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Soto M, diZerega G, Rodgers KE. Countermeasure and therapeutic: A(1-7) to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19 infection. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2020; 21:1470320320972018. [PMID: 33169644 PMCID: PMC7658523 DOI: 10.1177/1470320320972018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic it has become clear that there is a need for therapies that are capable of reducing damage caused to patients from infections. Infections that induce Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) are especially devastating because lung damage is so critical and difficult to manage. Angiotensin (1–7) [A(1–7)] has already been shown to protect pulmonary health and architecture in various models of disease. There is also evidence that A(1–7) can modulate immune function and protect various organs (lung, kidney, and heart) from oxidative damage and inflammation. Here we focus on making a case for the development of novel therapies that target the protective arm of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Soto
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Kathleen E Rodgers
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Dart AB, Wicklow B, Scholey J, Sellers EA, Dyck J, Mahmud F, Sochett E, Hamilton J, Blydt-Hansen T, Burns K. An evaluation of renin-angiotensin system markers in youth with type 2 diabetes and associations with renal outcomes. Pediatr Diabetes 2020; 21:1102-1109. [PMID: 32657529 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Youth with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have high rates of obesity, hypertension and suboptimal glycemic control. We hypothesized that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation is present in youth with T2D and associated with poor glycemic control and renal outcomes. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of 183 youth with T2D and 100 controls from the Improving renal Complications in Adolescents with T2D through REsearch cohort. Diabetes youth stratified by urine albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) < or ≥2 mg/mmol. RAS levels measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme activities by synthetic substrates. In T2D, levels log transformed and Tobit linear regressions evaluated for associations with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), mean arterial pressure (MAP), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), ACR. RESULTS Youth were 14 to 15 years, with diabetes duration 1.7 to 1.8 years; 21.3% albuminuria. Serum: differences in plasma renin activity (<0.0001), and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity (P = .003) in T2D vs controls. Urine: higher ACE activity and ACE2 protein/activity (all P < .0001) in T2D, higher levels in T2D with albuminuria. Multivariable regressions: higher serum ACE activity (ß = 0.03, SE 0.01;P < .01), urine ACE activity (ß = 0.44, SE 0.18;P < .01), ACE2 (ß = 0.51, SE 0.19;P < .01) positively associated with HbA1c; urine angiotensinogen (AGT) negatively associated (ß = -0.28 [SE 0.06;P < .01]). Higher serum aldosterone (ß = 0.11 [SE 0.04;P < .01]) and urine AGT (ß = 0.32 [SE 0.07;P < .01]) significantly associated with ACR and urine ACE2 (ß = 0.21 [SE 0.13;P < .03]). No associations between RAS markers and eGFR/MAP. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION RAS activation present in youth with T2D and associated with higher HbA1c. Higher serum aldosterone and urine AGT associated with albuminuria. The prognostic significance of the combined effect of glycemia and RAS activation on renal outcomes requires additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Dart
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba Research Team, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brandy Wicklow
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba Research Team, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James Scholey
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Sellers
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba Research Team, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Justin Dyck
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Farid Mahmud
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Etienne Sochett
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill Hamilton
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom Blydt-Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Burns
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Ni J, Yang F, Huang X, Meng J, Chen J, Bader M, Penninger JM, Fung E, Yu X, Lan H. Dual deficiency of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and Mas receptor enhances angiotensin II-induced hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13093-13103. [PMID: 32971570 PMCID: PMC7701568 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and Mas receptor are the major components of the ACE2/Ang 1-7/Mas axis and have been shown to play a protective role in hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy individually. However, the effects of dual deficiency of ACE2 and Mas (ACE2/Mas) on Ang II-induced hypertensive nephropathy remain unexplored, which was investigated in this study in a mouse model of hypertension induced in either ACE2 knockout (KO) or Mas KO mice and in double ACE2/Mas KO mice by subcutaneously chronic infusion of Ang II. Compared with wild-type (WT) animals, mice lacking either ACE2 or Mas significantly increased blood pressure over 7-28 days following a chronic Ang II infusion (P < .001), which was further exacerbated in double ACE2/Mas KO mice (P < .001). Furthermore, compared to a single ACE2 or Mas KO mice, mice lacking ACE2/Mas developed more severe renal injury including higher levels of serum creatinine and a further reduction in creatinine clearance, and progressive renal inflammation and fibrosis. Mechanistically, worsen hypertensive nephropathy in double ACE2/Mas KO mice was associated with markedly enhanced AT1-ERK1/2-Smad3 and NF-κB signalling, thereby promoting renal fibrosis and renal inflammation in the hypertensive kidney. In conclusion, ACE2 and Mas play an additive protective role in Ang II-induced hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy. Thus, restoring the ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas axis may represent a novel therapy for hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ni
- Department of Medicine & TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesLui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyShanghai Institute of ImmunologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Fuye Yang
- Department of Medicine & TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesLui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Ru Huang
- Department of Medicine & TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesLui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney DiseasesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory Coronary Heart Disease PreventionGuangdong Cardiovascular InstituteGuangdong Provincial People’s HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinxiu Meng
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney DiseasesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory Coronary Heart Disease PreventionGuangdong Cardiovascular InstituteGuangdong Provincial People’s HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiaoyi Chen
- Department of Medicine & TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesLui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Michael Bader
- Max‐Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz AssociationBerlinGermany
| | - Josef M. Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Erik Fung
- Department of Medicine & TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesLui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Xue‐Qing Yu
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney DiseasesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory Coronary Heart Disease PreventionGuangdong Cardiovascular InstituteGuangdong Provincial People’s HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Hui‐Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine & TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesLui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
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Raupp D, Fernandes RS, Antunes KH, Perin FA, Rigatto K. Impact of angiotensin II type 1 and G-protein-coupled Mas receptor expression on the pulmonary performance of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Peptides 2020; 133:170384. [PMID: 32777324 PMCID: PMC7411382 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe interstitial disease with a mean survival of about 2.5-5 years after diagnosis. Its pathophysiology is still a major challenge for science. It is known that angiotensin II (Ang-II) binds AT1 receptor (AT1R) and its overactivation induces fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. In contrast, activation of the Mas receptor (Mas-R) by angiotensin 1-7 opposes the harmful effects induced by Ang-II. Thus, our innovative objective was to analyze, in patients' lung with IPF, the balance between AT1R and Mas-R expression and their possible association with pulmonary spirometric parameters: forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1%) and forced vital capacity (FVC%). One cubic centimeter of lung tissue was obtained from IPF patients (n = 6) and from patients without IPF (n = 6) who underwent bronchial carcinoma resection. Receptor expression was quantified using western blot. AT1R expression was significantly higher (34 %) in patients with IPF (P = 0.006), whereas Mas-R was significantly less expressed (54 %) in these patients' lungs (P = 0.046). There was also a positive correlation between Mas-R expression and FEV1% (r = 0.62, P = 0.03) and FVC% (r = 0.58, P = 0.05). Conversely, AT1R expression was negatively correlated with FEV1% (r = 0.80, P = 0.002) and FVC% (r = 0.74, P = 0.006). In conclusion, our results demonstrated an increased expression of AT1R and reduced expression of Mas-R in the lung of patients with IPF. The dominance of AT1R expression is associated with reduced lung function, highlighting the role of the renin-angiotensin system peptides in the pathophysiology of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Raupp
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Translacional, Curso de Pós-Graduaçao em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Streck Fernandes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Translacional, Curso de Pós-Graduaçao em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Krist Helen Antunes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica e Experimental da Pontifícia, Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Adélia Perin
- Complexo Hospitalar da Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Katya Rigatto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Translacional, Curso de Pós-Graduaçao em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Maksimowski N, Williams VR, Scholey JW. Kidney ACE2 expression: Implications for chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241534. [PMID: 33125431 PMCID: PMC7598523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is a membrane receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease (COVID-19), whereas transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) is involved in viral attachment. Together, tissue expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 may determine infection. Sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and CKD are clinical risk factors for COVID-19 severity, but the relationships between kidney ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression and these clinical variables are unknown. Accordingly, we obtained renal tubulointerstitial and glomerular microarray expression data and clinical variables from healthy living donors (HLD) and patients with CKD from the European Renal cDNA Bank. ACE2 expression was similar in the tubulointerstitium of the two groups, but greater in females than males in HLD (P = 0.005) and CKD (P < 0.0001). ACE2 expression was lower in glomeruli of CKD patients compared to HLD (P = 0.0002) and lower in males than females. TMPRSS2 expression was similar in the tubulointerstitium but lower in glomeruli of CKD patients compared to HLD (P < 0.0001). There was a strong relationship between ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in the glomerulus (r = 0.51, P < 0.0001). In CKD, there was a relationship between tubulointerstitial ACE2 expression and estimated glomerular filtration rate (r = 0.36, P < 0.0001) and age (r = -0.17, P = 0.03), but no relationship with BMI. There were no relationships between TMPRSS2 expression and clinical variables. Genes involved in inflammation (CCL2, IL6, and TNF) and fibrosis (COL1A1, TGFB1, and FN1) were inversely correlated with ACE2 expression. In summary, kidney expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 differs in HLD and CKD. ACE2 is related to sex and eGFR. ACE2 is also associated with expression of genes implicated in inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa R. Williams
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - James W. Scholey
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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56
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Savoia C, Arrabito E, Parente R, Nicoletti C, Madaro L, Battistoni A, Filippini A, Steckelings UM, Touyz RM, Volpe M. Mas Receptor Activation Contributes to the Improvement of Nitric Oxide Bioavailability and Vascular Remodeling During Chronic AT1R (Angiotensin Type-1 Receptor) Blockade in Experimental Hypertension. Hypertension 2020; 76:1753-1761. [PMID: 33070664 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin (1-7) production increases during AT1R (angiotensin type-1 receptor) blockade. The contribution of Ang (1-7) (angiotensin [1-7]) and its receptor (MasR) to the favorable effect of angiotensin receptor blockers on remodeling and function of resistance arteries remains unclear. We sought to determine whether MasR contributes to the improvement of vascular structure and function during chronic AT1R blockade. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated with Ang (1-7) or olmesartan ± MasR antagonist A-779, or vehicle, for 14 days. Blood pressure was measured by tail cuff methodology. Mesenteric arteries were dissected and mounted on a pressurized micromyograph to evaluate media-to-lumen ratio (M/L) and endothelial function. Expression of MasR and eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) was evaluated by immunoblotting, plasma nitrate by colorimetric assay, and reactive oxygen species production by dihydroethidium staining. Independently of blood pressure, olmesartan significantly reduced M/L and improved NO bioavailability, A-779 prevented these effects. Likewise, Ang (1-7) significantly reduced M/L and NO bioavailability. MasR expression was significantly increased by Ang (1-7) as well as by olmesartan, and it was blunted in the presence of A-779. Both Ang (1-7) and olmesartan increased eNOS expression and plasma nitrite which were reduced by A-779. Superoxide generation was attenuated by olmesartan and Ang (1-7) and was blunted in the presence of A-779. These MasR-mediated actions were independent of AT2R activation since olmesartan and Ang (1-7) increased MasR expression and reduced M/L in Ang II (angiotensin II)-infused AT2R knockout mice, independently of blood pressure control. A-779 prevented these effects. Hence, MasR activation may contribute to the favorable effects of AT1R antagonism on NO bioavailability and microvascular remodeling, independently of AT2R activation and blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Savoia
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital (C.S., E.A., R.P., A.B., M.V.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,DAHFMO-Section of Histology and Medical Embryology (C.N., L.M., A.F.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Arrabito
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital (C.S., E.A., R.P., A.B., M.V.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Parente
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital (C.S., E.A., R.P., A.B., M.V.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luca Madaro
- DAHFMO-Section of Histology and Medical Embryology (C.N., L.M., A.F.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Allegra Battistoni
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital (C.S., E.A., R.P., A.B., M.V.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippini
- DAHFMO-Section of Histology and Medical Embryology (C.N., L.M., A.F.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Ulrike M Steckelings
- IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.)
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.)
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital (C.S., E.A., R.P., A.B., M.V.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,IRCSS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (M.V.)
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Valenzuela R, Costa-Besada MA, Villar-Cheda B, Rodriguez-Perez AI. The intracellular renin-angiotensin system: Friend or foe. Some light from the dopaminergic neurons. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101919. [PMID: 33039415 PMCID: PMC7543790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the oldest hormone systems in vertebrate phylogeny. RAS was initially related to regulation of blood pressure and sodium and water homeostasis. However, local or paracrine RAS were later identified in many tissues, including brain, and play a major role in their physiology and pathophysiology. In addition, a major component, ACE2, is the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Overactivation of tissue RAS leads several oxidative stress and inflammatory processes involved in aging-related degenerative changes. In addition, a third level of RAS, the intracellular or intracrine RAS (iRAS), with still unclear functions, has been observed. The possible interaction between the intracellular and extracellular RAS, and particularly the possible deleterious or beneficial effects of the iRAS activation are controversial. The dopaminergic system is particularly interesting to investigate the RAS as important functional interactions between dopamine and RAS have been observed in the brain and several peripheral tissues. Our recent observations in mitochondria and nucleus of dopaminergic neurons may clarify the role of the iRAS. This may be important for the developing of new therapeutic strategies, since the effects on both extracellular and intracellular RAS must be taken into account, and perhaps better understanding of COVID-19 cell mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rita Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A Costa-Besada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Villar-Cheda
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
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Activation of angiotensin II type-2 receptor protects against cigarette smoke-induced COPD. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105223. [PMID: 33017650 PMCID: PMC7530556 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death globally. Cumulative evidence has implicated renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis of COPD. This study aimed to investigate potential protective effects of angiotensin II type-2 receptor (AT2R) activation in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced COPD models. Compound 21 (C21), a selective and potent non-peptide small molecule AT2R agonist, was evaluated for anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-remodeling activities in a two-week (acute) and an eight-week (chronic) CS-induced COPD models. C21 inhibited CS-induced increases in macrophage and neutrophil counts, pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative damage markers in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and TGF-β1 in lung tissues, from COPD models. C21 restored phosphatase activities and reduced phospho-p38 MAPK, phospho-ERK and p65 subunit of NF-κB levels in CS-exposed lung tissues. C21 also suppressed CS-induced increases in α-Sma, Mmp9, Mmp12 and hydroxyproline levels in lung tissues, and neutrophil elastase activity in BAL fluid. C21 modulated RAS in CS-exposed lungs by downregulating Ang II but upregulating Ang-(1–7) and Mas receptor levels. C21 prevented CS-induced emphysema and improved lung functions in chronic COPD model. We report here for the first time the protective effects of AT2R agonist C21 against CS-induced COPD, and provide strong evidence for further development of AT2R agonist for the treatment of COPD.
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Nardo AE, Suárez S, Quiroga AV, Añón MC. Amaranth as a Source of Antihypertensive Peptides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:578631. [PMID: 33101347 PMCID: PMC7546275 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.578631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Amaranth is an ancestral crop used by pre-Columbian cultures for 6000 to 8000 years. Its grains have a relevant chemical composition not only from a nutritional point of view but also due to the contribution of components with good techno-functional properties and important potential as bioactive compounds. Numerous studies have shown that amaranth storage proteins possess encrypted sequences that, once released, exhibit different physiological activities. One of the most studied is antihypertensive activity. This review summarizes the progress made over the last years (2008-2020) related to this topic. Studies related to inhibition of different enzymes of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system, in particular Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Renin, as well as those referring to potential modulation mechanisms of tissue or local Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system, are analyzed, including in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assays. Furthermore, the potential use of these bioactive peptides or products containing them, in the elaboration of functional food matrices is discussed. Finally, the most relevant conclusions and future requirements in research and development of food products are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María Cristina Añón
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-PBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET- CCT La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
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60
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Behl T, Kaur I, Bungau S, Kumar A, Uddin MS, Kumar C, Pal G, Sahil, Shrivastava K, Zengin G, Arora S. The dual impact of ACE2 in COVID-19 and ironical actions in geriatrics and pediatrics with possible therapeutic solutions. Life Sci 2020; 257:118075. [PMID: 32653522 PMCID: PMC7347488 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel corona virus disease has shaken the entire world with its deadly effects and rapid transmission rates, posing a significant challenge to the healthcare authorities to develop suitable therapeutic solution to save lives on earth. The review aims to grab the attention of the researchers all over the globe, towards the role of ACE2 in COVID-19 disease. ACE2 serves as a molecular target for the SARS-CoV-2, to enter the target cell, by interacting with the viral glycoprotein spikes. However, the complexity began when numerous studies identified the protective response of ACE2 in abbreviating the harmful effects of vasoconstrictor, anti-inflammatory peptide, angiotensin 2, by mediating its conversion to angiotensin-(1-7), which exercised antagonistic actions to angiotensin 2. Furthermore, certain investigations revealed greater resistance among children as compared to the geriatrics, towards COVID-19 infection, despite the elevated expression of ACE2 in pediatric population. Based upon such evidences, the review demonstrated possible therapeutic interventions, targeting both the protective and deleterious effects of ACE2 in COVID-19 disease, primarily inhibiting ACE2-virus interactions or administering soluble ACE2. Thus, the authors aim to provide an opportunity for the researchers to consider RAAS system to be a significant element in development of suitable treatment regime for COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India.
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania.
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, 1213 Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chanchal Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Giridhari Pal
- Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 Delhi, India
| | - Sahil
- Department of Computer Science, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kamal Shrivastava
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
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Rukavina Mikusic NL, Silva MG, Pineda AM, Gironacci MM. Angiotensin Receptors Heterodimerization and Trafficking: How Much Do They Influence Their Biological Function? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1179. [PMID: 32848782 PMCID: PMC7417933 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targets for around one third of currently approved and clinical prescribed drugs and represent the largest and most structurally diverse family of transmembrane signaling proteins, with almost 1000 members identified in the human genome. Upon agonist stimulation, GPCRs are internalized and trafficked inside the cell: they may be targeted to different organelles, recycled back to the plasma membrane or be degraded. Once inside the cell, the receptors may initiate other signaling pathways leading to different biological responses. GPCRs’ biological function may also be influenced by interaction with other receptors. Thus, the ultimate cellular response may depend not only on the activation of the receptor from the cell membrane, but also from receptor trafficking and/or the interaction with other receptors. This review is focused on angiotensin receptors and how their biological function is influenced by trafficking and interaction with others receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Rukavina Mikusic
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauro G Silva
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angélica M Pineda
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela M Gironacci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kenarkoohi A, Maleki M, Safari T, Kafashian M, Saljoughi F, Sohrabipour S. Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 roles in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Curr Hypertens Rev 2020; 17:207-216. [PMID: 32778033 DOI: 10.2174/1573402116666200810134702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The new pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes a wide range of clinical consequences, from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory failure and it is very heterogeneous. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well recognized as a key regulating system in circulatory homeostasis that play prominent roles in pathophysiological processes in abnormal activation for instance renal and cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and stroke. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE2) as a component of the RAS system. However, unlike the ACE, its activity is not inhibited by the ACE inhibitors. The major product of ACE2 is Ang1-7, known as a vasodilator peptide and part of the depressant arm of the RAS. There are two form of ACE2. Coronavirus cover with some proteins in order to help viral attachment to the cell membrane ACE2 as a receptor and then fuse and enter the cells. ACE2 was expressed in oral Cavity, salivary glands of the mouth, esophagus, myocardial cells, kidney, and enterocytes, along all the respiratory tract, intestine, and blood vessels. In this article, we explain the renin-angiotensin system and its components. Also, we shortly explain the organs involved in COVID-19 disease and we will talk about the possible causes of damage to these organs. We also reviewed the probable mechanism of using ACE2 in viral attachment and the probable treatment processes will also be discussed based on the surface proteins of the virus and ACE2. In addition, we briefly discuss the anti-angiotensin drugs and why patients with chronic disease are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection and show worse progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Kenarkoohi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam. Iran
| | - Maryam Maleki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam. Iran
| | - Tahereh Safari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan. Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Kafashian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam. Iran
| | - Fateme Saljoughi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas. Iran
| | - Shahla Sohrabipour
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas. Iran
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Jing Y, Run-Qian L, Hao-Ran W, Hao-Ran C, Ya-Bin L, Yang G, Fei C. Potential influence of COVID-19/ACE2 on the female reproductive system. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 26:367-373. [PMID: 32365180 PMCID: PMC7239105 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) appeared in December 2019 and then spread throughout the world rapidly. The virus invades the target cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 and modulates the expression of ACE2 in host cells. ACE2, a pivotal component of the renin-angiotensin system, exerts its physiological functions by modulating the levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1-7). We reviewed the literature that reported the distribution and function of ACE2 in the female reproductive system, hoping to clarify the potential harm of 2019-nCoV to female fertility. The available evidence suggests that ACE2 is widely expressed in the ovary, uterus, vagina and placenta. Therefore, we believe that apart from droplets and contact transmission, the possibility of mother-to-child and sexual transmission also exists. Ang II, ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) regulate follicle development and ovulation, modulate luteal angiogenesis and degeneration, and also influence the regular changes in endometrial tissue and embryo development. Taking these functions into account, 2019-nCoV may disturb the female reproductive functions through regulating ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jing
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Li Run-Qian
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Wang Hao-Ran
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Chen Hao-Ran
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Liu Ya-Bin
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Gao Yang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Chen Fei
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
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Drugs acting on renin angiotensin system and use in ill patients with COVID-19. Therapie 2020; 75:319-325. [PMID: 32553503 PMCID: PMC7238972 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Some concerns about the prescription of drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system (angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) inhibitors, ACEi; angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers, ARB) have emerged due to SARS COV2 and COVID-19 pandemic. These very legitimate questions are directly the consequence of the recent recognition of the fundamental role of ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) in COVID-19 infection. Indeed, SARS COV2 utilizes ACE2 as a membrane receptor to enter target cells. Consequently, the putative impact of drugs modulating the renin-angiotensin system on the risk of developing severe or fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome in case of COVID-19 infection emerged. As a membrane-bound enzyme (carboxypeptidase), ACE2 inactivates angiotensin II and therefore physiologically counters its effects. Due to a different structure compared with ACE1, ACE2 is insensitive to ACEIs. In vitro, both ARBs and ACEi appear able to upregulate ACE2 tissue expression and activity but these results were not confirmed in Humans. The exact impact of both ARBs and ACEis on COVID-19 infection is definitively known and preliminary results are even in favor of a protective role confers by these drugs. Due to the crucial role of ACE2, some groups support the hypothesis that a modulation of ACE2 expression could represent a valuable therapeutic target could confer protective properties against inflammatory tissue damage in COVID-19 infection. So, studies are currently ongoing to test the impact of elevated ACE2 membrane expression, administration of ARB and infusion of soluble ACE2. In summary, based on the currently available evidences and as recommended by several medical societies, ACEi or ARB should not be systematically discontinued because to date no safety signal was raised with the use of these drugs.
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Mostafa-Hedeab G. ACE2 as Drug Target of COVID-19 Virus Treatment, Simplified Updated Review. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 9:97-105. [PMID: 32821757 DOI: 10.29252/rbmb.9.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Since its first appearance in December of 2019, regular updates around the world demonstrates that the number of new Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19) cases are increasing rapidly, indicating that not only does COVID-19 exhibit a rapid spread pattern, but human intervention is necessary for its resolution. Up until today (27-5-2020) and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases has surpassed 4.5 million with more than 307, 500 deaths. Almost all countries have been affected by COVID-19, and resultingly, various drug trials have been conducted, however, a targeted treatment remains to be made accessible to the public. Recently, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) has gained some attention for its discovery as a potential attachment target of COVID-19. Methods We reviewed the most recent evidence regarding ACE2 distribution and action, the binding mechanism of COVID-19 and its correlation to cellular injury, ACE2 polymorphisms and its association to fatal COVID-19 and susceptibility and, finally, current ACE2-based pharmacotherapies against COVID-19. Results Blocking the ACE2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) using a specific ligand can prevent COVID-19 from binding, and consequently cellular entry and injury. Comparatively, soluble ACE2, which has a higher affinity to COVID-19, can neutralize COVID-19 without affecting the homeostatic function of naturally occurring ACE2. Lastly, ACE2 mutations and their possible effect on the binding activity of COVID-19 may enable researchers to identify high-risk groups before they become exposed to COVID-19. Conclusion ACE2 represents a promising target to attenuate or prevent COVID-19 associated cellular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Pharmacology department, Medical College, Jouf University, KSA.,Pharmacology department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
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Exner EC, Geurts AM, Hoffmann BR, Casati M, Stodola T, Dsouza NR, Zimmermann M, Lombard JH, Greene AS. Interaction between Mas1 and AT1RA contributes to enhancement of skeletal muscle angiogenesis by angiotensin-(1-7) in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232067. [PMID: 32324784 PMCID: PMC7179868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heptapeptide angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) is protective in the cardiovascular system through its induction of vasodilator production and angiogenesis. Despite acting antagonistically to the effects of elevated, pathophysiological levels of angiotensin II (AngII), recent evidence has identified convergent and beneficial effects of low levels of both Ang-(1-7) and AngII. Previous work identified the AngII receptor type I (AT1R) as a component of the protein complex formed when Ang-(1-7) binds its receptor, Mas1. Importantly, pharmacological blockade of AT1R did not alter the effects of Ang-(1-7). Here, we use a novel mutation of AT1RA in the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat to test the hypothesis that interaction between Mas1 and AT1R contributes to proangiogenic Ang-(1-7) signaling. In a model of hind limb angiogenesis induced by electrical stimulation, we find that the restoration of skeletal muscle angiogenesis in SS rats by Ang-(1-7) infusion is impaired in AT1RA knockout rats. Enhancement of endothelial cell (EC) tube formation capacity by Ang-(1-7) is similarly blunted in AT1RA mutant ECs. Transcriptional changes elicited by Ang-(1-7) in SS rat ECs are altered in AT1RA mutant ECs, and tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomics demonstrate that the protein complex formed upon binding of Ang-(1-7) to Mas1 is altered in AT1RA mutant ECs. Together, these data support the hypothesis that interaction between AT1R and Mas1 contributes to proangiogenic Ang-(1-7) signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin I/metabolism
- Animals
- Electric Stimulation
- Male
- Mass Spectrometry
- Models, Animal
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Mutation
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Proteomics
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Dahl
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Exner
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Aron M. Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Hoffmann
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marc Casati
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Timothy Stodola
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nikita R. Dsouza
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael Zimmermann
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Julian H. Lombard
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Greene
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
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Dang Z, Su S, Jin G, Nan X, Ma L, Li Z, Lu D, Ge R. Tsantan Sumtang attenuated chronic hypoxia-induced right ventricular structure remodeling and fibrosis by equilibrating local ACE-AngII-AT1R/ACE2-Ang1-7-Mas axis in rat. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 250:112470. [PMID: 31862407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tsantan Sumtang, which consists of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill, Myristica fragrans Houtt and Santalum album L, is a traditional and common prescription of Tibetan medicine. Tsantan Sumtang originates from Four Tantra with properties of nourishing heart and has been used as a folk medicine for cardiovascular diseases and heart failure in Qinghai, Tibet and Inner Mongolia. Our previous studies found that Tsantan Sumtang showed beneficial effects on right ventricular structure in hypoxia rats, while the underling mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of Tsantan Sumtang attenuated right ventricular (RV) remodeling and fibrosis of chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (170 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into control group, hypoxia group, and hypoxia + Tsantan Sumtang groups (1.0 g· kg-1·day-1, 1.25 g· kg-1·day-1, 1.5 g ·kg-1·day-1). Rats in the hypoxia group and hypoxia + Tsantan Sumtang groups were maintained in a hypobaric chamber by adjusting the inner pressure and oxygen content to simulate an altitude of 4500 m for 28 days. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), right ventricle hypertrophy index (RVHI), the ratio of RV weight to tibia length (TL) (RV/TL), heart rate (HR) and RV systolic pressure (RVSP) was determined. Histomorphological assay of RV structure was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. RV tissue fibrosis was assessed by collagen proportion area (CPA), collagen I, collagen III and hydroxyproline content. CPA was obtained by picro-sirius red staining (PSR). The expression of collagen I and collagen III were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The hydroxyproline content was detected by alkaline hydrolysis. In addition, the level of angiotensin II (AngII) and angiotensin 1-7 (Ang1-7) in RV tissue was tested by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Protein expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), AngII, AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Mas receptor (Mas) were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. mRNA level of ACE, AT1R, ACE2, Mas were tested by qPCR. The chemical profile of Tsantan Sumtang was revealed by UHPLC-Q-Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass analysis. RESULTS Our results showed that RVHI, RV/TL and RVSP were significantly increased in HPAH rat. Furthermore, levels of collagen I, collagen III and hydroxyproline were up-regulated in RV tissue under hypoxia. We found that RV hypertrophy and fibrosis were associated with increased expression of ACE, AngII, AT1R as well as decreased expression of ACE2, Ang1-7 and Mas. RV remodeling and fibrosis were attenuated after Tsantan Sumtang administration by up-regulating ACE2 and Mas level as well as down-regulating ACE, AngII and AT1R levels in RV tissue. 35 constituents in Tsantan Sumtang were identified. CONCLUSION Tsantan Sumtang attenuated RV remodeling and fibrosis in rat exposed to chronic hypoxia. The pharmacological effect of Tsantan Sumtang was based on equilibrating ACE-AngII-AT1R and ACE2-Ang1-7-Mas axis of RV tissue in HPAH rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhancui Dang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, 810001, China; Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Shanshan Su
- Technical Center of Xining Customs District, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research in Qinghai Province, Xining, 810003, China
| | - Guoen Jin
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, 810001, China
| | - Xingmei Nan
- Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, 810001, China
| | - Zhanqiang Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, 810001, China.
| | - Dianxiang Lu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, 810001, China.
| | - Rili Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, 810001, China.
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Abstract
The active hormone of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin II (Ang II), is involved in several human diseases, driving the development and clinical use of several therapeutic drugs, mostly angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor type I (AT1R) antagonists. However, angiotensin peptides can also bind to receptors different from AT1R, in particular, angiotensin receptor type II (AT2R), resulting in biological and physiological effects different, and sometimes antagonistic, of their binding to AT1R. In the present Perspective, the components of the RAS and the therapeutic tools developed to control it will be reviewed. In particular, the characteristics of AT2R and tools to modulate its functions will be discussed. Agonists or antagonists to AT2R are potential therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases, for agonists, and in the control of pain, for antagonists, respectively. However, controlling their binding properties and their targeting to the target tissues must be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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The Vasoactive Mas Receptor in Essential Hypertension. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010267. [PMID: 31963731 PMCID: PMC7019597 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) has been studied extensively, and with the inclusion of novel components, it has become evident that the system is much more complex than originally anticipated. According to current knowledge, there are two main axes of the RAAS, which counteract each other in terms of vascular control: The classical vasoconstrictive axis, renin/angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin II/angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), and the opposing vasorelaxant axis, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor (MasR). An abnormal activity within the system constitutes a hallmark in hypertension, which is a global health problem that predisposes cardiovascular and renal morbidities. In particular, essential hypertension predominates in the hypertensive population of more than 1.3 billion humans worldwide, and yet, the pathophysiology behind this multifactorial condition needs clarification. While commonly applied pharmacological strategies target the classical axis of the RAAS, discovery of the vasoprotective effects of the opposing, vasorelaxant axis has presented encouraging experimental evidence for a new potential direction in RAAS-targeted therapy based on the G protein-coupled MasR. In addition, the endogenous MasR agonist angiotensin-(1-7), peptide analogues, and related molecules have become the subject of recent studies within this field. Nevertheless, the clinical potential of MasR remains unclear due to indications of physiological-biased activities of the RAAS and interacting signaling pathways.
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70
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Kuipers A, Moll GN, Levy A, Krakovsky M, Franklin R. Cyclic angiotensin-(1-7) contributes to rehabilitation of animal performance in a rat model of cerebral stroke. Peptides 2020; 123:170193. [PMID: 31704212 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptidase-resistant, lanthionine-stabilized angiotensin-(1-7), termed cAng-(1-7), has shown therapeutic efficacy in animal models of cardiovascular, metabolic, kidney and pulmonary disease. Goal of the present study was testing the capacity of subcutaneously administered cAng-(1-7) to induce rehabilitation of animal performance in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model of cerebral stroke. 24 h after ischemic stroke induction, cAng-(1-7) was administered for 28 days at a dose of 500 μg/kg/day, either daily via subcutaneous injection or continuously via an alzet pump. Both ways of administration of cAng-(1-7) were equally effective. Measurements were continued until day 50. Compared to vehicle, cAng-(1-7) clearly demonstrated significantly increased capillary density (p < 0.01) in the affected hemisphere and improved motor and somatosensory functioning. The modified neurological severity score (p < 0.001 at days 15 and 50), stepping test (p < 0.001 at days 36-50), forelimb placement test (p < 0.001 at day 50), body swing test (p < 0.001 at days 43 and 50) all demonstrated that cAng-(1-7) caused significantly improved animal performance. Taken together the data convincingly indicate rehabilitating capacity of subcutaneously injected cAng-(1-7) in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Kuipers
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gert N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Aharon Levy
- Pharmaseed Ltd, Hamazmera St 9, Ness-Ziona, 74047, Israel.
| | | | - Rick Franklin
- Constant Therapeutics LLC, C/O Casner & Edwards, 303 Congress St, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
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Activation of the Protective Arm of the Renin Angiotensin System in Demyelinating Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:249-263. [PMID: 31828731 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS), which is classically known for blood pressure regulation, has functions beyond this. There are two axes of RAS that work to counterbalance each other and are active throughout the body, including the CNS. The pathological axis, consisting of angiotensin II (A1-8), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), is upregulated in many CNS diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the CNS characterized by inflammation, demyelination and axonal degeneration. Published research has described increased expression of AT1R and ACE in tissues from MS patients and in animal models of MS such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In contrast to the pathological axis, little is known about the protective axes of RAS in MS and EAE. In other neurological conditions the protective axis, which includes A1-7, ACE2, angiotensin II type 2 receptor and Mas receptor, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, regenerative and neuroprotective effects. Here we show, for the first time, changes in the protective arm of RAS in both EAE and MS CNS tissue. We observed a significant increase in expression of the protective arm during stages of disease stabilization in EAE, and in MS tissue showing evidence of remyelination. These data provide evidence that the protective arm of RAS, through both ligand and receptor expression, is associated with reductions in the pathological processes that occur in the earlier stages of MS and EAE, possibly slowing the neurodegenerative process and enhancing neural repair. Graphical Abstract.
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Effects of Angiotensin-(1-7) and Angiotensin II on Acetylcholine-Induced Vascular Relaxation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6512485. [PMID: 31827689 PMCID: PMC6886389 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6512485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction of small arteries occurs in patients with hypertension and in various hypertensive models. Endothelial function is usually evaluated by the degree of acetylcholine- (ACh-) induced vascular relaxation. Our previous study has found that compared to Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), ACh-induced vasodilatation was attenuated significantly in the mesenteric artery (MA), coronary artery (CA), and pulmonary artery (PA) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). This study investigated the influence of angiotensin- (Ang-) (1-7) and Ang II on blood pressure and ACh-induced vascular relaxation, as well as their interactive roles and downstream signal pathways in SHR and WKY. Intravenous injection of Ang II significantly increased, while Ang-(1-7) decreased the mean arterial pressure (MAP) in SHR. Ang-(1-7) improved ACh-induced relaxation in the MA, CA, and PA of SHR, while Ang II further attenuated it, which were inhibited by pretreatment with Mas receptor antagonist A-779 or AT1 receptor antagonist losartan, respectively. Ang-(1-7) decreased the basal arterial tension, and Ang II induced great vasoconstriction in SHR. Pretreatment with Ang-(1-7) inhibited the Ang II-induced pressor response, vasoconstriction, and the effects on ACh-induced relaxation in SHR. AT1 receptor expression was higher, while nitric oxide (NO), cGMP, and protein kinase G (PKG) levels of arteries were lower in SHR than in WKY. Ang II decreased, while Ang-(1-7) increased, the levels of NO, cGMP, and PKG of arteries. In addition, pretreatment with Ang-(1-7) inhibited the Ang II-induced reduction of NO, cGMP, and PKG in SHR. These results indicate that the activation of the Mas receptor by Ang-(1-7) can improve endothelial function and decrease MAP in SHR and inhibit the deteriorative effect of Ang II on endothelial function through the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway.
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Shao Z, Schuster A, Borowski AG, Thakur A, Li L, Wilson Tang WH. Soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2 levels in chronic heart failure is associated with decreased exercise capacity and increased oxidative stress-mediated endothelial dysfunction. Transl Res 2019; 212:80-88. [PMID: 31323221 PMCID: PMC6755052 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between serum soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (sACE2), parameters of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a marker of oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction. This has not been previously evaluated. We assessed 50 consecutive ambulatory patients with chronic systolic heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤45%. Their blood samples were collected for sACE2 and ADMA tests before they underwent symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing and transthoracic echocardiography. The majority of our study subjects had New York Heart Association functional class II (74%) and III (18%) presentation, and 42% of patients had ischemic etiology. Median sACE2 activity was 10.36 (7.00-14.47) ng/mL and mean ADMA was 0.90 ± 0.22. sACE2 activity was inversely correlated with pVO2 (r = -0.42, P = 0.00283), exercise time (r = -0.35, P = 0.0138) and LVEF (r = -0.548, P < 0.001), and positively correlated with VE/VCO2 slope (r = 0.294, P = 0.0405), ΔDBP (r = 0.315, P = 0.0278), mitral E/Ea ratio (r = 0.442, P = 0.00158) and ADMA levels (r = 0.351, P = 0.0134). Meanwhile, we observed a negative correlation between ADMA and pVO2 (r = -0.424, P = 0.00227) and positive correlations between ADMA and VE/VCO2 slope (r = 0.515, P < 0.001), ΔDBP (r = 0.391, P = 0.00568), mitral E/Ea ratio (r = 0.426, P = 0.00219). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, sACE2 was independently associated with peak oxygen uptake (% predicted) after adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and mitral E/Ea ratio (odds ratio [OR] 0.81 (0.58-0.94), P = 0.041) and associated with oxygen pulse (VO2/HR) (%) after adjusting for age, gender, BMI and mitral E/Ea ratio (OR 0.83 [0.68-0.95], P = 0.025). Therefore in stable chronic systolic heart failure patients, higher sACE2 activity is independently associated with diminished exercise capacity and correlates with elevated systemic oxidative stress-mediated endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Shao
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Allen G Borowski
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Akanksha Thakur
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wai Hong Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Arendse LB, Danser AHJ, Poglitsch M, Touyz RM, Burnett JC, Llorens-Cortes C, Ehlers MR, Sturrock ED. Novel Therapeutic Approaches Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System and Associated Peptides in Hypertension and Heart Failure. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:539-570. [PMID: 31537750 PMCID: PMC6782023 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.017129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers, current therapies for hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases are still inadequate. Identification of additional components of the RAS and associated vasoactive pathways, as well as new structural and functional insights into established targets, have led to novel therapeutic approaches with the potential to provide improved cardiovascular protection and better blood pressure control and/or reduced adverse side effects. The simultaneous modulation of several neurohumoral mediators in key interconnected blood pressure-regulating pathways has been an attractive approach to improve treatment efficacy, and several novel approaches involve combination therapy or dual-acting agents. In addition, increased understanding of the complexity of the RAS has led to novel approaches aimed at upregulating the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas axis to counter-regulate the harmful effects of the ACE/angiotensin II/angiotensin III/AT1R axis. These advances have opened new avenues for the development of novel drugs targeting the RAS to better treat hypertension and heart failure. Here we focus on new therapies in preclinical and early clinical stages of development, including novel small molecule inhibitors and receptor agonists/antagonists, less conventional strategies such as gene therapy to suppress angiotensinogen at the RNA level, recombinant ACE2 protein, and novel bispecific designer peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Arendse
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Marko Poglitsch
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - John C Burnett
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Mario R Ehlers
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
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Gunarathne LS, Angus PW, Herath CB. Blockade of Mas Receptor or Mas-Related G-Protein Coupled Receptor Type D Reduces Portal Pressure in Cirrhotic but Not in Non-cirrhotic Portal Hypertensive Rats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1169. [PMID: 31607942 PMCID: PMC6761391 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension (PHT) resulting from splanchnic vasodilatation is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in splanchnic vasodilatation in cirrhosis. This study investigated whether acute blockade of the vasodilatory receptors of the alternate RAS, Mas (MasR), Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor type D (MrgD), and angiotensin II type-2 receptor (AT2R) improves PHT in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertensive rats and counteracts systemic hypotension associated with angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade. Cirrhotic bile duct ligated (BDL) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injected and non-cirrhotic partial portal vein ligated (PPVL) rats were used for measurement of portal pressure (PP) and mean arterial pressure before and after an intravenous bolus injection of the MasR, MrgD, and AT2R blockers, A779, D-Pro7-Ang-(1-7) (D-Pro) and PD123319, respectively. Separate groups of rats received a combined treatment with A779 or D-Pro given 20 min after AT1R blocker losartan. Mesenteric expression of MasR, MrgD, and AT2R and circulating levels of peptide blockers were also measured. Treatment with A779 and D-Pro significantly reduced PP in cirrhotic rat models. Despite rapid degradation of A779 and D-Pro in the rat circulation, the PP lowering effect of the blockers lasted for up to 25 min. We also found that PD123319 reduced PP in CCl4 rats, possibly by blocking the MasR and/or MrgD since AT2R expression in cirrhotic mesenteric vessels was undetectable, whereas the expression of MasR and MrgD was markedly elevated. While losartan resulted in a marked reduction in PP, its profound systemic hypotensive effect was not counteracted by the combination therapy with A779 or D-Pro. In marked contrast, none of the receptor blockers had any effect on PP in non-cirrhotic PPVL rats whose mesenteric expression of MasR and MrgD was unchanged. We conclude that in addition to MasR, MrgD, a newly discovered receptor for Angiotensin-(1-7), plays a key role in splanchnic vasodilatation in cirrhosis. This implies that both MasR and MrgD are potential therapeutic targets to treat PHT in cirrhotic patients. We also conclude that the alternate RAS may not contribute to the development of splanchnic vasodilatation in non-cirrhotic PHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmie S Gunarathne
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter W Angus
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chandana B Herath
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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76
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Verma A, Zhu P, de Kloet A, Krause E, Sumners C, Li Q. Angiotensin receptor expression revealed by reporter mice and beneficial effects of AT2R agonist in retinal cells. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187:107770. [PMID: 31449794 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a vital role in cardiovascular physiology and body homeostasis. In addition to circulating RAS, a local RAS exists in the retina. Dysfunction of local RAS, resulting in increased levels of Angiotensin II (Ang II) and activation of AT1R-mediated signaling pathways, contributes to tissue pathophysiology and end-organ damage. Activation of AT2R on other hand is known to counteract the effects of AT1R activation and produce anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. We examined the expression of angiotensin receptors in the retina by using transgenic dual reporter mice and by real-time RT-PCR. We further evaluated the effects of C21, a selective agonist of AT2R, in reducing Ang II, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in cultured human ARPE-19 cells. We showed that both AT1Ra and AT2R positive cells are detected in different cell types of the eye, including the RPE/choroid complex, ciliary body/iris, and neural retina. AT1Ra is more abundantly expressed than AT2R in mouse retina, consistent with previous reports. In the neural retina, AT1Ra are also detected in photoreceptors whereas AT2R are mostly expressed in the inner retinal neurons and RGCs. In cultured human RPE cells, activation of AT2R with C21 significantly blocked Ang II, LPS and hydrogen peroxide -induced NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine expression; Ang II and hydrogen peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and MG132-induced apoptosis, comparable to the effects of Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)), another protective component of the RAS, although C21 is more potent in reducing some of the effects induced by Ang II, whereas Ang-(1-7) is more effective in reducing some of the LPS and hydrogen peroxide-induced effects. These results suggest that activation of AT2R may represent a new therapeutic approach for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrisha Verma
- Departments of Ophthalmology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Annette de Kloet
- Physiology & Functional Genomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Eric Krause
- College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Colin Sumners
- Physiology & Functional Genomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Departments of Ophthalmology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is an important component of the cardiovascular system. Mounting evidence suggests that the metabolic products of angiotensin I and II - initially thought to be biologically inactive - have key roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. This non-canonical axis of the renin-angiotensin system consists of angiotensin 1-7, angiotensin 1-9, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the type 2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2R), the proto-oncogene Mas receptor and the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D. Each of these components has been shown to counteract the effects of the classical renin-angiotensin system. This counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system has a central role in the pathogenesis and development of various cardiovascular diseases and, therefore, represents a potential therapeutic target. In this Review, we provide the latest insights into the complexity and interplay of the components of the non-canonical renin-angiotensin system, and discuss the function and therapeutic potential of targeting this system to treat cardiovascular disease.
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78
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Lund B, Stone R, Levy A, Lee S, Amundson E, Kashani N, Rodgers K, Kelland E. Reduced disease severity following therapeutic treatment with angiotensin 1–7 in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies confirm that hypertensive patients respond differently to renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibition depending on their gender. The aim of present work is to focus on sex-dependent differences in RAS regulation under conditions of increased salt intake. METHOD To investigate RAS, we measured the expression of angiotensinogen (Agt) mRNA, angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) mRNA and mitochondria assembly receptor (MasR) in the liver of rats under control conditions and after feeding with a salt diet (2% NaCl). In parallel, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) mRNA was analyzed. RESULTS Regression analysis revealed sex-dependent differences in the correlation between mRNA expression of AT1 and that of Agt, MasR and VEGF-A in both groups. There was a significant negative correlation between AT1 and Agt mRNA expression in the male control group, but this correlation disappeared in males exposed to a salt diet. In females, AT1 and Agt expression correlated only in the group exposed to the salt diet. In control males, there was a borderline trend to correlation between AT1 and MasR mRNA expression. The correlation between AT1 and VEGF-A mRNA expression was significant only in the control females, however, after exposure to a salt diet, this correlation diminished. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that RAS components expression is compensated differently in males and females. The observed loss of compensatory relationships in RAS between AT1 and Agt and AT1 and MasR in male rats under a salt diet can contribute to the differences observed in human with hypertension associated with an unhealthy diet.
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Zhang T, Tang N, Xi D, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Wang L, Tang Y, Zhang X, Zhong H, He F. Calcimimetic R568 improved cardiac remodeling by classic and novel renin-angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:789-801. [PMID: 31159562 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219854325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One major cause of cardiac mortality is heart disease caused by hypertension. The formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is inhibited by calcium-sensitive receptor (CaSR) activation which increases intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and suppresses renin release. As we know, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is closely related to development of essential hypertension (EH). Therefore, we focused on exploring the roles of NPSR568 (R568)-activated CaSR in cardiac remodeling of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), as well as the activity of classic and novel RAS. Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) and SHRs were treated by R568 for four and eight weeks, respectively, and their blood pressure (BP), echocardiographic values, heart-to-body weight ratio (HW/BW%), and left ventricle-to-body weight ratio (LVW/BW%) were evaluated. Then Masson’s trichrome staining and hematoxylin and eosin staining as well as RT-qPCR analysis of β-isoform of myosin heavy chain and brain natriuretic peptide mRNA expression were performed. A Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and analysis of apoptosis marker proteins were used to assess the extent of myocardial apoptosis. The CaSR expression and the activity of classic and novel RAS were examined by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The present study revealed that the development of hypertension was accompanied by increased BP, apoptosis, hypertrophy, and fibrosis, along with decreased expression of CaSR, decreased novel RAS, and increased classic RAS in myocardial tissues. R568 administration for four and eight weeks reduced BP and myocardial remodeling and reversed the low expression of CaSR; moreover, classic RAS was suppressed and novel RAS was activated in the myocardium. Taken together, these data indicate that R568 may effectively inhibit EH myocardial remodeling by inhibiting classic RAS and activating novel RAS in SHRs. Impact statement Our study reveals that low calcium-sensitive receptor (CaSR) expression is associated with the occurrence and development of essential hypertension-mediated myocardial remodeling. The activation of CaSR can reverse adverse myocardia remodeling by inhibiting local classical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and activating novel RAS in cardiac tissues. CaSR is closely related to many cardiovascular diseases, but its specific mechanism remains not to be elucidated. To date, CaSR has not been investigated with regard to cardiovascular treatment; however, given the important relationship between CaSR and cardiovascular disease, CaSR regulators can be potential drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- 1 Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Tang
- 1 Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Xi
- 1 Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- 1 Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmin Liu
- 1 Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Lamei Wang
- 2 Centre of Medical Functional Experiments, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tang
- 3 Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoni Zhang
- 4 Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China and Department of Emergency and critical care medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University
| | - Hua Zhong
- 1 Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang He
- 1 Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, People's Republic of China
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Romero A, San Hipólito‐Luengo Á, Villalobos LA, Vallejo S, Valencia I, Michalska P, Pajuelo‐Lozano N, Sánchez‐Pérez I, León R, Bartha JL, Sanz MJ, Erusalimsky JD, Sánchez‐Ferrer CF, Romacho T, Peiró C. The angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis protects from endothelial cell senescence via klotho and Nrf2 activation. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12913. [PMID: 30773786 PMCID: PMC6516147 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell senescence is a hallmark of vascular aging that predisposes to vascular disease. We aimed to explore the capacity of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) heptapeptide angiotensin (Ang)‐(1‐7) to counteract human endothelial cell senescence and to identify intracellular pathways mediating its potential protective action. In human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultures, Ang II promoted cell senescence, as revealed by the enhancement in senescence‐associated galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal+) positive staining, total and telomeric DNA damage, adhesion molecule expression, and human mononuclear adhesion to HUVEC monolayers. By activating the G protein‐coupled receptor Mas, Ang‐(1‐7) inhibited the pro‐senescence action of Ang II, but also of a non‐RAS stressor such as the cytokine IL‐1β. Moreover, Ang‐(1‐7) enhanced endothelial klotho levels, while klotho silencing resulted in the loss of the anti‐senescence action of the heptapeptide. Indeed, both Ang‐(1‐7) and recombinant klotho activated the cytoprotective Nrf2/heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) pathway. The HO‐1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin IX prevented the anti‐senescence action evoked by Ang‐(1‐7) or recombinant klotho. Overall, the present study identifies Ang‐(1‐7) as an anti‐senescence peptide displaying its protective action beyond the RAS by consecutively activating klotho and Nrf2/HO‐1. Ang‐(1‐7) mimetic drugs may thus prove useful to prevent endothelial cell senescence and its related vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Romero
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | - Laura A. Villalobos
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Susana Vallejo
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias IdiPAZ Madrid Spain
| | - Inés Valencia
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Patrycja Michalska
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Natalia Pajuelo‐Lozano
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUAM-CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez‐Pérez
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUAM-CSIC Madrid Spain
- CIBER for Rare Diseases Valencia Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Servicio de Farmacología ClínicaInstituto de Investigación SanitariaHospital Universitario de la Princesa Madrid Spain
| | - José Luis Bartha
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias IdiPAZ Madrid Spain
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - María Jesús Sanz
- Department of PharmacologyUniversidad de Valencia Valencia Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVAUniversity Clinic Hospital of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | | | - Carlos F. Sánchez‐Ferrer
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias IdiPAZ Madrid Spain
| | - Tania Romacho
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Concepción Peiró
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias IdiPAZ Madrid Spain
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82
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Soares DDS, Pinto GH, Lopes A, Caetano DSL, Nascimento TG, Andrades ME, Clausell N, Rohde LEP, Leitão SAT, Biolo A. Cardiac hypertrophy in mice submitted to a swimming protocol: influence of training volume and intensity on myocardial renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R776-R782. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00205.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exercise promotes physiological cardiac hypertrophy and activates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays an important role in cardiac physiology, both through the classical axis [angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) activated by angiotensin II (ANG II)] and the alternative axis [proto-oncogene Mas receptor (MASR) activated by angiotensin-(1–7)]. However, very intense exercise could have deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system. We aimed to analyze the cardiac hypertrophy phenotype and the classical and alternative RAS axes in the myocardium of mice submitted to swimming exercises of varying volume and intensity for the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Male Balb/c mice were divided into three groups, sedentary, swimming twice a day without overload (T2), and swimming three times a day with a 2% body weight overload (T3), totaling 6 wk of training. Both training groups developed similar cardiac hypertrophy, but only T3 mice improved their oxidative capacity. We observed that T2 had increased levels of MASR, which was followed by the activation of its main downstream protein AKT; meanwhile, AT1R and its main downstream protein ERK remained unchanged. Furthermore, no change was observed regarding the levels of angiotensin peptides, in either group. In addition, we observed no change in the ratio of expression of the myosin heavy chain β-isoform to that of the α-isoform. Fibrosis was not observed in any of the groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that increasing exercise volume and intensity did not induce a pathological hypertrophy phenotype, but instead improved the oxidative capacity, and this process might have the participation of the RAS alternative axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas dos Santos Soares
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Graziela Hünning Pinto
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lopes
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Sturza Lucas Caetano
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thaiane Gomes Nascimento
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michael E. Andrades
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nadine Clausell
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis E. Paim Rohde
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Santiago Alonso Tobar Leitão
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andreia Biolo
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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83
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bader
- From the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B., N.A.).,Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.).,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin Partner Site (M.B., N.A.).,Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (M.B.).,Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Natalia Alenina
- From the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B., N.A.).,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin Partner Site (M.B., N.A.)
| | - Dallan Young
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Canada (D.Y.)
| | - Robson A S Santos
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (R.A.S.S.)
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.)
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Srivastava P, Badhwar S, Chandran DS, Jaryal AK, Jyotsna VP, Deepak KK. Imbalance between Angiotensin II - Angiotensin (1-7) system is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in type 2 diabetes with newly diagnosed hypertension. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2061-2068. [PMID: 31235137 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Diabetes is associated with Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) activation. Protective role of Angiotensin (1-7) has been recently identified. The study aims to identify associations between imbalance in RAAS components with vascular endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in diabetics with newly diagnosed hypertension. METHODS Brachial Flow-mediated-dilation (FMD), Carotid Intima-media-thickness (CIMT), pulse-wave-velocity (PWV), Serum E-selectin, Vascular-Cell-Adhesion-Molecule-1 (VCAM-1), high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Renin, AngiotensinII, Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Angiotensin1-7 were measured in 60 diabetic patients with newly diagnosed hypertension. Patients with AngiotensinII/Angiotensin1-7 ratio <1 were classified as Favourable-Axis (FA) group (n = 22) and those with ratio >1 were classified as Unfavourable-Axis (UA) group (n = 38). RESULTS hsCRP was higher [9.52 (4.64-16.19) vs 3.62 (1.77-13.09) (mg/l), p = 0.04], IL-10 was lower [2.26 (1.34-12.05) vs 10.98 (4.44-17.78) (pg/ml),p = 0.006], %FMD was lower [(5.51 ± 2.97) vs (7.66 ± 3.38) (%), p = 0.01] and CIMT was higher in UA compared to FA group [0.7 (0.55-0.79) vs 0.51 (0.49-0.65) (mm), p = 0.001]. Renin correlated positively with pressure, PWV, E-selectin and VCAM-1, opposing associations were obtained for Angiotensin1-7 and ACE2. CONCLUSION Imbalance between AngiotensinII - Angiotensin1-7 is associated with increased inflammation and vascular dysfunction in diabetics and can contribute to development of hypertension in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Srivastava
- Autonomic & Vascular Function Lab, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Smriti Badhwar
- Autonomic & Vascular Function Lab, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinu S Chandran
- Autonomic & Vascular Function Lab, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Jaryal
- Autonomic & Vascular Function Lab, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Viveka P Jyotsna
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kishore Kumar Deepak
- Autonomic & Vascular Function Lab, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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85
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Rocha NP, Bastos FM, Vieira ÉL, Prestes TR, Silveira KDD, Teixeira MM, Simões e Silva AC. The protective arm of the renin‐angiotensin system may counteract the intense inflammatory process in fetuses with posterior urethral valves. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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86
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Rocha NP, Bastos FM, Vieira ÉLM, Prestes TRR, Silveira KDD, Teixeira MM, Simões E Silva AC. The protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system may counteract the intense inflammatory process in fetuses with posterior urethral valves. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2019. [PMID: 29534877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posterior urethral valve is the most common lower urinary tract obstruction in male children. A high percentage of patients with posterior urethral valve evolve to end-stage renal disease. Previous studies showed that cytokines, chemokines, and components of the renin-angiotensin system contribute to the renal damage in obstructive uropathies. The authors recently found that urine samples from fetuses with posterior urethral valve have increased levels of inflammatory molecules. The aim of this study was to measure renin-angiotensin system molecules and to investigate their correlation with previously detected inflammatory markers in the same urine samples of fetuses with posterior urethral valve. METHODS Urine samples from 24 fetuses with posterior urethral valve were collected and compared to those from 22 healthy male newborns at the same gestational age (controls). Renin-angiotensin system components levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Fetuses with posterior urethral valve presented increased urinary levels of angiotensin (Ang) I, Ang-(1-7) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in comparison with controls. ACE levels were significantly reduced and Ang II levels were similar in fetuses with posterior urethral valve in comparison with controls. CONCLUSIONS Increased urinary levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and of Ang-(1-7) in fetuses with posterior urethral valve could represent a regulatory response to the intense inflammatory process triggered by posterior urethral valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Bastos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Hospital das Clínicas, Serviço de Medicina Fetal, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Érica L M Vieira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago R R Prestes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Katia D da Silveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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87
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Nehme A, Zouein FA, Zayeri ZD, Zibara K. An Update on the Tissue Renin Angiotensin System and Its Role in Physiology and Pathology. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2019. [PMID: 30934934 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd6020014.pmid:30934934;pmcid:pmc6617132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In its classical view, the renin angiotensin system (RAS) was defined as an endocrinesystem involved in blood pressure regulation and body electrolyte balance. However, the emergingconcept of tissue RAS, along with the discovery of new RAS components, increased thephysiological and clinical relevance of the system. Indeed, RAS has been shown to be expressed invarious tissues where alterations in its expression were shown to be involved in multiple diseasesincluding atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and renal fibrosis. In thischapter, we describe the new components of RAS, their tissue-specific expression, and theiralterations under pathological conditions, which will help achieve more tissue- and conditionspecifictreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nehme
- EA4173, Functional genomics of arterial hypertension, Univeristy Claude Bernard Lyon-1 (UCBL-1),69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Fouad A Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Heart Repair Division, Faculty of Medicine,American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Zeinab Deris Zayeri
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz JundishapurUniversity of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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88
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Nehme A, Zouein FA, Zayeri ZD, Zibara K. An Update on the Tissue Renin Angiotensin System and Its Role in Physiology and Pathology. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2019; 6:jcdd6020014. [PMID: 30934934 PMCID: PMC6617132 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd6020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In its classical view, the renin angiotensin system (RAS) was defined as an endocrine system involved in blood pressure regulation and body electrolyte balance. However, the emerging concept of tissue RAS, along with the discovery of new RAS components, increased the physiological and clinical relevance of the system. Indeed, RAS has been shown to be expressed in various tissues where alterations in its expression were shown to be involved in multiple diseases including atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and renal fibrosis. In this chapter, we describe the new components of RAS, their tissue-specific expression, and their alterations under pathological conditions, which will help achieve more tissue- and condition-specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nehme
- EA4173, Functional genomics of arterial hypertension, Univeristy Claude Bernard Lyon-1 (UCBL-1),69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Fouad A Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Heart Repair Division, Faculty of Medicine,American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Zeinab Deris Zayeri
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz JundishapurUniversity of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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89
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Burghi V, Echeverría EB, Sosa MH, Quiroga DT, Muñoz MC, Davio C, Monczor F, Fernández NC, Dominici FP. Participation of Gα i-Adenylate Cyclase and ERK1/2 in Mas Receptor Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:146. [PMID: 30853914 PMCID: PMC6395383 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The MasR receptor (MasR) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor proposed as a candidate for mediating the angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme 2-Ang-(1–7) protective axis of renin-angiotensin system. This receptor has been suggested to participate in several physiological processes including cardio- and reno-protection and regulation of the central nervous system function. Although the knowledge of the signaling mechanisms associated with MasR is essential for therapeutic purposes, these are still poorly understood. Accordingly, in the current study we aimed to characterize the signaling pathways triggered by the MasR. To do that, we measured cAMP and Ca2+ levels in both naïve and MasR transfected cells in basal conditions and upon incubation with putative MasR ligands. Besides, we evaluated activation of ERK1/2 by Ang-(1–7) in MasR transfected cells. Results indicated the existence of a high degree of MasR constitutive activity toward cAMP modulation. This effect was not mediated by the PDZ-binding motif of the MasR but by receptor coupling to Gαi-adenylyl cyclase signaling pathway. Incubation of MasR transfected cells with Ang-(1–7) or the synthetic ligand AVE 0991 amplified MasR negative modulation of cAMP levels. On the other hand, we provided evidence for lack of MasR-associated modulation of Ca2+ levels by Ang-(1–7). Finally, it was determined that the MasR attenuated Ang-(1–7)-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation mediated by AT1R. We provided further characterization of MasR signaling mechanisms regarding its constitutive activity and response to putative ligands. This information could prove useful to better describe MasR physiological role and development of therapeutic agents that could modulate its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Burghi
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emiliana B Echeverría
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Máximo H Sosa
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego T Quiroga
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina C Muñoz
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Davio
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Monczor
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia C Fernández
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando P Dominici
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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90
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Chen G, Jin X, Zhang L, Niu J, Gu Y. Decreased Ang-(1-7) and Downregulated Intrarenal RAS May Contribute to the Direct Podocyte Injury With Proteinuria in Preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:1146-1157. [PMID: 30595084 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118813200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of proteinuria development in preeclampsia (PE) are still enigmatic. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components may play a role. Maternal serum and urinary concentrations of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], angiotensin II (Ang II), and angiotensinogen in women with PE (n = 14), gestational hypertension (n = 14), and normal pregnancy were quantified. The alteration in these concentrations was used to evaluate their relationships with podocyturia and proteinuria in PE. In addition, the podocytes cultured in vitro were interfered in serum of preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women, with or without Ang-(1-7). The morphologic change in podocyte was observed using a microscope. The changes in podocyte-specific proteins (nephrin, CD2-associated protein [CD2AP]), the cytoskeletal protein F-actin, the tight junction protein (ZO-1), and Mas receptor (MasR) were examined by immunofluorescence. Western blot was used to examine the expression and variation of MasR. We found that the concentrations of RAS components were associated with prepartal urinary podocyte number, random urine albumin/creatinine ratio, blood pressure, and renal function. The expression of nephrin, F-actin, ZO-1, and MasR on podocytes interfered in serum of PE was significantly decreased compared to normal control and normal pregnant serum group in vitro, yet their expression was significantly increased after coculture by 10-6 mol/L Ang-(1-7) and the preeclamptic serum. The expression of CD2AP had no significant difference. We concluded that decreased Ang-(1-7) and downregulated intrarenal RAS contributed to the direct podocyte injury with proteinuria in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Chen
- 1 Division of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,2 Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Jin
- 1 Division of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- 1 Division of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Niu
- 1 Division of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Gu
- 1 Division of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,3 Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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91
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Differential Gene Expression Profile of Renin-Angiotensin System in the Left Atrium in Mitral Regurgitation Patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:6924608. [PMID: 30581499 PMCID: PMC6276386 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6924608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Left atrial enlargement is a mortality and heart failure risk factor in primary mitral regurgitation (MR) patients. Pig models of MR have shown differential expression of genes linked to the renin-angiotensin system. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the key genes of the renin-angiotensin that are expressed differentially in the left atrial myocardium in MR patients. Methods Quantitative RT-PCR was used to compare gene expression in the renin-angiotensin system in the left atrium in MR patients, aortic valve disease patients, and normal subjects. Results Plasma angiotensin II concentrations did not significantly differ between MR patients and aortic valve disease patients (P = 0.582). Compared to normal controls, however, MR patients had significantly downregulated expressions of angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin I converting enzyme 2, type 1 angiotensin II receptor, glutamyl aminopeptidase, angiotensinogen, cathepsin A (CTSA), thimet oligopeptidase 1, neurolysin, alanyl aminopeptidase, cathepsin G, leucyl/cystinyl aminopeptidase (LNPEP), neprilysin, and carboxypeptidase A3 in the left atrium. The MR patients also had significantly upregulated expressions of MAS1 oncogene (MAS1) and mineralocorticoid receptor compared to normal controls. Additionally, in comparison with aortic valve disease patients, MR patients had significantly downregulated CTSA and LNPEP expression and significantly upregulated MAS1 expression in the left atrium. Conclusions Expressions of genes in the renin-angiotensin system, especially CTSA, LNPEP, and MAS1, in the left atrium in MR patients significantly differed from expressions of these genes in aortic valve disease patients and normal controls. Notably, differences in expression were independent of circulating angiotensin II levels. The results of this study provide a rationale for pharmacological therapies or posttranslational regulation therapies targeting genes expressed differentially in the renin-angiotensin system to remedy structural remodeling associated with atrial enlargement and heart failure progression in patients with MR.
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92
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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93
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Huang W, Cao Y, Liu Y, Ping F, Shang J, Zhang Z, Li Y. Activating Mas receptor protects human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells against LPS-induced apoptosis via the NF-kB p65/P53 feedback pathways. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:12865-12875. [PMID: 30537127 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The balance between Ang II/AT1R and Ang-(1-7)/Mas plays a pivotal role in the development of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, the mechanisms underlying the balancing process still remain unclear. Here we investigated the roles of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and p53 in regulating AT1R and Mas expression. The results demonstrated that Ang II pretreatment resulted in downregulation of Mas and upregulation of AT1R, phosphorylated p65, and apoptosis in LPS-treated Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs), but had no effect on p53 expression. Lentiviral vector-mediated P65 knockdown, but not a P53 knockdown, reversed all these effects of Ang II. On the other hand, Ang-(1-7) pretreatment lead to an increased in Mas expression and a decrease in AT1R, p53, and phosphorylated p65 expressions with suppressed apoptosis in LPS-treated cells. P65 knockdown promoted the protein expression of both AT1R and Mas while inhibiting p53 expression. P53 knockdown, but not a p65 knockdown, reversed all these effects of Ang-(1-7). Interestingly, p65 overexpression upregulated p53 and AT1R but downregulated Mas. P53 knockdown activated p65. These results suggest that there is a two-way feedback regulation between AT1R and Mas receptor via the NF-kB p65/P53 pathway, which may play a key role in LPS-induced HPMVECs apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated to The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongmei Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated to The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujing Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated to The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Ping
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated to The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated to The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated to The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchuan Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated to The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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94
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Ohukainen P, Ruskoaho H, Rysa J. Cellular Mechanisms of Valvular Thickening in Early and Intermediate Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2018; 14:264-271. [PMID: 30124158 PMCID: PMC6300797 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x14666180820151325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Calcific aortic valve disease is common in an aging population. It is an ac-tive atheroinflammatory process that has an initial pathophysiology and similar risk factors as athero-sclerosis. However, the ultimate disease phenotypes are markedly different. While coronary heart dis-ease results in rupture-prone plaques, calcific aortic valve disease leads to heavily calcified and ossi-fied valves. Both are initiated by the retention of low-density lipoprotein particles in the subendotheli-al matrix leading to sterile inflammation. In calcific aortic valve disease, the process towards calcifica-tion and ossification is preceded by valvular thickening, which can cause the first clinical symptoms. This is attributable to the accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells and subsequently disturbances in the valvular extracellular matrix. Fibrosis is also increased but the innermost extracellular matrix layer is simultaneously loosened. Ultimately, the pathological changes in the valve cause massive calcifica-tion and bone formation - the main reasons for the loss of valvular function and the subsequent myo-cardial pathology. Conclusion: Calcification may be irreversible, and no drug treatments have been found to be effec-tive, thus it is imperative to emphasize lifestyle prevention of the disease. Here we review the mecha-nisms underpinning the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauli Ohukainen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Ruskoaho
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Rysa
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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95
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Powers SK, Morton AB, Hyatt H, Hinkley MJ. The Renin-Angiotensin System and Skeletal Muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:205-214. [PMID: 30001274 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in the control of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Emerging evidence also reveals that hyperactivity of the RAS contributes to skeletal muscle wasting. This review discusses the key role that the RAS plays in skeletal muscle wasting due to congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and ventilator-induced diaphragmatic wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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96
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Järve A, Todiras M, Lian X, Filippelli-Silva R, Qadri F, Martin RP, Gollasch M, Bader M. Distinct roles of angiotensin receptors in autonomic dysreflexia following high-level spinal cord injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2018; 311:173-181. [PMID: 30315807 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic dysreflexia (AD), a syndrome caused by loss of supraspinal control over sympathetic activity and amplified vascular reflex upon sensory stimuli below injury level, is a major health problem in high-level spinal cord injury (SCI). After supraspinal sympathetic control of the vasculature below the lesion is lost, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is thought to be involved in AD by regulating blood pressure and vascular reactivity. In this study, we aimed to assess the role of different RAS receptors during AD following SCI. Therefore, we induced AD by colorectal distention (CRD) in wild-type mice and mice deficient in the RAS components angiotensin (Ang) II type 1a receptor (AT1a) (Agtr1a-/-) and Ang-(1-7) receptor Mas (Mas-/-) four weeks after complete transection of spinal cord at thoracic level 4 (T4). Systemic blood pressure measurements and wire myography technique were performed to assess hemodynamics and the reactivity of peripheral arteries, respectively. CRD increased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and decreased heart rate (HR) in all three animal groups. However, we found less increases in MAP in Mas-/- mice compared to control mice after CRD, whereas AT1a deficiency did not affect the hemodynamic response. We found that the reactivity of wild-type and Mas-/- mesenteric arteries, which are innervated from ganglia distal but close to thoracic level T4, was diminished in response to Ang II in AD after T4-SCI, but this difference was not observed in the absence of AT1a receptors. CRD did not influence the reactivity of femoral arteries which are innervated from ganglia more distal to thoracic level T4, in response to Ang II in AD. In conclusion, we identified a specific role of the Ang-(1-7) receptor Mas in regulating the systemic blood pressure increase in AD in T4-SCI mice. Furthermore, AT1a signaling is not involved in this hemodynamic response, but underlies increased vascular reactivity in mesenteric arteries in response to Ang II, where it may contribute to adaptive changes in regional blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Järve
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mihail Todiras
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoming Lian
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité Medical Faculty and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafael Filippelli-Silva
- Department of Biophysics, UNIFESP Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Fatimunnisa Qadri
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renan P Martin
- Department of Biophysics, UNIFESP Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité Medical Faculty and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany; Nephrology/Intensive Care, Virchow Klinikum, Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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97
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Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev 2018; 98:505-553. [PMID: 29351514 PMCID: PMC7203574 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout the body. The classical view of this system saw it as a sequence of many enzymatic steps that culminate in the production of a single biologically active metabolite, the octapeptide angiotensin (ANG) II, by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The past two decades have revealed new functions for some of the intermediate products, beyond their roles as substrates along the classical route. They may be processed in alternative ways by enzymes such as the ACE homolog ACE2. One effect is to establish a second axis through ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS, whose end point is the metabolite ANG-(1-7). ACE2 and other enzymes can form ANG-(1-7) directly or indirectly from either the decapeptide ANG I or from ANG II. In many cases, this second axis appears to counteract or modulate the effects of the classical axis. ANG-(1-7) itself acts on the receptor MAS to influence a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidney, brain, and other tissues. This review highlights the current knowledge about the roles of ANG-(1-7) in physiology and disease, with particular emphasis on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Walkyria Oliveira Sampaio
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Andreia C Alzamora
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
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98
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Casey S, Herath C, Rajapaksha I, Jones R, Angus P. Effects of angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin II on vascular tone in human cirrhotic splanchnic vessels. Peptides 2018; 108:25-33. [PMID: 30179652 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the renin angiotensin system (RAS) may play a role in the pathological splanchnic vasodilatation that leads to a hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis. An impaired contractile response to the angiotensin II peptide of the classical RAS system has been described in animal models of cirrhosis and in vivo in cirrhotic subjects. Furthermore, in experimental cirrhosis, the so-called alternate arm of the RAS was found to be upregulated and its effector peptide, angiotensin-(1-7) was shown to attenuate splanchnic vascular tone. The aim of this study was to explore the relevance of these findings to human disease. Omental arteries from cirrhotic and controls subjects were studied in isolation using a wire myograph. Varied protocols to evaluate the vasoactivity of RAS mediators were enacted. The contractile response to angiotensin II was comparable in cirrhotic vs control splanchnic arteries (61 ± 9 vs 68 ± 11% KPSS, respectively). Despite this, however, arterial contractility of the cirrhotic vessels correlated negatively with Child Pugh score (p = 0.0003, r=-0.83) and there was evidence that angiotensin II-induced contractility was increased in early cirrhosis. Angiotensin II-induced contractility was attenuated by angiotensin-(1-7) in cirrhotic and control arteries, however, adrenergic responses were not affected by angiotensin-(1-7). Contractile responses to angiotensin II are preserved in narrow lumen human cirrhotic splanchnic arteries and are comparatively augmented in early disease. Angiotensin-(1-7) had no vasodilatory effect on adrenergic tone, however, attenuated angiotensin II-induced contractility, possibly through an Ang-(1-7)-AT1R interaction, and thus may contribute to pathological vasodilatation in human cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Casey
- Liver Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Chandana Herath
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Indu Rajapaksha
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Peter Angus
- Liver Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
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99
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Balance and circumstance: The renin angiotensin system in wound healing and fibrosis. Cell Signal 2018; 51:34-46. [PMID: 30071289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tissue renin angiotensin system (tRAS) is a locally-acting master-modulator of tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Through these abilities, it is emerging as an attractive target for therapies aiming to restore tissue homeostasis in conditions associated with disturbed wound healing. The tRAS can be divided into two axes - one being pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic and one being anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic. However, the division of the axes is fuzzy and imperfect as the axes are codependent and the outcome of tRAS activation is determined by the context. Although the tRAS is a local system it shares its key enzymes, ligands and receptors with the systemic RAS and is consequently also targeted by repurposing of drugs developed against the systemic RAS to manage hypertension. With a focus on the skin we will here discuss the tRAS, its involvement in physiological and pathological wound healing, and the therapeutic aptitude of its targeting to treat chronic wounds and fibrosis.
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100
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Bruce EB, Sakarya Y, Kirichenko N, Toklu HZ, Sumners C, Morgan D, Tümer N, Scarpace PJ, Carter CS. ACE2 activator diminazene aceturate reduces adiposity but preserves lean mass in young and old rats. Exp Gerontol 2018; 111:133-140. [PMID: 30006298 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is multi-generational and is particularly debilitating in the aging population, necessitating the use of pharmaceutical interventions. Recent evidence suggests that increasing the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 [ACE2]/angiotensin-(1-7)[Ang-(1-7)]/Mas receptor (MasR) axis in obese animal models leads to significant reductions in body weight. It was hypothesized that activation of ACE2 via diminazene aceturate (DIZE) will significantly reduce body weight of rats fed a high fat diet. Young and old (4 and 23 months, respectively) male Fisher 344 × Brown Norway rats were fed 60% high fat diet for one week, and subsequently given either 15 mg/kg/day DIZE s.c. or vehicle for three weeks. DIZE treatment resulted in a significant reduction of food intake and body weight in both young and old animals. However, that decrease was so dramatic in the older animals that they all nearly stopped eating. Interestingly, the TD-NMR assessments revealed that the weight-loss was primarily a result of decreased body fat percentage, with a relative preservation of lean mass. Tissue weights confirm the significant loss of white adipose tissue (WAT), with no change in muscle weights. Gene expression and serum ACE2 activity analyses implied that increased activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis plays a role in reducing fat mass. Collectively, our results suggest that DIZE may be a useful tool in the study of obesity; however, caution is recommended when using this compound in older animals due to severe anorectic effects, although there is a mechanism by which muscle is preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Bruce
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Yasemin Sakarya
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Nataliya Kirichenko
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Hale Z Toklu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Drake Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Nihal Tümer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Philip J Scarpace
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Christy S Carter
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
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