskel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University New York, New York USA, 10027
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100
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Gutiérrez-Rodríguez E, Lieth HJ, Jernstedt JA, Labavitch JM, Suslow TV, Cantwell MI. Texture, composition and anatomy of spinach leaves in relation to nitrogen fertilization. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:227-237. [PMID: 22806403 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The postharvest quality and shelf life of spinach are greatly influenced by cultural practices. Reduced spinach shelf life is a common quandary in the Salinas Valley, California, where current agronomic practices depend on high nitrogen (N) rates. This study aimed to describe the postharvest fracture properties of spinach leaves in relation to N fertilization, leaf age and spinach cultivar. RESULTS Force-displacement curves, generated by a puncture test, showed a negative correlation between N fertilization and the toughness, stiffness and strength of spinach leaves (P > 0.05). Younger leaves (leaves 12 and 16) from all N treatments were tougher than older leaves (leaves 6 and 8) (P > 0.05). Leaves from the 50 and 75 ppm total N treatments irrespective of spinach cultivar had higher fracture properties and nutritional quality than leaves from other N treatments (P > 0.05). Total alcohol-insoluble residues (AIR) and pectins were present at higher concentrations in low-N grown plants. These plants also had smaller cells and intercellular spaces than high-N grown leaves (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Observed changes in physicochemical and mechanical properties of spinach leaves due to excess nitrogen fertilization were significantly associated with greater postharvest leaf fragility and lower nutritional quality.
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