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Nutrigenomics of Dietary Lipids. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10070994. [PMID: 34206632 PMCID: PMC8300813 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary lipids have a major role in nutrition, not only for their fuel value, but also as essential and bioactive nutrients. This narrative review aims to describe the current evidence on nutrigenomic effects of dietary lipids. Firstly, the different chemical and biological properties of fatty acids contained both in plant- and animal-based food are illustrated. A description of lipid bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and lipotoxicity is provided, together with an overview of the modulatory role of lipids as pro- or anti-inflammatory agents. Current findings concerning the metabolic impact of lipids on gene expression, epigenome, and gut microbiome in animal and human studies are summarized. Finally, the effect of the individual’s genetic make-up on lipid metabolism is described. The main goal is to provide an overview about the interaction between dietary lipids and the genome, by identifying and discussing recent scientific evidence, recognizing strengths and weaknesses, to address future investigations and fill the gaps in the current knowledge on metabolic impact of dietary fats on health.
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52
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Hübel C, Herle M, Santos Ferreira DL, Abdulkadir M, Bryant-Waugh R, Loos RJF, Bulik CM, Lawlor DA, Micali N. Childhood overeating is associated with adverse cardiometabolic and inflammatory profiles in adolescence. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12478. [PMID: 34127697 PMCID: PMC8203659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90644-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood eating behaviour contributes to the rise of obesity and related noncommunicable disease worldwide. However, we lack a deep understanding of biochemical alterations that can arise from aberrant eating behaviour. In this study, we prospectively associate longitudinal trajectories of childhood overeating, undereating, and fussy eating with metabolic markers at age 16 years to explore adolescent metabolic alterations related to specific eating patterns in the first 10 years of life. Data are from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n = 3104). We measure 158 metabolic markers with a high-throughput (1H) NMR metabolomics platform. Increasing childhood overeating is prospectively associated with an adverse cardiometabolic profile (i.e., hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipoproteinemia) in adolescence; whereas undereating and fussy eating are associated with lower concentrations of the amino acids glutamine and valine, suggesting a potential lack of micronutrients. Here, we show associations between early behavioural indicators of eating and metabolic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hübel
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moritz Herle
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diana L Santos Ferreira
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mohamed Abdulkadir
- Department of Pediatrics Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Bryant-Waugh
- Maudsley Centre for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders, Michael Rutter Centre for Children and Young People, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Icahn School of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Nadia Micali
- Department of Pediatrics Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
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53
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Folick A, Koliwad SK, Valdearcos M. Microglial Lipid Biology in the Hypothalamic Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:668396. [PMID: 34122343 PMCID: PMC8191416 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.668396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, myeloid cells help maintain the homeostasis of peripheral metabolic tissues, and their immunologic dysregulation contributes to the progression of obesity and associated metabolic disease. There is accumulating evidence that innate immune cells also serve as functional regulators within the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), a critical brain region controlling both energy and glucose homeostasis. Specifically, microglia, the resident parenchymal myeloid cells of the CNS, play important roles in brain physiology and pathology. Recent studies have revealed an expanding array of microglial functions beyond their established roles as immune sentinels, including roles in brain development, circuit refinement, and synaptic organization. We showed that microglia modulate MBH function by transmitting information resulting from excess nutrient consumption. For instance, microglia can sense the excessive consumption of saturated fats and instruct neurons within the MBH accordingly, leading to responsive alterations in energy balance. Interestingly, the recent emergence of high-resolution single-cell techniques has enabled specific microglial populations and phenotypes to be profiled in unprecedented detail. Such techniques have highlighted specific subsets of microglia notable for their capacity to regulate the expression of lipid metabolic genes, including lipoprotein lipase (LPL), apolipoprotein E (APOE) and Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2). The discovery of this transcriptional signature highlights microglial lipid metabolism as a determinant of brain health and disease pathogenesis, with intriguing implications for the treatment of brain disorders and potentially metabolic disease. Here we review our current understanding of how changes in microglial lipid metabolism could influence the hypothalamic control of systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Folick
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Suneil K. Koliwad
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Martin Valdearcos
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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54
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Pilecky M, Závorka L, Arts MT, Kainz MJ. Omega-3 PUFA profoundly affect neural, physiological, and behavioural competences - implications for systemic changes in trophic interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2127-2145. [PMID: 34018324 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, much conceptual thinking in trophic ecology has been guided by theories of nutrient limitation and the flow of elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, within and among ecosystems. More recently, ecologists have also turned their attention to examining the value of specific dietary nutrients, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), among which the omega-3 PUFA, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play a central role as essential components of neuronal cell membranes in many organisms. This review focuses on a new neuro-ecological approach stemming from the biochemical (mechanistic) and physiological (functional) role of DHA in neuronal cell membranes, in particular in conjunction with G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). We link the co-evolution of these neurological functions to metabolic dependency on dietary omega-3 PUFA. We outline ways in which deficiencies in dietary DHA supply may affect, cognition, vision, and behaviour, and ultimately, the biological fitness of consumers. We then review emerging evidence that changes in access to dietary omega-3 PUFA may ultimately have profound impacts on trophic interactions leading to potential changes in community structure and ecosystem functioning that, in turn, may affect the supply of DHA within and across ecosystems, including the supply for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pilecky
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-University Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl-Kupelwieser Promenade 5, Lunz am See, 3293, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Research, Donau-Universität Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria
| | - Libor Závorka
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-University Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl-Kupelwieser Promenade 5, Lunz am See, 3293, Austria
| | - Michael T Arts
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Martin J Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-University Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl-Kupelwieser Promenade 5, Lunz am See, 3293, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Research, Donau-Universität Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria
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55
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Murphy RA, Devarshi PP, Ekimura S, Marshall K, Hazels Mitmesser S. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid serum concentrations across life stages in the USA: an analysis of NHANES 2011-2012. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043301. [PMID: 33972333 PMCID: PMC8112395 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine reference ranges of circulating long-chain (LC) omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in a nationally representative population of Americans. To provide context, serum concentrations of LC omega-3 were compared with concentrations associated with consuming the recommended amount of EPA and DHA by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) and the Omega-3 Index (EPA+DHA). DESIGN Cross-sectional population-based study. SETTING The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012 cycle. PARTICIPANTS Participants with fatty acids measured in serum: 945 children, age 3-19 years, and 1316 adults, age 20 and older. MAIN MEASURE Serum EPA, DPA, DHA and sum of LC omega-3 fatty acids expressed as per cent of total fatty acids. RESULTS Among children, mean (SE) serum concentrations of EPA, DHA and omega-3s were 0.28% (0.01), 1.07% (0.02) and 1.75% (0.03). Among adults, mean (SE) of EPA, DHA and omega-3s were 0.61% (0.02), 1.38% (0.05) and 2.43% (0.08), all of which were significantly higher than corresponding serum fatty acid concentrations in children (p<0.001). Despite recommendations for higher intake, pregnant and/or breastfeeding women had mean (SE) EPA, DHA and LC omega-3 concentrations of 0.34% (0.07), 1.52% (0.08) and 2.18% (0.15), which were comparable to women of childbearing age; p=0.17, p=0.10 and p=0.73. Over 95% of children and 68% of adults had LC omega-3 concentrations below those associated with the DGA recommendation. Approximately 89% of adults had an Omega-3 Index in the high cardiovascular risk category. CONCLUSIONS Contemporary reference ranges for circulating LC omega-3s are critical for setting public health recommendations. Our findings show the need for continued emphasis on regular consumption of LC omega-3s among Americans, particularly considering the importance of LC omega-3s in cardiovascular health, brain health and development throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Murphy
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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56
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Sardenne F, Puccinelli E, Vagner M, Pecquerie L, Bideau A, Le Grand F, Soudant P. Post-mortem storage conditions and cooking methods affect long-chain omega-3 fatty acid content in Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Food Chem 2021; 359:129828. [PMID: 33934034 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) are health beneficial lipids found in high concentration in pelagic fishes, including Atlantic mackerel. While EPA and DHA are sensitive to oxidation during fish storage and processing, post-mortem degradation in the first hours following fish death is poorly documented. Here, we stored fish at two temperatures (2-4 °C and 18-20 °C) and monitored EPA + DHA content in dorsal fillet 6, 12 and 24 h after fish death and after cooking (grill or steam). Storage duration was the only influencing factor, and EPA + DHA loss was faster at 18-20 °C. Six hours after fish death, EPA + DHA content decreased by 1.3 ± 1.3 mg.g-1 dw (9.6 ± 9.5% of the initial content) but it was highly variable among individuals. Handling between fishing and storage should be as short and as cool as possible to preserve EPA + DHA and food safety. Regarding cooking, EPA + DHA and mono-unsaturated fatty acids increased in grilled fillets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany Sardenne
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France.
| | | | - Marie Vagner
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Laure Pecquerie
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Antoine Bideau
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
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57
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Abstract
Life expectancy, and longevity have been increasing in recent years. However, this is, in most cases, accompanied by age-related diseases. Thus, it became essential to better understand the mechanisms inherent to aging, and to establish biomarkers that characterize this physiological process. Among all biomolecules, lipids appear to be a good target for the study of these biomarkers. In fact, some lipids have already been associated with age-related diseases. With the development of analytical techniques such as Mass Spectrometry, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Lipidomics has been increasingly used to study pathological, and physiological states of an organism. Thus, the study of serum, and plasma lipidome in centenarians, and elderly individuals without age-related diseases can be a useful tool for the identification of aging biomarkers, and to understand physiological aging, and longevity. This review focus on the importance of lipids as biomarkers of aging, and summarize the changes in the lipidome that have been associated with aging, and longevity.
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58
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Pifferi F, Laurent B, Plourde M. Lipid Transport and Metabolism at the Blood-Brain Interface: Implications in Health and Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:645646. [PMID: 33868013 PMCID: PMC8044814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.645646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many prospective studies have shown that a diet enriched in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) can improve cognitive function during normal aging and prevent the development of neurocognitive diseases. However, researchers have not elucidated how n-3 PUFAs are transferred from the blood to the brain or how they relate to cognitive scores. Transport into and out of the central nervous system depends on two main sets of barriers: the blood-brain barrier (BBB) between peripheral blood and brain tissue and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB) between the blood and the CSF. In this review, the current knowledge of how lipids cross these barriers to reach the CNS is presented and discussed. Implications of these processes in health and disease, particularly during aging and neurodegenerative diseases, are also addressed. An assessment provided here is that the current knowledge of how lipids cross these barriers in humans is limited, which hence potentially restrains our capacity to intervene in and prevent neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benoit Laurent
- Département de Biochimie et de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Vieillissement, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Centre de Recherche sur le Vieillissement, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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59
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Ben-Dor M, Sirtoli R, Barkai R. The evolution of the human trophic level during the Pleistocene. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 175 Suppl 72:27-56. [PMID: 33675083 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human trophic level (HTL) during the Pleistocene and its degree of variability serve, explicitly or tacitly, as the basis of many explanations for human evolution, behavior, and culture. Previous attempts to reconstruct the HTL have relied heavily on an analogy with recent hunter-gatherer groups' diets. In addition to technological differences, recent findings of substantial ecological differences between the Pleistocene and the Anthropocene cast doubt regarding that analogy's validity. Surprisingly little systematic evolution-guided evidence served to reconstruct HTL. Here, we reconstruct the HTL during the Pleistocene by reviewing evidence for the impact of the HTL on the biological, ecological, and behavioral systems derived from various existing studies. We adapt a paleobiological and paleoecological approach, including evidence from human physiology and genetics, archaeology, paleontology, and zoology, and identified 25 sources of evidence in total. The evidence shows that the trophic level of the Homo lineage that most probably led to modern humans evolved from a low base to a high, carnivorous position during the Pleistocene, beginning with Homo habilis and peaking in Homo erectus. A reversal of that trend appears in the Upper Paleolithic, strengthening in the Mesolithic/Epipaleolithic and Neolithic, and culminating with the advent of agriculture. We conclude that it is possible to reach a credible reconstruction of the HTL without relying on a simple analogy with recent hunter-gatherers' diets. The memory of an adaptation to a trophic level that is embedded in modern humans' biology in the form of genetics, metabolism, and morphology is a fruitful line of investigation of past HTLs, whose potential we have only started to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Ben-Dor
- Department of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ran Barkai
- Department of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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60
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Yoshinaga K, Ishikawa H, Beppu F, Gotoh N. Incorporation of Dietary Arachidonic and Docosatetraenoic Acid into Mouse Brain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2457-2461. [PMID: 33594883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to analyze the metabolism of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain for the research and development of functional foods. In this study, a single dose of 2,2-dideuterium-labeled docosatetraenoic acid ((+2)DTA) or 2,2-dideuterium-labeled arachidonic acid ((+2)AA) was orally administered to Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice and its metabolism in the brain was investigated. In the (+2)DTA group, the (+2)DTA content in the brain was significantly increased at 4, 8, 24, and 96 h compared to 0 h after administration, while in the (+2)AA group, the (+2)AA content was significantly increased at 4, 8, 24, and 96 h compared to 0 h. However, there was no significant difference in the content of (+2)DTA, a metabolite of (+2)AA, among all the groups. These results suggest that dietary (+2)DTA and (+2)AA pass through the blood-brain barrier and dietary (+2)AA is rather stored in the brain than converted to (+2)DTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yoshinaga
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1248, Japan
| | - Haruna Ishikawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Beppu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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61
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West AL, Miles EA, Lillycrop KA, Napier JA, Calder PC, Burdge GC. Genetically modified plants are an alternative to oily fish for providing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the human diet: A summary of the findings of a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council funded project. NUTR BULL 2021; 46:60-68. [PMID: 33776584 PMCID: PMC7986926 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) present primarily in oily fish, namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are important components of cell membranes and that are needed for normal development and cell function. Humans have very limited capacity for EPA and DHA synthesis from α-linolenic acid and so they must be obtained pre-formed from the diet. However, perceived unpalatability of oily fish and fish oil concerns about contamination with environmental pollutants, dietary choices that exclude fish and animal products, and price limit the effectiveness of recommendations for EPA and DHA intakes. Moreover, marine sources of EPA and DHA are diminishing in the face of increasing demands. Therefore, an alternative source of EPA and DHA is needed that is broadly acceptable, can be upscaled and is sustainable. This review discusses these challenges and, using findings from recent nutritional trials, explains how they may be overcome by seed oils from transgenic plants engineered to produce EPA and DHA. Trials in healthy men and women assessed the acute uptake and appearance in blood over 8 hours of EPA and DHA from transgenic Camelina sativa compared to fish oil, and the incorporation of these PUFA into blood lipids after dietary supplementation. The findings showed that postprandial EPA and DHA incorporation into blood lipids and accumulation in plasma lipids after dietary supplementation was as good as that achieved with fish oil. The oil derived from this transgenic plant was well tolerated. This review also discusses the implications for human nutrition, marine ecology and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. L. West
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Human Development and HealthUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - E. A. Miles
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Human Development and HealthUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - K. A. Lillycrop
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental SciencesCentre for Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - J. A. Napier
- Department of Plant SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - P. C. Calder
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Human Development and HealthUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - G. C. Burdge
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Human Development and HealthUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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62
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Racey M, MacFarlane A, Carlson SE, Stark KD, Plourde M, Field CJ, Yates AA, Wells G, Grantham A, Bazinet RP, Ma DWL. Dietary Reference Intakes based on chronic disease endpoints: outcomes from a case study workshop for omega 3's EPA and DHA. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:530-539. [PMID: 33583256 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Given the focus on developing Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) based on chronic disease risk reduction and recent research for omega-3 long chain PUFA since the last DRI review, the Canadian Nutrition Society convened a panel of stakeholders for a 1-day workshop in late 2019. Attendees discussed the new NASEM guidelines for establishing DRI values based on chronic disease risk endpoints and the strength of current evidence for EPA and DHA as it relates to the new guidelines. Novelty: Summarizes evidence and expert opinions regarding the potential for reviewing DRI values for EPA and DHA and cardiovascular disease risk and early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Racey
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Amanda MacFarlane
- Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Susan E Carlson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Allison A Yates
- Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, and USDA/ARS Beltsville (retired), Johnson City, TN 37615, USA
| | - George Wells
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Andrea Grantham
- Canadian Nutrition Society, 867 La Chapelle Street, Ottawa, ON K1C 6A8, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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63
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Chevalier L, Vachon A, Plourde M. Pharmacokinetics of Supplemental Omega-3 Fatty Acids Esterified in Monoglycerides, Ethyl Esters, or Triglycerides in Adults in a Randomized Crossover Trial. J Nutr 2021; 151:1111-1118. [PMID: 33564872 PMCID: PMC8112767 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) supplements increase blood concentrations of EPA and DHA. Most of the supplements on the market are esterified in triglycerides (TGs) or ethyl esters (EEs), which limits their absorption and may cause gastrointestinal side effects. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the 24-h AUC of the plasma concentrations of EPA, DHA, and EPA+DHA when provided esterified in monoglycerides (MAGs), EEs, or TGs, (primary outcomes) and evaluate their side effects over 24 h (secondary outcome). METHODS This was a randomized, triple-blind, crossover, controlled clinical trial. Eleven women and 11 men between 18 and 50 y of age ingested, in random order, a single oral dose of ∼1.2 g of EPA and DHA esterified in MAGs, EEs, and TGs with low-fat meals provided during the 24-h follow-up. Eleven blood samples over 24 h were collected from each participant, and the plasma n-3 FAs were quantified. Friedman's paired ANOVA statistical rank test was used for the pharmacokinetic parameters and a chi-square statistical test was used for the side effects. RESULTS The 24-h AUC of plasma EPA was ∼2 times and ∼1 time higher after the MAG compared with the EE and TG forms of n-3 FAs, respectively (P ≤ 0.0027). Effects of the EE and TG treatments did not differ. The 3 supplements had similar eructation, dysgeusia, abdominal discomfort, nausea, and bloating side effects. CONCLUSIONS The plasma n-3 FA concentration in adults is greater after acute supplementation with n-3 FAs esterified in MAGs rather than in EEs or TGs, suggesting that with a lower dose of MAG n-3 FAs, the plasma n-3 FA concentrations attained are similar to those after higher doses of n-3 FAs esterified in EEs or TGs. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03897660.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Chevalier
- Centre de Recherche sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie–Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annick Vachon
- Centre de Recherche sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie–Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Wang Y, Lim YY, He Z, Wong WT, Lai WF. Dietary phytochemicals that influence gut microbiota: Roles and actions as anti-Alzheimer agents. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5140-5166. [PMID: 33559482 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1882381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The last decide has witnessed a growing research interest in the role of dietary phytochemicals in influencing the gut microbiota. On the other hand, recent evidence reveals that dietary phytochemicals exhibit properties of preventing and tackling symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, which is a neurodegenerative disease that has also been linked with the status of the gut microbiota over the last decade. Till now, little serious discussions, however, have been made to link recent understanding of Alzheimer's disease, dietary phytochemicals and the gut microbiota together and to review the roles played by phytochemicals in gut dysbiosis induced pathologies of Alzheimer's disease. Deciphering these connections can provide insights into the development and future use of dietary phytochemicals as anti-Alzheimer drug candidates. This review aims at presenting latest evidence in the modulating role of phytochemicals in the gut microbiota and its relevance to Alzheimer's disease and summarizing the mechanisms behind the modulative activities. Limitations of current research in this field and potential directions will also be discussed for future research on dietary phytochemicals as anti-Alzheimer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yau-Yan Lim
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zhendan He
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wing-Fu Lai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
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Angeli E, Barcarolo D, Ribas L, Marelli B, Roskopf P, Salado E, Ortega H, Hein G. Relevant aspects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the adaptation of dairy cattle to the transition period. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jovanovic S, Dietrich D, Becker J, Kohlstedt M, Wittmann C. Microbial production of polyunsaturated fatty acids - high-value ingredients for aquafeed, superfoods, and pharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:199-211. [PMID: 33540327 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), primarily docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have received worldwide attention in recent years due to an increasing awareness of their uniqueness in improving diet and human health and their apparently inevitable shortage in global availability. Microbial cell factories are a major solution to supplying these precious molecules in sufficient amounts and providing PUFA-rich aquafeed, superfoods, and medical formulations. This review assesses the PUFA world markets and highlights recent advances in upgrading and streamlining microalgae, yeasts, fungi, and bacteria for high-level PUFA production and broadening of the PUFA spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofija Jovanovic
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Demian Dietrich
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Judith Becker
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany.
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Huang C, Chiba L, Bergen W. Bioavailability and metabolism of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in pigs and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched pork: A review. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Huang G, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Zheng N, Zhao S, Liu K, Qu X, Yu J, Wang J. DHA content in milk and biohydrogenation pathway in rumen: a review. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10230. [PMID: 33391862 PMCID: PMC7761261 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential human nutrient that may promote neural health and development. DHA occurs naturally in milk in concentrations that are influenced by many factors, including the dietary intake of the cow and the rumen microbiome. We reviewed the literature of milk DHA content and the biohydrogenation pathway in rumen of dairy cows aim to enhance the DHA content. DHA in milk is mainly derived from two sources: α-linolenic acid (ALA) occurring in the liver and consumed as part of the diet, and overall dietary intake. Rumen biohydrogenation, the lymphatic system, and blood circulation influence the movement of dietary intake of DHA into the milk supply. Rumen biohydrogenation reduces DHA in ruminal environmental and limits DHA incorporation into milk. The fat-1 gene may increase DHA uptake into the body but this lacks experimental confirmation. Additional studies are needed to define the mechanisms by which different dietary sources of DHA are associated with variations of DHA in milk, the pathway of DHA biohydrogenation in the rumen, and the function of the fat-1 gene on DHA supply in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Huang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
- Northeast Agricultural University, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbiao Xu
- Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Kaizhen Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyin Qu
- Tianjin Mengde Groups Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Tianjin Mengde Groups Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
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Sardenne F, Bodin N, Médieu A, Antha M, Arrisol R, Le Grand F, Bideau A, Munaron JM, Le Loc'h F, Chassot E. Benefit-risk associated with the consumption of fish bycatch from tropical tuna fisheries. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115614. [PMID: 33254649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mercury, omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and macronutrients (fat and proteins) were quantified on a wet weight (ww) basis in 20 species of fish taken as bycatch in tropical tuna fisheries. Based on a hazard quotient taking into account mercury and omega-3 contents, a benefit-risk assessment for the consumption of these pelagic species was conducted for three people categories: young children, children and adults. All fish bycatch were found to be an excellent source of proteins (min‒max = 14.4-25.2 g/100 g fillet), had low omega-6/omega-3 ratios (<1, except for silky shark), and had mercury content below the safety limits defined by sanitary agencies. Silky shark and Istiophoridae had the highest mercury contents (min‒max = 0.029-0.317 ppm ww). Omega-3 contents were the lowest in silky shark (0.2 ± 0.2 mg/100 g fillet) and the highest in striped marlin (3.6 ± 3.2 g/100 g fillet). Billfishes (Istiophoridae, including striped marlin), minor tunas (Scombridae), and Carangidae had the highest omega-3 contents (min‒max = 0.68-7.28 g/100 g fillet). The highest hazard quotient values obtained for silky shark and great barracuda reflected a lower nutritional benefit (i.e., low omega-3 source) than risk (i.e., mercury exposure), making them not advisable for consumption. Eight species had low hazard quotients, and among them cottonmouth jack and flat needlefish were found of high health interest (high protein, moderate fat contents, and low omega-6/omega-3 ratio). A daily serving portion of 85-200 g (according to people category) can be recommended for these species. Batfish, and to a lower extent pompano dolphinfish and brassy chub, can also be consumed safely and would provide greater health benefits than risks. These results advocate for a better access of these species to local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany Sardenne
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - Nathalie Bodin
- Seychelles Fishing Authority (SFA), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles; Institute for Research and Sustainable Development (IRD), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles; Sustainable Ocean Seychelles (SOS), BeauBelle, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Anaïs Médieu
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France; Institute for Research and Sustainable Development (IRD), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Marisa Antha
- Seychelles Fishing Authority (SFA), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Rona Arrisol
- Seychelles Fishing Authority (SFA), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | | | - Antoine Bideau
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Chassot
- Seychelles Fishing Authority (SFA), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles; Institute for Research and Sustainable Development (IRD), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
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Inapurapu SP, Ibrahim A, Kona SR, Pawar SC, Bodiga S, Bodiga VL. Development and characterization of ω-3 fatty acid nanoemulsions with improved physicochemical stability and bioaccessibility. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Nguyen TX, Agazzi A, Comi M, Bontempo V, Guido I, Panseri S, Sauerwein H, Eckersall PD, Burchmore R, Savoini G. Effects of Low ω6:ω3 Ratio in Sow Diet and Seaweed Supplement in Piglet Diet on Performance, Colostrum and Milk Fatty Acid Profiles, and Oxidative Status. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112049. [PMID: 33167599 PMCID: PMC7694489 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feeding maternal animals divergent ratios of omega-6 (ω6) and omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids can change not only their health, physiological condition, and performance but also do the same for their offspring. In swine production, various ω6:ω3 ratios have been tested, but the search for an optimal proportion in the sow diet is still in progress. For piglets, weaning oxidative stress has been alleviated by supplementing with abundant sources of bioactive compounds. In this case, brown seaweed, a rich source of natural antimicrobials and antioxidants, can be a good candidate, but its supplementation in piglet diet is limited. This study explores the hypothesis that feeding a low ω6:ω3 ratio diet to sows during gestation and lactation, together with the supplementation of Ascophyllum nodosum for piglets during the post-weaning period, could benefit piglets’ performance and oxidative status more than the respective single treatment provided to the mother or the piglet. Results showed that the low dietary ω6:ω3 ratio (4:1) and seaweed supplement did not affect the post-weaning piglets’ growth rate and oxidative status. However, a low ω6:ω3 ratio diet alone improved weaning survival rate, suckling piglets’ weight gain, and total ω3 fatty acids in colostrum and milk. Abstract The ratio of omega-6 (ω6) to omega-3 (ω3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the diet contributes to animal health and performance modulations because they have mostly opposite physiological functions. Increasing ω3 PUFAs content in the maternal diet can stimulate antioxidative capacity in sow and piglets; however, the optimal ratio of ω6 and ω3 PUFAs in the sow diet is still under discussion. Rich sources of bioactive constituents such as brown seaweed are an excellent supplementation to promote animal health and antioxidant status. However, the knowledge of the effects of this compound, specifically in post-weaning piglets, is still limited. Moreover, the combined effect of a low ω6:ω3 PUFAs ratio in sow diet and seaweed supplementation in post-weaning piglets’ diet has never been studied. This research aims to assess the combined effect of a low ω6:ω3 ratio in sow diets and seaweed supplementation in piglet diets on their growth and oxidative status. We also assessed the impact of a low ω6:ω3 ratio in the maternal diet on reproduction, milk fatty acid (FA) profile, and plasma leptin concentration. Two sow diets (n = 8 each) contained either a control ratio (CR, 13:1 during gestation, starting from day 28 (G28) and 10:1 during lactation) or a low ratio (LR, 4:1 from G28 until the end of lactation (L-End)) of ω6:ω3 FA by adding soybean oil or linseed oil, respectively. Reproductive performance was evaluated. Colostrum and milk at lactation day 7 (L7) and L-End were collected to analyze FA profile. Plasma was collected at G28, G79, G108, L7, L14, and L-End for determination of leptin and oxidative status. At weaning, 20 male piglets were selected per sow group to form 4 diet treatments (n = 10 each), which were supplemented with or without 4 g/kg seaweed. Recording of growth performance and collection of blood were performed at days 0, 7, 15, and 21 of post-weaning for oxidative status. LR diet increased (p < 0.05) the survival rate of piglets at weaning, and individual and litter weight gains. Colostrum and milk at L7 and L-End had lower (p < 0.05) ω6:ω3 ratio in LR sows. Interaction between dietary treatments on sows and piglets was revealed for all examined growth parameters at most time points (p < 0.05). LR diet did not affect plasma leptin levels and oxidative status. These findings suggest that the seaweed supplement during post-weaning could not improve growth rate and oxidative status of piglets born from mothers receiving a low dietary ω6:ω3 ratio (4:1) during gestation and lactation. However, this low ratio was beneficial for weaning survival rate, sucking piglets’ weight gain, and ω3 enrichment in colostrum and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Xuan Nguyen
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety ‘Carlo Cantoni’ (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’ Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.A.); (V.B.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden G61 1QH, UK; (P.D.E.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandro Agazzi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety ‘Carlo Cantoni’ (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’ Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.A.); (V.B.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Marcello Comi
- Department of Human Science and Quality of Life Promotion, Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valentino Bontempo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety ‘Carlo Cantoni’ (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’ Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.A.); (V.B.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Invernizzi Guido
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety ‘Carlo Cantoni’ (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’ Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.A.); (V.B.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety ‘Carlo Cantoni’ (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’ Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.A.); (V.B.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Peter David Eckersall
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden G61 1QH, UK; (P.D.E.); (R.B.)
| | - Richard Burchmore
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden G61 1QH, UK; (P.D.E.); (R.B.)
| | - Giovanni Savoini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety ‘Carlo Cantoni’ (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’ Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.A.); (V.B.); (I.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
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Vidal E, Jun B, Gordon WC, Maire MA, Martine L, Grégoire S, Khoury S, Cabaret S, Berdeaux O, Acar N, Bretillon L, Bazan NG. Bioavailability and spatial distribution of fatty acids in the rat retina after dietary omega-3 supplementation. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1733-1746. [PMID: 33127836 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial changes of FAs in the retina in response to different dietary n-3 formulations have never been explored, although a diet rich in EPA and DHA is recommended to protect the retina against the effects of aging. In this study, Wistar rats were fed for 8 weeks with balanced diet including either EPA-containing phospholipids (PLs), EPA-containing TGs, DHA-containing PLs, or DHA-containing TGs. Qualitative changes in FA composition of plasma, erythrocytes, and retina were evaluated by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Following the different dietary intakes, changes to the quantity and spatial organization of PC and PE species in retina were determined by LC coupled to MS/MS and MALDI coupled to MS imaging. The omega-3 content in the lipids of plasma and erythrocytes suggests that PLs as well as TGs are good omega-3 carriers for retina. However, a significant increase in DHA content in retina was observed, especially molecular species as di-DHA-containing PC and PE, as well as an increase in very long chain PUFAs (more than 28 carbons) following PL-EPA and TG-DHA diets only. All supplemented diets triggered spatial organization changes of DHA in the photoreceptor layer around the optic nerve. Taken together, these findings suggest that dietary omega-3 supplementation can modify the content of FAs in the rat retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vidal
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France; Horus Pharma Laboratories, Saint Laurent du Var, France
| | - Bokkyoo Jun
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - William C Gordon
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Marie-Annick Maire
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lucy Martine
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Grégoire
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Spiro Khoury
- Chemosens Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stephanie Cabaret
- Chemosens Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Olivier Berdeaux
- Chemosens Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Niyazi Acar
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Bretillon
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Beyond Fish Oil Supplementation: The Effects of Alternative Plant Sources of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids upon Lipid Indexes and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers-An Overview. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103159. [PMID: 33081119 PMCID: PMC7602731 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain a global challenge, and lipid-associated biomarkers can predict cardiovascular events. Extensive research on cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFAs) is geared towards fish oil supplementation and fish-rich diets. Nevertheless, vegetarianism and veganism are becoming more popular across all segments of society, due to reasons as varied as personal, ethical and religious values, individual preferences and environment-related principles, amongst others. Due to the essentiality of PUFAs, plant sources of n3-PUFAs warrant further consideration. In this review, we have critically appraised the efficacy of plant-derived n3-PUFAs from foodstuffs and supplements upon lipid profile and selected cardiometabolic markers. Walnuts and flaxseed are the most common plant sources of n3-PUFAs, mainly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and feature the strongest scientific rationale for applicability into clinical practice. Furthermore, walnuts and flaxseed are sources of fibre, potassium, magnesium, and non-essential substances, including polyphenols and sterols, which in conjunction are known to ameliorate cardiovascular metabolism. ALA levels in rapeseed and soybean oils are only slight when compared to flaxseed oil. Spirulina and Chlorella, biomasses of cyanobacteria and green algae, are important sources of n3-PUFAs; however, their benefits upon cardiometabolic markers are plausibly driven by their antioxidant potential combined with their n3-PUFA content. In humans, ALA is not sufficiently bioconverted into eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. However, evidence suggests that plant sources of ALA are associated with favourable cardiometabolic status. ALA supplementation, or increased consumption of ALA-rich foodstuffs, combined with reduced omega-6 (n6) PUFAs intake, could improve the n3/n6 ratio and improve cardiometabolic and lipid profile.
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Kruse M, Kemper M, Gancheva S, Osterhoff M, Dannenberger D, Markgraf D, Machann J, Hierholzer J, Roden M, Pfeiffer AFH. Dietary Rapeseed Oil Supplementation Reduces Hepatic Steatosis in Obese Men-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000419. [PMID: 32920973 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Effective treatment for obesity associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is limited. Dietary supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically alpha linolenic acid (ALA), can resolve intrahepatic lipid content (IHL). This study investigates the effect of daily supplementation of either refined rapeseed (RA), containing high amounts of ALA, or refined olive (OL) oil on IHL and glucose metabolism in NAFLD patients. METHODS AND RESULTS 27 obese men consumed an isocaloric diet including either 50 g of RA or OL daily for 8 weeks. Hepatic proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies and blood tests are performed before and at the end of the study. At 8 weeks a significant reduction in IHL is observed for RA (13.1 ± 1.6 before versus 11.1 ± 1.6% after intervention) versus OL (13.3 ± 2.5 before versus 15.7 ± 2.7% after intervention). For RA, a 21% reduction (P < 0.02) in serum free fatty acids (FFA) and a 1.68-fold increase (P = 0.03) of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) is observed after 8 weeks. CONCLUSION RA has a beneficial effect on hepatic lipid metabolism as shown by reduced IHL and serum FFA. RA induced IL-6 production seems to be liver protective confirming previous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kruse
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Clinical Nutrition, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,Charité University Medicine Berlin, Department of Endocrinology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Margrit Kemper
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Clinical Nutrition, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,Charité University Medicine Berlin, Department of Endocrinology, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sofiya Gancheva
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Düsseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Osterhoff
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Clinical Nutrition, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,Charité University Medicine Berlin, Department of Endocrinology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Markgraf
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Düsseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Section of Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hierholzer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, 14467, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Düsseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Clinical Nutrition, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,Charité University Medicine Berlin, Department of Endocrinology, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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75
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Neijat M, Zacek P, Picklo MJ, House JD. Lipidomic characterization of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine species of egg yolk lipid derived from hens fed flaxseed oil and marine algal biomass. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 161:102178. [PMID: 32980739 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), consist of distinct fatty acids occupying the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, reflecting the highly regulated nature of lipid biosynthesis. However, little is known about the influence of dietary lipids on the positional nature of fatty acids in tissues, including the enrichment of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in chicken egg yolk phospholipids. This study was undertaken to characterize the PC and PE species in egg lipids derived from Lohmann hens (n=10/treatment) randomly allocated to either a control (no supplementation), a flaxseed oil (FO) or a marine algal oil (MA) diet. Each of the FO or MA diets supplied three levels of total omega-3 PUFA (0.20, 0.40 and 0.60% of diet) that were provided for 6 weeks. A combination of multiplexed mass spectrometry (MS) experiments are used to determine total, isobaric, and position molecules for PC and PE in egg yolk. The distribution of phospholipids in the yolk was predominantly PC over PE (~72 vs. 23%, respectively) across treatments. The longer chain PUFA existed in the sn-2 position in the PC and PE. Although docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) formed isomers with fatty acids 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1; it was preferentially enriched in the egg in combination with 16:0 with both the FO and MA-fed groups in both lipid pools. All 22:6-containing isomers were enriched by ~2-fold more (P < 0.0001) with MA than FO, however, all isomers exhibited a plateau with the FO-fed group. In addition, the MS analyses of PCs revealed several isobaric species containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5), however, in the PE, EPA formed only one isomer (i.e. in combination with 16:0). These results may assist to elucidate potential aspects regulating the limited enrichment of omega-3 PUFA, particularly EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) in chicken eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neijat
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - P Zacek
- Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Charles University in Prague, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - M J Picklo
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9034
| | - J D House
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2E1, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada.
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76
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Segura Munoz RR, Quach T, Gomes-Neto JC, Xian Y, Pena PA, Weier S, Pellizzon MA, Kittana H, Cody LA, Geis AL, Heck K, Schmaltz RJ, Bindels LB, Cahoon EB, Benson AK, Clemente TE, Ramer-Tait AE. Stearidonic-Enriched Soybean Oil Modulates Obesity, Glucose Metabolism, and Fatty Acid Profiles Independently of Akkermansia muciniphila. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000162. [PMID: 32656952 PMCID: PMC8606245 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Previous studies have suggested that diets rich in omega-3 and low in omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can limit the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Transgenic soybeans yielding oils enriched for omega-3 PUFAs represent a new and readily-available option for incorporating omega-3 PUFAs into diets to provide health benefits. METHODS AND RESULTS Transgenic soybean oils, enriched for either stearidonic acid (SDA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are incorporated into diets to test their effects on limiting the development of MetS in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Supplementation with SDA- but not EPA-enriched oils improved features of MetS compared to feeding a control wild-type oil. Because previous studies have linked the gut microorganism Akkermansia muciniphila to the metabolic effects of feeding omega-3 PUFAs, the causal contribution of A. muciniphila to mediating the metabolic benefits provided by SDA-enriched diets is investigated. Although A. muciniphila is not required for SDA-induced metabolic improvements, this microorganism does modulate levels of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids in host adipose tissues. CONCLUSION Together, these findings support the utilization of SDA-enriched diets to modulate weight gain, glucose metabolism, and fatty acid profiles of liver and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R Segura Munoz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Truyen Quach
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - João C Gomes-Neto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Yibo Xian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Pamela A Pena
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Steven Weier
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | | | - Hatem Kittana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Liz A Cody
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Abby L Geis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Smith, AR, 72916, USA
| | - Kari Heck
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Robert J Schmaltz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Andrew K Benson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Tom Elmo Clemente
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Amanda E Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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77
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Oxidative Stress in Chronic Liver Disease and Portal Hypertension: Potential of DHA as Nutraceutical. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092627. [PMID: 32872239 PMCID: PMC7551786 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease constitutes a growing public health issue worldwide, with no safe and effective enough treatment clinical scenarios. The present review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD), focusing on the major contributors of its pathophysiology: inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis and portal hypertension. We present the benefits of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid triglycerides (TG-DHA) in other health areas as demonstrated experimentally, and explore its potential as a novel nutraceutical approach for the treatment of ACLD and portal hypertension based on published pre-clinical data.
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78
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Keirns BH, Lucas EA, Smith BJ. Phytochemicals affect T helper 17 and T regulatory cells and gut integrity: implications on the gut-bone axis. Nutr Res 2020; 83:30-48. [PMID: 33010588 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of osteoporosis is multifactorial, but a growing body of evidence supports an important role of the gut-bone axis, especially in bone loss associated with menopause, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontal disease. Aberrant T cell responses favoring an increase in the ratio of T helper 17 cells to T regulatory cells play a critical role in the underlying etiology of this bone loss. Many of the dietary phytochemicals known to have osteoprotective activity such as flavonoids, organosulfur compounds, phenolic acids, as well as the oligosaccharides also improve gut barrier function and affect T cell differentiation and activation within gut-associated lymphoid tissues and at distal sites. Here, we examine the potential of these phytochemicals to act as prebiotics and immunomodulating agents, in part targeting the gut to mediate their effects on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant H Keirns
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.
| | - Edralin A Lucas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.
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79
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Wang F, Huang S, Xia H, Yao S. Specialized pro-resolving mediators: It's anti-oxidant stress role in multiple disease models. Mol Immunol 2020; 126:40-45. [PMID: 32750537 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-related injury is a negative state caused by the imbalance between oxidation and antioxidant effects in the internal environment of the body. Oxidative stress has been confirmed to be an important factor in aging and a variety of diseases and the inhibition of inappropriate oxidative stress responses are important for maintaining normal physiological functions. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on specialized pro-resolving mediators(SPMs). SPMs are endogenous mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have multiple protective effects such as anti-inflammation, pro-resolution, and promoting tissue damage repair, etc. Moreover, the role of SPMs on oxidative stress has been extensively researched and provides a possible treatment method. In the current study, we review the positive role of SPMs in oxidative stress-related disease and outline the possible involved mechanism, thus providing the theoretical support for a better understanding of the roles of SPMs in oxidative stress and the theoretical basis for finding targets for the oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shiqian Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Haifa Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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80
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Yoshinaga K, Ishikawa H, Taira S, Yoshinaga-Kiriake A, Usami Y, Gotoh N. Selective Visualization of Administrated Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Brain Using Combination of Simple Stable Isotope-Labeling Technique and Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8685-8690. [PMID: 32468807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new method for monitoring the distribution of administrated fatty acids in the body by combination of a stable isotope-labeling technique and imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). The developed stable isotope-labeling technique is very simple and able to adapt to all the fatty acid species. In this study, we synthesized stable isotope-labeled arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and they were simultaneously administrated to mice to examine their migrations and distributions in the brain. The administrated AA and DHA have two more molecular weights compared to the originals and apparently were distinguished from the originally accumulated AA and DHA in the brain using IMS. As a result, we reveal that the administered AA and DHA first accumulated in the hippocampus and cerebellar cortex in the brain. This technique does not use radio isotopes and would appear to elucidate the role of all kinds of fatty acid species in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yoshinaga
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1248, Japan
| | - Haruna Ishikawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Shu Taira
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1248, Japan
| | - Aya Yoshinaga-Kiriake
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1248, Japan
| | - Yuka Usami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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81
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Roy J, Vigor C, Vercauteren J, Reversat G, Zhou B, Surget A, Larroquet L, Lanuque A, Sandres F, Terrier F, Oger C, Galano JM, Corraze G, Durand T. Characterization and modulation of brain lipids content of rainbow trout fed with 100% plant based diet rich in omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids DHA and EPA. Biochimie 2020; 178:137-147. [PMID: 32623048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain functions are known to be mainly modulated by adequate dietary intake. Inadequate intake as can be an excess or significant deficiency affect cognitive processes, behavior, neuroendocrine functions and synaptic plasticity with protective or harmful effects on neuronal physiology. Lipids, in particular, ω-6 and ω-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) play structural roles and govern the different functions of the brain. Hence, the goal of this study was to characterize the whole brain fatty acid composition (precursors, enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation metabolites) of fish model of rainbow trout fed with three experimental plant-based diet containing distinct levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 ω-3) (0% for low, 15.7% for medium and 33.4% for high, total fatty acid content) during nine weeks. Trout fed with the diet devoid of DHA and EPA showed reduced brain content of total ω-3 LC-PUFAs, with diminution of EPA and DHA. Selected enzymatic (cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases) oxidation metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 ω-6) decrease in medium and high ω-3 LC-PUFAs diets. On the contrary, total selected enzymatic oxidation metabolites of DHA and EPA increased in high ω-3 LC-PUFAs diet. Total selected non-enzymatic oxidation metabolites of DHA (not detected for EPA) increased in medium and high ω-3 LC-PUFAs diets. In conclusion, this work revealed for the first time in fish model the presence of some selected enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation metabolites in brain and the modulation of brain lipid content by dietary DHA and EPA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Roy
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France.
| | - Claire Vigor
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Joseph Vercauteren
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Reversat
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Bingqing Zhou
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Surget
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Laurence Larroquet
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Anthony Lanuque
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Franck Sandres
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Frederic Terrier
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Corraze
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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Perinatal exposure to diets with different n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratios affects olfactory tissue fatty acid composition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10785. [PMID: 32612195 PMCID: PMC7329853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa (OM) and the olfactory bulb (OB) are responsible for the detection and processing of olfactory signals. Like the brain and retina, they contain high levels of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are essential for the structure and function of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Since the influence of the maternal diet on olfactory lipid profiles of the offspring has been poorly explored, we examined the effects of feeding mice during the perinatal period with diets containing an adequate linoleic acid level but either deficient in α-linolenic acid (ALA) or supplemented in n-3 long-chain PUFAs on the lipid composition of dams and weaning offspring olfactory tissues. In both the OM and OB, the low n-3 ALA diet led to a marked reduction in n-3 PUFAs with a concomitant increase in n-6 PUFAs, whereas consumption of the high n-3 PUFA diet reduced n-6 PUFAs and increased n-3 PUFAs. Structural analysis showed that the molecular species profiles of the main phospholipid classes of olfactory tissues from weaning pups were markedly affected by the maternal diets. This study demonstrates that the PUFA status of olfactory tissues is sensitive to diet composition from the early stages of development.
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83
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Freret S, Oseikria M, Bourhis DL, Desmarchais A, Briant E, Desnoes O, Dupont M, Le Berre L, Ghazouani O, Bertevello PS, Teixeira-Gomes AP, Labas V, Uzbekova S, Salvetti P, Maillard V, Elis S. Effects of a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet on embryo production in dairy cows. Reproduction 2020; 158:71-83. [PMID: 31013477 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on dairy cow reproduction have been previously reported. The objectives of the present study were to assess whether n-3 PUFA supplementation would affect in vitro embryo production (IVP) after ovarian stimulation. Holstein cows received a diet with 1% dry matter supplementation of either n-3 PUFA (n = 18, microencapsulated fish oil) or a control, n-6 PUFA (n = 19, microencapsulated soy oil). Both plasma and follicular fluid FA composition showed integration of total PUFA through the diet. All cows underwent an IVP protocol consisting of ovarian stimulation, ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval (ovum pick-up, OPU, five per cow) followed by in vitro maturation, fertilisation and 7 days of embryo development. A tendency toward an increase in the blastocyst rate (diet effect, P = 0.0865) was observed in n-3 cows, with 49.6 ± 5.5% vs 42.3 ± 5.5% in control n-6 cows. A significant increase (diet effect, P = 0.0217) in the good-quality blastocyst rate (freezable blastocysts) was reported in n-3 cows (42.2 ± 7.7%) compared to control n-6 cows (32.7 ± 7.7%). A significant difference in lipid composition was shown in the oocytes recovered by OPU from n-3 and n-6 treated cows, by intact single-oocyte MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The 42 differentially abundant identified lipids were mainly involved in cell membrane structure. In conclusion, n-3 PUFA supplementation enhanced oocyte quality and modified their lipid composition. Further studies are necessary to investigate the potential link of these lipid modifications with enhanced oocyte quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Freret
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - M Oseikria
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - D Le Bourhis
- Allice, Station de Phénotypage, Nouzilly, France
| | - A Desmarchais
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - E Briant
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - O Desnoes
- Allice, Station de Phénotypage, Nouzilly, France
| | - M Dupont
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - L Le Berre
- Allice, Station de Phénotypage, Nouzilly, France
| | - O Ghazouani
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - P S Bertevello
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - A P Teixeira-Gomes
- PAIB (Pôle d'Analyse et d'Imagerie des Biomolécules), Plate-forme CIRE (Chirurgie et Imagerie pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement), INRA, Université de Tours, CHRU de Tours, Nouzilly, France.,UMR ISP, INRA 1282, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - V Labas
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France.,PAIB (Pôle d'Analyse et d'Imagerie des Biomolécules), Plate-forme CIRE (Chirurgie et Imagerie pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement), INRA, Université de Tours, CHRU de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - S Uzbekova
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - P Salvetti
- Allice, Station de Phénotypage, Nouzilly, France
| | - V Maillard
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - S Elis
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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84
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Darcey VL, Serafine KM. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vulnerability to Addiction: Reviewing Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2385-2401. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200429094158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (N3) fatty acids are dietary nutrients that are essential for human health. Arguably, one of their most critical contributions to health is their involvement in the structure and function of the nervous system. N3 fatty acids accumulate in neuronal membranes through young adulthood, becoming particularly enriched in a brain region known to be the locus of cognitive control of behavior-the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC undergoes a surge in development during adolescence, coinciding with a life stage when dietary quality and intake of N3 fatty acids tend to be suboptimal. Such low intake may impact neurodevelopment and normative development of cognitive functions suggested to be protective for the risk of subsequent substance and alcohol use disorders (UD). While multiple genetic and environmental factors contribute to risk for and resilience to substance and alcohol use disorders, mounting evidence suggests that dietary patterns early in life may also modulate cognitive and behavioral factors thought to elevate UD risk (e.g., impulsivity and reward sensitivity). This review aims to summarize the literature on dietary N3 fatty acids during childhood and adolescence and risk of executive/ cognitive or behavioral dysfunction, which may contribute to the risk of subsequent UD. We begin with a review of the effects of N3 fatty acids in the brain at the molecular to cellular levels–providing the biochemical mechanisms ostensibly supporting observed beneficial effects. We continue with a review of cognitive, behavioral and neurodevelopmental features thought to predict early substance and alcohol use in humans. This is followed by a review of the preclinical literature, largely demonstrating that dietary manipulation of N3 fatty acids contributes to behavioral changes that impact drug sensitivity. Finally, a review of the available evidence in human literature, suggesting an association between dietary N3 fatty and neurodevelopmental profiles associated with risk of adverse outcomes including UD. We conclude with a brief summary and call to action for additional research to extend the current understanding of the impact of dietary N3 fatty acids and the risk of drug and alcohol UD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Darcey
- Georgetown University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Washington DC, United States
| | - Katherine M. Serafine
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
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85
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Prasad P, Anjali P, Sreedhar RV. Plant-based stearidonic acid as sustainable source of omega-3 fatty acid with functional outcomes on human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1725-1737. [PMID: 32431176 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1765137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are known to be potent biological regulators with therapeutic and preventive effects on human health. Many global health organizations have recommended consuming marine based omega-3 sources for neonatal brain development and reducing the risk of various chronic diseases. However, due to concerns regarding the origin, sustainable supply and safety of the marine sources, alternative n-3 PUFA sources are being explored. Recently, plant-based omega-3 sources are gaining much importance because of their sustainable supply and dietary acceptance. α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) rich seed oils are the major omega-3 fatty acid source available for human consumption. But, efficiency of conversion of ALA to n-3 LC-PUFAs in humans is limited due to a rate-limiting step in the n-3 pathway catalyzed by Δ6-desaturase. Botanical stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) rich oils are emerging as a sustainable omega-3 source with efficient conversion rate to n-3 LC-PUFA especially to EPA, as it bypasses the Δ6-desaturase rate limiting step. Several recent studies have identified the major plant sources of SDA and explored its potential health benefits and preventive roles in inflammation, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. This systematic review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the sources, nutraceutical roles, food-based applications and the future perspectives of botanical SDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Prasad
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - P Anjali
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - R V Sreedhar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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86
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Abstract
The omega-3 index, the percentage of EPA plus DHA in erythrocytes (measured by standardised analysis), represents a human body's status in EPA and DHA. An omega-3 index is measured in many laboratories around the world; however, even small differences in analytical methods entail large differences in results. Nevertheless, results are frequently related to the target range of 8-11 %, defined for the original and scientifically validated method (HS-Omega-3 Index®), raising ethical issues, and calling for standardisation. No human subject has an omega-3 index <2 %, indicating a vital minimum. Thus, the absence of EPA and DHA cannot be tested against presence. Moreover, clinical events correlate with levels, less with the dose of EPA and DHA, and the bioavailability of EPA and DHA varies inter-individually. Therefore, the effects of EPA and DHA are difficult to demonstrate using typical drug trial methods. Recent epidemiologic data further support the relevance of the omega-3 index in the cardiovascular field, since total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction or stroke, or blood pressure all correlate inversely with the omega-3 index. The omega-3 index directly correlates with complex brain functions. Compiling recent data supports the target range for the omega-3 index of 8-11 % in pregnancy. Many other potential applications have emerged. Some, but not all health issues mentioned have already been demonstrated to be improved by increasing intake of EPA and DHA. Increasing the omega-3 index into the target range of 8-11 % with individualised doses of toxin-free sources for EPA and DHA is tolerable and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens von Schacky
- Omegametrix, Martinsried, Germany and Preventive Cardiology, University of Munich, Germany
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87
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Leong WYA, Ngiam JN, Tan RS, Lim SL, Poh KK. Controversies and discrepancies in the effect of dietary fat and cholesterol on cardiovascular risk. Singapore Med J 2020; 62:56-62. [PMID: 32312028 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The top ten causes of death in Singapore include many cardiovascular-related diseases such as ischaemic heart disease. The increasing prevalence of CVD poses a burden to both the economy and healthcare system of a country. Dietary habits, in particular dietary fats and cholesterol intake, have been shown to greatly influence CVD risks. Therefore, reference and adherence to relevant dietary guidelines could be crucial in CVD prevention. Recent research findings have provided novel insights into the relationship between certain dietary fats or cholesterol intake and CVD risks, challenging or reinforcing previous guidelines. These findings may, however, be conflicting, and there are still controversies over the effects of dietary fats and cholesterol as well as their association with cardiovascular risk. This review paper aims to evaluate common controversies, identify gaps in relevant research areas and summarise evidence-based dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ru San Tan
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Su Lin Lim
- Department of Dietetics, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kian Keong Poh
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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88
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Joffre C, Dinel AL, Chataigner M, Pallet V, Layé S. n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Derivates Reduce Neuroinflammation during Aging. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030647. [PMID: 32121189 PMCID: PMC7146513 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
: Aging is associated to cognitive decline, which can lead to loss of life quality, personal suffering, and ultimately neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation is one of the mechanisms explaining the loss of cognitive functions. Indeed, aging is associated to the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, which can be targeted by specific nutrients with anti-inflammatory effects. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are particularly attractive as they are present in the brain, possess immunomodulatory properties, and are precursors of lipid derivates named specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM). SPMs are crucially involved in the resolution of inflammation that is modified during aging, resulting in chronic inflammation. In this review, we first examine the effect of aging on neuroinflammation and then evaluate the potential beneficial effect of n-3 PUFA as precursors of bioactive derivates, particularly during aging, on the resolution of inflammation. Lastly, we highlight evidence supporting a role of n-3 PUFA during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Joffre
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.C.); (V.P.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anne-Laure Dinel
- NutriBrain Research and Technology Transfer, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathilde Chataigner
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.C.); (V.P.); (S.L.)
- Abyss Ingredients, 56850 Caudan, France
| | - Véronique Pallet
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.C.); (V.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Sophie Layé
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.C.); (V.P.); (S.L.)
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89
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Nanoliposomes and Tocosomes as Multifunctional Nanocarriers for the Encapsulation of Nutraceutical and Dietary Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030638. [PMID: 32024189 PMCID: PMC7037994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale lipid bilayers, or nanoliposomes, are generally spherical vesicles formed by the dispersion of phospholipid molecules in a water-based medium by energy input. The other nanoscale object discussed in this entry, i.e., tocosome, is a recently introduced bioactive carrier made mainly from tocopheryl phosphates. Due to their bi-compartmental structure, which consists of lipidic and aqueous compartments, these nanocarriers are capable of carrying hydrophilic and hydrophobic material separately or simultaneously. Nanoliposomes and tocosomes are able to provide protection and release of sensitive food-grade bioactive materials in a sustained manner. They are being utilized for the encapsulation of different types of bioactive materials (such as drugs, vaccines, antimicrobials, antioxidants, minerals and preservatives), for the enrichment and fortification of different food and nutraceutical formulations and manufacturing of functional products. However, a number of issues unique to the nutraceutical and food industry must first be resolved before these applications can completely become a reality. Considering the potentials and promises of these colloidal carrier systems, the present article reviews various aspects of nanoliposomes, in comparison with tocosomes, including the ingredients used in their manufacture, formation mechanisms and issues pertaining to their application in the formulation of health promoting dietary supplements and functional food products.
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90
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Archer L, Mc Gee D, Paskuliakova A, McCoy GR, Smyth T, Gillespie E, Touzet N. Fatty acid profiling of new Irish microalgal isolates producing the high-value metabolites EPA and DHA. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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91
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Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects. Atherosclerosis 2019; 292:90-98. [PMID: 31785494 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review aims to discuss the more relevant evidence on the role of linoleic acid (LA), a n-6 essential fatty acid that constitutes the predominant proportion of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in cardiovascular health. Although LA can be metabolized into Arachidonic Acid (AA), a 20 carbon PUFA which is the precursor of eicosanoids, including some with proinflammatory or prothrombotic-vasoconstrictor action, the large majority of experimental and clinical studies have assessed the potential benefit of increasing dietary intake of LA. Overall, data from clinical studies and meta-analyses suggest an association between high dietary intakes or tissue levels of n-6 PUFA, and specifically LA, and the improvement of cardiovascular risk (mainly of the plasma lipid profile), as well as long-term glycaemic control and insulin resistance. Most observational data show that elevated/increased dietary intake or tissue levels of LA is associated with a reduced incidence of cardiovascular diseases (mainly coronary artery diseases) and of new onset metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes. The effects of LA (or n-6 PUFA) in other physio-pathological areas are less clear. High quality clinical trials are needed to assess both the actual amplitude and the underlying mechanisms of the health effects related to dietary intake of this essential fatty acid.
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92
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Docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3: Its roles in the structure and function of the brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 79:21-31. [PMID: 31629800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 (DHA) and its metabolites are vital for the structure and functional brain development of the fetus and infants, and also for maintenance of healthy brain function of adults. DHA is thought to be an essential nutrient required throughout the life cycle for the maintenance of overall brain health. The mode of actions of DHA and its derivatives at both cellular and molecular levels in the brain are emerging. DHA is the major prevalent fatty acid in the brain membrane. The brain maintains its fatty acid levels mainly via the uptake of plasma free fatty acids. Therefore, circulating plasma DHA is significantly related to cognitive abilities during ageing and is inversely associated with cognitive decline. The signaling pathways of DHA and its metabolites are involved in neurogenesis, antinociceptive effects, anti-apoptotic effect, synaptic plasticity, Ca2+ homeostasis in brain diseases, and the functioning of nigrostriatal activities. Mechanisms of action of DHA metabolites on various processes in the brain are not yet well known. Epidemiological studies support a link between low habitual intake of DHA and a higher risk of brain disorders. A diet characterized by higher intakes of foods containing high in n-3 fatty acids, and/or lower intake of n-6 fatty acids was strongly associated with a lower Alzheimer's Disease and other brain disorders. Supplementation of DHA improves some behaviors associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior, as well as cognition. Nevertheless, the outcomes of trials with DHA supplementation have been controversial. Many intervention studies with DHA have shown an apparent benefit in brain function. However, clinical trials are needed for definitive conclusions. Dietary deficiency of n-3 fatty acids during fetal development in utero and the postnatal state has detrimental effects on cognitive abilities. Further research in humans is required to assess a variety of clinical outcomes, including quality of life and mental status, by supplementation of DHA.
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93
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M U N, Mehar JG, Mudliar SN, Shekh AY. Recent Advances in Microalgal Bioactives for Food, Feed, and Healthcare Products: Commercial Potential, Market Space, and Sustainability. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1882-1897. [PMID: 33336956 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To combat food scarcity as well as to ensure nutritional food supply for sustainable living of increasing population, microalgae are considered as innovative sources for adequate nutrition. Currently, the dried biomass, various carotenoids, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, omega fatty acids, and enzymes are being used as food additives, food coloring agents, and food supplements. Apart from nutritional importance, microalgae are finding the place in the market as "functional foods." When compared to the total market size of food and feed products derived from all the possible sources, the market portfolio of microalgae-based products is still smaller, but increasing steadily. On the other hand, the genetic modification of microalgae for enhanced production of commercially important metabolites holds a great potential. However, the success of commercial application of genetically modified (GM) algae will be defined by their safety to human health and environment. In view of this, the present study attempts to highlight the industrially important microalgal metabolites, their production, and application in food, feed, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. The current and future market trends for microalgal products have been thoroughly discussed. Importantly, the safety pertaining to microalgae cultivation and consumption, and regulatory issues for GM microalgae have also been covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethravathy M U
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, India
| | - Jitendra G Mehar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sandeep N Mudliar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ajam Y Shekh
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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94
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Chappus-McCendie H, Chevalier L, Roberge C, Plourde M. Omega-3 PUFA metabolism and brain modifications during aging. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 94:109662. [PMID: 31152862 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In Canada, 5.5 million (16% of Canadians) adults are >65 years old and projections suggest this number will be approximately 20% of Canadians by 2024. A major concern regarding old age is a decline in health, especially if this entails a loss of self-sufficiency and independence caused by a decline in cognition. The brain contains 60% of fat and is one of the most concentrated organs in long chain omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). During aging, there are physiological modifications in the metabolism of lipids that could also have consequences on brain structure and levels of DHA. This review will hence discuss the physiological modifications in the metabolism of lipids during aging with a focus on long chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and also outline the structural and functional modifications of the brain during aging including brain lipid modifications and its relation to higher levels of DHA and cognition. Therefore, in this review, we outline the importance of collecting more data on the biology of aging since it might highly improve our understanding about what are «normal» modifications occurring during aging and what can become pathological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Chappus-McCendie
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Laurie Chevalier
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Claude Roberge
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke J1H 4C4, Canada.
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95
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Salvador AM, García-Maldonado E, Gallego-Narbón A, Zapatera B, Vaquero MP. Fatty Acid Profile and Cardiometabolic Markers in Relation with Diet Type and Omega-3 Supplementation in Spanish Vegetarians. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071659. [PMID: 31330792 PMCID: PMC6683283 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based diets are becoming increasingly popular, and scientific information concerning the nutritional status in this population is needed. This study determined the fatty acid profile of Spanish lacto-ovo vegetarians (LO-vegetarians) and vegans. Participants were 104 healthy adults, LO-vegetarians (n = 49) and vegans (n = 55). Lifestyle habits and consumption of food and omega-3 supplements were estimated by questionnaires. BMI, blood pressure, and abdominal and body fat were determined. Serum was collected to analyze fatty acids, glucose, lipids, homocysteine, insulin, and leptin. Volunteers were classified according to serum omega-6 to omega-3 (n-6/n-3) ratio into three groups: n-6/n-3 < 10, n-6/n-3 ≥ 10 to 20, and n-6/n-3 > 20. Results showed low cardiovascular risk and high insulin sensitivity with negligible differences between diet types. Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) was the major serum fatty acid, followed by oleic (C18:1n-9) and palmitic (C16:0) acids. In contrast, serum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) were (median, interquartile range) 0.27, 0.18% and 1.59, and 0.93%, respectively. Users of n-3 supplements (<10% of total vegetarians) had significantly higher EPA than non-users, while frequent consumption of flax-seeds was associated with increased α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3). However, neither n-3 supplementation nor food consumption affected DHA levels in this vegetarian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Salvador
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Maldonado
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angélica Gallego-Narbón
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Zapatera
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pilar Vaquero
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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96
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Reduced intestinal FADS1 gene expression and plasma omega-3 fatty acids following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:1280-1288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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97
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Mixed Lipid, Fish Oil, and Soybean Oil Parenteral Lipids Impact Cholestasis, Hepatic Phytosterol, and Lipid Composition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 68:861-867. [PMID: 30889135 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In parenteral nutrition-dependent infants and children, intestinal failure (IF)-associated liver disease (IFALD) remains an important problem. A comparative study was undertaken of parenteral mixed lipid (ML), ω-3 predominant fish oil (FO), and ω-6 predominant soybean oil (SO) emulsions in regards to hepatic phytosterol, neutral lipid, fatty acid (FA) content, and the relationship to cholestasis in piglets. METHODS Neonatal piglets received parenteral nutrition, varying in lipid dose (5 or 10 g· kg · day) and formulation: SO5 (n = 5), SO10 (n = 5), FO5 (n = 5), and ML10 (n = 5). On day 14, liver chemistry, bile flow, histology and neutral lipid staining were assessed. Hepatic triglyceride FA content was determined using thin layer and gas chromatography, and phytosterol content was assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS SO groups had higher prevalence of biochemical cholestasis (P < 0.04) and lower bile flow (P < 0.0001). Hepatic campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol were highest in SO10 (P < 0.0001). Hepatic FA (P < 0.03) and ω-6/ω-3 FA ratio (P < 0.0001) were higher in the SO groups. Neutral lipid accumulation (P = 0.3) and liver histology (P = 0.16) were not different between groups. Univariate predictors of bile flow were: campesterol (r = -0.77, P = 0.001), β-sitosterol (r = -0.74, P = 0.002), stigmasterol (r = -0.74, P = 0.002), ω-6 FA (r = -0.72, P = 0.002), and ω-3 FA (r = 0.59, P = 0.02). Only campesterol independently predicted bile flow. CONCLUSIONS ML and FO lipid emulsions reduce cholestasis in association with lowered hepatic phytosterol and lipid content. Lower hepatic phytosterol and ω-6 FA content, and higher ω-3 FA content are hepatoprotective. Multivariate analysis suggests reduced phytosterol accumulation may best explain the hepatoprotective effect of fish oil-containing lipids.
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98
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Angelotti A, Cole RM, Schnell PM, Raatz SK, Belury MA. Evaluation of a Rapid Assessment Questionnaire Using a Biomarker for Dietary Intake of n-3 Fatty Acids. Lipids 2019; 54:321-328. [PMID: 31087416 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
While there is considerable evidence supporting health benefits of consuming diets high in omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids, there is no quick and effective tool to measure n-3 intake. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a rapid assessment questionnaire (the Omega-3 Checklist) used to quantify intake of n-3 fatty acids. This was done by comparing n-3 intakes to blood biomarkers of n-3 exposure in a population of healthy men and women. In addition, a separate analysis was run including covariates age, sex, and weight, which have been shown to affect n-3 biomarker levels. Reported intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docoshexaenoic acid (DHA), and EPA + DHA was correlated with erythrocyte EPA (Spearman's rank correlation rs = 0.51, p < 0.001), DHA (rs = 0.54, p < 0.001), and the Omega-3 Index (rs = 0.57, p < 0.001). These associations remained significant when controlling for age, sex, and weight. Therefore, the Omega-3 Checklist can be a useful, rapid assessment tool to estimate individuals' EPA and DHA intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Angelotti
- OSU Nutrition Interdisciplinary PhD Program, Graduate School, 1787 Neil Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rachel M Cole
- OSU Nutrition Interdisciplinary PhD Program, Graduate School, 1787 Neil Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Patrick M Schnell
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, 1787 Neil Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Susan K Raatz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Martha A Belury
- Program of Human Nutrition, Department of Human Sciences, 1787 Neil Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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99
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Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Wang P, Zhang B, Chen C, Zhang C, Su Y. EPA+DHA, but not ALA, Improved Lipids and Inflammation Status in Hypercholesterolemic Adults: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801157. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneSchool of Public HealthGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510182 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health Guangzhou 511430 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Food Safety and Health Research CenterGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Chaogang Chen
- Department of Clinical NutritionSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510120 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics and EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Yixiang Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
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100
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The role of omega 3 fatty acids in suppressing muscle protein catabolism: A possible therapeutic strategy to reverse cancer cachexia? J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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