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Moran LM, Panlilio LV, Hertzel SK, Bertz JW, Tyburski M, Etter JR, Epstein DH, Preston KL, Phillips KA. Health Outcomes by Neighborhood (HON): Effects of Neighborhood, Social Instability, and Health Factors on 12-Month Trajectories of Substance-Use Disorder Symptoms. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1460-1472. [PMID: 37380598 PMCID: PMC10534204 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2223258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that environment and health can influence drug use trajectories and the effects of substance use disorder (SUD) treatments. We hypothesized that trajectories of drug use-related problems, based on changes in DSM-5 symptoms, would vary by type(s) of drugs used, health factors, and neighborhood characteristics. METHODS We assessed mental and physical health, stress, social instability, neighborhood characteristics (disorderliness and home value), and DSM-5 symptom counts at two study visits, 12 months apart, in a community sample (baseline N = 735) in Baltimore, MD. Three prominent categories of drug-use trajectory were identified with K-means cluster analysis of symptom counts: Persistent (4 or more symptoms at both visits or at Visit 2), Improved (decrease from 4 or more symptoms at Visit 1 to 3 or fewer symptoms at Visit 2), and Low-Stable (3 or fewer symptoms at both visits). Baseline health and neighborhood measures were tested as predictors of trajectory in mediation and moderation models. RESULTS Among people with current opioid- and/or stimulant-use, odds of an Improved trajectory were (1) decreased with neighborhood disorder and social instability, or (2) increased with home value and social instability. Odds of a Low-Stable trajectory were decreased by social instability and stress but increased in those who were older or self-identified as white. CONCLUSIONS Trajectories of drug use-related problems are influenced by sociodemographic variables, neighborhood factors, and health. Assessing DSM-5 symptom counts as an outcome measure may be valuable in monitoring or predicting long-term trajectories and treatment effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landhing M Moran
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Leigh V Panlilio
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara K Hertzel
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremiah W Bertz
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew Tyburski
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John R Etter
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David H Epstein
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenzie L Preston
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karran A Phillips
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Limberger MF, Schmiedek F, Santangelo PS, Reichert M, Wieland LM, Berhe O, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Tost H, Ebner-Priemer UW. Assessing affect in adolescents with e-diaries: multilevel confirmatory factor analyses of different factor models. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1061229. [PMID: 37425158 PMCID: PMC10328383 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1061229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, e-diary studies have gained increasing interest, with a dominant focus on mood and affect. Although requested in current guidelines, psychometric properties are rarely reported, and methodological investigations of factor structure, model fit, and the reliability of mood and affect assessment are limited. We used a seven-day e-diary dataset of 189 adolescent participants (12-17 years). The e-diary affect assessments revealed a considerable portion of within-person variance. The six-factor model showed the best model fit compared to the less complex models. Factor loadings also improved with the complexity of the models. Accordingly, we recommend that future e-diary studies of adolescents use the six-factor model of affect as well as reporting psychometric properties and model fit. For future e-diary scale development, we recommend using a minimum of three items per scale to enable the use of confirmatory multilevel factor analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias F. Limberger
- Mental mHealth Lab, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Schmiedek
- Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education (DIPF), Frankfurt, Germany
- IDeA Research Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Educational Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philip S. Santangelo
- Mental mHealth Lab, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Behavioural Health Technology Interventions, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, Université du Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Markus Reichert
- Mental mHealth Lab, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of eHealth and Sports Analytics, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lena M. Wieland
- Mental mHealth Lab, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education (DIPF), Frankfurt, Germany
- IDeA Research Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oksana Berhe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ulrich W. Ebner-Priemer
- Mental mHealth Lab, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Gassman-Pines A, Bellows L, Copeland WE, Hoyle RH, Odgers CL. Day-to-day variation in adolescent food insecurity. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2023; 149:106954. [PMID: 37304155 PMCID: PMC10249583 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.106954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examined differences in both average and variability in daily adolescent food insecurity, by adolescents' levels of economic disadvantage and race/ethnicity. We used data from a 14-day ecological momentary assessment of 395 adolescents enrolled in public schools in North Carolina. Each evening, adolescents were asked questions about that day's food insecurity. Economically disadvantaged adolescents reported both higher average food insecurity and more day-to-day variability in food insecurity than non-economically disadvantaged adolescents. Controlling for economic disadvantage, Black adolescents also experienced both higher average food insecurity and more variability from day to day than White or Hispanic adolescents. For those receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits, daily food insecurity was higher in the second half of the month after SNAP transfer than in the beginning of the month. Food insecurity among adolescents is not static but varies from day to day. This daily variation is greater for economically disadvantaged youth.
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Haney AM, Fleming MN, Wycoff AM, Griffin SA, Trull TJ. Measuring affect in daily life: A multilevel psychometric evaluation of the PANAS-X across four ecological momentary assessment samples. Psychol Assess 2023; 35:469-483. [PMID: 36931821 PMCID: PMC10213137 DOI: 10.1037/pas0001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
While there is strong evidence for the psychometric reliability of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form (PANAS-X) in cross-sectional studies, the between- and within-person psychometric performance of the PANAS-X in an intensive longitudinal framework is less understood. As affect is thought to be dynamic and responsive to context, this study investigated the multilevel reliability of PANAS-X Positive Affect, Negative Affect, Fear, Sadness, and Hostility scales. Generalizability theory and structural equation modeling techniques (coefficient ω) were employed in four ecological momentary assessment samples (N = 309; 41,261 reports). Results demonstrate that the PANAS-X scales, including short versions of the Positive and Negative Affect scales, can reliably detect between-person differences. PANAS-X scales also were able to reliably measure within-person change, though these estimates may be impacted by scale content and study design. These results support the use of the PANAS-X in daily life research to intensively measure affect in the natural environment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Haney
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Megan N. Fleming
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Andrea M. Wycoff
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sarah A. Griffin
- College of Human Sciences and Humanities, University of Houston-Clear Lake
| | - Timothy J. Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Fortea L, Tortella-Feliu M, Juaneda-Seguí A, De la Peña-Arteaga V, Chavarría-Elizondo P, Prat-Torres L, Soriano-Mas C, Lane SP, Radua J, Fullana MA. Development and Validation of a Smartphone-Based App for the Longitudinal Assessment of Anxiety in Daily Life. Assessment 2023; 30:959-968. [PMID: 34969314 PMCID: PMC9301625 DOI: 10.1177/10731911211065166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current methods to assess human anxiety often ignore that anxiety is a dynamic process and have limitations such as high recall bias and low generalizability to real life. Smartphone apps using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) may overcome such limitations. We developed a smartphone app for the longitudinal evaluation of anxiety symptoms using EMA. We assessed the feasibility (retention and compliance) and psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the app over 6 months in a sample of 99 participants with different levels of anxiety. The EMA-based smartphone app was highly feasible. It showed excellent within-person and between-person reliability, high convergent and moderate discriminant validity, and significant incremental validity. Assessing anxiety longitudinally using a smartphone and following EMA principles is feasible and can be reliable and valid. Studies combining EMA-based anxiety longitudinal assessments with other assessment methods deserve further research and may offer novel insights into human anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Fortea
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Asier Juaneda-Seguí
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pamela Chavarría-Elizondo
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Joaquim Radua
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- King’s College London, UK
| | - Miquel A. Fullana
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
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Hernandez R, Hoogendoorn C, Gonzalez JS, Jin H, Pyatak EA, Spruijt-Metz D, Junghaenel DU, Lee PJ, Schneider S. Reliability and Validity of Noncognitive Ecological Momentary Assessment Survey Response Times as an Indicator of Cognitive Processing Speed in People's Natural Environment: Intensive Longitudinal Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2023; 11:e45203. [PMID: 37252787 PMCID: PMC10265432 DOI: 10.2196/45203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various populations with chronic conditions are at risk for decreased cognitive performance, making assessment of their cognition important. Formal mobile cognitive assessments measure cognitive performance with greater ecological validity than traditional laboratory-based testing but add to participant task demands. Given that responding to a survey is considered a cognitively demanding task itself, information that is passively collected as a by-product of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) may be a means through which people's cognitive performance in their natural environment can be estimated when formal ambulatory cognitive assessment is not feasible. We specifically examined whether the item response times (RTs) to EMA questions (eg, mood) can serve as approximations of cognitive processing speed. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate whether the RTs from noncognitive EMA surveys can serve as approximate indicators of between-person (BP) differences and momentary within-person (WP) variability in cognitive processing speed. METHODS Data from a 2-week EMA study investigating the relationships among glucose, emotion, and functioning in adults with type 1 diabetes were analyzed. Validated mobile cognitive tests assessing processing speed (Symbol Search task) and sustained attention (Go-No Go task) were administered together with noncognitive EMA surveys 5 to 6 times per day via smartphones. Multilevel modeling was used to examine the reliability of EMA RTs, their convergent validity with the Symbol Search task, and their divergent validity with the Go-No Go task. Other tests of the validity of EMA RTs included the examination of their associations with age, depression, fatigue, and the time of day. RESULTS Overall, in BP analyses, evidence was found supporting the reliability and convergent validity of EMA question RTs from even a single repeatedly administered EMA item as a measure of average processing speed. BP correlations between the Symbol Search task and EMA RTs ranged from 0.43 to 0.58 (P<.001). EMA RTs had significant BP associations with age (P<.001), as expected, but not with depression (P=.20) or average fatigue (P=.18). In WP analyses, the RTs to 16 slider items and all 22 EMA items (including the 16 slider items) had acceptable (>0.70) WP reliability. After correcting for unreliability in multilevel models, EMA RTs from most combinations of items showed moderate WP correlations with the Symbol Search task (ranged from 0.29 to 0.58; P<.001) and demonstrated theoretically expected relationships with momentary fatigue and the time of day. The associations between EMA RTs and the Symbol Search task were greater than those between EMA RTs and the Go-No Go task at both the BP and WP levels, providing evidence of divergent validity. CONCLUSIONS Assessing the RTs to EMA items (eg, mood) may be a method of approximating people's average levels of and momentary fluctuations in processing speed without adding tasks beyond the survey questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Hernandez
- Center of Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Claire Hoogendoorn
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, United States
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Gonzalez
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, United States
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Haomiao Jin
- Center of Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Pyatak
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Donna Spruijt-Metz
- Center of Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Doerte U Junghaenel
- Center of Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pey-Jiuan Lee
- Center of Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Center of Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Potter LN, Schlechter CR, Nahum-Shani I, Lam CY, Cinciripini PM, Wetter DW. Socio-economic status moderates within-person associations of risk factors and smoking lapse in daily life. Addiction 2023; 118:925-934. [PMID: 36564898 PMCID: PMC10073289 DOI: 10.1111/add.16116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Individuals of lower socio-economic status (SES) display a higher prevalence of smoking and have more diffxiculty quitting than higher SES groups. The current study investigates whether the within-person associations of key risk (e.g. stress) and protective (self-efficacy) factors with smoking lapse varies by facets of SES. DESIGN AND SETTING Observational study using ecological momentary assessment to collect data for a 28-day period following a smoking quit attempt. Multi-level mixed models (i.e. generalized linear mixed models) examined cross-level interactions between lapse risk and protective factors and indicators of SES on smoking lapse. PARTICIPANTS A diverse sample of 330 adult US smokers who completed a larger study examining the effects of race/ethnicity and social/environmental influences on smoking cessation. MEASUREMENTS Risk factors included momentary urge, negative affect, stress; protective factors included positive affect, motivation, abstinence self-efficacy; SES measures: baseline measures of income and financial strain; the primary outcome was self-reported lapse. FINDINGS Participants provided 43 297 post-quit observations. Mixed models suggested that income and financial strain moderated the effect of some risk factors on smoking lapse. The within-person association of negative [odds ratio (OR) = 0.967, 95% CI= 0.945, 0.990, P < 0.01] and positive affect (OR = 1.023, 95% CI = 1.003, 1.044, P < 0.05) and abstinence self-efficacy (OR = 1.020, 95% CI = 1.003, 1.038, P < 0.05) on lapse varied with financial strain. The within-person association of negative affect (OR = 1.005, 95% CI = 1.002, 1.008, P < 0.01), motivation (OR = 0.995, 95% CI = 0.991, 0.999, P < 0.05) and abstinence self-efficacy (OR = 0.996, 95% CI = 0.993, 0.999, P < 0.01) on lapse varied by income. The positive association of negative affect with lapse was stronger among individuals with higher income and lower financial strain. The negative association between positive affect and abstinence self-efficacy with lapse was stronger among individuals with lower financial strain, and the negative association between motivation and abstinence self-efficacy with lapse was stronger among those with higher income. The data were insensitive to detect statistically significant moderating effects of income and financial strain on the association of urge or stress with lapse. CONCLUSION Some risk factors (e.g. momentary negative affect) exert a weaker influence on smoking lapse among lower compared to higher socio-economic status groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey N Potter
- Center for Health Outcomes and Population Equity (HOPE), Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Chelsey R Schlechter
- Center for Health Outcomes and Population Equity (HOPE), Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Inbal Nahum-Shani
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cho Y Lam
- Center for Health Outcomes and Population Equity (HOPE), Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Street, Unit 1330, Houston, TX, 77230, USA
| | - David W Wetter
- Center for Health Outcomes and Population Equity (HOPE), Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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Reed RG, Presnell SR, Al-Attar A, Lutz CT, Segerstrom SC. Life stressors and immune aging: Protective effects of cognitive reappraisal. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:212-221. [PMID: 36893924 PMCID: PMC10106412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful life events may accelerate aspects of immune aging, but habitual use of an adaptive emotion regulation strategy, cognitive reappraisal, may attenuate these effects. This study examined whether cognitive reappraisal moderates the associations between life stressor frequency and stressor desirability on aspects of immune aging, including late-differentiated CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells and inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP), both between and within people in a longitudinal sample of 149 older adults (mean age = 77.8, range: 64-92 years). Participants reported stressful life events, use of cognitive reappraisal, and provided blood semiannually for up to 5 years to assess aspects of immune aging. Multilevel models, adjusted for demographic and health covariates, tested the between-person (stable, trait-like differences) and within-person associations (dynamic fluctuations) among life stressors and reappraisal on immune aging. Experiencing more frequent life stressors than usual was associated with higher levels of late-differentiated NK cells within person, but this effect was accounted for by experiencing health-related stressors. Unexpectedly, experiencing more frequent and less desirable stressors were associated with lower average levels of TNF-α. As expected, reappraisal moderated the associations between life stressors and late-differentiated NK cells between people and IL-6 within people. Specifically, older adults who experienced less desirable stressors but also used more reappraisal had significantly lower proportions of late-differentiated NK cells on average and lower levels of IL-6 within-person. These results suggest cognitive reappraisal may play a protective role in attenuating the effects of stressful life events on aspects of innate immune aging in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Reed
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Steven R Presnell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
| | - Ahmad Al-Attar
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, United States
| | - Charles T Lutz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Segal O, Sher H, Aderka IM, Weinbach N. Does acceptance lead to change? Training in radical acceptance improves implementation of cognitive reappraisal. Behav Res Ther 2023; 164:104303. [PMID: 37030244 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Third-wave cognitive behavioral treatments such as dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) theorize that emotional acceptance facilitates cognitive change. However, empirical evidence to support this notion is scarce. This study assessed how a two-week online training in using acceptance or cognitive change DBT skills influences the implementation of these strategies in an emotion regulation task. During six training sessions, 120 healthy individuals recorded personal negative events. In a Radical Acceptance group, participants implemented a DBT skill aimed to promote acceptance of the negative events they described. In a Check the Facts group, participants reappraised their interpretations of the described events. A Control group described negative events but did not use any DBT skill. Results supported our preregistered hypotheses showing that following the training, participants who practiced Radical Acceptance improved in their ability to implement both emotional acceptance and cognitive reappraisal (cognitive change) in an emotion regulation task. In contrast, the Check the Facts group improved only in the ability to use cognitive reappraisal, but not emotional acceptance. The control group did not improve in either strategy. The findings provide empirical evidence to support the notion that cultivating acceptance can subsequently improve the ability to reinterpret reality for coping adaptively with negative events.
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Langener AM, Stulp G, Kas MJ, Bringmann LF. Capturing the Dynamics of the Social Environment Through Experience Sampling Methods, Passive Sensing, and Egocentric Networks: Scoping Review. JMIR Ment Health 2023; 10:e42646. [PMID: 36930210 PMCID: PMC10132048 DOI: 10.2196/42646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social interactions are important for well-being, and therefore, researchers are increasingly attempting to capture people's social environment. Many different disciplines have developed tools to measure the social environment, which can be highly variable over time. The experience sampling method (ESM) is often used in psychology to study the dynamics within a person and the social environment. In addition, passive sensing is often used to capture social behavior via sensors from smartphones or other wearable devices. Furthermore, sociologists use egocentric networks to track how social relationships are changing. Each of these methods is likely to tap into different but important parts of people's social environment. Thus far, the development and implementation of these methods have occurred mostly separately from each other. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to synthesize the literature on how these methods are currently used to capture the changing social environment in relation to well-being and assess how to best combine these methods to study well-being. METHODS We conducted a scoping review according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. RESULTS We included 275 studies. In total, 3 important points follow from our review. First, each method captures a different but important part of the social environment at a different temporal resolution. Second, measures are rarely validated (>70% of ESM studies and 50% of passive sensing studies were not validated), which undermines the robustness of the conclusions drawn. Third, a combination of methods is currently lacking (only 15/275, 5.5% of the studies combined ESM and passive sensing, and no studies combined all 3 methods) but is essential in understanding well-being. CONCLUSIONS We highlight that the practice of using poorly validated measures hampers progress in understanding the relationship between the changing social environment and well-being. We conclude that different methods should be combined more often to reduce the participants' burden and form a holistic perspective on the social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Langener
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Sociology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen & Inter-University Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychometrics and Statistics, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gert Stulp
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen & Inter-University Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martien J Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Laura F Bringmann
- Department of Psychometrics and Statistics, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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61
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Hernandez R, Jin H, Pyatak EA, Roll SC, Schneider S. Workers' whole day workload and next day cognitive performance. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 43:1-14. [PMID: 37359695 PMCID: PMC9982770 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Workload experienced over the whole day, not just work periods, may impact worker cognitive performance. We hypothesized that experiencing greater than typical whole day workload would be associated with lower visual processing speed and lower sustained attention ability, on the next day. To test this, we used dynamic structural equation modeling to analyze data from 56 workers with type 1 diabetes. For a two-week period, on smartphones they answered questions about whole day workload at the end of each day, and completed cognitive tests 5 or 6 times throughout each day. Repeated smartphone cognitive tests were used, instead of traditional one- time cognitive assessment in the laboratory, to increase the ecological validity of the cognitive tests. Examples of reported occupations in our sample included housekeeper, teacher, physician, and cashier. On workdays, the mean number of work hours reported was 6.58 (SD 3.5). At the within-person level, greater whole day workload predicted decreased mean processing speed the next day (standardized estimate=-0.10, 95% CI -0.18 to -0.01) using a random intercept model; the relationship was not significant and only demonstrated a tendency toward the expected effect (standardized estimate= -0.07, 95% CI -0.15 to 0.01) in a model with a random intercept and a random regression slope. Whole day workload was not found to be associated with next-day mean sustained attention ability. Study results suggested that just one day of greater than average workload could impact next day processing speed, but future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to corroborate this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Hernandez
- Dornsife Center for Economic & Social Research, University of Southern California, 90089 Los Angeles, CA USA
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, 90089 Los Angeles, CA USA
- USC Center for Economic & Social Research, 635 Downey Way, VPD 405 Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Haomiao Jin
- Dornsife Center for Economic & Social Research, University of Southern California, 90089 Los Angeles, CA USA
- School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7YH Guildford, UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Pyatak
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, 90089 Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Shawn C. Roll
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, 90089 Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Dornsife Center for Economic & Social Research, University of Southern California, 90089 Los Angeles, CA USA
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Jones DR, Ruiz JM, Schreier HMC, Allison MA, Uchino BN, Russell MA, Taylor DJ, Smith TW, Smyth JM. Mean affect and affect variability may interact to predict inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 109:168-174. [PMID: 36681360 PMCID: PMC10023429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with greater affect variability (i.e., moment-to-moment fluctuations possibly reflecting emotional dysregulation) are at risk for greater systemic inflammation, which is associated with cardiovascular disease. Some evidence suggests that affect variability is linked with poorer health indicators only among those with higher average levels of affect, particularly for positive affect (PA), and that associations may be non-linear. The present study sought to examine whether links between both PA and negative affect (NA) variability and inflammation are moderated by average level of affect. METHODS Participants (N = 300, 50 % female, ages 21-70, 60 % non-Hispanic White, 19 % Hispanic, 15 % non-Hispanic Black) completed a lab assessment and provided a blood sample to measure systemic inflammation (i.e., TNF-α, IL-6, CRP). Affect was collected via a two-day ecological momentary assessment protocol where reports were collected about every 45-min during waking hours. Momentary affect ratings were averaged across both days (i.e., iM), separately for PA and NA, for each participant. Affect variability was calculated as the person-specific SD (i.e., iSD) of affect reports, separately for PA and NA. Linear and quadratic interactions were tested. Models included covariates for sex, race, and body mass index. RESULTS There were significant interactions between NA iM and NA iSD predicting TNF-α (b = 6.54; p < 0.05) and between PA iM and PA iSD predicting IL-6 (b = 0.45; p < 0.05). Specifically, the association between these affect variability indicators and inflammatory markers were suggestive of a positive association among those with higher average affect but a negative association among those with lower average affect. There was no evidence of non-linear associations between affect and inflammation. DISCUSSION Incorporating interactive effects between affect variability and average affect may be an important consideration in understanding affective-inflammatory associations.
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Frackowiak M, Hilpert P, Russell PS. Impact of partner phubbing on negative emotions: a daily diary study of mitigating factors. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractInteractions between romantic partners may be disturbed by a co-present mobile phone use when a partner ignores their interaction partner in favor of a smartphone. This common practice, called phubbing, promotes social rejection and exclusion, hence the partner who gets phubbed may report negative emotional experiences. However, these experiences may be buffered by a cognitive perception mechanism, when the partner’s behavior is still perceived as responsive (i.e., understanding or validating). Thus, we hypothesize that feeling understood or validated moderate the link between phubbing intensity and negative emotions. To test our hypotheses, we conducted a daily diary study over seven days, using a sample of N = 133 participants living with their partner. Multilevel modeling was applied, to examine between- and within-person processes. The findings indicate that perception of the partner as understanding and validating, despite the co-present mobile phone use, reduces the negative emotional experiences during phubbing, and the interaction effects indicate nuances between phubbing and understanding and validation by partner, which extend our theoretical comprehension and distinguish between the two as separate relationship-related constructs. Our research provides a unique insight into how mechanisms related to couple interactions may reduce negative experiences, a finding that may be useful in future interventions and couples' therapy.
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64
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Mak HW, Lydon-Staley DM, Lunkenheimer E, Lai MHC, Fosco GM. The roles of caregivers and friends in adolescent daily emotion dynamics. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2023; 32:263-282. [PMID: 37664643 PMCID: PMC10470583 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Daily emotion dynamics provide valuable information about individuals' emotion processes as they go about their lives. Emotion dynamics such as emotion levels (mean), emotion variability (degree of fluctuation), and emotion network density (strength of temporal connections among emotions) are associated with risks for various psychopathology in youth and adults. Prior work has shown that caregivers and friends play crucial socializing roles in adolescent emotional well-being, but less is known about their roles in daily emotion dynamics. This study examined whether caregiver emotion coaching, caregiver-adolescent closeness, and friendship quality were associated with adolescents' emotion levels, emotion variability, and emotion network density. Further, we examined whether caregiver-adolescent closeness moderated the associations between coaching and emotion dynamics. Participants were 150 adolescents (61% girls; Mage = 14.75) and one of their caregivers (95% female; Mage = 43.35) who completed a baseline survey and 21 daily surveys. Results showed that caregiver emotion coaching interacted with caregiver-adolescent closeness in predicting emotion levels and variability. Specifically, when closeness was higher, emotion coaching was significantly associated with lower sadness and anger levels, higher happiness levels, and lower happiness variability. Caregiver emotion coaching, independent of closeness, was also associated with lower anxiety levels, lower sadness variability, and lower emotion network density. Friendship quality was significantly associated with lower levels of sadness, anxiety, and anger, higher levels of happiness, and lower variability in anxiety and anger. These findings suggest that caregivers and friends are central to everyday emotion levels and variability and a more flexible emotion system in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hio Wa Mak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David M. Lydon-Staley
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erika Lunkenheimer
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mark H. C. Lai
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Gregory M. Fosco
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, and Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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65
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Jiang D, Lee CKJ. Entity theory of emotion was associated with more daily negative affect during quarantine: Evidence from a 14-day diary study among healthy young adults. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:115-132. [PMID: 35688797 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, quarantine has been implemented as a physical distancing measure to reduce the risk of transmission. However, no studies have examined the relationship between quarantine and daily affective experiences. Few studies have examined the individual-level factors that may alleviate or strengthen the negative impact of quarantine on daily affective experiences. To this end, we conducted a diary study by comparing the affective experiences of people in quarantine with those of people not subject to quarantine. There were 201 participants in the study. After the pretest collecting responses on demographic information and entity theory of emotion, the participants completed a daily questionnaire measuring their daily positive and negative affect for 14 consecutive days. The results of hierarchical linear modeling showed that the participants in the quarantine condition reported less daily positive affect than those in the social interaction condition. We found that when the participants under quarantine believed more strongly that their emotions could not be changed, they reported a higher level of daily negative affect. These findings demonstrate the role of entity theory of emotion in understanding daily negative affect during quarantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jiang
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Kin John Lee
- Department of Curriculum & Instruction, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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66
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Parnes JE, Mereish EH, Meisel SN, Treloar Padovano H, Miranda R. In the Presence of Parents: Parental Heterosexism and Momentary Negative Affect and Substance Craving Among Sexual Minority Youth. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:230-236. [PMID: 36473778 PMCID: PMC10262696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the influence of parental heterosexism on in vivo negative affect and substance craving among sexual minority youth (SMY) who use nicotine and other substances, and if that relation was strengthened when in the presence of their parent(s). METHODS SMY (n = 42, ages 15-19) completed baseline assessments, including experiences of parental heterosexism (PH), and a 30-day ecological momentary assessment. Ecological momentary assessment reports included affective states (i.e., anger, anxiety, depression), substance craving (i.e., nicotine, cannabis, alcohol), and other contextual factors (e.g., presence of parents). Multilevel logistic regression models evaluated the study hypotheses. RESULTS PH was associated with greater odds of reporting in-the-moment anger, depression, cannabis craving, and alcohol craving. Parental presence was associated with lower odds of reporting anxiety or depression, and greater odds of reporting nicotine craving. There was a significant interaction when predicting the odds of reporting anxiety. For SMY low in PH, parental presence was related to lower odds of reporting anxiety. As PH increased, parental presence had diminishing associations with the odds of reporting anxiety. DISCUSSION Parenting behaviors can serve as protective and risk factors for negative affect and substance craving among SMY. Improving family-based interventions for SMY may be integral for enhancing healthy development and reducing health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Parnes
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; E. P. Bradley Hospital, Riverside, Rhode Island
| | - Ethan H Mereish
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Samuel N Meisel
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; E. P. Bradley Hospital, Riverside, Rhode Island
| | - Hayley Treloar Padovano
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Robert Miranda
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; E. P. Bradley Hospital, Riverside, Rhode Island
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Hillmann AR, Dhingra R, Reed RG. Positive social factors prospectively predict younger epigenetic age: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 148:105988. [PMID: 36446244 PMCID: PMC9898135 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Positive social factors may slow biological aging, but this has yet to be rigorously tested. This study investigated whether baseline levels or changes over time in social support and contact frequency prospectively predicted epigenetic age. METHOD Health and Retirement Study participants (N = 1912, 46.3 % male, aged 42-87 at baseline) reported longitudinal social support and contact frequency data up to 3 times between 2006 and 2016 and provided blood in 2016. Baseline levels (intercepts) and changes over time (slopes) in social support from and contact frequency with spouses, children, friends, and other family were outputted from multilevel models and used to predict epigenetic age, estimated from Horvath, Hannum, GrimAge, PhenoAge, and Dunedin Pace of Aging. RESULTS In models adjusted for demographic and health characteristics, higher baseline levels of support from and contact frequency with friends were prospectively associated with a slower Pace of Aging (support: p = .002; contact: p = 0.009) and a lower GrimAge (contact: p = .001). In addition, higher contact frequency with children at baseline was prospectively associated with a lower GrimAge (p < .001), and higher contact frequency with family at baseline and an increase in family contact over time was associated with a lower Hannum age (baseline: p = .005; slope: p = .015). CONCLUSIONS Perceived support from and contact with close others, particularly friends, may have implications for healthy biological aging. Notably, the effect sizes for friends were comparable to the effect of body mass index on epigenetic age. Positive social factors were generally associated with second- and third-generation clocks, which may be more sensitive to psychosocial factors than first-generation clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby R Hillmann
- Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Roma Dhingra
- Department of Biology, Georgetown College, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca G Reed
- Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Choi Y, Pauly T, Zambrano Garza E, Broen T, Gerstorf D, Hoppmann CA. Having time to oneself in times of extended togetherness: Solitude experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:217-237. [PMID: 36135342 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated how time to oneself (solitude) is experienced under conditions of extended togetherness with household members during the pandemic. Both structural (living arrangements) and qualitative characteristics (relationship quality and conflict) were examined for their association with solitude desire and daily solitude-affect links. We expected that people living with others and those with more high-quality as well as those with more conflictual relationships would report better affect quality when experiencing solitude. A Canadian adult lifespan sample (N = 141; Mage = 38.43 years, SDage = 17.51; 81% female; 73% White; data collected from April to August 2020) provided information on household size and relationship characteristics and completed repeated daily life assessments of solitude desire, solitude, and affect. Findings show that living arrangements were not associated with an increased desire for solitude or better affect quality from solitude. Individuals reporting higher relationship quality and individuals reporting more conflict showed more favorable affect quality on days when they had time in solitude than individuals reporting lower quality relationships and lower conflict. Findings add to the growing solitude literature by delineating who seeks and benefits from solitude, and under what conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonseok Choi
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Theresa Pauly
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Zambrano Garza
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tiana Broen
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane A Hoppmann
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Mavragani A, Roque NA, Gerver CR, Cerino ES. Ultra-brief Assessment of Working Memory Capacity: Ambulatory Assessment Study Using Smartphones. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e40188. [PMID: 36705953 PMCID: PMC9919550 DOI: 10.2196/40188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of mobile technology with substantial computing power (ie, smartphones) has enabled the adaptation of performance-based cognitive assessments to remote administration and novel intensive longitudinal study designs (eg, measurement burst designs). Although an "ambulatory" cognitive assessment paradigm may provide new research opportunities, the adaptation of conventional measures to a mobile format conducive to intensive repeated measurement involves balancing measurement precision, administration time, and procedural consistency. OBJECTIVE Across 3 studies, we adapted "complex span" tests of working memory capacity (WMC) for ultra-brief, smartphone-based administration and examined their reliability, sufficiency, and associations with full-length, laboratory-based computerized administrations. METHODS In a laboratory-based setting, study 1 examined associations between ultra-brief smartphone adaptations of the operation span, symmetry span, and rotation span tasks and full-length computerized versions. In study 2, we conducted a 4-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study (4 assessments per day), where we examined the reliability of ultra-brief, ambulatory administrations of each task. In study 3, we conducted a 7-day EMA study (5 assessments per day) involving the ultra-brief rotation span task, where we examined reliability in the absence of extensive onboarding and training. RESULTS Measurement models in study 1 suggest that comparable estimates of latent WMC can be recovered from ultra-brief complex span task performance on smartphones. Significant correlations between the ultra-brief tasks and respective full-length versions were observed in study 1 and 2, ranging from r=0.4 to r=0.57. Results of study 2 and study 3 suggest that reliable between-person estimates of operation span, symmetry span, rotation span, and latent WMC can be obtained in 2-3 ultra-brief administrations (equivalent to <1 day of testing in an EMA study design). The results of study 3 replicated our findings, showing that reliable between-person estimates of rotation span may be obtained in as few as 2 ultra-brief administrations in the absence of extensive onboarding and training. In addition, the modification of task parameterization for study 3 improved the estimates of reliability of within-person change. CONCLUSIONS Ultra-brief administration of complex span tasks on smartphones in a measurement burst design can generate highly reliable cross-sectional estimates of WMC. Considerations for future mobile cognitive assessment designs and parameterizations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelson A Roque
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Courtney R Gerver
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Eric S Cerino
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
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Liu P, Wang Y, Hu J, Qing L, Zhao K. Development and validation of a highly dynamic and reusable picture-based scale: A new affective measurement tool. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1078691. [PMID: 36733871 PMCID: PMC9888759 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1078691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion measurement is crucial to conducting emotion research. Numerous studies have extensively employed textual scales for psychological and organizational behavior research. However, emotions are transient states of organisms with relatively short duration, some insurmountable limitations of textual scales have been reported, including low reliability for single measurement or susceptibility to learning effects for multiple repeated use. In the present article, we introduce the Highly Dynamic and Reusable Picture-based Scale (HDRPS), which was randomly generated based on 3,386 realistic, high-quality photographs that are divided into five categories (people, animals, plants, objects, and scenes). Affective ratings of the photographs were gathered from 14 experts and 209 professional judges. The HDRPS was validated using the Self-Assessment Manikin and the PANAS by 751 participants. With an accuracy of 89.73%, this new tool allows researchers to measure individual emotions continuously for their research. The non-commercial use of the HDRPS system can be freely accessible by request at http://syy.imagesoft.cc:8989/Pictures.7z. HDRPS is used for non-commercial academic research only. As some of the images are collected through the open network, it is difficult to trace the source, so please contact the author if there are any copyright issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya’nan Wang
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Ya’nan Wang,
| | | | - Lin’bo Qing
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Søholm U, Broadley M, Zaremba N, Divilly P, Nefs G, Carlton J, Mader JK, Baumann PM, Gomes M, Martine-Edith G, Pollard DJ, Rath D, Heller S, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, McCrimmon RJ, Renard E, Evans M, de Galan B, Forkmann T, Amiel SA, Hendrieckx C, Speight J, Choudhary P, Pouwer F. Psychometric properties of an innovative smartphone application to investigate the daily impact of hypoglycemia in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: The Hypo-METRICS app. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283148. [PMID: 36930585 PMCID: PMC10022775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine the acceptability and psychometric properties of the Hypo-METRICS (Hypoglycemia MEasurement, ThResholds and ImpaCtS) application (app): a novel tool designed to assess the direct impact of symptomatic and asymptomatic hypoglycemia on daily functioning in people with insulin-treated diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS 100 adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM, n = 64) or insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, n = 36) completed three daily 'check-ins' (morning, afternoon and evening) via the Hypo-METRICs app across 10 weeks, to respond to 29 unique questions about their subjective daily functioning. Questions addressed sleep quality, energy level, mood, affect, cognitive functioning, fear of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, social functioning, and work/productivity. Completion rates, structural validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were explored. App responses were correlated with validated person-reported outcome measures to investigate convergent (rs>±0.3) and divergent (rs<±0.3) validity. RESULTS Participants' mean±SD age was 54±16 years, diabetes duration was 23±13 years, and most recent HbA1c was 56.6±9.8 mmol/mol. Participants submitted mean±SD 191±16 out of 210 possible 'check-ins' (91%). Structural validity was confirmed with multi-level confirmatory factor analysis showing good model fit on the adjusted model (Comparative Fit Index >0.95, Root-Mean-Square Error of Approximation <0.06, Standardized Root-Mean-square Residual<0.08). Scales had satisfactory internal consistency (all ω≥0.5), and high test-retest reliability (rs≥0.7). Convergent and divergent validity were demonstrated for most scales. CONCLUSION High completion rates and satisfactory psychometric properties demonstrated that the Hypo-METRICS app is acceptable to adults with T1DM and T2DM, and a reliable and valid tool to explore the daily impact of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uffe Søholm
- Medical & Science, Patient Focused Drug Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Diabetes, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Melanie Broadley
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Natalie Zaremba
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Diabetes, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Divilly
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Diabetes, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giesje Nefs
- Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
- National Treatment and Research Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults with Type 1 Diabetes, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jill Carlton
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Julia K. Mader
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Mikel Gomes
- Digital Therapeutics, Scientific Modelling, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Gilberte Martine-Edith
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Diabetes, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Pollard
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Dajana Rath
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Heller
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands Hospital Hillerød, Hillerød, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rory J. McCrimmon
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Renard
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Mark Evans
- Welcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bastiaan de Galan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Forkmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephanie A. Amiel
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Diabetes, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christel Hendrieckx
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jane Speight
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pratik Choudhary
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Diabetes, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Frans Pouwer
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense (SDCO), Odense, Denmark
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Henneghan AM, Van Dyk KM, Ackerman RA, Paolillo EW, Moore RC. Assessing cancer-related cognitive function in the context of everyday life using ecological mobile cognitive testing: A protocol for a prospective quantitative study. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231194944. [PMID: 37588154 PMCID: PMC10426293 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231194944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Millions of cancer survivors are at risk for cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI), yet accurate and accessible assessments of cognitive functioning remain limited. Ecological mobile cognitive testing (EMCT) could offer a solution. This paper presents the protocol for a study that aims to (1) establish the reliability and validity of EMCT to assess CRCI in breast cancer survivors, and (2) prospectively evaluate within-person processes (and interactions) among context, mood, and behavior that explain cognitive variability, everyday functioning, and quality of life of cancer survivors. Methods Participants will include breast cancer survivors (>21 years old) who are within 5 years of completing chemotherapy treatment. Participants will complete two virtual visits (baseline, follow-up) 2 months apart to assess self-reported cognitive symptoms and cognitive performance, sociodemographic characteristics, clinical history, everyday functioning, and quality of life. Between virtual visits, EMCT will be used to sample cognitive functioning every other day (28 times total). We will use linear mixed-effect regressions and single-level multiple regression models to analyze the data. Results We anticipate a minimum of 124 breast cancer survivors enrolling and completing data collection. Study results will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Conclusions Our findings will have broad implications for assessing CRCI in an ecologically valid and person-centered way using EMCT. We aim to provide this protocol to aid researchers who would like to apply this approach to their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen M Van Dyk
- Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Raeanne C Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
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73
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Segerstrom SC, Reed RG, Presnell SR, Al-Attar A, Lutz CT. Resources and lymphocyte terminal maturity among older adults. Health Psychol 2023; 42:46-52. [PMID: 35980722 PMCID: PMC9812875 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women's financial resources were associated with more terminal maturity in natural killer lymphocytes, generally associated with loss of proliferative potential, during the "Great Recession". This preregistered analysis expanded on that finding in a longitudinal design including both genders and examining the role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus. METHOD Older adults (N = 138, 57% women) were assessed longitudinally during 2012-2017; including self-reported psychological, social, financial, and status-skill resources, CMV antibody titers and serostatus, and assessment of T and natural killer lymphocyte terminal maturity (LTM). RESULTS Neither total nor financial resources were associated with LTM. Adjusting only for age, more psychological resources (e.g., meaning, hope, humor) were associated with lower T LTM (percent: γ = -1.11 [-1.78, -.44]; number: γ = -.99 [-1.70, -.27]). There were no significant interactions with age, gender, or CMV serostatus; however, additionally adjusting for serostatus reduced the effect of psychological resources (percent: γ = -.41 [-93, .12]; number: (γ = -.40 [-.94, .13]). CONCLUSIONS Outside the context of the "Great Recession", psychological resources but not financial resources were associated with terminal maturity in T cells, a relationship related to CMV serostatus. Further studies in different and more diverse samples, and in different eras, are needed to understand what resources are most protective against immunological aging, when, and for whom. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven R. Presnell
- Departments of Chemistry and of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Ahmad Al-Attar
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center
| | - Charles T. Lutz
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky
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74
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Del Toro J, Wang MT. Online Racism and Mental Health Among Black American Adolescents in 2020. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:25-36.e8. [PMID: 35868431 PMCID: PMC9805489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether rates of online racial discrimination changed over the course of 2020 and their longitudinal effects on Black youths' mental health. METHOD This longitudinal study collected 18,454 daily assessments from a nationally representative sample of 602 Black and White adolescents in the United States (58% Black, 42% White; mean age = 15.09 years, SD = 1.56 years) across 58 days during the heightened racial tensions between March and November 2020. RESULTS Black youths experienced increases in online racial discrimination, and these increases were not fully explained by time spent online or by general cybervictimization experiences. Online racial discrimination predicted poorer same-day and next-day mental health among Black youths but not among White youths. Black youths' mental health did not predict their online racial discrimination experiences. CONCLUSION Online racial discrimination has implications for shaping mental health disparities that disadvantage Black youths relative to their White peers. Programs can be implemented to decrease online hate crimes, and health providers (eg, pediatricians, psychiatrists) should develop procedures that mitigate the negative mental health effects following online racial discrimination experiences.
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75
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Cooper SE, Dunsmoor JE, Koval KA, Pino ER, Steinman SA. Test–retest
reliability of human threat conditioning and generalization across a
1‐to‐2‐week
interval. Psychophysiology 2022; 60:e14242. [PMID: 36546410 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Given the increasing use of threat conditioning and generalization for clinical-translational research efforts, establishing test-retest reliability of these paradigms is necessary. Specifically, it is an empirical question whether the same participant evinces a similar generalization gradient of conditioned responses across two sessions with the identical contingencies and stimuli. Here, 46 human volunteers participated in an identical auditory threat acquisition and generalization protocol at two sessions separated by 1-to-2 weeks. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and trial-by-trial shock risk ratings served as primary measures. We used linear mixed effects modeling to test differential threat responses and generalization gradients, and Generalizability (G) theory coefficients as our primary formal assessment of test-retest reliability of intraindividual stability and change across time. Results showed largely invariant differential conditioning and generalization gradients across time. G coefficients indicated fair reliability for acquisition and generalization SCR. In contrast, risk rating reliabilities were mixed, and reliability was particularly low for acquisition risk ratings. Our findings generally support reliability of the threat conditioning and generalization paradigm for shorter test-retest intervals and highlight their utility for assessments of behavioral interventions in mental health research, but challenges remain and further work is needed. Threat conditioning and generalization tasks are increasingly used for translational efforts to improve behavioral interventions, and thus test-retest reliability for these tasks needs to be established. Our results support the test-retest reliability of threat conditioning and generalization over a relatively short (1-to-2 week) interval, but this depends on the measure used (physiological vs. self-report). Overall, these tasks could be appropriate for repeated testing over the course of a short-duration intervention study, but more research is needed, particularly in regard to longer-duration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E. Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Joseph E. Dunsmoor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
- Institute for Neuroscience University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Kathleen A. Koval
- Department of Psychology West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | - Emma R. Pino
- Department of Psychology West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | - Shari A. Steinman
- Department of Psychology West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
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Alfi-Yogev T, Kivity Y, Hasson-Ohayon I, Ziv-Beiman S, Yehezkel I, Atzil-Slonim D. Client-therapist temporal congruence in perceiving immediate therapist self-disclosure and its association with treatment outcome. Psychother Res 2022:1-15. [DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2022.2151947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Alfi-Yogev
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yogev Kivity
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Sharon Ziv-Beiman
- Faculty School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College Tel-Aviv Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel
| | - Ido Yehezkel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Lüscher J, Pauly T, Gerstorf D, Stadler G, Ashe MC, Madden KM, Hoppmann CA. Having a Good Time Together: The Role of Companionship in Older Couples' Everyday Life. Gerontology 2022; 68:1428-1439. [PMID: 35468600 PMCID: PMC9808656 DOI: 10.1159/000524089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Companionship (i.e., enjoyable shared activities) is associated with higher emotional and relational well-being. However, the role of companionship for emotional well-being and relationship satisfaction in older couples' everyday life is not well understood. This article studies time-varying associations of companionship with emotional and relational well-being as older couples engage in their everyday life. METHODS Participants provided three data points a day over 7 days using electronic surveys that were simultaneously completed by both partners. A total of 118 older heterosexual couples reported momentary companionship, positive and negative affect, and closeness. Data were analyzed using an intensive longitudinal dyadic score model. RESULTS Couples with higher average companionship showed lower overall negative affect, more overall positive affect, and higher overall closeness. During moments of elevated momentary companionship, partners reported more positive affect, less negative affect, and higher closeness. Regarding between-couple partner differences, i.e., when the female partner's momentary companionship was higher on average than the male partner's momentary companionship, the female partner also showed less negative affect, more positive affect, and higher closeness than the male partner. During moments in which the female partner's momentary companionship was higher than the male partner's momentary companionship, the female partner showed less negative affect, more positive affect, and higher closeness than the male partner. DISCUSSION Older couples show a consistent link between companionship and emotional well-being and closeness in everyday life emphasizing the importance of studying companionship in close relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Lüscher
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,*Janina Lüscher,
| | - Theresa Pauly
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gertraud Stadler
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maureen C. Ashe
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kenneth M. Madden
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christiane A. Hoppmann
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Papp LM, Kouros CD, Witt HK, Curtin JJ, Blumenstock SM, Barringer A. Real-time momentary mood as a predictor of college students' prescription drug misuse in daily life: Direct links and the moderating role of background mental health. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:787-796. [PMID: 34110882 PMCID: PMC8660934 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study addressed calls for research to identify real-time predictors of prescription drug misuse (Schepis et al., 2020) by testing young adults' momentary reports of their negative mood and positive mood as predictors of event-level misuse in daily life. We implemented a 28-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) procedure that collected individuals' mood and other contextual experiences in moments preceding prescription drug misuse. Consistent with models of problematic substance use as a means to reduce negativity (Khantzian, 1997), results from hierarchical generalized linear modeling (HGLM) indicated within-person links between higher than usual negative mood and greater likelihood of prescription misuse in daily life. Contrary to the hypothesis, misuse was also more likely when preceded by elevated positive mood. We found consistent support for the hypothesized between-person effects, with prescription misuse in daily life associated with higher average levels of negative mood, and lower average levels of positive mood, across the reporting period. We further predicted that individuals reporting greater levels of social anxiety, depression, and externalizing symptoms would evidence stronger links between their momentary negative mood and prescription misuse. Partial support for this moderation hypothesis was found, with the positive within-person link between negative mood and prescription misuse significantly stronger among individuals higher (vs. lower) on social anxiety and depression. Results provide support for intricate connections between young adults' momentary mood, mental health symptoms, and prescription drug misuse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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79
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Lane SP, Trull TJ. Operationalizing undifferentiated affect: Validity and utility in clinical samples. Front Psychol 2022; 13:690030. [PMID: 36438368 PMCID: PMC9686340 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.690030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion differentiation is conceptualized as the process of categorizing one's general affective experiences into discrete emotions. The experience of undifferentiated affect or the inability to distinguish the particular emotion or combination of emotions that one is experiencing is often considered a hallmark of emotion dysregulation. Some past research has attempted to operationalize the general tendency to experience undifferentiated affect at the trait level using explicit questionnaire measures. More recently, indirect measures using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to estimate the consistency between simultaneous measures of different in-the-moment emotional experiences have become the favored method of quantifying undifferentiated affect. While the ICC method constitutes an advancement in estimating undifferentiated affect, which is theorized to be a dynamic process that occurs at a very granular level, prior investigations have used aggregate ICC measures or momentary ICC derivations that ignore multiple sources of dynamic variability to make inferences about in-the-moment experiences. We introduce a new, flexible method of calculating ICC measures of undifferentiated affect at different levels of experience that takes full advantage of time-intensive data measurement and more closely maps onto the theorized process. This method provides more refined estimates of undifferentiated affect and its associations with various behavioral outcomes, as well as uncovers more nuanced associations regarding the temporal process of emotional differentiation. It also elucidates potential conceptual issues in mapping empirical estimates of emotion undifferentiation onto their underlying theoretical interpretations.
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80
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Dumser B, Werner GG, Ehring T, Takano K. Symptom dynamics among nightmare sufferers: An intensive longitudinal study. J Sleep Res 2022; 32:e13776. [PMID: 36351660 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nightmares are considerably prevalent in the general population and are known to be closely associated with a variety of mental disorders. However, not much is known about the immediate antecedents and consequences of nightmares. Therefore, we used intensive longitudinal assessments to investigate the night-to-night within-person associations between nightmares on the one hand and fear of sleep, somatic as well as cognitive pre-sleep arousal, and sleep quality on the other hand. Young women with regular nightmares (n = 16) maintained a sleep diary for around 30 days; upon awaking, the participants reported on nightmares and sleep quality during the past night as well as the pre-sleep levels of arousal and fear of sleep (which resulted in 461 observations). Participants also wore an actigraph, which provided objective sleep parameters. Multilevel modeling showed that higher levels of fear of sleep and lower subjective sleep quality were significantly associated with higher levels of nightmare distress. Furthermore, we found individual differences in the strength of these associations, which implies that factors proximate to nightmares may vary across individuals. Pre-sleep arousal, however, did not show expected within-person associations with nightmares or fear of sleep. These findings highlight the crucial role of fear of sleep in the etiology of nightmares and sleep disturbances, while pointing to the importance of pursuing individual, personalised models that explain heterogeneity in the process of triggering nightmares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Dumser
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Gabriela G. Werner
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Ehring
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Keisuke Takano
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute (HIIRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tokyo Japan
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81
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Mereish EH, Treloar Padovano H, Parlette B, Miranda R. Momentary Associations Among Minority Stress, Craving, Affect, and Nicotine Use Among Sexual Minority Youth. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2022; 51:877-891. [PMID: 35895311 PMCID: PMC9617755 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2093208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sexual minority youth are more likely to use nicotine relative to heterosexual youth. The minority stress model posits these disparities are partly due to unique stress (i.e., minority stress) specific to their stigmatized identities. However, there is a dearth of research exploring the fine-grained dynamic interplay between minority stressors, mediating processes, and nicotine use in sexual minority youth's daily lives and natural environment. We leveraged ecological momentary assessment over a 30-day monitoring period to test the mediating effects of craving and negative and positive affect on the momentary associations between minority stressors and subsequent nicotine use among sexual minority youth who were active nicotine users and recruited from the community. METHODS Participants were 85 nicotine users, ages 15-19 years old (M age = 17.96, SD = 1.10; 56.6% cisgender female; 56.6% bisexual; 73.5% non-Hispanic White) and half (51.8%) were daily nicotine users. RESULTS Results indicated that exposure to a minority stressor was associated with momentary elevations in nicotine craving and negative affect and decreases in positive affect. Nicotine craving and positive affect were also associated with greater probability of subsequent nicotine use. The associations between minority stressors and subsequent nicotine use were mediated through craving and positive, but not negative affect. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first ecological momentary assessment evidence of these associations among sexual minority youth and help support and advance both addictions and sexual minority-specific models (e.g., minority stress) of nicotine use among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan H Mereish
- Lavender Lab, Department of Health Studies, American University
| | | | | | - Robert Miranda
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
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Valued Outcomes in the Cancer Experience (VOICE)™: Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of perceived control. Palliat Support Care 2022; 21:465-476. [PMID: 36285508 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951522000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Enhancing cancer patients’ sense of control can positively impact psychological well-being. We developed and assessed the psychometric properties of Valued Outcomes in the Cancer Experience (VOICE)TM, a measure of patients’ perceived control over key personal priorities within their cancer experience.
Methods
VOICE construction and testing were completed in three phases with separate participant samples: (1) item generation and initial item pool testing (N = 459), (2) scale refinement (N = 623), and (3) confirmatory validation (N = 515).
Results
A 21-item measure was developed that captures cancer patients’ sense of control in seven key domains: (1) Purpose and Meaning, (2) Functional Capacity, (3) Longevity, (4) Quality Care, (5) Illness Knowledge, (6) Social Support, and (7) Financial Capability. VOICE demonstrated adequate internal consistency (full-scale α = 0.93; factor α = 0.67–0.89) and adequate to strong convergent and discriminatory validity.
Significance of results
VOICE measures cancer patients’ perceived control across a diverse range of personal priorities, creating a platform for elevating patient perspectives and identifying pathways to enhance patient well-being. VOICE is positioned to guide understanding of the patient experience and aid the development and evaluation of supportive care interventions to enhance well-being.
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Anvari F, Efendić E, Olsen J, Arslan RC, Elson M, Schneider IK. Bias in Self-Reports: An Initial Elevation Phenomenon. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221129160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have long worried about a phenomenon where study participants give higher ratings on self-report scales the first time they take a survey compared to subsequent times, particularly for negative subjective experiences. Recent experimental evidence, using samples of U.S. college students, suggests that this initial elevation phenomenon is due to an upward bias in people’s initial responses. Such bias potentially undermines the validity of many research findings. However, more recent studies have found little evidence in support of the phenomenon. To investigate the robustness of the initial elevation phenomenon, we conducted the largest experiments to date in diverse online samples ( N = 5,285 across three studies, from Prolific.co). We observed an initial elevation on self-reports of negative subjective experiences such as mood and mental and physical health symptoms. Our findings show that the threats to validity posed by the phenomenon are real and need to be reckoned with.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jerome Olsen
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ruben C. Arslan
- University of Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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Helgeson VS, Allen NA, Tracy EL, Butner J, Berg CA. Diabetes stress contagion among romantic partners: a daily diary investigation. J Behav Med 2022; 45:716-727. [PMID: 35819741 PMCID: PMC10369354 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-022-00337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The stress of diabetes management not only affects persons with type 1 diabetes (PWD) but also their social network. We examined the extent to which romantic partners of PWD (n = 199) identified their most significant daily stressor as diabetes-related (i.e., partner diabetes stress) using a 14-day daily diary design. Utilizing a communal coping framework, we examined appraisal and communication as predictors of partner diabetes stress and examined links of partner diabetes stress to supportive/unsupportive behavior and mood by assessing each construct daily. We also examined whether a survey measure of partner anxious attachment moderated these links. Results showed that viewing diabetes as a shared problem and greater diabetes communication were associated with greater partner diabetes stress. Partner diabetes stress was linked to partner provision of greater supportive and unsupportive behavior-especially so for anxiously attached partners. Importantly, partner diabetes stress was not linked to mood for PWDs or partners.
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Stull SW, Mogle J, Bertz JW, Burgess-Hull AJ, Panlilio LV, Lanza ST, Preston KL, Epstein DH. Variability in intensively assessed mood: Systematic sources and factor structure in outpatients with opioid use disorder. Psychol Assess 2022; 34:966-977. [PMID: 35980695 PMCID: PMC10066936 DOI: 10.1037/pas0001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In intensive longitudinal studies using ecological momentary assessment, mood is typically assessed by repeatedly obtaining ratings for a large set of adjectives. Summarizing and analyzing these mood data can be problematic because the reliability and factor structure of such measures have rarely been evaluated in this context, which-unlike cross-sectional studies-captures between- and within-person processes. Our study examined how mood ratings (obtained thrice daily for 8 weeks; n = 306, person moments = 39,321) systematically vary and covary in outpatients receiving medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). We used generalizability theory to quantify several aspects of reliability, and multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (MCFA) to detect factor structures within and across people. Generalizability analyses showed that the largest proportion of systematic variance across mood items was at the person level, followed by the person-by-day interaction and the (comparatively small) person-by-moment interaction for items reflecting low arousal. The best-fitting MCFA model had a three-factor structure both at the between- and within-person levels: positive mood, negative mood, and low-arousal states (with low arousal considered as either a separate factor or a subfactor of negative mood). We conclude that (a) mood varied more between days than between moments and (b) low arousal may be worth scoring and reporting separately from positive and negative mood states, at least in a MOUD population. Our three-factor structure differs from prior analyses of mood; more work is needed to understand the extent to which it generalizes to other populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W. Stull
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
| | - Jacqueline Mogle
- The Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jeremiah W. Bertz
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
| | - Albert J. Burgess-Hull
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
| | - Leigh V. Panlilio
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
| | - Stephanie T. Lanza
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- The Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kenzie L. Preston
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
| | - David H. Epstein
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
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Hoebeke Y, Blanchard MA, Contreras A, Heeren A. An Experience Sampling Measure of the Key Features of Rumination. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2022; 19:288-297. [PMID: 36340270 PMCID: PMC9597648 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective Research indicates that rumination can be viewed as a dynamic process that fluctuates over time, within hours and days. An increasing number of intensive longitudinal studies on rumination are accordingly being conducted and published using experiencing sampling methodology (ESM), a technique with measurements in everyday life. Yet, this literature suffers from a profound caveat: rumination has so far been conceptualized and measured as a unitary construct in these ESM studies. This is unfortunate, since such a unitary view contrasts with prominent contemporary models that regard rumination as a multifaceted construct, wherein the key features are not interchangeable and should therefore be measured separately. Moreover, no validated ESM measure of the key features of rumination has yet been developed. Therefore, we developed and validated an ESM protocol and the first ESM questionnaire to assess rumination as a multifaceted construct, measuring five features of rumination. Method We conducted an ESM study in a community sample of 40 French-speaking participants. They answered the five rumination ESM items in French four times a day for fourteen days. At the end of the ESM assessment period, participants completed trait-like questionnaires of rumination, depression, and general anxiety. Results The ESM rumination items exhibited good psychometric properties, including excellent within-person variability and convergent validity with corresponding trait-like constructs. Conclusions Although further validation is warranted, this novel ESM assessment protocol of rumination as a multifaceted construct (validated in French and translated into English) will allow future researchers to study how rumination's features fluctuate and interact with other constructs over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorgo Hoebeke
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - M. Annelise Blanchard
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, Belgian National Science Foundation (F.R.S.-FNRS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alba Contreras
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Heeren
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, Belgian National Science Foundation (F.R.S.-FNRS), Brussels, Belgium, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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87
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Better off without? Benefits and costs of resolving goal conflict through goal shelving and goal disengagement. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPursuing multiple goals with limited time often leads to goal conflicts that can be resolved by prioritizing some goal pursuits over others. This research examines proximal outcomes of two approaches to goal prioritization: Goal shelving (temporarily withdrawing from a goal) and goal disengagement (permanently withdrawing from a goal). We conducted an experiment (N = 214) to compare motivational and emotional consequences of resolving goal conflict through goal shelving and disengagement. Results suggest that goal shelving and disengagement are similarly effective at reducing different facets of experienced goal conflict, but people regret shelving goals less than disengaging from them. Together, these findings provide first evidence that goal shelving may allow people to “have their cake and eat it too:” to reap the benefits of goal prioritization while minimizing its costs.
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88
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Lüscher J, Radtke T. The impact of adolescent's daily electronic media use on sleep: Insights from adolescent's and their mother's point of view. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2022; 15:576-593. [PMID: 36101927 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated that electronic media use (EMU) is negatively associated with sleep in adolescents. Most studies however are cross-sectional, self- or parents reports, and not distinguishing between different EMU types. Therefore, this study aimed to examine associations between adolescent's EMU and sleep reported by adolescents and from their mothers' perspective in a dyadic ambulatory assessment design. One hundred and five mother-adolescent dyads reported for 14 consecutive days adolescent's EMU for different EMU types and sleep duration. Mothers reported less EMU in the evening and more sleep of their adolescents than adolescents themselves. Multilevel analyses revealed that at the between- and within-person level, EMU in the evening was negatively associated with sleep. Different EMU types differed in effect sizes of associations with sleep. No effects were found for watching TV/DVD/video, whereas for gaming at the between- and within-person level, negative associations with sleep duration were found. For PC/tablet and smartphone use in the evening significant between-person association with sleep duration for adolescent's self-reports and from mother's point of view was found. It is important to investigate adolescent's EMU on a daily basis, from a dyadic perspective, and for different EMU types separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Lüscher
- Applied Social and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Swiss Paraplegic Research Nottwil Switzerland
| | - Theda Radtke
- Health Psychology and Applied Diagnostics University of Wuppertal Wuppertal Germany
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89
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Joshi RS, Vigoureux TFD, Lee S. Daily association of stressors with perceived cognitive performance: Moderating role of age. Stress Health 2022; 39:449-459. [PMID: 36074811 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Stress can elicit both positive and negative impacts on cognition. Less is known about whether and how daily stressors are associated with perceived cognitive performance in healthcare workers. We examined daily associations between stressors and perceived cognitive performance in nurses and whether these associations differed by age or nursing tenure. Using 14-day smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment, 60 inpatient nurses at a U.S. cancer hospital reported the frequency and severity of daily stressors (e.g., arguments, accidents). Each day, participants subjectively evaluated their mental focus, memory, and processing speed. Multilevel modelling examined the within- and between-person associations of daily stressors with cognitive performance. More stressors were associated with poorer perceived cognitive performance at both within- and between-person levels for both daily stressor frequency and severity. For moderation by age, the within-person stressor severity-cognitive performance relationship was only significant for nurses who were younger, but not for those who were older. Similarly, the within-person associations of daily stressor frequency and severity with cognitive performance were only significant for nurses with a shorter tenure. Findings suggest daily stressors may degrade perceived cognitive performance in nurses and the impact may be stronger for those who are younger or with less experience on the job.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhitik Samir Joshi
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Soomi Lee
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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90
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Frackowiak M, Hilpert P, Russell PS. Partner's perception of phubbing is more relevant than the behavior itself: A daily diary study. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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91
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Lawson KM, Miller MJ, Brown KL, Woodling CM. Daily Environments During Emerging Adulthood and Gender Atypical Occupational Choices: The Role of Sexist Experiences. JOURNAL OF CAREER ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10690727221118368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Past research on occupational choices often focuses on the role of personal attributes. Research is needed that examines whether daily environments and individuals’ reactivity to these environments contribute to occupational choices. This study utilizes experience sampling methodology to examine whether daily sexism and affective reactivity to sexism predict the gender typicality of desired occupations of emerging adults in male-dominated majors (MDMs). 40 women and 40 men college students in MDMs reported desired occupations and experiences of sexism and general mood during the past hour four times a day for 2 weeks – allowing for an examination of whether some individuals report a more negative mood when they recently experienced sexism (i.e., reactivity). Results indicated that higher reactivity to sexism (but not daily sexism) predicted women desiring more female-typed and men desiring more male-typed occupations. Results suggest that career counselors should consider the role of daily sexism in career development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Lawson
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Chloe M. Woodling
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
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92
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Muñoz‐Martínez AM, Naismith I. Social connectedness, emotional regulation, and health behaviors as correlates of distress during lockdown for COVID‐19: A diary study. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2022; 15:536-560. [PMID: 35986601 PMCID: PMC9538517 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mass lockdowns are a powerful infection‐reduction strategy but are a significant stressor. This study aimed to explore whether various factors known to predict distress in normal contexts (e.g. social connectedness, emotional‐regulation strategies, and health‐related behaviors) are associated with daily distress under lockdown conditions. A time‐based diary study evaluated how perceived social connectedness, health‐promoting, and risk behaviors predicted within‐person and between‐person psychological distress. One hundred and nine adults completed surveys on these variables daily for 15 days while under stringent COVID‐19 lockdown in Colombia. Emotional suppression and reappraisal were measured at the start of the study to explore whether they predicted distress. Distress was lower on the days that people experienced greater social connectedness (within‐person analyses) but was not significantly predicted by between‐participant differences in emotional regulation. Health‐promoting behaviors such as exercising and meaningful activity were associated with lower distress, while watching COVID‐19 news and eating high‐calorie food were associated with higher distress. Looking at individual dynamics provides meaningful insights on daily behaviors associated with distress that might improve people's wellbeing during lockdown, such as social connectedness, meaningful activity, nutrition, exercise, and minimizing news exposure. Future research with alternative designs will enable causal conclusions to be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iona Naismith
- Department of Psychology University of the Andes Bogota Colombia
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93
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Valshtein TJ, Mutter ER, Gollwitzer PM, Oettingen G. I've been thinkin' bout you: socially distant relationship pursuit during COVID-19. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-18. [PMID: 35990204 PMCID: PMC9374583 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has radically altered everyday interactions, potentially disrupting the process of romantic relationship formation. Prior research suggests that threats to the basic psychological need for relatedness, along with negative mental imagery, can lead to an obsessive preoccupation with a romantic interest. The present research examines how the relatedness-threatening nature of the pandemic may similarly facilitate problematic relationship behaviors. Two studies-a small-scale natural experiment with measurements before and during the pandemic (Study 1) and a daily diary study (Study 2)-investigated how relatedness frustration and negative fantasies predict presumptuous romantic intentions. In Study 1 these threats unexpectedly corresponded to reduced presumptuous romantic intentions, though no such main effect was present in Study 2. Replicating prior experimental work, in both studies, more negative fantasies about a romantic target predicted greater presumptuous romantic intentions. Study 2 also revealed that at the between-person level the combinatory effect of relatedness frustration and negative fantasies led to greater intentions. At the within-person level, this combinatory effect led unexpectedly to reduced intentions. Finally, there was substantial heterogeneity in the within-person effect of COVID-induced relatedness frustration: although frustration stoked intentions for some individuals, for others it reduced intentions. This work suggests that for many, the early social ramifications of COVID-19 reduced motivation to presumptuously pursue romantic relationships. Yet, certain individuals, particularly those with more negative fantasies, are more prone to pursue presumptuously amidst the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Valshtein
- Harvard University, Room 844 William James Hall, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MB 02138 USA
| | | | - Peter M. Gollwitzer
- New York University, New York, NY USA
- University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
- Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Oettingen
- New York University, New York, NY USA
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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94
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Moore RC, Ackerman RA, Russell MT, Campbell LM, Depp CA, Harvey PD, Pinkham AE. Feasibility and validity of ecological momentary cognitive testing among older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Front Digit Health 2022; 4:946685. [PMID: 35990012 PMCID: PMC9390883 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2022.946685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is critical to intervene early in the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage of the Alzheimer's disease trajectory, but traditional cognitive testing methods are costly, burdensome, and difficult to access. We examined adherence and validity data to a 30-day self-administered ecological momentary cognitive testing protocol among a sample of older adults with MCI and cognitively normal controls to evaluate feasibility, tolerability, and initial validity in comparison to standard neuropsychological tests. Participants included 48 participants with MCI (Mean age = 72 years, SD = 7 years) and 46 demographically-matched cognitively normal (NC) control participants (Mean age = 70 years, SD = 7 years). Participants completed traditional neuropsychological testing to determine MCI status, followed by 30 days of remote ecological momentary cognitive testing. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys were administered 3 times per day for 30 days (possible total = 90), and mobile cognitive tests were administered every other day (for a total of 15 administrations). Mobile cognitive tests included the Variable Difficulty List Memory Test (VLMT; measure of learning and memory), Memory Matrix (measure of visual working memory), and the Color Trick Test (measure of executive function). EMA and mobile cognitive test adherence, fatigue effects, mobile cognitive test performance and group differences, and psychometrics (reliability, convergent validity, ceiling effects, and practice effects) were examined. Overall mean-level adherence to the mobile cognitive tests was 85% and did not differ by MCI status. The reliability of stable between-person individual differences for the VLMT and Memory Matrix were very high. Moreover, although the reliability of within-person change for Memory Matrix was adequate, the corresponding reliability for VLMT was somewhat low. Averaged performance on the mobile cognitive tests was correlated with lab-based tests measuring the same construct. Participants with MCI performed worse than NCs on the VLMT and Color Trick Test, and there was no evidence of fatigue effects for these two tests. These findings support the feasibility and potential for ecological momentary cognitive testing to support clinical trials and for measuring cognitive changes over time in persons with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease such as those with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeanne C. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Correspondence: Raeanne C. Moore
| | - Robert A. Ackerman
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Madisen T. Russell
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Laura M. Campbell
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Colin A. Depp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Philip D. Harvey
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Research Service, Bruce W. Carter VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Amy E. Pinkham
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
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95
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Di Maio S, Keller J, Kwasnicka D, Knoll N, Sichert L, Fleig L. What helps to form a healthy nutrition habit? Daily associations of intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy with automaticity. Appetite 2022; 175:106083. [PMID: 35580819 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High automaticity in healthy nutrition behaviors is related to long-term maintenance of these behaviors. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks of habit formation, proposed antecedents such as intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy are important correlates of automaticity, but not much is known about their day-by-day relationships with automaticity in healthy nutrition behaviors. This study tested previous-day within-person (i.e., from one day to the next) and same-day within-person associations of intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy with automaticity of a healthy nutrition behavior, for which participants attempted to form a new habit. METHODS Secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial with two planning intervention conditions including a longitudinal sample of n = 135 participants (age: M = 24.82 years; SD = 7.27) are reported. Participants formed a plan on a self-selected healthy nutrition behavior to become a new habit and were followed up over 12 weeks assessing daily levels of plan-specific intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, self-efficacy, and automaticity. Lagged multilevel models with 84 study days nested in participants estimated previous-day within-person, same-day within-person, and between-person relationships of intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy with automaticity. FINDINGS Regarding within-level relationships, higher-than-usual levels of intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy of the same day but not of the previous day were associated with higher within-person automaticity. With respect to between-level relationships, higher between-levels (i.e., higher person mean levels across the study period) of intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy were linked with higher automaticity. DISCUSSION Findings point towards the potential to intervene on intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy when aiming to promote a new healthy nutrition habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Di Maio
- Department of Education and Psychology, Division Health Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jan Keller
- Department of Education and Psychology, Division Health Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dominika Kwasnicka
- Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Aleksandra Ostrowskiego 30B, 53-238, Wroclaw, Poland; NHMRC Centre in Digital Technology to Transform Chronic Disease Outcomes, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 5/ Exhibition Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Nina Knoll
- Department of Education and Psychology, Division Health Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lena Sichert
- Department of Education and Psychology, Division Health Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lena Fleig
- Department of Psychology, MSB Medical School Berlin, Hochschule für Gesundheit und Medizin, Rüdesheimer Straße 50, 14197, Berlin, Germany.
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96
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Xu F, Kellermanns FW, Jin L. Between- and within-person consequences of daily entrepreneurial stressors on discrete emotions in entrepreneurs: The moderating role of personality. Stress Health 2022; 38:568-580. [PMID: 34841625 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study builds and tests a model that explains entrepreneurs' emotional responses to events in their work lives while specifying the role of entrepreneurs' personality in moderating such responses. Drawing on the cognitive appraisal theory, we hypothesise that daily entrepreneurial stressors (workload and financial) exert negative influences on two discrete emotions (fear and pride) and that entrepreneurs' neuroticism and dispositional optimism can moderate the proposed relationships. We examined daily diary data of 61 entrepreneurs over a two-week period and found multilevel evidence of individual differences in entrepreneurs' emotional responses to these stressors at both the between- and within-person levels of analysis. We also found that neuroticism and optimism partially account for the examined relationships across both levels. This study contributes to the literature on stress-related emotional experiences in an entrepreneurial context by taking into account the type of stressor and the temporal framework across levels of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- College of Economics and Management, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Franz W Kellermanns
- Belk School of Business, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.,WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management, Vallendar, Germany
| | - Linlin Jin
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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97
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Weber J, Angerer P, Apolinário-Hagen J. Physiological reactions to acute stressors and subjective stress during daily life: A systematic review on ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271996. [PMID: 35895674 PMCID: PMC9328558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This review aims to provide an overview of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies analyzing stress reactivity during daily life in terms of direct and moderated influence of acute stress on physiological responses. Materials and methods A systematic literature search was performed on November 29, 2021 using Web of Science, MEDLINE and PsycINFO to identify prospective EMA studies targeting acute stressors or stress under naturalistic conditions, without restrictions of publication date or population. Study quality was assessed for multiple EMA-specific sources of bias. Results Out of 4285 non-duplicate records, 107 publications involving 104 unique studies were included. The majority of studies assessed acute physiological stress responses primarily through salivary cortisol (n = 59) and cardiovascular outcomes (n = 32). Most studies performed at least three measurements per day (n = 59), and had a moderate risk of recall bias (n = 68) and confounding (n = 85). Fifty-four studies reported a compliance of ≥80%. Direct, non-moderated positive associations were observed between acute stress exposure and concurrent cortisol levels (44%, n = 11/25), systolic (44%, 8/18) and diastolic blood pressure (53%, 8/15) and heart rate (53%, 9/17). Several inter- and intra-individual moderators were identified, such as age, gender, health status, chronic stress, work-related resources, physical activity and stress coping indicators. Conclusions About half of the reviewed EMA studies demonstrated direct associations between everyday acute stress exposure and physiological responses, including increased cortisol levels, blood pressure and heart rate. Results further suggested various moderator variables that could help develop tailored prevention strategies and identify groups at higher risk for dysfunctional stress responses. Registration PROSPERO—Reg.-No.: PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020163178.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Weber
- Institute of Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Angerer
- Institute of Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Apolinário-Hagen
- Institute of Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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98
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Buchner L, Amesberger G, Finkenzeller T, Moore SR, Würth S. The modified German subjective vitality scale (SVS-GM): Psychometric properties and application in daily life. Front Psychol 2022; 13:948906. [PMID: 35967701 PMCID: PMC9374102 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.948906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Subjective vitality describes the positive feeling of experiencing physical and mental energy, which can lead to purposive actions, but no German instruments exist with action-oriented verbiage: This work supports the development and modification of already existing German Subjective Vitality Scales and provides further evidence for its psychometric properties. In a first step (N = 56) two modified (action-oriented) short-forms were developed. An extension of time perspectives (past, present, future) should also enrich the scale by enhancing the accuracy of self-reports. Study 1 (N = 183) then examined the psychometric properties for each time perspective. Study 2 (N = 27) was a 6-day diary study to identify the reliability of within- and between-person differences in vitality over time and working days with responses recorded three times per day. The exploratory factor analysis from study 1 revealed a three-factor solution with three items each. Test-retest reliability was moderate for the past and future time perspective and less stable for state subjective vitality. The modified German Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS-GM) showed divergent validity with fatigue, negative affect, and optimism, and convergent but distinguishable validity with life satisfaction, positive affect, and perceived self-efficacy. High reliability for daily vitality measures (with lower vitality rates in the morning) was found in study 2, but no substantial variation was found between working days and days off. The SVS-GM shows good psychometric properties in different settings and provides researchers with a 3-item (for cross-sectional or longitudinal studies) and 1-item (for short screenings) version to measure subjective vitality in German-speaking populations.
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99
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Ruissen GR, Beauchamp MR, Puterman E, Zumbo BD, Rhodes RE, Hives BA, Sharpe BM, Vega J, Low CA, Wright AGC. Continuous-Time Modeling of the Bidirectional Relationship Between Incidental Affect and Physical Activity. Ann Behav Med 2022; 56:1284-1299. [PMID: 35802004 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that there is a bidirectional relationship between incidental affect (i.e., how people feel in day-to-day life) and physical activity behavior. However, many inconsistencies exist in the body of work due to the lag interval between affect and physical activity measurements. PURPOSE Using a novel continuous-time analysis paradigm, we examined the temporal specificity underlying the dynamic relationship between positive and negative incidental affective states and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). METHODS A community sample of adults (n = 126, Mage = 27.71, 51.6% Male) completed a 14-day ambulatory assessment protocol measuring momentary positive and negative incidental affect six times a day while wearing a physical activity monitor (Fitbit). Hierarchical Bayesian continuous-time structural equation modeling was used to elucidate the underlying dynamics of the relationship between incidental affective states and MVPA. RESULTS Based on the continuous-time cross-effects, positive and negative incidental affect predicted subsequent MVPA. Furthermore, engaging in MVPA predicted subsequent positive and negative incidental affect. Incidental affective states had a greater relative influence on predicting subsequent MVPA compared to the reciprocal relationship. Analysis of the discrete-time coefficients suggests that cross-lagged effects increase as the time interval between measurements increase, peaking at about 8 h between measurement occasions before beginning to dissipate. CONCLUSIONS The results provide support for a recursive relationship between incidental affective states and MVPA, which is particularly strong at 7-9 hr time intervals. Future research designs should consider these medium-term dynamics, for both theory development and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geralyn R Ruissen
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark R Beauchamp
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eli Puterman
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bruno D Zumbo
- Measurement, Evaluation, and Research Methodology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Institute of Applied Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Benjamin A Hives
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brinkley M Sharpe
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Julio Vega
- Mobile Sensing + Health Institute (MoSHI), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carissa A Low
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Mobile Sensing + Health Institute (MoSHI), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kollárik M, Heinzel CV, Miché M, Lieb R, Wahl K. Exam-related unwanted intrusive thoughts and related neutralizing behaviors: Analogues to obsessions and compulsions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270692. [PMID: 35789213 PMCID: PMC9255742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Exam-related unwanted intrusive thoughts (UITs) and related neutralizing behaviors are common experiences among students. The present study investigated in what ways these UITs and behaviors are analogues to clinical obsessions and compulsions. Twenty-nine students completed three ecological momentary assessment surveys per day over 7 consecutive days, assessing the severity of exam-related UITs and related neutralizing behaviors, obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms, anxiety, distress, urge to neutralize, depressed mood, and stress in the week immediately before an exam period. Multilevel analysis demonstrated that the severity of exam-related UITs and related neutralizing behaviors was positively associated with OC symptoms, anxiety, distress, urge to neutralize, and stress but was not related to depressed mood. During the study period, the exam-related UITs occurred on average 7 times, and the related neutralizing behaviors on average 6 times. Overall, they were experienced with mild severity, low distress, and low urge to neutralize. Findings indicate that some aspects of exam-related UITs and related neutralizing behaviors (e.g., association with distress and urge to neutralize) might be analogous to OC symptoms but not all (e.g., no relation to depressed mood). We discuss how research on obsessive-compulsive disorder could benefit from considering exam-related UITs and related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kollárik
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta V. Heinzel
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Miché
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roselind Lieb
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karina Wahl
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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