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Smitka K, Prochazkova P, Roubalova R, Dvorak J, Papezova H, Hill M, Pokorny J, Kittnar O, Bilej M, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Current Aspects of the Role of Autoantibodies Directed Against Appetite-Regulating Hormones and the Gut Microbiome in Eating Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:613983. [PMID: 33953692 PMCID: PMC8092392 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.613983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium and reciprocal actions among appetite-stimulating (orexigenic) and appetite-suppressing (anorexigenic) signals synthesized in the gut, brain, microbiome and adipose tissue (AT), seems to play a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, anxiety, and depression. A dysregulation of mechanisms controlling the energy balance may result in eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). AN is a psychiatric disease defined by chronic self-induced extreme dietary restriction leading to an extremely low body weight and adiposity. BN is defined as out-of-control binge eating, which is compensated by self-induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise. Certain gut microbiota-related compounds, like bacterial chaperone protein Escherichia coli caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) and food-derived antigens were recently described to trigger the production of autoantibodies cross-reacting with appetite-regulating hormones and neurotransmitters. Gut microbiome may be a potential manipulator for AT and energy homeostasis. Thus, the regulation of appetite, emotion, mood, and nutritional status is also under the control of neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms by secretion of autoantibodies directed against neuropeptides, neuroactive metabolites, and peptides. In AN and BN, altered cholinergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic relays may lead to abnormal AT, gut, and brain hormone secretion. The present review summarizes updated knowledge regarding the gut dysbiosis, gut-barrier permeability, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), blood-brain barrier permeability, and autoantibodies within the ghrelin and melanocortin systems in eating disorders. We expect that the new knowledge may be used for the development of a novel preventive and therapeutic approach for treatment of AN and BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kvido Smitka
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Kvido Smitka,
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radka Roubalova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Papezova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Eating Disorder Center, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hill
- Steroid Hormone and Proteofactors Department, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Pokorny
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Otomar Kittnar
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Bilej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Tolle V, Ramoz N, Epelbaum J. Is there a hypothalamic basis for anorexia nervosa? HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 181:405-424. [PMID: 34238474 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820683-6.00030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus has long been known to control food intake and energy metabolism through a complex network of primary and secondary neurons and glial cells. Anorexia nervosa being a complex disorder characterized by abnormal feeding behavior and food aversion, it is thus quite surprising that not much is known concerning potential hypothalamic modifications in this disorder. In this chapter, we review the recent advances in the fields of genetics, epigenetics, structural and functional imaging, and brain connectivity, as well as neuroendocrine findings and emerging animal models, which have begun to unravel the importance of hypothalamic adaptive processes to our understanding of the pathology of eating disorders.
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KARATAŞ A, ORHAN C, TUZCU M, ŞAHİN N, ÖZERCAN İH, KOCA SS, JUTURU V, ŞAHİN K. Mango ginger (curcuma amada) inhibits collagen-induced arthritis by modulating inflammatory cytokine levels in rats. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:2040-2047. [PMID: 32659877 PMCID: PMC7775699 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2004-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Mango ginger (MG: curcuma amada) has antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. The aim was to evaluate the antiarthritic potential efficacy of MG on collagen-induced arthritis. Materials and methods Twenty-one female Wistar-albino rats were divided into three groups. Arthritis was induced by intradermal injections of type II collagen and Freund’s adjuvant. MG extract was orally administered starting from the first collagen injection. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, obestatin, sclerostin, and DKK-1 serum levels were determined, and perisynovial inflammation and cartilage-bone destruction in the paws were histologically evaluated. Moreover, joint tissue TNF-α, IL-17, NF-κB, and COX-2 levels were analyzed. Results TNF-α, IL-17, IL-6, and DKK-1 serum levels were increased, and obestatin and sclerostin serum levels were decreased in the arthritis group compared to the control group. However, MG supplements decreased TNF-α, IL-17, IL-6, and DKK-1 serum levels and increased obestatin and sclerostin serum levels. Similarly, while collagen injection increased tissue TNF-α, IL-17, NF-κB, and COX-2 levels, MG decreased TNF-α, IL-17, and NF-κB levels. Moreover, MG ameliorated perisynovial inflammation and cartilage-bone destruction in the paws. Conclusion MG ameliorates arthritis via actions on inflammatory ways and wingless (Wnt) signaling pathway. These results suggest that MG may have a considerable potential efficacy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet KARATAŞ
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Fırat University, ElazığTURKEY
| | - Cemal ORHAN
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Fırat University, ElazığTURKEY
| | - Mehmet TUZCU
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Fırat University, ElazığTURKEY
| | - Nurhan ŞAHİN
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Fırat University, ElazığTURKEY
| | | | | | - Vijaya JUTURU
- Research and Development, OmniActive Health Technologies Inc., MorristownUSA
| | - Kazim ŞAHİN
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Fırat University, ElazığTURKEY
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Zehsaz F, Farhangi N, Gahremani M. Influence of endurance training-induced weight loss on the levels of ghrelin and obestatin of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Zhang L, Song J, Zang Z, Tang H, Li W, Lai S, Deng C. Adaptive evolution of GPR39 in diverse directions in vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 299:113610. [PMID: 32916170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play an important role in physiology and disease and represent productive drug targets. Orphan GPCRs, which have unknown endogenous ligands, are considered drug targets and consequently have attracted great interest in identifying their endogenous cognate ligands for deorphanization. However, additional studies have shown that GPCRs, including many orphan GPCRs, can constitutively activate G protein signaling in a ligand-independent manner. GPR39 is such an orphan GPCR with constitutive activity. Here, we performed a phylogenetic and selection analysis of GPR39 in vertebrates, and we found that GPR39 underwent positive selection in different branches of vertebrates. Using luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrated that human, frog and chicken GPR39 can constitutively activate Gq and G12 signaling pathways in a ligand-independent manner. Zebrafish GPR39 can constitutively activate Gs, Gq and G12 signaling pathways in a ligand-independent manner. We further found that the zebrafish-H2967.35 site is crucial for the activity of the Gs signaling pathway. In addition, our mutagenesis studies indicated that the positive selection sites of GPR39 from different species had important effects on the constitutive activity of the receptor. Our results revealed the adaptive evolution of GPR39 in diverse directions, which led to differences in constitutive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhuqing Zang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huihao Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shanshan Lai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Cheng Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Beberashvili I, Ptashkin E, Azar A, Hamad RA, Koren S, Stav K, Efrati S. Obestatin levels in response to a meal and association with subsequent appetite sensations in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3199-3205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mizuno H, Kihara Y. Druggable Lipid GPCRs: Past, Present, and Prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:223-258. [PMID: 32894513 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have seven transmembrane spanning domains and comprise the largest superfamily with ~800 receptors in humans. GPCRs are attractive targets for drug discovery because they transduce intracellular signaling in response to endogenous ligands via heterotrimeric G proteins or arrestins, resulting in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological responses. The endogenous ligands for GPCRs are highly chemically diverse and include ions, biogenic amines, nucleotides, peptides, and lipids. In this review, we follow the KonMari method to better understand druggable lipid GPCRs. First, we have a comprehensive tidying up of lipid GPCRs including receptors for prostanoids, leukotrienes, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), lysophospholipids, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), cannabinoids, platelet-activating factor (PAF), free fatty acids (FFAs), and sterols. This tidying up consolidates 46 lipid GPCRs and declutters several perplexing lipid GPCRs. Then, we further tidy up the lipid GPCR-directed drugs from the literature and databases, which identified 24 clinical drugs targeting 16 unique lipid GPCRs available in the market and 44 drugs under evaluation in more than 100 clinical trials as of 2019. Finally, we introduce drug designs for GPCRs that spark joy, such as positive or negative allosteric modulators (PAM or NAM), biased agonism, functional antagonism like fingolimod, and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). These strategic drug designs may increase the efficacy and specificity of drugs and reduce side effects. Technological advances will help to discover more endogenous lipid ligands from the vast number of remaining orphan GPCRs and will also lead to the development novel lipid GPCR drugs to treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuyuki Kihara
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Newly identified peptide hormone inhibits intestinal fat absorption and improves NAFLD through its receptor GPRC6A. J Hepatol 2020; 73:383-393. [PMID: 32147363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Circulating peptides and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have gained much attention because of their biofunctions in metabolic disorders including obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Herein, we aimed to characterize the role and therapeutic potential of a newly identified peptide hormone in NAFLD. METHODS Using bioinformatics, we identified a murine circulating pentadecapeptide flanked by potential convertase cleavage sites of osteocalcin (OCN), which we named 'metabolitin (MTL)'. We used ligand-receptor binding, receptor internalization, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and Nano isothermal titration calorimetry assays to study the binding relationship between MTL and GPRC6A. For in vivo biological studies, wild-type mice kept on a high-fat diet (HFD) were injected or gavaged with MTL to study its function in NAFLD. RESULTS We confirmed that MTL binds to GPRC6A and OCN interacts with GPRC6A using in vitro biological studies. Both intraperitoneal and oral administration of MTL greatly improved NAFLD and insulin resistance in a mouse model. Interacting with GPRC6A expressed in intestines, MTL can significantly inhibit intestinal neurotensin secretion, which in turn inhibits triglyceride but not cholesterol gut absorption, mediated by the 5'AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. In addition, glucagon like peptide-1 secretion was induced by MTL treatment. CONCLUSIONS Oral or intraperitoneal MTL significantly improves the symptoms of NAFLD by inhibiting lipid absorption and insulin resistance. MTL could be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of NAFLD. LAY SUMMARY A novel murine peptide hormone, herein named 'metabolitin', inhibits fatty acid absorption and improves systemic insulin resistance in a murine model of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Thus, metabolitin has therapeutic potential for the treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Cao X, Wang Y, Shu D, Qu H, Luo C, Hu X. Food intake-related genes in chicken determined through combinatorial genome-wide association study and transcriptome analysis. Anim Genet 2020; 51:741-751. [PMID: 32720725 DOI: 10.1111/age.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chicken gizzard is the primary digestive and absorptive organ regulating food intake and metabolism. Body weight is a typical complex trait regulated by an interactive polygene network which is under the control of an interacting network of polygenes. To simplify these genotype-phenotype associations, the gizzard is a suitable target organ to preliminarily explore the mechanism underlying the regulation of chicken growth through controlled food intake. This study aimed to identify key food intake-related genes through combinatorial GWAS and transcriptome analysis. We performed GWAS of body weight in an F2 intercrossed population and transcriptional profiling analysis of gizzards from chickens with different body weight. We identified a major 10 Mb quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 1 and numerous minor QTL distributed among 24 chromosomes. Combining data regarding QTL and gizzard gene expression, two hub genes, MLNR and HTR2A, and a list of core genes with small effect were found to be associated with food intake. Furthermore, the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway was found to play a key role in regulating the appetite of chickens. The present results show the major-minor gene interactions in metabolic pathways and provide insights into the genetic architecture and gene regulation during food intake in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuzhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dingming Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chenglong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Tuero C, Valenti V, Rotellar F, Landecho MF, Cienfuegos JA, Frühbeck G. Revisiting the Ghrelin Changes Following Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery. Obes Surg 2020; 30:2763-2780. [PMID: 32323063 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the description of ghrelin in 1999, several studies have dug into the effects of this hormone and its relationship with bariatric surgery. While some aspects are still unresolved, a clear connection between ghrelin and the changes after metabolic surgery have been established. Besides weight loss, a significant amelioration in obesity-related comorbidities following surgery has also been reported. These changes in patients occur in the early postoperative period, before the weight loss appears, so that amelioration may be mainly due to hormonal changes. The purpose of this review is to go through the current body of knowledge of ghrelin's physiology, as well as to update and clarify the changes that take place in ghrelin concentrations following bariatric/metabolic surgery together with their potential consolidation to outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Tuero
- Obesity Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
- Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Victor Valenti
- Obesity Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Rotellar
- Obesity Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel F Landecho
- Obesity Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Health Check-up unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier A Cienfuegos
- Obesity Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Obesity Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Influence of obestatin on the histological development of the small intestine in piglets during the first week of postnatal life. Animal 2020; 14:2129-2137. [PMID: 32398171 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a gastrointestinal peptide having wide-ranging effects on cell proliferation; however, its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Thus, the aim of the study was to elucidate the effect of exogenous obestatin on the postnatal structural development of the small intestine. Seven-day-old piglets with an average BW of 1.56 ± 0.23 kg were divided into four groups (n = 10) that received intragastrically obestatin (2, 10 or 15 μg/kg BW) or vehicle. After a 6-day experimental period, morphological analysis of gastrointestinal tract and small intestine wall (mitosis and apoptosis indexes, histomorphometry of mucosa and muscularis layers) was performed. The study revealed a seemingly incoherent pattern of the histological structure of the small intestine among the experimental groups, suggesting that the effect of obestatin is both intestinal segment specific and dose dependent. Histomorphometric analysis of the small intestine showed that higher doses of obestatin seem to promote the structural development of the duodenum while simultaneously hindering the maturation of more distal parts of the intestine. Intragastric administration of obestatin increased the crypt mitotic index in all segments of the small intestine with the strongest pro-mitotic activity following the administration of obestatin at a dose of 10 and 15 μg/kg BW. The significant differences in the number of apoptotic cells in the intestinal villi among the groups were observed only in proximal jejunum and ileum. In conclusion, it seems that obestatin shows a broad-spectrum of activity in the gastrointestinal tract of newborn piglets, being able to accelerate its structural development. However, the varied effect depending on the intestinal segment or the concentration of exogenous obestatin causes that further research is needed to clarify the exact mechanism of this phenomenon.
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Alves C, Franco RR. Prader-Willi syndrome: endocrine manifestations and management. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2020; 64:223-234. [PMID: 32555988 PMCID: PMC10522225 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder caused by the absence of gene expression in the 15q11.2-q13 paternal chromosome. Patients with PWS develop hypothalamic dysfunction that can lead to various endocrine changes such as: obesity, growth hormone deficiency, hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency and low bone mineral density. In addition, individuals with PWS have increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review summarizes and updates the current knowledge about the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of endocrine manifestations associated with Prader Willi syndrome, especially diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency, management and monitoring of adverse effects; diagnosis of central adrenal insufficiency and management in stressful situations; screening for central hypothyroidism; research and treatment of hypogonadism; prevention and treatment of disorders of glucose metabolism. Careful attention to the endocrine aspects of PWS contributes significantly to the health of these individuals. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):223-34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crésio Alves
- Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard SantosFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal da BahiaSalvadorBABrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Ruth Rocha Franco
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Ambulatório de Prader-Willi, Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Józefiak D, Komosa M, Maćkowiak P, Prószyńska - Oszmałek E, Kołodziejski P, Świątkiewicz S, Rawski M, Kierończyk B, Bedford M, Massey O'Neil HV. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes improve carbohydrate digestion in exercising horses. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/118207/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yu AP, Ugwu FN, Tam BT, Lee PH, Ma V, Pang S, Chow AS, Cheng KK, Lai CW, Wong CS, Siu PM. Obestatin and growth hormone reveal the interaction of central obesity and other cardiometabolic risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5495. [PMID: 32218464 PMCID: PMC7099091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multi-factorial disorder including central obesity (CO), insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension which increases the risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. CO is considered as an essential component of MetS according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), which may further modulate distinct signalling pathways compared with the other four MetS risk factors. Given that ghrelin signalling and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis regulates energy balance and metabolic homeostasis, this study examined the changes in various ghrelin products and circulating hormones in response to the interaction between CO and other MetS components including blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 133 Hong Kong Chinese adults. Circulating obestatin and GH were increased and reduced, respectively, by either CO or the other 4-risk factor cluster. These changes were further augmented by the presence of all MetS risk factors. However, changes of ghrelin levels were not mediated by CO but the other MetS risk factors. Our findings suggest that CO does not predict all the dysregulation of signalling pathways in individuals with MetS. Although CO and other MetS may share common signalling targets (i.e., obestatin and GH), CO does not contribute to the perturbation of ghrelin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus P Yu
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Felix N Ugwu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bjorn T Tam
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul H Lee
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vicki Ma
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Pang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Angel S Chow
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth K Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Cesar S Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Parco M Siu
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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Słupecka-Ziemilska M, Szczurek P, Boryczka M, Gajewska M, Wychowański P, Kuwahara A, Kato I, Dzięgelewska Ż, Woliński J. The effects of intra-stomach obestatin administration on intestinal contractility in neonatal piglets fed milk formula. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230190. [PMID: 32203550 PMCID: PMC7089538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 23-amino acid peptide named obestatin is derived from the ghrelin gene. The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of enteral obestatin administration for a 6-day period on intestinal contractility in piglets fed milk formula. Pigs were treated with 0.9% NaCl (group C) or varying doses of obestatin: 2 μg/kg body weight (BW) (group O2), 10 μg/kg BW (O10) or 15 μg/kg BW (O15) every 8 hours via a stomach tube. Blood was sampled for assessment of obestatin concentration. Duodenal and middle jejunum whole-thickness preparations were studied in an organ bath for isometric recording under electric field stimulation (EFS) and increasing doses of acetylcholine (ACh), and in the presence of atropine and tetrodotoxin (TTX). Additionally, the measurement of intestinal muscularis layer and the immunodetection of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors (M1 and M2) were performed. In comparison to C animals, the obestatin concentration in blood plasma was significantly increased in groups O10 and O15. In both studied intestinal segments, significant increases in the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions were observed in O15 and C groups. In the duodenum and middle jejunum significant differences in responsiveness to EFS (0.5, 5 and 50 Hz) were observed between the groups. The addition of 10−4 M ACh to the duodenum significantly increased the responsiveness in tissues. In contrast, in the middle jejunum a significant increase in the amplitude of contraction was observed after the addition of 10−9 and 10−6 M ACh (groups O15 and O10, respectively). Pretreatment with atropine and TTX resulted in a significant decrease in the responsiveness of the intestinal preparations from all groups, in both studied segments. The increased contractility was not dependent on the expression of muscarinic receptors. Results indicate the importance of enteral obestatin administration in the regulation of intestinal contractility in neonatal piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Słupecka-Ziemilska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Paulina Szczurek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Maria Boryczka
- Department of Animal Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gajewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wychowański
- Department of Dental Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Atsukazu Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences & Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kato
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Żaneta Dzięgelewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Woliński
- Department of Animal Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Jabłonna, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Impromptu Effects of Nt8U with Soyasaponins on Obesity-related Lipid Parameters in High Fat Fed C57BL/6 Mice. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09846-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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67
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Raghay K, Akki R, Bensaid D, Errami M. Ghrelin as an anti-inflammatory and protective agent in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Peptides 2020; 124:170226. [PMID: 31786283 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) continue to be the most frequent cause of damaged tissues. Injured tissues resulted from the first ischemic insult, which is determined by the interruption in the blood supply, followed by subsequent impairment induced by reperfusion. In addition, ischemia-reperfusion injury is mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other cytokines that activate complements and proteases responsible for free radical production. However, earlier studies have reported the protective roles of bioactive peptides during ischemia reperfusion injury. In fact, ghrelin is a peptide hormone discovered since 1999 as GH secretagogue and its production was identified in gastric X/A-like endocrine cells in rats and P/D1 type cells in humans. To date, this peptide receives growing attention due to its pleiotropic action in the organism and its role in maintaining energy homeostasis. Ghrelin is also involved in stress responses, assuming a modulatory action on immune pathways. Previous studies have identified many other functions related to an anti-inflammatory role in ischemia reperfusion injury. Under these challenging conditions, studies described acylated and unacylated ghrelin in activation and/or inhibition processes related to ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of this article is to provide a minireview about ghrelin mechanisms involved in the proinflammatory response of I/R injury. However, the regulatory processes of ghrelin in this pathologic event are still very limited and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Raghay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - R Akki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - D Bensaid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - M Errami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.
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Mallikarjuna BG, Manjappara UV. Co-administration with Obestatin Reduces Accumulation of Subcutaneous Fat Due to Rosiglitazone Administration in DIO-C57BL/6 Mice. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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69
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Szlis M, Wójcik-Gładysz A, Przybył BJ. Central obestatin administration affect the LH and FSH secretory activity in peripubertal sheep. Theriogenology 2020; 145:10-17. [PMID: 31982689 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin - a 23 amino acid peptide is synthesized as another product of the ghrl gene and its synthesis occurs mainly in gastric mucosa cells. This hormone is involved in complex gut-brain neurohormonal networks, thereby can participates in the modulation of gonadotrophic axis activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the consequence of intracerebroventricular infusions of obestatin on LH and FSH pituitary cells secretory activity in peripubertal female sheep. Animals were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (n = 14) received intracerebroventricular infusions of Ringer-Lock solution (120 μL h-1), and the obestatin group (n = 14) was infused with obestatin (25 μg/120 μL h-1) diluted in Ringer-Lock solution. A series of four infusions was performed on three consecutive days. Blood samples were collected on day 0 and day 3. The sheep were slaughtered immediately after the end of the experiment. For molecular biological analysis, pituitaries from 7 sheep from each group (n = 7 + 7) were prepared and frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after collection and then stored at -80 °C until Real Time RT-qPCR and RIA analyzes. For immunohistochemical analysis, pituitary tissues from the remaining animals (n = 7 + 7) was fixed in situ for further examination. Real-Time qPCR and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed substantial changes in the LH and FSH pituitary cells secretory activity in obestatin-infused sheep. Exogenous obestatin administration reduced LHβ mRNA expression and increased the accumulation of immunoreactive LH in gonadotrophic cells of the adenohypophysis. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in the mean LH concentration in the peripheral blood resulting from the lower LH pulse amplitude. Moreover, an increase in both FSHβ mRNA expression and FSH immunoreactivity and amount in pituitary cells were noted, while mean blood FSH concentration remained unchanged after obestatin treatment. The obtained results showed that exogenous obestatin affected LH secretory activity at the level of protein synthesis, accumulation and release as well as obestatin increase FSHβ mRNA expression and accumulation of this hormone but at the same time have no effect on FSH release to blood. Thus, obestatin can participate in the neuroendocrine network, which modulates gonadotrophic axis activity in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Szlis
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Anna Wójcik-Gładysz
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Jarosław Przybył
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland
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70
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Geale PF, Sheehy PA, Giles C, Thomson PC, Wynn PC. Efficacy of two adjuvant systems to promote humoral immunity to the pre-proghrelin peptide obestatin in pigs: consequences for the growth of piglets to weaning. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an18404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The poor antigenicity of peptide antigens demands the selection of effective adjuvants to induce humoral immunity. The peptides obestatin and ghrelin from the pro-hormone pre-proghrelin were initially identified as antagonistic in regulating feeding behaviour, with obestatin being suppressive. The efficacy of two adjuvant systems, DEAE with the oil polysorbate emulsion of BP85:Span80 and the surfactant-oil system Montanide (ISA 50v) were therefore assessed with an obestatin-ovalbumin conjugate injected into late pregnant sows. This enabled the supply of antibodies directed against obestatin to newborn piglets through colostrum with the objective of promoting ghrelin secretion and therefore increasing feeding behaviour. Pregnant Landrace × Large White sows (n = 28) were immunised with 0.5 mg obestatin-ovalbumin in 2 mL DEAE:BP85:Span80 (DEAE; n = 14) or with 2 mL Montanide (ISA 50v: n = 14) as adjuvants at days 91 and 105 of gestation. After farrowing, piglets remained with their mothers during the lactation period and were weighed after weaning at Day 28. Antibody titres (unitless) in colostrum were assessed by ELISA as 5543 ± 2388 and 3139 ± 1151 for the DEAE and Montanide adjuvants respectively. These were associated with total IgG of 67.7 ± 3 and 82.3 ± 4.8 mg/mL respectively (P = 0.018). Piglet plasma titres were 5100 ± 1576 and 5762 ± 1688 for DEAE and Montanide respectively at Day 5 postpartum. These titres were still detectable through to Day 28 (titres of 1213 ± 389 and 665 ± 203 respectively (P = 0.176). However, sow colostral antibody titres were not related to piglet antibody concentrations on D5 (r = –0.225, P = 0.341). Sow plasma antibody titres were not related to titres at Day 28 in piglets across treatments (r = 0.198, P = 0.402). The concentration of ghrelin in colostrum was 672 ± 78 and 666 ± 39 pg/mL for the DEAE and Montanide groups, respectively, leading to piglet plasma concentrations on Day 5 of 1105 ± 164 and 530 ± 84 pg/mL (P = 0.002). Animals grew from birthweights of 1.7 ± 0.1 and 1.8 ± 0.1 (P = 0.993) to 7.7 ± 1.2 and 7.8 ± 1.0 kg (P = 0.295) at weaning, representing growth rates of 200.5 ± 52.9 and 225.5 ± 53.4 g/day (P = 0.181). There was a significant negative correlation between piglet D28 antibody titre and growth rate to weaning with the Montanide adjuvant (r = 0.116, P = 0.035) but not for the DEAE (r = –0.118, P = 0.411). Although both adjuvants were capable of generating high antibody titres, the DEAE dextran was likely to be the most effective adjuvant to induce a humoral immune response to develop further with a commercial vaccine.
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71
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Gortan Cappellari G, Barazzoni R. Ghrelin forms in the modulation of energy balance and metabolism. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:997-1013. [PMID: 30353455 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric hormone circulating in acylated (AG) and unacylated (UnAG) forms. This narrative review aims at presenting current emerging knowledge on the impact of ghrelin forms on energy balance and metabolism. AG represents ~ 10% of total plasma ghrelin, has an appetite-stimulating effect and is the only form for which a receptor has been identified. Moreover, other metabolic AG-induced effects have been reported, including the modulation of glucose homeostasis with stimulation of liver gluconeogenesis, the increase of fat mass and the improvement of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. On the other hand, UnAG has no orexigenic effects, however recent reports have shown that it is directly involved in the modulation of skeletal muscle energy metabolism by improving a cluster of interlinked functions including mitochondrial redox activities, tissue inflammation and insulin signalling and action. These findings are in agreement with human studies which show that UnAG circulating levels are positively associated with insulin sensitivity both in metabolic syndrome patients and in a large cohort from the general population. Moreover, ghrelin acylation is regulated by a nutrient sensor mechanism, specifically set on fatty acids availability. These recent findings consistently point towards a novel independent role of UnAG as a regulator of muscle metabolic pathways maintaining energy status and tissue anabolism. While a specific receptor for UnAG still needs to be identified, recent evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that the modulation of ghrelin-related molecular pathways, including those involved in its acylation, may be a potential novel target in the treatment of metabolic derangements in disease states characterized by metabolic and nutritional complications.Level of evidence Level V, narrative review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gortan Cappellari
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste (ASUITS), Trieste, Italy.
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Lucka A, Wysokiński A. Association between adiposity and fasting serum levels of appetite-regulating peptides: Leptin, neuropeptide Y, desacyl ghrelin, peptide YY(1-36), obestatin, cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript, and agouti-related protein in nonobese participants. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2019; 62:217-225. [PMID: 31670286 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_29_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between adiposity parameters and fasting serum levels of appetite-regulating peptides: leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), desacyl ghrelin, peptide YY(1-36), obestatin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and agouti-related protein in 30 healthy, non-obese subjects. Thirty European Caucasian adult participants were included in the study (17 men and 13 women). Body composition (body fat and lean body mass) was determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Concentrations of peptides in serum were assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Women had higher level of leptin (P < 0.001), with no other differences for analyzed peptides. We have found a significant correlation between serum concentrations of CART and NPY (P < 0.001). Fasting leptin level was associated with age (P = 0.002), waist circumference (P < 0.001), and lean body mass (P < 0.001). Levels of ghrelin were lower in participants with dyslipidemia (P = 0.009). Levels of obestatin (P = 0.008) and leptin (P = 0.02) were higher in participants with insulin resistance. Associations between body fat and appetite-regulating peptides are more complex than simple feedback loops. Leptin is probably the first signal in the pathway that regulates body fat content, as of all analyzed peptides leptin was the only one that was associated with body composition or anthropometric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lucka
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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Serum ghrelin and obestatin levels in patients with acne vulgaris: are they important for the severity? Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2019; 36:412-418. [PMID: 31616214 PMCID: PMC6791148 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2019.87445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit. Recently, three peptide-structured hormones, products of a single gene, have been discovered. These hormones are acylated ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin. Aim To demonstrate the association of serum acylated ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin, and obestatin levels with acne severity. Material and methods A total of 63 patients grouped as mild (n = 22), moderate (n = 21) and severe (n = 20) acne according to the Global Acne Grading System and 20 medically healthy volunteers were included in the study. Serum ghrelin and obestatin levels obtained from the participants were examined. Results When mean ghrelin, des-acyl-ghrelin and obestatin values of the acne-group (AG) were compared with the control group (CG), they were found be lower in the AG, but were not statistically significant. Among the patient groups, while acylated ghrelin values were highest in the severe AG, des-acyl ghrelin values were highest in mild severe AG and mean obestatin values were highest in moderate severe AG (p > 0.05). When the groups were compared for obestatin values; the highest average value was detected in the CG. However, it was not significant when the groups were compared. Conclusions It has been suggested that there may be a link between acne and the levels of acylated ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin which are decreased in the serum of acne patients. Because of the decrease observed in the levels of these hormones which have antimicrobial features, we suggest that inflammation in acne cannot be suppressed and the reproduction of the microorganisms that play a role in the aetiology of the disease cannot be prevented. The replacement of these hormones at physiologic concentrations may contribute to the acne treatment.
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Ahmed M, Ahmed S. Functional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects of Gastrointestinal Hormones. Gastroenterology Res 2019; 12:233-244. [PMID: 31636773 PMCID: PMC6785288 DOI: 10.14740/gr1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones are essential to many physiologic functions in our body. They have many GI and extra-GI functions. Some of the functions of these hormones, which have GI and extra-GI sources, are still unknown. Specific GI hormones can affect the brain to control food intake, while others can proliferate normal and neoplastic tissue when their receptors are expressed in certain neoplasms. GI hormones also have many diagnostic and therapeutic roles. Physiologic and pathophysiologic aspects as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic values of GI hormones are elaborated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monjur Ahmed
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Both authors contributed equally to write the manuscript
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Both authors contributed equally to write the manuscript
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75
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Sağsöz H, Erdoğan S, Saruhan BG. The expressions of some metabolic hormones (leptin, ghrelin and obestatin) in the tissues of sheep tongue. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 49:112-120. [PMID: 31568599 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to observe the localization and expression of peptide hormones-leptin, ghrelin and obestatin-in the sheep tongue by immunohistochemistry. For that purpose, tongues of ten adult sheep were used. Leptin expression of moderate intensity was observed in the basal and parabasal epithelial cells of the luminal epithelium, and leptin was strongly expressed in the taste buds of the circumvallate and fungiform papillae and in von Ebner's glands. Ghrelin was primarily expressed in some of the skeletal muscle cells and the smooth muscle cells of the middle layer of blood vessels. A strong expression was observed in the epithelial cells lining the base of the groove surrounding the circumvallate papillae. Obestatin expression was particularly strong in the epithelial cells of the salivary ducts. It was also stronger in the von Ebner's glands than in the seromucous glands. Leptin, ghrelin and obestatin were shown to be produced at varying levels in different cell types, including epithelial, stromal and skeletal muscle cells, as well as in ganglion neurons, neural plexuses and blood vessels in the sheep tongue. Cellular localization and expression of these peptide hormones have not been investigated in many species including sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Sağsöz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Serkan Erdoğan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Berna Güney Saruhan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Sajjadi F, Mohammadifard N, Maghroun M, Shirani F, Karimi S, Taheri M, Sarrafzadegan N. The effect of educational and encouragement interventions on anthropometric characteristics, obestatin and adiponectin levels. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2019; 15:123-129. [PMID: 31452660 PMCID: PMC6698083 DOI: 10.22122/arya.v15i3.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifestyle modification is the most important strategy for control of obesity and overweight. Obestatin and adiponectin are the biomarkers of obesity. Thus, this study was performed to examine the effect of educational and encouragement interventions and lifestyle modifications on obesity anthropometric as well as obestatin and adiponectin levels. METHODS This semi-experimental study was conducted on a subsample of TABASSOM study. Participants were 41 overweight and obese children and adolescents aged 6-18 years old and 45 overweight and obese adults aged 19-65 years old. Anthropometric characteristics including height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, and body fat percentage (BFP) were measured at the first and after one year at the end of study. We implemented some educational and encouragement interventions regarding dietary modification and physical activity during the study. Obestatin and adiponectin levels were measured at the first and end of study by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS The study did not show significant effect on anthropometric characteristics such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). BFP decreased significantly in boys, total children and adolescent group, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) decreased significantly only in adolescent boys after 1 year (P < 0.050). CONCLUSION Educational and encouraging interventions and lifestyle modifications could lead to decrease of body WHR and BFP in adolescent boys. This is helpful in controlling the increasing rate of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoozeh Sajjadi
- Heart Failure Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Noushin Mohammadifard
- Assistant Professor, Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Maghroun
- Interventional Cardiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shirani
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Simin Karimi
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marzie Taheri
- Interventional Cardiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Professor, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Ghrelin Derangements in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Impact of Myocardial Disease Duration and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081152. [PMID: 31375017 PMCID: PMC6723091 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ghrelin may exert positive effects on cardiac structure and function in heart failure (HF) patients. Methods: We assessed ghrelin levels in 266 dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients and in 200 age, gender and body mass index (BMI) matched controls. Further, we evaluated the expression of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (GHSR) in the myocardium of 41 DCM patients and in 11 controls. Results: DCM patients had significantly lower levels of total, acylated and unacylated ghrelin when compared to controls (p < 0.05 for all). In controls, we observed a negative correlation of ghrelin with age, male gender and BMI. These correlations were lost in the DCM group, except for male gender. Total ghrelin was higher in patients with more recent diagnosis when compared to patients with longer duration of the DCM (p = 0.033). Further, total ghrelin was higher in patients with lower left ventricular systolic function (<40% LVEF, vs. 40% ≤ LVEF < 49% vs. LVEF ≥ 50%: 480.8, vs. 429.7, vs. 329.5 pg/mL, respectively, p = 0.05). Ghrelin prepropeptide was expressed more in DCM patients than in controls (p = 0.0293) while GHSR was expressed less in DCM patients (p < 0.001). Furthermore, ghrelin showed an inverse correlation with its receptor (ρ = −0.406, p = 0.009), and this receptor showed a significant inverse correlation with Interleukin-1β (ρ = −0.422, p = 0.0103). Conclusion: DCM duration and severity are accompanied by alterations in the ghrelin–GHSR system.
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Mirarab E, Hojati V, Vaezi G, Shiravi A, Khaksari M. Obestatin inhibits apoptosis and astrogliosis of hippocampal neurons following global cerebral ischemia reperfusion via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:617-622. [PMID: 31231488 PMCID: PMC6570752 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.34118.8110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Obestatin is a newly discovered peptide with antioxidant activities in different animal models. Recent studies have shown that Obestatin inhibits apoptosis following cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. Brain ischemia/reperfusion induces irreversible damage especially in the hippocampus area. This study aimed at examining the protective impact of Obestatin on apoptosis, protein expression and reactive astrogliosis level in hippocampal CA1 region of rat following transient global cerebral ischemia. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups (sham, ischemia/reperfusion, ischemia/reperfusion+ Obestatin 1, and 5 µg/kg, n=12). Ischemia induced occlusion of both common carotid arteries for 20 min. Obestatin 1 and 5 µg/kg were injected intraperitoneally at the beginning of reperfusion period and 24 and 48 hr after reperfusion. Assessment of the antioxidant enzymes and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was performed by ELISA method. Caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) proteins expression levels were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining 7 days after ischemia. Results: Based on the result of the current study, lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) (P<0.05) and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) and TNF-α levels were observed in the ischemia group than those of the sham group (P<0.01). Obestatin treatment could increase both SOD and GSH (P<0.05) and reduce MDA and TNF-α (P<0.05) versus the ischemia group. Moreover, obestatin could significantly decrease caspase-3 and GFAP positive cells in the CA1 region of hippocampus (P<0.01). Conclusion: Obestatin exerts protective effects against ischemia injury by inhibition of astrocytes activation and decreases neuronal cell apoptosis via its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Mirarab
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Vida Hojati
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Golamhassan Vaezi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Khaksari
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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79
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Erliana UD, Fly AD. The Function and Alteration of Immunological Properties in Human Milk of Obese Mothers. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061284. [PMID: 31174304 PMCID: PMC6627488 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with metabolic changes in mothers and higher risk of obesity in the offspring. Obesity in breastfeeding mothers appears to influence human milk production as well as the quality of human milk. Maternal obesity is associated with alteration of immunological factors concentrations in the human milk, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, IL-6, insulin, TNF-Alpha, ghrelin, adiponectin, and obestatin. Human milk is considered a first choice for infant nutrition due to the complete profile of macro nutrients, micro nutrients, and immunological properties. It is essential to understand how maternal obesity influences immunological properties of human milk because alterations could impact the nutrition status and health of the infant. This review summarizes the literature regarding the impact of maternal obesity on the concentration of particular immunological properties in the human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummu D Erliana
- Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Alyce D Fly
- Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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80
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Bao LZ, Shen M, Qudirat H, Shi JB, Su T, Song JW, Wang ZK, Zhao XX, Jing Q, Zheng X, Guo ZF. Obestatin ameliorates water retention in chronic heart failure by downregulating renal aquaporin 2 through GPR39, V2R and PPARG signaling. Life Sci 2019; 231:116493. [PMID: 31153818 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obestatin regulates water metabolism by inhibiting arginine vasopressin (AVP) release and upregulated obestatin has been detected in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). However, the significance of obestatin in CHF, particularly with regard to water retention and aquaporin 2 (AQP2) expression, remains unknown. MAIN METHODS Using a CHF rat model, the effects of 2-week exogenous obestatin administration were evaluated. Expression of AQP2 was evaluated by immunoblotting, immunohistochemical staining, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in CHF rat model and mouse inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD) 3 cell line. Moreover, the influence of obestatin on the genetic transcription profile in mIMCD3 cells was evaluated by microarray, and the potential regulatory mechanisms of obestatin on AQP2 were evaluated by RNA silencing of vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), and G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39). KEY FINDINGS Obestatin increased urinary output and improved expression of CHF biomarker without significantly altering cardiac function, plasma electrolyte concentrations, or the plasma AVP concentration. AQP2 expression was significantly reduced. The results of microarray analyses and qPCR indicated that mRNA levels of Aqp2, Pparg, and V2r were significantly decreased. Inhibition of V2r and Pparg mRNA further reduced the expression of AQP2, while the inhibitory efficacy of obestatin on AQP2 was significantly offset after Gpr39 knockdown. SIGNIFICANCE Long-term treatment with obestatin improves water retention in CHF by increasing urinary output through downregulation of AQP2 expression in renal IMCD cells. These effects may be at least partially mediated by regulation of GPR39, V2R and PPARG signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhi Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ming Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hannisa Qudirat
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian-Bo Shi
- Department of Cardiology, HongKou Branch of Changhai Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200081, China
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing-Wen Song
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xian-Xian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing Jing
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xing Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zhi-Fu Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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81
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Aoki K, Sato H, Terauchi Y. Usefulness of antidiabetic alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: a review on the timing of administration and effects on gut hormones. Endocr J 2019; 66:395-401. [PMID: 31019154 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevation of postprandial plasma glucose is correlated with an increase in cardiovascular events, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (αGIs) are effective at reducing postprandial glucose levels. In Japan, the αGIs acarbose, voglibose, and miglitol have been available since 1993, 1994, and 2006, respectively. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are also effective at reducing postprandial glucose levels, and they have been available in Japan since 2009. A combination therapy of αGI, miglitol, and the DPP-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, is more effective at decreasing postprandial glucose levels than monotherapy with either miglitol or sitagliptin. Moreover, the combination therapy of miglitol and sitagliptin is more effective at increasing postprandial active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels than monotherapy. Peptide YY (PYY) has appetite-suppressing and gastric-emptying effects similar to GLP-1. In healthy individuals, miglitol increases the postprandial total PYY; however, combination therapy of miglitol and vildagliptin does not change postprandial total PYY levels. αGIs are typically prescribed to be taken just before a meal, which can result in decreased drug adherence. Different patterns of αGI intake were examined, and the results showed that miglitol or acarbose administration after a meal is effective. The effects of taking miglitol dissolved in water during a meal appeared to be similar to that of taking miglitol as a tablet just before a meal. The long-term effects of taking miglitol dissolved in water should be evaluated in future studies. αGIs may be effective even when they are not taken before a meal, and a more flexible administration may improve drug adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Aoki
- Internal Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Sato
- Internal Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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82
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Reddy MSK, Manjappara UV. Capsaicin And Genistein Override The Action Of Obestatin To Decrease Lipid Accumulation In 3T3-L1 Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2019; 77:245-252. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-019-00875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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83
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Toosi A, Shajiee H, Khaksari M, Vaezi G, Hojati V. Obestatin improve spatial memory impairment in a rat model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders via inhibiting apoptosis and neuroinflammation. Neuropeptides 2019; 74:88-94. [PMID: 30642580 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidence have demonstrated that, use of alcohol during pregnancy can interrupt brain development. Alcohol-induced neurocognitive deficits in offspring's are involved with activation of oxidative-inflammatory cascade joined with extensive apoptotic neurodegeneration in different brain regions such as hippocampus. Obestatin is a newly discovered peptide with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, activities in different animal models. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective effects of obestatin on alcohol-induced neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation in rat pups with postnatal ethanol exposure. Through intragastric intubation, ethanol (5/27 g/kg/day) was administered in male Wistar rat pups on postnatal days 2-10 (third trimester in humans). The animals received Obestatin (1 and 5 μg/kg, S.C.) on postnatal days 2-10. Thirty-six days after birth, the spatial memory test was performed using Morris water maze test, and then, antioxidant enzymes and TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA assay. The expression level of GFAP and caspase-3 proteins was determined via immunohistochemical staining after the behavioral test. Obestatin significantly improved spatial memory deficits (P < .01), and obestatin treatment could significantly increase glutathione and total superoxide dismutase activity (P < .05), reduce level of malondialdehyde (P < .05) and TNF-α in comparison with the ethanol group (P < .01). It's also reduced caspase-3 level, and decreased GFAP-positive cells in the hippocampus of ethanol-exposed rat pups (P < .01). The result of this study shows the potential involvement of oxidative-inflammatory cascade-mediated apoptotic signaling in cognitive deficits due to postnatal ethanol exposure, the results also indicated the neuroprotective effects of Obestatin on alcohol-related behavioral, biochemical and molecular deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Toosi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Hooman Shajiee
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khaksari
- Addiction Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
| | - Golamhassan Vaezi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Vida Hojati
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
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84
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Wójcik-Gładysz A, Szlis M, Przybył BJ, Polkowska J. Obestatin may affect the GnRH/KNDy gene network in sheep hypothalamus. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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85
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Stempniewicz A, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Gut Hormones, Ghrelin and Obestatin in Oral Mucositis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071534. [PMID: 30934722 PMCID: PMC6479885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to a decreased quality of life and an increase in treatment costs. Moreover, oral mucositis is a life-threatening disease. In addition to its own direct life-threatening consequences, it can also lead to a reduced survival due to the discontinuation or dose reduction of anti-neoplasm therapy. There are numerous strategies for the prevention or treatment of oral mucositis; however, their effectiveness is limited and does not correspond to expectations. This review is focused on the ghrelin and obestatin as potentially useful candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemo- or/and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stempniewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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86
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Tang H, Shu C, Chen H, Zhang X, Zang Z, Deng C. Constitutively active BRS3 is a genuinely orphan GPCR in placental mammals. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000175. [PMID: 30840614 PMCID: PMC6422423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play an important role in physiology and disease and represent the most productive drug targets. Orphan GPCRs, with their endogenous ligands unknown, were considered a source of drug targets and consequently attract great interest to identify their endogenous cognate ligands for deorphanization. However, a contrary view to the ubiquitous existence of endogenous ligands for every GPCR is that there might be a significant overlooked fraction of orphan GPCRs that function constitutively in a ligand-independent manner only. Here, we investigated the evolution of the bombesin receptor-ligand family in vertebrates in which one member-bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS3)-is a potential orphan GPCR. With analysis of 17 vertebrate BRS3 structures and 10 vertebrate BRS3 functional data, our results demonstrated that nonplacental vertebrate BRS3 still connects to the original ligands-neuromedin B (NMB) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-because of adaptive evolution, with significantly changed protein structure, especially in three altered key residues (Q127R, P205S, and R294H) originally involved in ligand binding/activation, whereas the placental mammalian BRS3 lost the binding affinity to NMB/GRP and constitutively activates Gs/Gq/G12 signaling in a ligand-independent manner. Moreover, the N terminus of placental mammalian BRS3 underwent positive selection, exhibiting significant structural differences compared to nonplacental vertebrate BRS3, and this domain plays an important role in constitutive activity of placental mammalian BRS3. In conclusion, constitutively active BRS3 is a genuinely orphan GPCR in placental mammals, including human. To our knowledge, this study identified the first example that might represent a new group of genuinely orphan GPCRs that will never be deorphanized by the discovery of a natural ligand and provided new perspectives in addition to the current ligand-driven GPCR deorphanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihao Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanjun Shu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Biomedical Engineering and Information, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haidi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuqing Zang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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87
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Li W, Chang M, Qiu M, Chen Y, Zhang X, Li Q, Cui C. Exogenous obestatin decreases beta-cell apoptosis and alfa-cell proliferation in high fat diet and streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 851:36-42. [PMID: 30776368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by progressive decrease of islet cell function. Delaying the process of islet failure remains a challenging goal in diabetes care. Previous studies have confirmed the role of obestatin, a gut peptide that belongs to ghrelin family, in the mediation of glucose metabolism. This study aimed to observe the long term effects of exogenous obestatin on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes rat model. Type 2 diabetic rat model was set up by high-fat diet (60%) followed by a low dose of streptozotocin intra-peritoneal injection. Exogenous obestatin was administered at a dose of 20 nmol/kg for 12 weeks by intraperitoneal injection. Compared to placebo group (saline intraperitoneal injection), obestatin treatment decreased the glucagon levels and increased the c-peptide levels. Furthermore, obestatin treatment led to a significant restoration of islet morphology, increasing insulin and reducing glucagon expressions. Apoptosis assay showed a reduction in the number of TUNEL positive-cells. The up-regulation of Akt and GSK3β in pancreas was confirmed by Real-Time PCR. These results demonstrated that obestatin might have a potential therapeutic relevance in improving islet cell function, including increasing insulin secretion through inhibiting beta cell apoptosis and decreasing glucagon secretion by inhibiting alfa cell proliferation in type 2 diabetes. In spite of its role in these phenomena, it is necessary to further discuss, especially regarding the role of obestatin on glucagon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensong Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Manli Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Mingli Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yangli Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
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88
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Khaleel EF, Abdel-Aleem GA. Obestatin protects and reverses nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its associated insulin resistance in rats via inhibition of food intake, enhancing hepatic adiponectin signaling, and blocking ghrelin acylation. Arch Physiol Biochem 2019; 125:64-78. [PMID: 29429367 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1437638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the ameliorative and protective effects of long-term obestatin administration (80 nmol/kg/ intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)) on the pathogenesis of high-fat diet (HFD) induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats. Rats (n = 8/group) were divided as control, NAFLD, NAFLD + Simvastatin, NAFLD + obestatin, NAFLD then obestatin, and obestatin then NAFLD. Obestatin co -or post-therapy significantly reduced hepatomegaly and reversed hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation, and insulin resistance (IR). Mechanistically obestatin treatments in these rats significantly prevented the increases in final body weights and food intake. Concomitantly, it enhanced circulatory adiponectin levels and hepatic signaling as evident by elevated hepatic protein levels of adiponectin receptors (adipoRII), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- α (PPAR-α), and phosphor-AMPK (p-AMPK). In addition, obestatin enhanced total circulatory ghrelin levels and significantly increased deacylated ghrelin to acylated ghrelin (DAG/AG) ratio. These data suggest that obestatin reverses and protects against development or progression of NAFLD directly by modulating ghrelin and adiponectin signaling or indirectly by lowering food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman F Khaleel
- a Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine , King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
- b Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Ghada A Abdel-Aleem
- c Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine , King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
- d Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
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89
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Capsaicin but not Genistein Influences Modulation of Lipid Parameters by Obestatin in DIO-C57BL/6 Mice. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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90
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Shen M, Bao LZ, Zheng X, Zhao XX, Guo ZF. Obestatin Downregulating Aquaporin 2 Plasma Membrane Distribution Through a Short-Term Regulatory Effect. Am J Med Sci 2018; 357:247-254. [PMID: 30797506 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found that obestatin significantly inhibited water drinking and reduced the arginine vasopressin levels in the brain to decrease renal water reabsorption. However, obestatin is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. Its effect on the body's kidney water metabolism in peripheral remains unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression and subcellular distribution of aquaporin 2 (AQP2) were detected by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence in mouse inner medullary collecting duct-3 (mIMCD-3) cells and congestive heart failure model rats. Moreover, expression of phosphorylated AQP2 (P-AQP2; Ser256) in mIMCD-3 cells was evaluated by immunoblotting. RESULTS After a 30-minute treatment with obestatin in mIMCD-3 cells and congestive heart failure model rats, the AQP2 plasma membrane distribution decreased, while AQP2 protein level, P-AQP2 (Ser256) protein level and phosphorylation ratio of AQP2 showed no significant change. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that obestatin has a short-term regulatory effect on the AQP2 plasma membrane distribution. In addition, obestatin decreases the APQ2 plasma membrane distribution probably by promoting the endocytosis of AQP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Zhi Bao
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Xian Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Fu Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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91
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Pamuk B, Yilmaz H, Kebapçilar L, Kirbiyik H, Alacacioğlu A, Bozkaya G, Pamuk G, Demirpence M. The effect of orlistat and weight loss diet on plasma ghrelin and obestatin. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 23:95. [PMID: 30595703 PMCID: PMC6282548 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_928_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of weight loss with hypocaloric diet and orlistat treatment in addition to hypocaloric diet on gut-derived hormones ghrelin and obestatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 52, euglycemic and euthyroid, obese female patients were involved in the study. The patients were assigned to two groups: Group 1 (n = 26) received hypocaloric diet alone and Group 2 (n = 26) received orlistat in addition to hypocaloric diet for 12 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, serum lipid, insulin levels, and obestatin and ghrelin values were assessed at the beginning of the study and after 12 weeks of therapy. RESULTS Baseline clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters including serum ghrelin and obestatin concentrations and ghrelin/obestatin ratio were similar between the two groups. After 12 weeks, mean change in BMI, fat mass, and fat-free mass (FFM) were -1.97 ± 1.56 kg/m2 (P = 0.003), -2.63% ±2.11% (P = 0.003), and -1.06 ± 0.82 kg (P = 0.003), respectively, in Group 1. In Group 2, mean change in BMI was -2.11 ± 1.24 kg/m2 (P = 0.001), fat mass was -3.09% ±2.28% (P = 0.002), and FFM was -1.26 ± 0.54 kg (P = 0.001). However, fasting glucose, lipid, and insulin levels did not change in Group 1. Furthermore, except serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels, no significant change was observed in Group 2. Although serum ghrelin and obestatin concentrations increased significantly in both groups (Group 1: pGhrelin: 0.047, pobestatin: 0.001 and Group 2: pGhrelin: 0.028, pobestatin: 0.006), ghrelin/obestatin ratio did not change significantly. When the changes in anthropometric assessments and laboratory parameters were compared, no significant difference was observed between the two groups. Furthermore, no correlation was observed between ghrelin or obestatin and any other hormonal and metabolic parameters. CONCLUSION Weight loss with diet and diet plus orlistat is both associated with increased ghrelin and obestatin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Pamuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Katip Celebi University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hamiyet Yilmaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Levent Kebapçilar
- Department of Endocrinology, Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Halil Kirbiyik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Alacacioğlu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Giray Bozkaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülseren Pamuk
- Department of Family Medicine, Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Demirpence
- Department of Endocrinology, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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92
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Chianese R, Coccurello R, Viggiano A, Scafuro M, Fiore M, Coppola G, Operto FF, Fasano S, Laye S, Pierantoni R, Meccariello R. Impact of Dietary Fats on Brain Functions. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1059-1085. [PMID: 29046155 PMCID: PMC6120115 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666171017102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate dietary intake and nutritional status have important effects on brain functions and on brain health. Energy intake and specific nutrients excess or deficiency from diet differently affect cognitive processes, emotions, behaviour, neuroendocrine functions and synaptic plasticity with possible protective or detrimental effects on neuronal physiology. Lipids, in particular, play structural and functional roles in neurons. Here the importance of dietary fats and the need to understand the brain mechanisms activated by peripheral and central metabolic sensors. Thus, the manipulation of lifestyle factors such as dietary interventions may represent a successful therapeutic approach to maintain and preserve brain health along lifespan. METHODS This review aims at summarizing the impact of dietary fats on brain functions. RESULTS Starting from fat consumption, nutrient sensing and food-related reward, the impact of gut-brain communications will be discussed in brain health and disease. A specific focus will be on the impact of fats on the molecular pathways within the hypothalamus involved in the control of reproduction via the expression and the release of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone. Lastly, the effects of specific lipid classes such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and of the "fattest" of all diets, commonly known as "ketogenic diets", on brain functions will also be discussed. CONCLUSION Despite the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms is still a work in progress, the clinical relevance of the manipulation of dietary fats is well acknowledged and such manipulations are in fact currently in use for the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy.,Fondazione S. Lucia (FSL) IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Marika Scafuro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy.,Fondazione S. Lucia (FSL) IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Giangennaro Coppola
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,UO Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Medical School, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Fasano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sophie Laye
- INRA, Bordeaux University, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR, Bordeaux, France
| | - Riccardo Pierantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meccariello
- Department of Movement and Wellness Sciences, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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93
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Słupecka-Ziemilska M, Grzesiak P, Jank M, Majewska A, Rak A, Kowalczyk P, Kato I, Kuwahara A, Woliński J. Small intestinal development in suckling rats after enteral obestatin administration. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205994. [PMID: 30339696 PMCID: PMC6195281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of enteral administration of obestatin on the development of small intestine, as well as oxidative stress markers and trancriptomic profile of gastrointestinal genes. Suckling rats were assigned to 3 groups treated with: C-saline solution; OL-obestatin (125 nmol/kg BW); OH-obestatin (250 nmol/kg BW) administered twice daily, from the 14th to the 21st day of life. Enteral administration of obestatin in both studied doses had no effect neither on the body weight of animals nor the BMI calculated in the day of euthanasia. Compared to the control group (C), treatment with obestatin resulted in significant changes in the histometry of the small intestinal wall as well as intestinal epithelial cell remodeling. The observed changes and their possible implications for intestinal development were dependent on the dosage of peptide. The enteral administration of high dose (OH) of obestatin significantly decreased its expression in the stomach and increased markers of oxidative stress. The gene profile revealed MAPK3 (mitogen-activated protein kinase-3) as the key regulator gene for obestatin action in the gastrointestinal track. In conclusion, we have showed that enteral administration of obestatin influences the gut mucosa remodeling. It is also suggested that the administration of high dose (OH) has inhibitory effect on the intestinal maturation of suckling rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Słupecka-Ziemilska
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Paulina Grzesiak
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Michał Jank
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW-WULS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Majewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW-WULS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Ikuo Kato
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsukazu Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences and Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jarosław Woliński
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
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94
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Schinzari F, Tesauro M, Cardillo C. Increased endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone in human obesity: effects of gut hormones. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S69-S81. [PMID: 29947529 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavy impact of obesity on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease has sparked sustained efforts to uncover the mechanisms linking excess adiposity to vascular dysfunction. Impaired vasodilator reactivity has been recognized as an early hemodynamic abnormality in obese patients, but also increased vasoconstrictor tone importantly contributes to their vascular damage. In particular, upregulation of the endothelin (ET)-1 system, consistently reported in these patients, might accelerate atherosclerosis and its complication, given the pro-inflammatory and mitogenic properties of ET-1. In recent years, a number of gut hormones, in addition to their role as modulators of food intake, energy balance, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin secretion and action, have demonstrated favorable vascular actions. They increase the bioavailability of vasodilator mediators like nitric oxide, but they have also been shown to inhibit the ET-1 system. These features make gut hormones promising tools for targeting both the metabolic and cardiovascular complications of obesity, a view supported by recent large-scale clinical trials indicating that novel drugs for type 2 diabetes with cardiovascular potential may translate into clinically significant advantages. Therefore, there is real hope that better understanding of the properties of gut-derived substances might provide more effective therapies for the obesity-related cardiometabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schinzari
- Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy, Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica e Semeiotica Medica, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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95
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Grönberg M, Nilsson C, Markholm I, Hedenfalk I, Blomqvist C, Holmberg L, Tiensuu Janson E, Fjällskog ML. Ghrelin expression is associated with a favorable outcome in male breast cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13586. [PMID: 30206250 PMCID: PMC6134078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin and obestatin are two gastrointestinal peptides, derived from a common precursor. Expression of both peptides have been found in breast cancer tissue and ghrelin has been associated with breast cancer development. Ghrelin expression is associated with longer survival in women diagnosed with invasive and node negative breast cancer. The clinical implications of the peptide expression in male breast cancer are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and potential clinical value of ghrelin and obestatin in male breast cancer. A tissue microarray of invasive male breast cancer specimens from 197 patients was immunostained with antibodies versus the two peptides. The expression of the peptides was correlated to previously known prognostic factors in breast cancer and to the outcome. No strong correlations were found between ghrelin or obestatin expression and other known prognostic factors. Only ghrelin expression was statistically significantly correlated to breast cancer-specific survival (HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18–0.83) in univariate analyses and in multivariate models, adjusted for tumor size and node status (HR 0.38, 95% CI 0.17–0.87). HR for obestatin was 0.38 (95% CI 0.11–1.24). Ghrelin is a potential prognostic factor for breast cancer death in male breast cancer. Patients with tumors expressing ghrelin have a 2.5-fold lower risk for breast cancer death than those lacking ghrelin expression. Drugs targeting ghrelin are currently being investigated in clinical studies treating metabolic or nutritional disorders. Ghrelin should be further evaluated in forthcoming studies as a prognostic marker with the aim to be included in decision algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Grönberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Nilsson
- Center for Clinical Research, Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Ida Markholm
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hedenfalk
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Holmberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Tiensuu Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie-Louise Fjällskog
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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96
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Archer E, Pavela G, McDonald S, Lavie CJ, Hill JO. Cell-Specific "Competition for Calories" Drives Asymmetric Nutrient-Energy Partitioning, Obesity, and Metabolic Diseases in Human and Non-human Animals. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1053. [PMID: 30147656 PMCID: PMC6097573 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian body is a complex physiologic “ecosystem” in which cells compete for calories (i.e., nutrient-energy). Axiomatically, cell-types with competitive advantages acquire a greater number of consumed calories, and when possible, increase in size and/or number. Thus, it is logical and parsimonious to posit that obesity is the competitive advantages of fat-cells (adipocytes) driving a disproportionate acquisition and storage of nutrient-energy. Accordingly, we introduce two conceptual frameworks. Asymmetric Nutrient-Energy Partitioning describes the context-dependent, cell-specific competition for calories that determines the partitioning of nutrient-energy to oxidation, anabolism, and/or storage; and Effective Caloric Intake which describes the number of calories available to constrain energy-intake via the inhibition of the sensorimotor appetitive cells in the liver and brain that govern ingestive behaviors. Inherent in these frameworks is the independence and dissociation of the energetic demands of metabolism and the neuro-muscular pathways that initiate ingestive behaviors and energy intake. As we demonstrate, if the sensorimotor cells suffer relative caloric deprivation via asymmetric competition from other cell-types (e.g., skeletal muscle- or fat-cells), energy-intake is increased to compensate for both real and merely apparent deficits in energy-homeostasis (i.e., true and false signals, respectively). Thus, we posit that the chronic positive energy balance (i.e., over-nutrition) that leads to obesity and metabolic diseases is engendered by apparent deficits (i.e., false signals) driven by the asymmetric inter-cellular competition for calories and concomitant differential partitioning of nutrient-energy to storage. These frameworks, in concert with our previous theoretic work, the Maternal Resources Hypothesis, provide a parsimonious and rigorous explanation for the rapid rise in the global prevalence of increased body and fat mass, and associated metabolic dysfunctions in humans and other mammals inclusive of companion, domesticated, laboratory, and feral animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Pavela
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Carl J Lavie
- School of Medicine, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, The University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - James O Hill
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, United States
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97
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G protein-coupled receptor 39 plays an anti-inflammatory role by enhancing IL-10 production from macrophages under inflammatory conditions. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 834:240-245. [PMID: 30053407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The possible role of G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) in inflammation was examined in macrophages. Gpr39 expression increased in thioglycollate-induced peritoneal macrophages. TC-G 1008, a G protein-coupled receptor 39 agonist, enhanced interleukin (IL)-10 production from thioglycollate-induced peritoneal macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. In addition, the oral administration of TC-G 1008 enhanced serum IL-10 concentrations in an LPS-induced murine model of sepsis. The ablation of G protein-coupled receptor 39 significantly reduced IL-10 production by TC-G 1008 in thioglycollate-induced peritoneal macrophages stimulated with LPS and in the LPS-induced murine model of sepsis. Moreover, the oral administration of TC-G 1008 significantly improved the survival rate in the LPS-induced murine model of sepsis. Taken together, our data suggest that G protein-coupled receptor 39 exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity by enhancing IL-10 production from macrophages.
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98
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The Role of Ghrelin in Anorexia Nervosa. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072117. [PMID: 30037011 PMCID: PMC6073411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide hormone expressed in X/A-like endocrine cells of the stomach, is the only known peripherally produced and centrally acting peptide that stimulates food intake and therefore attracted a lot of attention with one major focus on the treatment of conditions where an increased energy intake or body weight gain is desired. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a pronounced reduction of body weight, a disturbed body image and hormonal alterations. Ghrelin signaling has been thoroughly investigated under conditions of anorexia nervosa. The present review will highlight these alterations of ghrelin in anorexia and discuss possible treatment strategies targeting ghrelin signaling. Lastly, gaps in knowledge will be mentioned to foster future research.
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99
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Nutritive, Post-ingestive Signals Are the Primary Regulators of AgRP Neuron Activity. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2724-2736. [PMID: 29212021 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain regulates food intake by processing sensory cues and peripheral physiological signals, but the neural basis of this integration remains unclear. Hypothalamic, agouti-related protein (AgRP)-expressing neurons are critical regulators of food intake. AgRP neuron activity is high during hunger and is rapidly reduced by the sight and smell of food. Here, we reveal two distinct components of AgRP neuron activity regulation: a rapid but transient sensory-driven signal and a slower, sustained calorie-dependent signal. We discovered that nutrients are necessary and sufficient for sustained reductions in AgRP neuron activity and that activity reductions are proportional to the calories obtained. This change in activity is recapitulated by exogenous administration of gut-derived satiation signals. Furthermore, we showed that the nutritive value of food trains sensory systems-in a single trial-to drive rapid, anticipatory AgRP neuron activity inhibition. Together, these data demonstrate that nutrients are the primary regulators of AgRP neuron activity.
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100
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Improvement of Adipose Macrophage Polarization in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese GHSR Knockout Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4924325. [PMID: 30112394 PMCID: PMC6077514 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4924325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Adipose tissue inflammation is the key linking obesity to insulin resistance. Over 50% of the interstitial cells in adipose tissue are macrophages, which produce inflammatory cytokines and therefore play an important role in the progression of insulin resistance. Within this classification view, macrophage biology is driven by two polarization phenotypes, M1 (proinflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory). The unique functional receptor of ghrelin, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), is a classic seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor that is linked to multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Knockout of GHSR improves the obesity and glucose metabolic disorders, suggesting a crucial role of ghrelin activity in insulin resistance. Here, we discussed whether macrophage polarization phenotypes in adipose tissue were changed in GHSR knockout (GHSR-/-) mice. Methods GHSR-/- mice were fed with normal chow diet (NCD) or high fat diet (HFD). Markers of different macrophage polarization phenotypes were detected by real-time RT-PCR. Results The size of adipocytes decreased and interstitial cells, especially infiltrated macrophages, reduced in epididymal adipose tissue of GHSR-/- mice fed with HFD. Compared with wild type mice, the mRNA levels of inflammatory adipokines such as resistin, IL-6, and PAI-1 were significantly lower in epididymal adipose tissue of GHSR-/- mice, whereas anti-inflammatory adipokine, adiponectin, was significantly higher. M1 markers, MCP-1, TNF-α, and iNOS, were significantly lower in epididymal adipose tissue of GHSR-/- mice, whereas M2 markers, Arg-1, Mgl-1, were Mrc1, were significantly higher. Conclusion The GHSR-/- mice fed with HFD showed suppressed adipose inflammation, reduced macrophage infiltration, and enhanced M2 polarization of macrophages in adipose tissue, which improved insulin sensitivity.
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