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Li Y, Huang C, Fu W, Zhang H, Lao Y, Zhou H, Tan H, Xu H. Screening of the active fractions from the Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Flower on diabetic endothelial protection and determination of the underlying mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 253:112645. [PMID: 32045684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. flower (CTF) has been used traditionally in China for treating hypertension and diabetes as well as reducing body weight and blood fat. However, the vascular protection effect of the CTF has not been studied to date. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to screen and identify bioactive fractions from the CTF with a diabetic endothelial protection effect and to clarify the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The vascular protection effect of Fraction A was studied in high-fat diet and streptozocin-induced diabetic models. The endothelial protection effect of Fraction A-2 was further studied in an in vitro vascular endothelial dysfunction model induced by high glucose. In a high glucose-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) model, Fractions A-2-2 and A-2-3 were screened, and their detailed mechanisms of endothelial protection were studied. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify the main components in Fractions A-2-2 and A-2-3. RESULTS Fraction A treatment significantly improved the endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the mesenteric artery induced by acetylcholine in diabetic rats. The maximum relaxation was 79.82 ± 2.45% in the control group, 64.36 ± 9.81% in the model group, and 91.87 ± 7.38% in the Fraction A treatment group (P < 0.01). Fraction A treatment also decreased rat tail pressure compared with the model group at the 12th week. The systolic blood pressure was 152.7 5 ± 16.99 mmHg in the control group, 188.50 ± 5.94 mmHg in the model group, and 172.60 ± 14.31 mmHg in the Fraction A treatment group (P < 0.05). The mean blood pressure was 128.50 ± 13.79 mmHg in the control group, 157.00 ± 6.06 mmHg in the model group, and 144.80 ± 11.97 mmHg in the Fraction A treatment group (P < 0.05). In an in vitro vascular endothelium-dependent vasodilation dysfunction model induced by high glucose, Fraction A-2 improved the vasodilation of the mesenteric artery. The maximum relaxation was 82.15 ± 16.24% in the control group, 73.29 ± 14.25% in the model group, and 79.62 ± 13.89% in the Fraction A-2 treatment group (P < 0.05). In a high glucose-induced HUVEC model, Fraction A-2-2 and Fraction A-2-3 upregulated the expression of IRS-1, Akt, and eNOS and increased the levels of p-IRS-1Ser307, p-Akt Ser473, and p-eNOSSer1177 and also decreased the expression of NOX4, TNF-α, IL-6, sVCAM, sICAM, and NF-κB (P < 0.01). With the intervention of AG490 and LY294002, the above effects of Fraction A-2-2 and Fraction A-2-3 were inhibited (P < 0.01). LC-MS data showed that in Fraction A-2-2 and Fraction A-2-3, there were 10 main components: flavanocorepsin; polyphenolic; flavanomarein; isochlorogenic acid A; dicaffeoylquinic acid; coreopsin; marein; coreopsin; luteolin-7-O-glucoside; and 3',5,5',7-tetrahydroxyflavanone-O-hexoside. CONCLUSION The protective effect of the CTF on diabetic endothelial dysfunction may be due to its effect on the JAK2/IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway and the related oxidative stress and inflammation. The results strongly suggested that Fraction A-2-2 and Fraction A-2-3 were the active fractions from the CTF, and the CTF might be a potential option for the prevention of vascular complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Chaoran Huang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Wenwei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Yuanzhi Lao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hongsheng Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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Abdul-Ghani MA, Jayyousi A, DeFronzo RA, Asaad N, Al-Suwaidi J. Insulin Resistance the Link between T2DM and CVD: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 17:153-163. [PMID: 29032755 DOI: 10.2174/1570161115666171010115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a cardinal feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It also is associated with multiple metabolic abnormalities which are known cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Thus, IR not only contributes to the development of hyperglycemia in T2DM patients, but also to the elevated CVD risk. Improving insulin sensitivity is anticipated to both lower the plasma glucose concentration and decrease CVD risk in T2DM patients, independent of glucose control. We review the molecular mechanisms and metabolic consequences of IR in T2DM patients and discuss the importance of addressing IR in the management of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Abdul-Ghani
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, United States.,Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amin Jayyousi
- Cardio-Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, United States
| | - Nidal Asaad
- Cardio-Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Tentolouris A, Eleftheriadou I, Tzeravini E, Tsilingiris D, Paschou SA, Siasos G, Tentolouris N. Endothelium as a Therapeutic Target in Diabetes Mellitus: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Practice. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1089-1131. [PMID: 30663560 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190119154152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium plays an essential role in human homeostasis by regulating arterial blood pressure, distributing nutrients and hormones as well as providing a smooth surface that modulates coagulation, fibrinolysis and inflammation. Endothelial dysfunction is present in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and contributes to the development and progression of macrovascular disease, while it is also associated with most of the microvascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia are the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction. Regarding antidiabetic medication, metformin, gliclazide, pioglitazone, exenatide and dapagliflozin exert a beneficial effect on Endothelial Function (EF); glimepiride and glibenclamide, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and liraglutide have a neutral effect, while studies examining the effect of insulin analogues, empagliflozin and canagliflozin on EF are limited. In terms of lipid-lowering medication, statins improve EF in subjects with DM, while data from short-term trials suggest that fenofibrate improves EF; ezetimibe also improves EF but further studies are required in people with DM. The effect of acetylsalicylic acid on EF is dose-dependent and lower doses improve EF while higher ones do not. Clopidogrel improves EF, but more studies in subjects with DM are required. Furthermore, angiotensin- converting-enzyme inhibitors /angiotensin II receptor blockers improve EF. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors improve EF locally in the corpus cavernosum. Finally, cilostazol exerts favorable effect on EF, nevertheless, more data in people with DM are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Tentolouris
- Diabetes Center, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Eleftheriadou
- Diabetes Center, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Tzeravini
- Diabetes Center, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- Diabetes Center, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Diabetes Center, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tentolouris
- Diabetes Center, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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54
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Mesenteric arterial dysfunction in the UC Davis Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus rat model is dependent on pre-diabetic versus diabetic status and is sexually dimorphic. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 879:173089. [PMID: 32320701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports suggest that diabetes may differentially affect the vascular beds of females and males. However, there is insufficient evidence to establish the timeline of the vascular dysfunction in diabetes, specifically in relation to sex. Here, we determined whether mesenteric arterial function is altered in UC Davis Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (UCD-T2DM) rats and if this occurs as early as the pre-diabetic stage of the disease. Specifically, we investigated whether vascular dysfunction differs between pre-diabetic or diabetic status and if this varies by sex. We measured the responses to endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxant as well as vasoconstrictor agents and explored the potential mechanisms involved in sex-specific development of arterial dysfunction in UCD-T2DM rats. In addition, indices of insulin sensitivity were assessed. We report the reduced insulin sensitivity in pre-diabetic males and diabetic females. Vascular relaxation to acetylcholine was impaired to a greater extent in mesenteric artery from males in the pre-diabetic stage than in their female counterparts. In contrast, the arteries from females with diabetes exhibited a greater impairment to acetylcholine compared with diabetic males. Additionally, the sensitivity of mesenteric artery to contractile agents in females, but not in males, after the onset of diabetes was increased. Our data suggest that the reduced insulin sensitivity through AKT may predispose vessels to injury in the pre-diabetic stage in males. On the other hand, reduced insulin sensitivity as well as enhanced responsiveness to contractile agents may predispose arteries to injury in the diabetic stage in females.
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55
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Overfeeding During Lactation in Rats is Associated with Cardiovascular Insulin Resistance in the Short-Term. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020549. [PMID: 32093229 PMCID: PMC7071409 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities. The development of these alterations may have its origin in early life stages such as the lactation period through metabolic programming. Insulin resistance is a common complication in obese patients and may be responsible for the cardiovascular alterations associated with this condition. This study analyzed the development of cardiovascular insulin resistance in a rat model of childhood overweight induced by overfeeding during the lactation period. On birth day, litters were divided into twelve (L12) or three pups per mother (L3). Overfed rats showed a lower increase in myocardial contractility in response to insulin perfusion and a reduced insulin-induced vasodilation, suggesting a state of cardiovascular insulin resistance. Vascular insulin resistance was due to decreased activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, whereas cardiac insulin resistance was associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) hyperactivity. Early overfeeding was also associated with a proinflammatory and pro-oxidant state; endothelial dysfunction; decreased release of nitrites and nitrates; and decreased gene expression of insulin receptor (IR), glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in response to insulin. In conclusion, overweight induced by lactational overnutrition in rat pups is associated with cardiovascular insulin resistance that could be related to the cardiovascular alterations associated with this condition.
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Chen X, Yao F, Song J, Fu B, Sun G, Song X, Fu C, Jiang R, Sun L. Protective effects of phenolic acid extract from ginseng on vascular endothelial cell injury induced by palmitate via activation of PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway. J Food Sci 2020; 85:576-581. [PMID: 32078759 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Elevated free fatty acids may impair insulin-mediated signaling to eNOS that contributes to the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction. Previous studies have indicated the protective effect of ginseng and the regulatory potential of phenolic acid components from other plants on endothelial function. Therefore, this study investigated the protective effects of phenolic acid extract from ginseng (PG2) on endothelial cells against palmitate-induced damage. We found that PG2 increases cell viability, inhibits the palmitate-induced intracellular accumulation of lipids, and the overexpression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) through enhancing the phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (PI3K/Akt/eNOS) signaling pathway. The results of this study may be valuable for the development of PG2 to combat the endothelial cell damage caused by hyperlipidemia. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: We proved that phenolic acid extract from ginseng has a protective effect on free fatty acid-induced endothelial dysfunction in vitro. This study provides experimental data for the application of ginseng-derived phenolic acids in treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuenan Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun Univ. of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong St., Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yao
- Center of Preventive Treatment of Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun Univ. of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong St., Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jia Song
- Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science, Beihua Univ., 15 Jilin St., Jilin, Jilin Province, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Baoyu Fu
- Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science, Beihua Univ., 15 Jilin St., Jilin, Jilin Province, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Guang Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun Univ. of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong St., Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Xinying Song
- Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science, Beihua Univ., 15 Jilin St., Jilin, Jilin Province, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Chunge Fu
- Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science, Beihua Univ., 15 Jilin St., Jilin, Jilin Province, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun Univ. of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong St., Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, P. R. China.,Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science, Beihua Univ., 15 Jilin St., Jilin, Jilin Province, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun Univ. of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong St., Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, P. R. China
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An oxide transport chain essential for balanced insulin action. Atherosclerosis 2020; 298:42-51. [PMID: 32171979 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with overnutrition, obesity, the atherometabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes typically develop fatty liver, atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. These features share an unexplained origin - namely, imbalanced insulin action, also called pathway-selective insulin resistance and responsiveness. To control glycemia, these patients require hyperinsulinemia that then overdrives ERK and hepatic de-novo lipogenesis. We previously reported that NADPH oxidase-4 regulates balanced insulin action, but the model appeared incomplete. METHODS We conducted structure-function studies in liver cells to search for additional molecular mediators of balanced insulin action. RESULTS We found that NADPH oxidase-4 is part of a new limb of insulin signaling that we abbreviate "NSAPP" after its five major proteins. The NSAPP pathway is an oxide transport chain that begins when insulin stimulates NADPH oxidase-4 to generate superoxide (O2•-). NADPH oxidase-4 forms a novel, tight complex with superoxide dismutase-3, to efficiently transfer O2•- for quantitative conversion into hydrogen peroxide. The pathway ends when aquaporin-3 channels H2O2 across the plasma membrane to inactivate PTEN. Accordingly, aquaporin-3 forms a novel complex with PTEN in McArdle hepatocytes and in unpassaged human primary hepatic parenchymal cells. Molecular or chemical disruption of any component of the NSAPP chain, from NADPH oxidase-4 up to PTEN, leaves PTEN persistently active, thereby recapitulating the same deadly pattern of imbalanced insulin action seen clinically. CONCLUSIONS The NSAPP pathway functions as a master regulator of balanced insulin action via ERK, PI3K-AKT, and downstream targets of AKT. Unraveling its dysfunction in overnutrition might clarify the molecular cause of the atherometabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
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58
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Di Pino A, DeFronzo RA. Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis: Implications for Insulin-Sensitizing Agents. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1447-1467. [PMID: 31050706 PMCID: PMC7445419 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at high risk for macrovascular complications, which represent the major cause of mortality. Despite effective treatment of established cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension, procoagulant state), there remains a significant amount of unexplained CV risk. Insulin resistance is associated with a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors known collectively as the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome (IRS). Considerable evidence, reviewed herein, suggests that insulin resistance and the IRS contribute to this unexplained CV risk in patients with T2DM. Accordingly, CV outcome trials with pioglitazone have demonstrated that this insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione reduces CV events in high-risk patients with T2DM. In this review the roles of insulin resistance and the IRS in the development of atherosclerotic CV disease and the impact of the insulin-sensitizing agents and of other antihyperglycemic medications on CV outcomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Di Pino
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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Saxton SN, Clark BJ, Withers SB, Eringa EC, Heagerty AM. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1701-1763. [PMID: 31339053 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk. Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of adverse effects, and a key factor in the disease process appears to be the inflammatory cell population in adipose tissue. Healthy adipose tissue secretes a number of vasoactive adipokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and changes to this secretory profile will contribute to pathogenesis in obesity. In this review, we discuss the links between adipokine dysregulation and the development of hypertension and diabetes and explore the potential for manipulating adipose tissue morphology and its immune cell population to improve cardiovascular health in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Clark
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Olver TD, Grunewald ZI, Ghiarone T, Restaino RM, Sales ARK, Park LK, Thorne PK, Ganga RR, Emter CA, Lemon PWR, Shoemaker JK, Manrique-Acevedo C, Martinez-Lemus LA, Padilla J. Persistent insulin signaling coupled with restricted PI3K activation causes insulin-induced vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H1166-H1172. [PMID: 31603345 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00464.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin modulates vasomotor tone through vasodilator and vasoconstrictor signaling pathways. The purpose of the present work was to determine whether insulin-stimulated vasoconstriction is a pathophysiological phenomenon that can result from a combination of persistent insulin signaling, suppressed phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) activation, and an ensuing relative increase in MAPK/endothelin-1 (ET-1) activity. First, we examined previously published work from our group where we assessed changes in lower-limb blood flow in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (endogenous insulin stimulation) in lean and obese subjects. The new analyses showed that the peak rise in vascular resistance during the postprandial state was greater in obese compared with lean subjects. We next extended on these findings by demonstrating that insulin-induced vasoconstriction in isolated resistance arteries from obese subjects was attenuated with ET-1 receptor antagonism, thus implicating ET-1 signaling in this constriction response. Last, we examined in isolated resistance arteries from pigs the dual roles of persistent insulin signaling and blunted PI3K activation in modulating vasomotor responses to insulin. We found that prolonged insulin stimulation did not alter vasomotor responses to insulin when insulin-signaling pathways remained unrestricted. However, prolonged insulinization along with pharmacological suppression of PI3K activity resulted in insulin-induced vasoconstriction, rather than vasodilation. Notably, such aberrant vascular response was rescued with either MAPK inhibition or ET-1 receptor antagonism. In summary, we demonstrate that insulin-induced vasoconstriction is a pathophysiological phenomenon that can be recapitulated when sustained insulin signaling is coupled with depressed PI3K activation and the concomitant relative increase in MAPK/ET-1 activity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study reveals that insulin-induced vasoconstriction is a pathophysiological phenomenon. We also provide evidence that in the setting of persistent insulin signaling, impaired phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase activation appears to be a requisite feature precipitating MAPK/endothelin 1-dependent insulin-induced vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Zachary I Grunewald
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert M Restaino
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York
| | - Allan R K Sales
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lauren K Park
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Pamela K Thorne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rama Rao Ganga
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Peter W R Lemon
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Meza CA, La Favor JD, Kim DH, Hickner RC. Endothelial Dysfunction: Is There a Hyperglycemia-Induced Imbalance of NOX and NOS? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153775. [PMID: 31382355 PMCID: PMC6696313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) are enzyme complexes that have received much attention as key molecules in the development of vascular dysfunction. NOX have the primary function of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and are considered the main source of ROS production in endothelial cells. The endothelium is a thin monolayer that lines the inner surface of blood vessels, acting as a secretory organ to maintain homeostasis of blood flow. The enzymatic production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is critical in mediating endothelial function, and oxidative stress can cause dysregulation of eNOS and endothelial dysfunction. Insulin is a stimulus for increases in blood flow and endothelium-dependent vasodilation. However, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are characterized by poor control of the endothelial cell redox environment, with a shift toward overproduction of ROS by NOX. Studies in models of type 2 diabetes demonstrate that aberrant NOX activation contributes to uncoupling of eNOS and endothelial dysfunction. It is well-established that endothelial dysfunction precedes the onset of cardiovascular disease, therefore NOX are important molecular links between type 2 diabetes and vascular complications. The aim of the current review is to describe the normal, healthy physiological mechanisms involved in endothelial function, and highlight the central role of NOX in mediating endothelial dysfunction when glucose homeostasis is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Meza
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Justin D La Favor
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Do-Houn Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Robert C Hickner
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
- Department of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa.
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62
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Abstract
Inflammatory processes underlie many diseases associated with injury of the heart muscle, including conditions without an obvious inflammatory pathogenic component such as hypertensive and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Persistence of cardiac inflammation can cause irreversible structural and functional deficits. Some are induced by direct damage of the heart muscle by cellular and soluble mediators but also by metabolic adaptations sustained by the inflammatory microenvironment. It is well established that both cardiomyocytes and immune cells undergo metabolic reprogramming in the site of inflammation, which allow them to deal with decreased availability of nutrients and oxygen. However, like in cancer, competition for nutrients and increased production of signalling metabolites such as lactate initiate a metabolic cross-talk between immune cells and cardiomyocytes which, we propose, might tip the balance between resolution of the inflammation versus adverse cardiac remodeling. Here we review our current understanding of the metabolic reprogramming of both heart tissue and immune cells during inflammation, and we discuss potential key mechanisms by which these metabolic responses intersect and influence each other and ultimately define the prognosis of the inflammatory process in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.,Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Dunja Aksentijevic
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, G.E. Fogg Building, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.,Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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63
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High HOMA-IR Index in Healthcare Shift Workers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050186. [PMID: 31121834 PMCID: PMC6571567 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Evidence shows that shift work may be correlated with insulin resistance (IR). Therefore its estimation in clinical and prevention practice is of great significance. A cross-sectional study was performed to examine the Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) Index among healthcare shift workers (HCSW). Materials and Methods: A total of 272 healthcare workers (HCWs) were invited to participate in the study within an occupational surveillance framework, 137 were HCSW while 135 were healthcare non-shift workers (HCNSW). Fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR Index were evaluated in each participant and correlated with shift workers. Results: Indicators of glucose metabolism were significantly higher in HCSW p < 0.001, and logistic regression analysis confirmed a significant positive association between increased values of HOMA-IR Index and shift workers (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Shift work could be a risk factor in developing insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.
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64
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Kida T, Oku H, Horie T, Osuka S, Fukumoto M, Ikeda T. Protein kinase C-mediated insulin receptor phosphorylation in diabetic rat retina. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:1427-1434. [PMID: 31025213 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic retinopathy (DR) involves a proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and loss of pericytes. There is a link among the action of protein kinase C (PKC) and insulin signaling. Thus, we investigated the differences between these cells in insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylation in DR. METHODS Retinas were removed from streptozotocin-induced diabetic or healthy rats, and IR expression levels were compared by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. In vitro assays also were performed in order to determine the expressions of phosphorylated IR in both cells cultured under 5.5 or 25 mM glucose by immunoblot. Cell viability was determined in both cells cultured under different concentrations of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a PKC activator. To determine the involvement of the PI3 kinase pathway of IR, PMA with or without wortmannin-induced changes in Akt was also analyzed. RESULTS Immunoreactivity to the IR was decreased in diabetic retina. High glucose (25 mM) increased phosphorylated IR levels in endothelial cells but not in pericytes. PMA (1 nM or higher) induced death of pericytes, while endothelial cells were increased. PMA increased phosphorylated Akt in endothelial cells and decreased in pericytes. Wortmannin suppressed the PMA-induced phosphorylation of Akt in endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The different responses to 25 mM glucose and PMA were observed between retinal endothelial cells and pericytes. Thus, IR phosphorylation is likely important for retinal vascular cells to survive in diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyo Kida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Hidehiro Oku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Taeko Horie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Sho Osuka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Masanori Fukumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Japan
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65
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Mughal RS, Bridge K, Buza I, Slaaby R, Worm J, Klitgaard-Povlsen G, Hvid H, Schiødt M, Cubbon R, Yuldasheva N, Skromna A, Makava N, Skytte-Olsen G, Kearney MT. Effects of obesity on insulin: insulin-like growth factor 1 hybrid receptor expression and Akt phosphorylation in conduit and resistance arteries. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2019; 16:160-170. [PMID: 30295509 PMCID: PMC6484231 DOI: 10.1177/1479164118802550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulate specific responses in arteries, which may be disrupted by diet-induced obesity. We examined (1) temporal effects of high-fat diet compared to low-fat diet in mice on insulin receptor, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, insulin receptor/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor hybrid receptor expression and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1-mediated Akt phosphorylation in aorta; and (2) effects of high-fat diet on insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1-mediated Akt phosphorylation and vascular tone in resistance arteries. Medium-term high-fat diet (5 weeks) decreased insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression and increased hybrid expression (~30%) only. After long-term (16 weeks) high-fat diet, insulin receptor expression was reduced by ~30%, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression decreased a further ~40% and hybrid expression increased a further ~60%. Independent correlates of hybrid receptor expression were high-fat diet, duration of high-fat diet and plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (all p < 0.05). In aorta, insulin was a more potent activator of Akt than insulin-like growth factor-1, whereas in resistance arteries, insulin-like growth factor-1 was more potent than insulin. High-fat diet blunted insulin-mediated vasorelaxation ( p < 0.01) but had no effect on insulin-like growth factor-1-mediated vasorelaxation in resistance arteries. Our findings support the possibility that hybrid receptor level is influenced by nutritional and metabolic cues. Moreover, vessel-dependent effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 on vascular tone and Akt activation may have implications in treating obesity-related vascular disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/enzymology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diet, Fat-Restricted
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Activation
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/enzymology
- Humans
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Male
- Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/enzymology
- Mesenteric Arteries/physiopathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/enzymology
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatomedin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vascular Resistance/drug effects
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana S Mughal
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Katherine Bridge
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Irma Buza
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Malov, Denmark
| | - Rita Slaaby
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Malov, Denmark
| | - Jesper Worm
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Malov, Denmark
| | | | - Henning Hvid
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Malov, Denmark
| | | | - Richard Cubbon
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nadira Yuldasheva
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anna Skromna
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Natallia Makava
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Mark T Kearney
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Mark T Kearney, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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66
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Muscle Insulin Resistance and the Inflamed Microvasculature: Fire from Within. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030562. [PMID: 30699907 PMCID: PMC6387226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a vascular hormone and regulates vascular tone and reactivity. Muscle is a major insulin target that is responsible for the majority of insulin-stimulated glucose use. Evidence confirms that muscle microvasculature is an important insulin action site and critically regulates insulin delivery to muscle and action on myocytes, thereby affecting insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Insulin via activation of its signaling cascade in the endothelial cells increases muscle microvascular perfusion, which leads to an expansion of the endothelial exchange surface area. Insulin’s microvascular actions closely couple with its metabolic actions in muscle and blockade of insulin-mediated microvascular perfusion reduces insulin-stimulated muscle glucose disposal. Type 2 diabetes is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which engenders both metabolic and microvascular insulin resistance through endocrine, autocrine and paracrine actions of multiple pro-inflammatory factors. Here, we review the crucial role of muscle microvasculature in the regulation of insulin action in muscle and how inflammation in the muscle microvasculature affects insulin’s microvascular actions as well as metabolic actions. We propose that microvascular insulin resistance induced by inflammation is an early event in the development of metabolic insulin resistance and eventually type 2 diabetes and its related cardiovascular complications, and thus is a potential therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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67
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Akoumianakis I, Antoniades C. Impaired Vascular Redox Signaling in the Vascular Complications of Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:333-353. [PMID: 29084432 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Oxidative stress, a crucial regulator of vascular disease pathogenesis, may be involved in the vascular complications of obesity, systemic insulin resistance (IR), and diabetes mellitus (DM). Recent Advances: Excessive production of reactive oxygen species in the vascular wall has been linked with vascular disease pathogenesis. Recent evidence has revealed that vascular redox state is dysregulated in cases of obesity, systemic IR, and DM, potentially participating in the well-known vascular complications of these disease entities. Critical Issues: The detrimental effects of obesity and the metabolic syndrome on vascular biology have been extensively described at a clinical level. Further, vascular oxidative stress has often been associated with the presence of obesity and IR as well as with a variety of detrimental vascular phenotypes. However, the mechanisms of vascular redox state regulation under conditions of obesity and systemic IR, as well as their clinical relevance, are not adequately explored. In addition, the notion of vascular IR, and its relationship with systemic parameters of obesity and systemic IR, is not fully understood. In this review, we present all the important components of vascular redox state and the evidence linking oxidative stress with obesity and IR. Future Directions: Future studies are required to describe the cellular effects and the translational potential of vascular redox state in the context of vascular disease. In addition, further elucidation of the direct vascular effects of obesity and IR is required for better management of the vascular complications of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Akoumianakis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
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68
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McDonald MW, Olver TD, Dotzert MS, Jurrissen TJ, Noble EG, Padilla J, Melling CJ. Aerobic exercise training improves insulin-induced vasorelaxation in a vessel-specific manner in rats with insulin-treated experimental diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2019; 16:77-86. [PMID: 30537862 DOI: 10.1177/1479164118815279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular insulin resistance often precedes endothelial dysfunction in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Strategies to limit vascular dysfunction include intensive insulin therapy (4-9 mM) and aerobic training. To avoid the risk of hypoglycaemia, individuals often prescribed conventional insulin therapy (9-15 mM) and participate in resistance training. In a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus, this study examined insulin-induced vasomotor function in the aorta and femoral artery to determine (1) whether resistance training with conventional insulin therapy provides the same benefits as aerobic training with conventional insulin therapy, (2) whether aerobic training or resistance training, when paired with conventional insulin therapy, results in superior vasomotor function compared to intensive insulin therapy alone and (3) whether vessel-specific adaptations exist. Groups consisted of conventional insulin therapy, intensive insulin therapy, aerobic training with conventional insulin therapy and resistance training with conventional insulin therapy. Following multiple low doses of streptozotocin, male Sprague-Dawley rats were supplemented with insulin to maintain blood glucose concentrations (9-15 mM: conventional insulin therapy, aerobic training and resistance training; 4-9 mM: intensive insulin therapy) for 12 weeks. Aerobic training performed treadmill exercise and resistance training consisted of weighted climbing. Coinciding with increased Akt signalling, aerobic training resulted in enhanced insulin-induced vasorelaxation in the femoral artery. Intensive insulin therapy displayed increased mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling and no improvement in insulin-stimulated vasorelaxation compared to all other groups. These data suggest that aerobic training may be more beneficial for limiting the pathogenesis of vascular disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus than merely intensive insulin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W McDonald
- 1 School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- 2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - T Dylan Olver
- 3 Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Thomas J Jurrissen
- 4 Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Earl G Noble
- 1 School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- 5 Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jaume Padilla
- 4 Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- 6 Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- 7 Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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69
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Gaster M. The diabetic phenotype is preserved in myotubes established from type 2 diabetic subjects: a critical appraisal. APMIS 2018; 127:3-26. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gaster
- Laboratory for Molecular Physiology Department of Pathology and Department of Endocrinology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
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70
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Nafisa A, Gray SG, Cao Y, Wang T, Xu S, Wattoo FH, Barras M, Cohen N, Kamato D, Little PJ. Endothelial function and dysfunction: Impact of metformin. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 192:150-162. [PMID: 30056057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction is a key player in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Current evidence suggests that the anti-diabetic drug metformin improves insulin resistance and protects against endothelial dysfunction in the vasculature. Hereby, we provide a timely review on the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of metformin in preventing endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Nafisa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - Susan G Gray
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - Yingnan Cao
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tinghuai Wang
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Feroza H Wattoo
- Department of Biochemistry, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Shamasabad, Muree Road, Rawalpindi 4600, Pakistan..
| | - Michael Barras
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Neale Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
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71
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Abstract
The frequency of prediabetes is increasing as the prevalence of obesity rises worldwide. In prediabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation and metabolic derangements associated with concomitant obesity cause endothelial vasodilator and fibrinolytic dysfunction, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease. Importantly, the microvasculature affects insulin sensitivity by affecting the delivery of insulin and glucose to skeletal muscle; thus, endothelial dysfunction and extracellular matrix remodeling promote the progression from prediabetes to diabetes mellitus. Weight loss is the mainstay of treatment in prediabetes, but therapies that improved endothelial function and vasodilation may not only prevent cardiovascular disease but also slow progression to diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Wasserman
- From the Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (D.H.W.) and Medicine (T.J.W., N.J.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Thomas J Wang
- From the Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (D.H.W.) and Medicine (T.J.W., N.J.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Nancy J Brown
- From the Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (D.H.W.) and Medicine (T.J.W., N.J.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
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72
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Turaihi AH, Bakker W, van Hinsbergh VWM, Serné EH, Smulders YM, Niessen HWM, Eringa EC. Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 Controls Insulin-Mediated Vasoreactivity and Perivascular Adipose Tissue Function in Muscle. Front Physiol 2018; 9:245. [PMID: 29628894 PMCID: PMC5876319 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Insulin signaling in adipose tissue has been shown to regulate insulin's effects in muscle. In muscle, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and vascular insulin signaling regulate muscle perfusion. Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 2 has been shown to control adipose tissue function and glucose metabolism, and here we tested the hypothesis that IRS2 mediates insulin's actions on the vessel wall as well as the vasoactive properties of PVAT. Methods: We studied PVAT and muscle resistance arteries (RA) from littermate IRS2+/+ and IRS2−/− mice and vasoreactivity by pressure myography, vascular insulin signaling, adipokine expression, and release and PVAT morphology. As insulin induced constriction of IRS2+/+ RA in our mouse model, we also exposed RA's of C57/Bl6 mice to PVAT from IRS2+/+ and IRS2−/− littermates to evaluate vasodilator properties of PVAT. Results: IRS2−/− RA exhibited normal vasomotor function, yet a decreased maximal diameter compared to IRS2+/+ RA. IRS2+/+ vessels unexpectedly constricted endothelin-dependently in response to insulin, and this effect was absent in IRS2−/− RA due to reduced ERK1/2activation. For evaluation of PVAT function, we also used C57/Bl6 vessels with a neutral basal effect of insulin. In these experiments insulin (10.0 nM) increased diameter in the presence of IRS2+/+ PVAT (17 ± 4.8, p = 0.014), yet induced a 10 ± 7.6% decrease in diameter in the presence of IRS2−/− PVAT. Adipocytes in IRS2−/− PVAT (1314 ± 161 μm2) were larger (p = 0.0013) than of IRS2+/+ PVAT (915 ± 63 μm2). Adiponectin, IL-6, PAI-1 secretion were similar between IRS2+/+ and IRS2−/− PVAT, as were expression of pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α, CCL2) and adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, endothelin-1). Insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation in RA was similar in the presence of IRS2−/− and IRS2+/+ PVAT. Conclusion: In muscle, IRS2 regulates both insulin's vasoconstrictor effects, mediating ERK1/2-ET-1 activation, and its vasodilator effects, by mediating the vasodilator effect of PVAT. The regulatory role of IRS2 in PVAT is independent from adiponectin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Turaihi
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wineke Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik H Serné
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvo M Smulders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans W M Niessen
- Department of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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73
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Bronsveld HK, De Bruin ML, Wesseling J, Sanders J, Hofland I, Jensen V, Bazelier MT, ter Braak B, de Boer A, Vestergaard P, Schmidt MK. The association of diabetes mellitus and insulin treatment with expression of insulin-related proteins in breast tumors. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:224. [PMID: 29486734 PMCID: PMC6389252 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insulin receptor (INSR) and the insulin growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) play important roles in the etiology of both diabetes mellitus and breast cancer. We aimed to evaluate the expression of hormone and insulin-related proteins within or related to the PI3K and MAPK pathway in breast tumors of women with or without diabetes mellitus, treated with or without insulin (analogues). METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on tumor tissue of 312 women with invasive breast cancer, with or without pre-existing diabetes mellitus, diagnosed in 2000-2010, who were randomly selected from a Danish breast cancer cohort. Women with diabetes were 2:1 frequency matched by year of birth and age at breast cancer diagnosis to those without diabetes. Tumor Microarrays were successfully stained for p-ER, EGFR, p-ERK1/2, p-mTOR, and IGF1R, and scored by a breast pathologist. Associations of expression of these proteins with diabetes, insulin treatment (human insulin and insulin analogues) and other diabetes medication were evaluated by multivariable logistic regression adjusting for menopause and BMI; effect modification by menopausal status, BMI, and ER status was assessed using interactions terms. RESULTS We found no significant differences in expression of any of the proteins in breast tumors of women with (n = 211) and without diabetes (n = 101). Among women with diabetes, insulin use (n = 53) was significantly associated with higher tumor protein expression of IGF1R (OR = 2.36; 95%CI:1.02-5.52; p = 0.04) and p-mTOR (OR = 2.35; 95%CI:1.13-4.88; p = 0.02), especially among women treated with insulin analogues. Menopause seemed to modified the association between insulin and IGF1R expression (p = 0.07); the difference in IGF1R expression was only observed in tumors of premenopausal women (OR = 5.10; 95%CI:1.36-19.14; p = 0.02). We found no associations between other types of diabetes medication, such as metformin, and protein expression of the five proteins evaluated. CONCLUSIONS In our study, breast tumors of women with pre-existing diabetes did not show an altered expression of selected PI3K/MAPK pathway-related proteins. We observed an association between insulin treatment and increased p-mTOR and IGF1R expression of breast tumors, especially in premenopausal women. This observation, if confirmed, might be clinically relevant since the use of IGF1R and mTOR inhibitors are currently investigated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen K. Bronsveld
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marie L. De Bruin
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science (CORS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jelle Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joyce Sanders
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Hofland
- Core Facility Molecular Pathology & Biobanking, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vibeke Jensen
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital THG, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marloes T. Bazelier
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bas ter Braak
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anthonius de Boer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- Departments of Clinical Medicine and Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marjanka K. Schmidt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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74
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Eelen G, de Zeeuw P, Treps L, Harjes U, Wong BW, Carmeliet P. Endothelial Cell Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:3-58. [PMID: 29167330 PMCID: PMC5866357 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiogenic growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor). 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3-driven glycolysis generates energy to sustain competitive behavior of the ECs at the tip of a growing vessel sprout, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a-controlled fatty acid oxidation regulates nucleotide synthesis and proliferation of ECs in the stalk of the sprout. To maintain vascular homeostasis, ECs rely on an intricate metabolic wiring characterized by intracellular compartmentalization, use metabolites for epigenetic regulation of EC subtype differentiation, crosstalk through metabolite release with other cell types, and exhibit EC subtype-specific metabolic traits. Importantly, maladaptation of EC metabolism contributes to vascular disorders, through EC dysfunction or excess angiogenesis, and presents new opportunities for anti-angiogenic strategies. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of established as well as newly uncovered aspects of EC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline de Zeeuw
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Harjes
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian W Wong
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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75
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Park K, Li Q, Evcimen ND, Rask-Madsen C, Maeda Y, Maddaloni E, Yokomizo H, Shinjo T, St-Louis R, Fu J, Gordin D, Khamaisi M, Pober D, Keenan H, King GL. Exogenous Insulin Infusion Can Decrease Atherosclerosis in Diabetic Rodents by Improving Lipids, Inflammation, and Endothelial Function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:92-101. [PMID: 29162603 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate whether exogenously induced hyperinsulinemia may increase the development of atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Hyperinsulinemia, induced by exogenous insulin implantation in high-fat fed (60% fat HFD) apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (ApoE-/-) mice, exhibited insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Atherosclerosis was measured by the accumulation of fat, macrophage, and extracellular matrix in the aorta. After 8 weeks on HFD, ApoE-/- mice were subcutaneously implanted with control (sham) or insulin pellet, and phlorizin, a sodium glucose cotransporters inhibitor (1/2)inhibitor, for additional 8 weeks. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test showed that plasma glucose levels were lower and insulin and IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) levels were 5.3- and 3.3-fold higher, respectively, in insulin-implanted compared with sham-treated ApoE-/- mice. Plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, and lipoprotein levels were decreased in mice with insulin implant, in parallel with increased lipoprotein lipase activities. Atherosclerotic plaque by en face and complexity staining showed significant reductions of fat deposits and expressions of vascular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, and macrophages in arterial wall while exhibiting increased activation of pAKT and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (P<0.05) comparing insulin-implanted versus sham HFD ApoE-/- mice. No differences were observed in atherosclerotic plaques between phlorizin-treated and sham HFD ApoE-/- mice, except phlorizin significantly lowered plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels while increased glucosuria. Endothelial function was improved only by insulin treatment through endothelial nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide activations and reduced proinflammatory (M1) and increased anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages, which were inhibited by endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous insulin decreased atherosclerosis by lowering inflammatory cytokines, macrophages, and plasma lipids in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia, insulin resistant and mildly diabetic ApoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmin Park
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qian Li
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Net Daş Evcimen
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christian Rask-Madsen
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yasutaka Maeda
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ernesto Maddaloni
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hisashi Yokomizo
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Takanori Shinjo
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ronald St-Louis
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jialin Fu
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Gordin
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mogher Khamaisi
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David Pober
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hillary Keenan
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - George L King
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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76
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Amor S, Martín-Carro B, Rubio C, Carrascosa JM, Hu W, Huang Y, García-Villalón AL, Granado M. Study of insulin vascular sensitivity in aortic rings and endothelial cells from aged rats subjected to caloric restriction: Role of perivascular adipose tissue. Exp Gerontol 2017; 109:126-136. [PMID: 29055722 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is dramatically increasing among elderly population. Metabolic syndrome in aged individuals is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance both in metabolic tissues and in the cardiovascular system, with this fact being associated with the cardiometabolic alterations associated to this condition. Caloric restriction (CR) improves insulin sensitivity and is one of the dietetic strategies most commonly used to enlarge life and to prevent aging induced cardiovascular alterations. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible beneficial effects of CR in aging-induced vascular insulin resistance both in aortic rings and in primary culture of endothelial cells. In addition, the inflammatory profile of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and its possible role in the impairment of vascular insulin sensitivity associated with aging was also assessed. Three experimental groups of male Wistar rats were used: 3 (3m), 24 (24m) fed ad libitum and 24months old rats subjected to 20% CR during their three last months of life (24m-CR). Aorta rings surrounded or not by PVAT were mounted in an organ bath and precontracted with phenylephrine (10-7.5M). Changes in isometric tension were recorded in response to cumulative insulin concentrations (10-8-10-5.5M) in the presence or absence of L-NAME (10-4M). Aortic rings and primary aortic endothelial cells were incubated in presence/absence of insulin (10-7M) and the activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways as well as nitrite and nitrates concentrations and the mRNA levels of eNOS, insulin receptor, and GLUT-4 were assessed. CR prevented the aging-induced decrease in the vasodilator response to insulin and the aging-induced increase in the vasoconstrictor response to high insulin concentrations. Changes between 24m and 24m-CR aorta rings were abolished in the presence of L-NAME. CR induced-improvement in insulin vascular sensitivity was related with activation of the PI3K/Akt both in aortic rings and in aortic endothelial cells in response to insulin. CR attenuated the overexpression of iNOS, TNF-α and IL-1β in the PVAT of aged rats although aortic rings surrounded by PVAT from 24m rats showed and increased vasorelaxation in response to insulin compared to aortic rings from 3m and 24m-CR rats. In conclusion, a moderate protocol of CR improves insulin vascular sensitivity and prevents the aging induced overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in PVAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Amor
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - B Martín-Carro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - C Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Carrascosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - W Hu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Y Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - A L García-Villalón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - M Granado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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77
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Mahmoud AM. Exercise Amaliorates Metabolic Disturbances and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Possible Underlying Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 999:207-230. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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78
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Lipotoxicity in Obesity: Benefit of Olive Oil. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:607-617. [PMID: 28585218 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical implication of Lipotoxicity in obesity derives primarily from its potential to progress to insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Olive oil rich diet decrease accumulation of triglyceride in the liver, improved postprandial triglyceride levels, improve glucose and GLP-1 response in insulin resistant subjects, and up regulate GLUT-2 expression in the liver. The exact molecular mechanism is unknown but, decreasing NFkB activation, decreasing LDL oxidation and improving insulin resistance by less production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-6) and improvement of kinases JNK-mediated phosphorylation of IRS-1 are the principle mechanisms. The beneficial effect of the Mediterranean diet derived from monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), mainly from olive oil. In this review we document lipotoxicity in obesity and the benefit of olive oil.
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79
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Long Y, Xia JY, Chen SW, Gao CL, Liang GN, He XM, Wu J, Jiang CX, Liu X, Huang W, Wan Q, Xu Y. ATP2B1 gene Silencing Increases Insulin Sensitivity through Facilitating Akt Activation via the Ca 2+/calmodulin Signaling Pathway and Ca 2+-associated eNOS Activation in Endothelial Cells. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1203-1212. [PMID: 29104511 PMCID: PMC5666335 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell insulin resistance may be partially responsible for the higher risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in populations with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A genome-wide association study revealed a significant association between the ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting 1 (ATP2B1) gene and T2DM in two community-based cohorts from the Korea Association Resource Project. However, little is known about the implication of the ATP2B1 gene on T2DM. In the present study, we investigated the role of the ATP2B1 gene in endothelial cell insulin sensitivity. ATP2B1 gene silencing resulted in enhanced intracellular calcium concentrations and increased insulin-induced Akt activation compared to that in the negative siRNA-transfected HUVECs (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells). The elevated insulin sensitivity mediated by ATP2B1 gene silencing was Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent, as verified by administration of the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM or the calmodulin-specific antagonist W7. Moreover, higher levels of phosphorylation of eNOS (Ser1177) were observed in ATP2B1-silenced HUVECs. In addition to BAPTA-AM and W7, L-NAME, an eNOS antagonist, abolished insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 in both si-Neg and si-ATP2B1-transfected endothelial cells. These results indicate that the enhanced insulin sensitivity in ATP2B1-silenced endothelial cells is alternatively dependent on an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and the subsequent activation of the Ca2+/calmodulin/eNOS/Akt signaling pathway. In summary, ATP2B1 gene silencing increased insulin sensitivity in endothelial cells by directly modulating the Ca2+/calmodulin signaling pathway and via the Ca2+/calmodulin/eNOS/Akt signaling pathway alternatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Long
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Ji-Yi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Shao-Wei Chen
- Medical Reproduction Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Chen-Lin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Guan-Nan Liang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Xue-Mei He
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Jian Wu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Chun-Xia Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Xin Liu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Qin Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
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80
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Suppression of GRK2 expression reduces endothelial dysfunction by restoring glucose homeostasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8436. [PMID: 28814745 PMCID: PMC5559446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the associations between diabetic complications and vascular endothelial dysfunction, a direct therapeutic method targeting endothelial dysfunction remains poorly characterized. We have previously shown that chemical inhibition of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) slightly enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice. In this study, we identified GRK2 as a novel therapeutic target of diabetic endothelial dysfunction and investigated the effect on diabetic endothelial dysfunction through the systemic administration of GRK2 siRNA using a hydrodynamic-based procedure, resulting in suppression of increased GRK2 protein levels in the liver. Suppressed GRK2 levels in the liver markedly improved glucose homeostasis, as well as improved the impaired endothelial Akt/eNOS-dependent signal activation (insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS) and vascular responses (clonidine-induced and insulin-induced endothelial-dependent relaxation response and phenylephrine-induced contractile response) in type 2 diabetic aortas. Interestingly, insulin-stimulated Akt/eNOS signaling was increased only by normalizing the glucose concentration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with GRK2 overexpression, suggesting of an important role of hepatic GRK2. Our results clarified the relationship among hepatic GRK2, glucose homeostasis, and vascular endothelial function. Liver-targeting GRK2 siRNA delivery represents a novel therapeutic tool to restore glucose homeostasis and reduce endothelial dysfunction.
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81
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Dietary arginine affects the insulin signaling pathway, glucose metabolism and lipogenesis in juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7864. [PMID: 28801592 PMCID: PMC5554147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the mechanisms governing insulin resistance, glucose metabolism and lipogenesis in juvenile fish fed with graded levels of dietary arginine. The results showed that, compared with the control group (0.87%), 2.31% dietary arginine level resulted in the upregulation of the relative gene expression of IRS-1, PI3K and Akt in the insulin signaling pathway, while 2.70% dietary arginine level led to inhibition of these genes. 1.62% dietary arginine level upregulated glycolysis by increasing GK mRNA level; 2.70% dietary arginine level upregulated gluconeogenesis and resulted in high plasma glucose content by increasing PEPCK and G6P mRNA level. Furthermore, 2.70% dietary arginine level significantly lowered GLUT2 and increased PK mRNA levels. 1.62% dietary arginine level significantly upregulated ACC, FAS and G6PDH mRNA levels in the fat synthesis pathway and resulted in high plasma TG content. These results indicate that 1.62% dietary arginine level improves glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis in juvenile blunt snout bream. However, 2.70% dietary arginine level results in high plasma glucose, which could lead to negative feedback of insulin resistance, including inhibition of IRS-1 mRNA levels and activation of gluconeogenesis-related gene expression. This mechanism seems to be different from mammals at the molecular level.
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82
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He H, Weir RL, Toutounchian JJ, Pagadala J, Steinle JJ, Baudry J, Miller DD, Yates CR. The quinic acid derivative KZ-41 prevents glucose-induced caspase-3 activation in retinal endothelial cells through an IGF-1 receptor dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180808. [PMID: 28796787 PMCID: PMC5552119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal microaneurysms, an early disease manifestation of diabetic retinopathy, are associated with retinal endothelial cell (REC) death and macular edema. We previously demonstrated that a quinic acid (QA) analog, KZ-41, promoted REC survival by blunting stress-induced p38 MAPK activation. Herein, we sought to expand our understanding of the pro-survival signal transduction pathways actuated by KZ-41. Using human RECs exposed to high glucose (25 mM, 72 hours), we demonstrated that KZ-41 blocks caspase-3 activation by triggering phosphorylation of the PI3K regulatory subunit (p85; Tyr458) and its downstream target Akt (Ser473). Akt signal transduction was accompanied by autophosphorylation of the receptor tyrosine kinase, insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). IGF-1R knockdown using either the tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1024 or silencing RNA abolished KZ-41’s pro-survival effect. Under high glucose stress, caspase-3 activation correlated with elevated ERK1/2 phosphorylation and decreased insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) levels. KZ-41 decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and reversed the glucose-dependent reduction in IRS-1. To gain insight into the mechanistic basis for IGF-1R activation by KZ-41, we used molecular modeling and docking simulations to explore a possible protein:ligand interaction between the IGF-1R kinase domain and KZ-41. Computational investigations suggest two possible KZ-41 binding sites within the kinase domain: a region with high homology to the insulin receptor contains one potential allosteric binding site, and another potential site on the other side of the kinase domain, near the hinge domain. These data, together with previous proof-of-concept efficacy studies demonstrating KZ-41 mitigates pathologic retinal neovascularization in the murine oxygen-induced retinopathy model, suggests that QA derivatives may offer therapeutic benefit in ischemic retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UTHSC College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Weir
- Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jordan J. Toutounchian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UTHSC College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jayaprakash Pagadala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UTHSC College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jena J. Steinle
- Department of Anatomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jerome Baudry
- Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UTHSC College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Yates
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UTHSC College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, UTHSC College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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83
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Fang S, Ma X, Guo S, Lu J. MicroRNA-126 inhibits cell viability and invasion in a diabetic retinopathy model via targeting IRS-1. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4311-4318. [PMID: 28943945 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight-threatening complication of diabetes. IRS-1 was predicted to be the target gene of microRNA-126 (miR-126). The present study was designed to illustrate the involvement of miR-126 in the regulation of DR via targeting IRS-1. The present study revealed that the expression of miR-126 was significantly decreased while IRS-1 expression was increased in endothelial cells (ECs) and retinal pericytes (RPs) from a DR mouse model compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, a luciferase reporter assay confirmed the interaction between miR-126 and IRS-1. Following transfection with anmiR-126 mimic or miR-126 inhibitor, overexpression of miR-126 was demonstrated to suppress the invasion and viability of ECs and RPs and to inhibit the IRS-1 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway protein expression levels, with inhibition of miR-126 leading to reverse results. Furthermore, transfection with small interfering RNA targeting IRS-1 altered the miR-126-induced effects observed in ECs, indicating that miR-126 may suppress angiogenesis in DR via inhibition of IRS-1 expression. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that miR-126 affected the expression of IRS-1, resulting in downregulated expression of PI3K/Akt pathway proteins, and also suppressed cell invasion and viability. These results may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Fang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Suping Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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84
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Wang X, Häring MF, Rathjen T, Lockhart SM, Sørensen D, Ussar S, Rasmussen LM, Bertagnolli MM, Kahn CR, Rask-Madsen C. Insulin resistance in vascular endothelial cells promotes intestinal tumour formation. Oncogene 2017; 36:4987-4996. [PMID: 28459466 PMCID: PMC5578899 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The risk of several cancers, including colorectal cancer, is increased in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, conditions characterized by hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Because hyperinsulinemia itself is an independent risk factor for cancer development, we examined tissue-specific insulin action in intestinal tumor formation. In vitro, insulin increased proliferation of primary cultures of intestinal tumor epithelial cells from ApcMin/+ mice by over 2-fold. Surprisingly, targeted deletion of insulin receptors in intestinal epithelial cells in ApcMin/+ mice did not change intestinal tumor number or size distribution on either a low or high-fat diet. We therefore asked whether cells in the tumor stroma might explain the association between tumor formation and insulin resistance. To this end, we generated ApcMin/+ mice with loss of insulin receptors in vascular endothelial cells. Strikingly, these mice had 42% more intestinal tumors than controls, no change in tumor angiogenesis, but increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in primary culture of tumor endothelial cells. Insulin decreased VCAM-1 expression and leukocyte adhesion in quiescent tumor endothelial cells with intact insulin receptors and partly prevented increases in VCAM-1 and leukocyte adhesion after treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α. Knockout of insulin receptors in endothelial cells also increased leukocyte adhesion in mesenteric venules and increased the frequency of neutrophils in tumors. We conclude that although insulin is mitogenic for intestinal tumor cells in vitro, its action on tumor cells in vivo is via signals from the tumor microenvironment. Insulin resistance in tumor endothelial cells produces an activated, proinflammatory state that promotes tumorigenesis. Improvement of endothelial dysfunction may reduce colorectal cancer risk in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - M-F Häring
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - T Rathjen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - S M Lockhart
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - D Sørensen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - S Ussar
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,JRG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - L M Rasmussen
- Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - M M Bertagnolli
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C R Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Rask-Madsen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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85
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Shah MS, Brownlee M. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Disorders in Diabetes. Circ Res 2017; 118:1808-29. [PMID: 27230643 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The clinical correlations linking diabetes mellitus with accelerated atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, and increased post-myocardial infarction fatality rates are increasingly understood in mechanistic terms. The multiple mechanisms discussed in this review seem to share a common element: prolonged increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in diabetic cardiovascular cells. Intracellular hyperglycemia causes excessive ROS production. This activates nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, which inhibits GAPDH, shunting early glycolytic intermediates into pathogenic signaling pathways. ROS and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase also reduce sirtuin, PGC-1α, and AMP-activated protein kinase activity. These changes cause decreased mitochondrial biogenesis, increased ROS production, and disturbed circadian clock synchronization of glucose and lipid metabolism. Excessive ROS production also facilitates nuclear transport of proatherogenic transcription factors, increases transcription of the neutrophil enzyme initiating NETosis, peptidylarginine deiminase 4, and activates the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome. Insulin resistance causes excessive cardiomyocyte ROS production by increasing fatty acid flux and oxidation. This stimulates overexpression of the nuclear receptor PPARα and nuclear translocation of forkhead box O 1, which cause cardiomyopathy. ROS also shift the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission in favor of increased fission, reducing the metabolic capacity and efficiency of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial oxidative stress also plays a central role in angiotensin II-induced gap junction remodeling and arrhythmogenesis. ROS contribute to sudden death in diabetics after myocardial infarction by increasing post-translational protein modifications, which cause increased ryanodine receptor phosphorylation and downregulation of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(++)-ATPase transcription. Increased ROS also depress autonomic ganglion synaptic transmission by oxidizing the nAch receptor α3 subunit, potentially contributing to the increased risk of fatal cardiac arrhythmias associated with diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi S Shah
- From the Diabetes Research Center (M.S.S., M.B.), Departments of Medicine (M.S.S., M.B.), and Pathology (M.B.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY
| | - Michael Brownlee
- From the Diabetes Research Center (M.S.S., M.B.), Departments of Medicine (M.S.S., M.B.), and Pathology (M.B.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY.
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86
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Imbalanced Insulin Actions in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Key Mouse Models of Insulin Signaling Pathway. Cell Metab 2017; 25:797-810. [PMID: 28380373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor (IR), researchers have been engaged in intensive efforts to resolve physiological functions of IR and its major downstream targets, insulin receptor substrate 1 (Irs1) and Irs2. Studies conducted using systemic and tissue-specific gene-knockout mice of IR, Irs1, and Irs2 have revealed the physiological roles of these molecules in each tissue and interactions among multiple tissues. In obesity and type 2 diabetes, selective downregulation of Irs2 and its downstream actions to cause reduced insulin actions was associated with increased insulin actions through Irs1 in variety tissues. Thus, we propose the novel concept of "organ- and pathway-specific imbalanced insulin action" in obesity and type 2 diabetes, which includes and extends "selective insulin resistance." This Review focuses on recent progress in understanding insulin signaling and insulin resistance using key mouse models for elucidating pathophysiology of human obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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87
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Lee Y, Fluckey JD, Chakraborty S, Muthuchamy M. Hyperglycemia- and hyperinsulinemia-induced insulin resistance causes alterations in cellular bioenergetics and activation of inflammatory signaling in lymphatic muscle. FASEB J 2017; 31:2744-2759. [PMID: 28298335 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600887r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a well-known risk factor for obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and associated cardiovascular diseases, but its mechanisms are undefined in the lymphatics. Mesenteric lymphatic vessels from MetSyn or LPS-injected rats exhibited impaired intrinsic contractile activity and associated inflammatory changes. Hence, we hypothesized that insulin resistance in lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) affects cell bioenergetics and signaling pathways that consequently alter contractility. LMCs were treated with different concentrations of insulin or glucose or both at various time points to determine insulin resistance. Onset of insulin resistance significantly impaired glucose uptake, mitochondrial function, oxygen consumption rates, glycolysis, lactic acid, and ATP production in LMCs. Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia also impaired the PI3K/Akt while enhancing the ERK/p38MAPK/JNK pathways in LMCs. Increased NF-κB nuclear translocation and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 and VCAM-1 levels in insulin-resistant LMCs indicated activation of inflammatory mechanisms. In addition, increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain-20, a key regulator of lymphatic muscle contraction, was observed in insulin-resistant LMCs. Therefore, our data elucidate the mechanisms of insulin resistance in LMCs and provide the first evidence that hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia promote insulin resistance and impair lymphatic contractile status by reducing glucose uptake, altering cellular metabolic pathways, and activating inflammatory signaling cascades.-Lee, Y., Fluckey, J. D., Chakraborty, S., Muthuchamy, M. Hyperglycemia- and hyperinsulinemia-induced insulin resistance causes alterations in cellular bioenergetics and activation of inflammatory signaling in lymphatic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - James D Fluckey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Mariappan Muthuchamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA;
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88
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Rajasekar N, Nath C, Hanif K, Shukla R. Intranasal insulin improves cerebral blood flow, Nrf-2 expression and BDNF in STZ (ICV)-induced memory impaired rats. Life Sci 2017; 173:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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89
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Qi W, Li Q, Liew CW, Rask-Madsen C, Lockhart SM, Rasmussen LM, Xia Y, Wang X, Khamaisi M, Croce K, King GL. SHP-1 activation inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal hyperplasia in a rodent model of insulin resistance and diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:585-596. [PMID: 27933336 PMCID: PMC5672905 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Accelerated migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) enhances arterial restenosis after angioplasty in insulin resistance and diabetes. Elevation of Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) induces apoptosis in the microvasculature. However, the role of SHP-1 in intimal hyperplasia and restenosis has not been clarified in insulin resistance and diabetes. METHODS We used a femoral artery wire injury mouse model, rodent models with insulin resistance and diabetes, and patients with type 2 diabetes. Further, we modulated SHP-1 expression using a transgenic mouse that overexpresses SHP-1 in VSMCs (Shp-1-Tg). SHP-1 agonists were also employed to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of SHP-1 by oxidised lipids. RESULTS Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) exhibited increased femoral artery intimal hyperplasia and decreased arterial SHP-1 expression compared with mice fed a regular diet. Arterial SHP-1 expression was also decreased in Zucker fatty rats, Zucker diabetic fatty rats and in patients with type 2 diabetes. In primary cultured VSMCs, oxidised LDL suppressed SHP-1 expression by activating Mek-1 (also known as Map2k1) and increased DNA methylation of the Shp-1 promoter. VSMCs from Shp-1-Tg mice exhibited impaired platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation with a concomitant decrease in PDGF-stimulated VSMC proliferation and migration. Similarly, HFD-fed Shp-1-Tg mice and mice treated with the SHP-1 inducer, Icariside II, were protected from the development of intimal hyperplasia following wire injury. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Suppression of SHP-1 by oxidised lipids may contribute to the excessive VSMC proliferation, inflammatory cytokine production and intimal hyperplasia observed in arteries from diabetes and insulin resistance. Augmenting SHP-1 levels is a potential therapeutic strategy to maintain stent patency in patients with insulin resistance and diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Proliferation/physiology
- Humans
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance/genetics
- Insulin Resistance/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Zucker
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Weier Qi
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christian Rask-Madsen
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Samuel M Lockhart
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yu Xia
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xuanchun Wang
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mogher Khamaisi
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kevin Croce
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George L King
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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90
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Rask-Madsen C, Park K, Li Q, King GL. Letter by Rask-Madsen et al Regarding Article, “Selective Enhancement of Insulin Sensitivity in the Endothelium In Vivo Reveals a Novel Proatherosclerotic Signaling Loop”. Circ Res 2017; 120:e2-e3. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qian Li
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - George L. King
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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91
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Viswambharan H, Kearney MT. Response by Viswambharan and Kearney to Letter Regarding Article, "Selective Enhancement of Insulin Sensitivity in the Endothelium In Vivo Reveals a Novel Proatherosclerotic Signaling Loop". Circ Res 2017; 120:e4-e5. [PMID: 28209800 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hema Viswambharan
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T Kearney
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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92
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Chong CR, Clarke K, Levelt E. Metabolic Remodeling in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:422-430. [PMID: 28177068 PMCID: PMC5412022 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a risk factor for heart failure and cardiovascular mortality with specific changes to myocardial metabolism, energetics, structure, and function. The gradual impairment of insulin production and signalling in diabetes is associated with elevated plasma fatty acids and increased myocardial free fatty acid uptake and activation of the transcription factor PPARα. The increased free fatty acid uptake results in accumulation of toxic metabolites, such as ceramide and diacylglycerol, activation of protein kinase C, and elevation of uncoupling protein-3. Insulin signalling and glucose uptake/oxidation become further impaired, and mitochondrial function and ATP production become compromised. Increased oxidative stress also impairs mitochondrial function and disrupts metabolic pathways. The diabetic heart relies on free fatty acids (FFA) as the major substrate for oxidative phosphorylation and is unable to increase glucose oxidation during ischaemia or hypoxia, thereby increasing myocardial injury, especially in ageing female diabetic animals. Pharmacological activation of PPARγ in adipose tissue may lower plasma FFA and improve recovery from myocardial ischaemic injury in diabetes. Not only is the diabetic heart energetically-impaired, it also has early diastolic dysfunction and concentric remodelling. The contractile function of the diabetic myocardium negatively correlates with epicardial adipose tissue, which secretes proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in interstitial fibrosis. Novel pharmacological strategies targeting oxidative stress seem promising in preventing progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy, although clinical evidence is lacking. Metabolic agents that lower plasma FFA or glucose, including PPARγ agonism and SGLT2 inhibition, may therefore be promising options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cher-Rin Chong
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford
| | - Kieran Clarke
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford
| | - Eylem Levelt
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital
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93
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Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Sounidaki M, Antoniadi G, Rountas C, Liakopoulos V, Stefanidis L. Tryptophan depletion under conditions that imitate insulin resistance enhances fatty acid oxidation and induces endothelial dysfunction through reactive oxygen species-dependent and independent pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 428:41-56. [PMID: 28161804 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In atherosclerosis-associated pathologic entities characterized by malnutrition and inflammation, L-tryptophan (TRP) levels are low. Insulin resistance is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and induces endothelial dysfunction by increasing fatty acid oxidation. It is also associated with inflammation and low TRP levels. Low TRP levels have been related to worse cardiovascular outcome. This study evaluated the effect of TRP depletion on endothelial dysfunction under conditions that imitate insulin resistance. Fatty acid oxidation, harmful pathways due to increased fatty acid oxidation, and endothelial dysfunction were assessed in primary human aortic endothelial cells cultured under normal glucose, low insulin conditions in the presence or absence of TRP. TRP depletion activated general control non-derepressible 2 kinase and inhibited aryl hydrocarbon receptor. It increased fatty acid oxidation by increasing expression and activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1. Elevated fatty acid oxidation increased the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggering the polyol and hexosamine pathways, and enhancing protein kinase C activity and methylglyoxal production. TRP absence inhibited nitric oxide synthase activity in a ROS-dependent way, whereas it increased the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in a ROS independent and possibly p53-dependent manner. Thus, TRP depletion, an amino acid whose low levels have been related to worse cardiovascular outcome and to inflammatory atherosclerosis-associated pathologic entities, under conditions that imitate insulin resistance enhances fatty acid oxidation and induces endothelial dysfunction through ROS-dependent and independent pathways. These findings may offer new insights at the molecular mechanisms involved in accelerated atherosclerosis that frequently accompanies malnutrition and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Eleftheriadis
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Georgios Pissas
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Sounidaki
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgia Antoniadi
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos Rountas
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Loannis Stefanidis
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
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94
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Fu Z, Wu J, Nesil T, Li MD, Aylor KW, Liu Z. Long-term high-fat diet induces hippocampal microvascular insulin resistance and cognitive dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E89-E97. [PMID: 27899343 PMCID: PMC5336564 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00297.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin action on hippocampus improves cognitive function, and obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with decreased cognitive function. Cerebral microvasculature plays a critical role in maintaining cerebral vitality and function by supplying nutrients, oxygen, and hormones such as insulin to cerebral parenchyma, including hippocampus. In skeletal muscle, insulin actively regulates microvascular opening and closure, and this action is impaired in the insulin-resistant states. To examine insulin's action on hippocampal microvasculature and parenchyma and the impact of diet-induced obesity, we determined cognitive function and microvascular insulin responses, parenchyma insulin responses, and capillary density in the hippocampus in 2- and 8-mo-old rats on chow diet and 8-mo-old rats on a long-term high-fat diet (6 mo). Insulin infusion increased hippocampal microvascular perfusion in rats on chow diet by ~80-90%. High-fat diet feeding completely abolished insulin-mediated microvascular responses and protein kinase B phosphorylation but did not alter the capillary density in the hippocampus. This was associated with a significantly decreased cognitive function assessed using both the two-trial spontaneous alternation behavior test and the novel object recognition test. As the microvasculature provides the needed endothelial surface area for delivery of nutrients, oxygen, and insulin to hippocampal parenchyma, we conclude that hippocampal microvascular insulin resistance may play a critical role in the development of cognitive impairment seen in obesity and diabetes. Our results suggest that improvement in hippocampal microvascular insulin sensitivity might help improve or reverse cognitive function in the insulin-resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jing Wu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China; and
| | - Tanseli Nesil
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ming D Li
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kevin W Aylor
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia;
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95
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Lew JKS, Pearson JT, Schwenke DO, Katare R. Exercise mediated protection of diabetic heart through modulation of microRNA mediated molecular pathways. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:10. [PMID: 28086863 PMCID: PMC5237289 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance collectively impact on the myocardium of people with diabetes, triggering molecular, structural and myocardial abnormalities. These have been suggested to aggravate oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, myocardial lipotoxicity and impaired myocardial substrate utilization. As a consequence, this leads to the development of a spectrum of cardiovascular diseases, which may include but not limited to coronary endothelial dysfunction, and left ventricular remodelling and dysfunction. Diabetic heart disease (DHD) is the term used to describe the presence of heart disease specifically in diabetic patients. Despite significant advances in medical research and long clinical history of anti-diabetic medications, the risk of heart failure in people with diabetes never declines. Interestingly, sustainable and long-term exercise regimen has emerged as an effective synergistic therapy to combat the cardiovascular complications in people with diabetes, although the precise molecular mechanism(s) underlying this protection remain unclear. This review provides an overview of the underlying mechanisms of hyperglycaemia- and insulin resistance-mediated DHD with a detailed discussion on the role of different intensities of exercise in mitigating these molecular alterations in diabetic heart. In particular, we provide the possible role of exercise on microRNAs, the key molecular regulators of several pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Kar Sheng Lew
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Daryl O Schwenke
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand.
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand.
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96
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Abstract
Chronic inflammatory state in obesity causes dysregulation of the endocrine and paracrine actions of adipocyte-derived factors, which disrupt vascular homeostasis and contribute to endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and subsequent hypertension. While normal healthy perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) ensures the dilation of blood vessels, obesity-associated PVAT leads to a change in profile of the released adipo-cytokines, resulting in a decreased vasorelaxing effect. Adipose tissue inflammation, nitric oxide (NO)-bioavailability, insulin resistance and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) are main participating factors in endothelial dysfunction of obesity. In this chapter, disruption of inter-endothelial junctions between endothelial cells, significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation mediators, which are originated from inflamed endothelial cells, the balance between NO synthesis and ROS , insulin signaling and NO production, and decrease in L-arginine/endogenous asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) ratio are discussed in connection with endothelial dysfunction in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
- , Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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97
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Wang X, Lockhart SM, Rathjen T, Albadawi H, Sørensen D, O'Neill BT, Dwivedi N, Preil SR, Beck HC, Dunwoodie SL, Watkins MT, Rasmussen LM, Rask-Madsen C. Insulin Downregulates the Transcriptional Coregulator CITED2, an Inhibitor of Proangiogenic Function in Endothelial Cells. Diabetes 2016; 65:3680-3690. [PMID: 27561725 PMCID: PMC5127242 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In patients with atherosclerotic complications of diabetes, impaired neovascularization of ischemic tissue in the myocardium and lower limb limits the ability of these tissues to compensate for poor perfusion. We identified 10 novel insulin-regulated genes, among them Adm, Cited2, and Ctgf, which were downregulated in endothelial cells by insulin through FoxO1. CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail 2 (CITED2), which was downregulated by insulin by up to 54%, is an important negative regulator of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and impaired HIF signaling is a key mechanism underlying the impairment of angiogenesis in diabetes. Consistent with impairment of vascular insulin action, CITED2 was increased in cardiac endothelial cells from mice with diet-induced obesity and from db/db mice and was 3.8-fold higher in arterial tissue from patients with type 2 diabetes than control subjects without diabetes. CITED2 knockdown promoted endothelial tube formation and endothelial cell proliferation, whereas CITED2 overexpression impaired HIF activity in vitro. After femoral artery ligation, induction of an endothelial-specific HIF target gene in hind limb muscle was markedly upregulated in mice with endothelial cell deletion of CITED2, suggesting that CITED2 can limit HIF activity in vivo. We conclude that vascular insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes contributes to the upregulation of CITED2, which impairs HIF signaling and endothelial proangiogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanchun Wang
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Samuel M Lockhart
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K
| | - Thomas Rathjen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Hassan Albadawi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ditte Sørensen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Brian T O'Neill
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nishant Dwivedi
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Simone R Preil
- Center for Individualized Medicine of Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Beck
- Center for Individualized Medicine of Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Center for Individualized Medicine of Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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98
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Wada N, Takaki A, Ikeda F, Yasunaka T, Onji M, Nouso K, Nakatsuka A, Wada J, Koike K, Miyahara K, Shiraha H, Yamamoto K, Okada H. Serum-inducible protein (IP)-10 is a disease progression-related marker for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol Int 2016; 11:115-124. [PMID: 27826704 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-016-9773-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is not well defined. The objective of the present study was to identify disease progression-related cytokines and investigate the molecular pathogenesis of such changes in NASH. METHODS A study population of 20 non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and 59 NASH patients diagnosed by liver biopsy and 15 healthy volunteers was recruited. The serum pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured by a multiple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The hepatic mRNA expressions of cytokines were measured by real-time PCR. A monocyte cell line was stimulated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand under a high glucose and insulin condition, and cellular cytokine mRNA expression was quantified. RESULTS One group of cytokines was higher in NAFL and NASH than in controls, while another group was higher in NASH than in NAFL and controls. The NASH-specific second group included interleukin (IL)-15 and interferon-γ-inducible protein (IP)-10. In particular, IP-10 was higher in NAFL than in controls and higher in NASH than in NAFL and controls. The sensitivity to diagnose NASH was 90%, with specificity of 50%. Insulin resistance reflecting a high glucose and insulin condition resulted in higher IP-10 mRNA expression in the monocyte cell line only with concomitant TLR-2 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS IP-10 is a sensitive marker of the need for liver biopsy. Insulin resistance with bacteria-related TLR-2 stimulation might induce IP-10 production from monocytes. Insulin resistance and intestinal barrier function should be intensively controlled to prevent progression from NAFL to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Wada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akinobu Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Fusao Ikeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yasunaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiro Onji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nouso
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakatsuka
- Department of Medical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Medical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koji Miyahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hidenori Shiraha
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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99
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Prohibitin overexpression improves myocardial function in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Oncotarget 2016; 7:66-80. [PMID: 26623724 PMCID: PMC4807983 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prohibitin (PHB) is a highly conserved protein implicated in various cellular functions including proliferation, apoptosis, tumor suppression, transcription, and mitochondrial protein folding. However, its function in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is still unclear. In vivo, type 2 diabetic rat model was induced by using a high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin. Overexpression of the PHB protein in the model rats was achieved by injecting lentivirus carrying PHB cDNA via the jugular vein. Characteristics of type 2 DCM were evaluated by metabolic tests, echocardiography and histopathology. Rats with DCM showed severe insulin resistance, left ventricular dysfunction, fibrosis and apoptosis. PHB overexpression ameliorated the disease. Cardiofibroblasts (CFs) and H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were used in vitro to investigate the mechanism of PHB in altered function. In CFs treated with HG, PHB overexpression decreased expression of collagen, matrix metalloproteinase activity, and proliferation. In H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, PHB overexpression inhibited apoptosis induced by HG. Furthermore, the increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 was significantly decreased and the inhibited phosphorylation of Akt was restored in DCM. Therefore, PHB may be a new therapeutic target for human DCM.
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100
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Kleinridders A. Deciphering Brain Insulin Receptor and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Signalling. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28:10.1111/jne.12433. [PMID: 27631195 PMCID: PMC5129466 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) are highly conserved receptor tyrosine kinases that share signalling proteins and are ubiquitously expressed in the brain. Central application of insulin or IGF1 exerts several similar physiological outcomes, varying in strength, whereas disruption of the corresponding receptors in the brain leads to remarkably different effects on brain size and physiology, thus highlighting the unique effects of the corresponding hormone receptors. Central insulin/IGF1 resistance impacts upon various levels of the IR/IGF1R signalling pathways and is a feature of the metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The intricacy of brain insulin and IGF1 signalling represents a challenge for the identification of specific IR and IGF1R signalling differences in pathophysiological conditions. The present perspective sheds light on signalling differences and methodologies for specifically deciphering brain IR and IGF1R signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kleinridders
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam‐RehbrueckeCentral Regulation of MetabolismNuthetalGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)NeuherbergGermany
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