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Functional changes of the liver in the absence of growth hormone (GH) action - Proteomic and metabolomic insights from a GH receptor deficient pig model. Mol Metab 2020; 36:100978. [PMID: 32277923 PMCID: PMC7184181 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The liver is a central target organ of growth hormone (GH), which stimulates the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and affects multiple biochemical pathways. A systematic multi-omics analysis of GH effects in the liver has not been performed. GH receptor (GHR) deficiency is a unique model for studying the consequences of lacking GH action. In this study, we used molecular profiling techniques to capture a broad spectrum of these effects in the liver of a clinically relevant large animal model for Laron syndrome. METHODS We performed holistic proteome and targeted metabolome analyses of liver samples from 6-month-old GHR-deficient (GHR-KO) pigs and GHR-expressing controls (four males, four females per group). RESULTS GHR deficiency resulted in an increased abundance of enzymes involved in amino acid degradation, in the urea cycle, and in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. A decreased ratio of long-chain acylcarnitines to free carnitine suggested reduced activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A and thus reduced mitochondrial import of fatty acids for beta-oxidation. Increased levels of short-chain acylcarnitines in the liver and in the circulation of GHR-KO pigs may result from impaired beta-oxidation of short-chain fatty acids or from increased degradation of specific amino acids. The concentration of mono-unsaturated glycerophosphocholines was significantly increased in the liver of GHR-KO pigs without morphological signs of steatosis, although the abundances of several proteins functionally linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (fetuin B, retinol binding protein 4, several mitochondrial proteins) were increased. Moreover, GHR-deficient liver samples revealed distinct changes in the methionine and glutathione metabolic pathways, in particular, a significantly increased level of glycine N-methyltransferase and increased levels of total and free glutathione. Several proteins revealed a sex-related abundance difference in the control group but not in the GHR-KO group. CONCLUSIONS Our integrated proteomics/targeted metabolomics study of GHR-deficient and control liver samples from a clinically relevant large animal model identified a spectrum of biological pathways that are significantly altered in the absence of GH action. Moreover, new insights into the role of GH in the sex-related specification of liver functions were provided.
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Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE, Puri V, Lee KY, Jorgensen JOL. The effects of growth hormone on adipose tissue: old observations, new mechanisms. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:135-146. [PMID: 31780780 PMCID: PMC7180987 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of growth hormone (GH) to induce adipose tissue lipolysis has been known for over five decades; however, the molecular mechanisms that mediate this effect and the ability of GH to inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake have scarcely been documented. In this same time frame, our understanding of adipose tissue has evolved to reveal a complex structure with distinct types of adipocyte, depot-specific differences, a biologically significant extracellular matrix and important endocrine properties mediated by adipokines. All these aforementioned features, in turn, can influence lipolysis. In this Review, we provide a historical and current overview of the lipolytic effect of GH in humans, mice and cultured cells. More globally, we explain lipolysis in terms of GH-induced intracellular signalling and its effect on obesity, insulin resistance and lipotoxicity. In this regard, findings that define molecular mechanisms by which GH induces lipolysis are described. Finally, data are presented for the differential effect of GH on specific adipose tissue depots and on distinct classes of metabolically active adipocytes. Together, these cellular, animal and human studies reveal novel cellular phenotypes and molecular pathways regulating the metabolic effects of GH on adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kevin Y Lee
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jens O L Jorgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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WDR76 mediates obesity and hepatic steatosis via HRas destabilization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19676. [PMID: 31873167 PMCID: PMC6927951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras/MAPK (mitogen active protein kinase) signaling plays contradictory roles in adipocyte differentiation and is tightly regulated during adipogenesis. However, mechanisms regulating adipocyte differentiation involving Ras protein stability regulation are unknown. Here, we show that WD40 repeat protein 76 (WDR76), a novel Ras regulating E3 linker protein, controls 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation through HRas stability regulation. The roles of WDR76 in obesity and metabolic regulation were characterized using a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity model using Wdr76-/- mice and liver-specific Wdr76 transgenic mice (Wdr76Li-TG). Wdr76-/- mice are resistant to HFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia with an increment of HRas levels. In contrast, Wdr76Li-TG mice showed increased HFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance with reduced HRas levels. Our findings suggest that WDR76 controls HFD-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis via HRas destabilization. These data provide insights into the links between WDR76, HRas, and obesity.
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Huang L, Huang Z, Chen C. Rhythmic growth hormone secretion in physiological and pathological conditions: Lessons from rodent studies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110575. [PMID: 31499134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionally conserved in all mammalians, the release of GH occurs in a rhythmic pattern, characterized by several dominant surges (pulsatile GH) with tonic low inter-pulse levels (tonic GH). Such pulsatile secretion pattern is essential for many physiological actions of GH on different tissues with defined gender dimorphism. Rhythmic release of pulsatile GH is tightly controlled by hypothalamic neurons as well as peripheral metabolic factors. Changes of GH pattern occur within a range of sophisticated physiological and pathological settings and significantly contribute to growth, ageing, survival and disease predispositions. Precise analysis of GH secretion pattern is vitally important for a comprehensive understanding of the function of GH and the components that regulate GH secretion pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zhengxiang Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.
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Colon G, Saccon T, Schneider A, Cavalcante MB, Huffman DM, Berryman D, List E, Ikeno Y, Musi N, Bartke A, Kopchick J, Kirkland JL, Tchkonia T, Masternak MM. The enigmatic role of growth hormone in age-related diseases, cognition, and longevity. GeroScience 2019; 41:759-774. [PMID: 31485887 PMCID: PMC6925094 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and regulates various metabolic processes throughout the body. GH and IGF-1 levels are markedly reduced in older humans, leading some to hypothesize GH supplementation could be a viable "anti-aging" therapy. However, there is still much debate over the benefits and risks of GH administration. While an early study of GH administration reported reduced adiposity and lipid levels and increased bone mineral density, subsequent studies failed to show significant benefits. Conversely, other studies found positive effects of GH deficiency including extended life span, improved cognitive function, resistance to diseases such as cancer and diabetes, and improved insulin sensitivity despite a higher fat percentage. Thus, the roles of GH in aging and cognition remain unclear, and there is currently not enough evidence to support use of GH as an anti-aging or cognitive impairment therapy. Additional robust and longer-duration studies of efficacy and safety of GH administration are needed to determine if modulating GH levels could be a successful strategy for treating aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Colon
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32304, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Tatiana Saccon
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Cavalcante
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Derek M Huffman
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Medicine, and the Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Darlene Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Ed List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Yuji Ikeno
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - John Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Michal M Masternak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
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List EO, Berryman DE, Jensen EA, Kulkarni P, McKenna S, Kopchick JJ. New insights of growth hormone (GH) actions from tissue-specific GH receptor knockouts in mice. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:557-567. [PMID: 31939480 PMCID: PMC7203760 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to provide new insights into the various activities of GH in specific tissues, recent advances have allowed for the generation of tissue-specific GHR knockout mice. To date, 21 distinct tissue-specific mouse lines have been created and reported in 28 publications. Targeted tissues include liver, muscle, fat, brain, bone, heart, intestine, macrophage, pancreatic beta cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and multi-tissue "global". In this review, we provide a brief history and description of the 21 tissue-specific GHR knockout mouse lines. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(6):557-67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O. List
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Darlene E. Berryman
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- The Department of Biomedical SciencesHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Jensen
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Savannah McKenna
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J. Kopchick
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- The Department of Biomedical SciencesHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Teixeira PDS, Couto GC, Furigo IC, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Central growth hormone action regulates metabolism during pregnancy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E925-E940. [PMID: 31479305 PMCID: PMC7132326 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00229.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The maternal organism undergoes numerous metabolic adaptations to become prepared for the demands associated with the coming offspring. These metabolic adaptations involve changes induced by several hormones that act at multiple levels, ultimately influencing energy and glucose homeostasis during pregnancy and lactation. Previous studies have shown that central growth hormone (GH) action modulates glucose and energy homeostasis. However, whether central GH action regulates metabolism during pregnancy and lactation is still unknown. In the present study, we generated mice carrying ablation of GH receptor (GHR) in agouti-related protein (AgRP)-expressing neurons, in leptin receptor (LepR)-expressing cells or in the entire brain to investigate the role played by central GH action during pregnancy and lactation. AgRP-specific GHR ablation led to minor metabolic changes during pregnancy and lactation. However, while brain-specific GHR ablation reduced food intake and body adiposity during gestation, LepR GHR knockout (KO) mice exhibited increased leptin responsiveness in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus during late pregnancy, although their offspring showed reduced growth rate. Additionally, both Brain GHR KO and LepR GHR KO mice had lower glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion during pregnancy, despite presenting increased insulin sensitivity, compared with control pregnant animals. Our findings revealed that during pregnancy central GH action regulates food intake, fat retention, as well as the sensitivity to insulin and leptin in a cell-specific manner. Together, the results suggest that GH acts in concert with other "gestational hormones" to prepare the maternal organism for the metabolic demands of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele C Couto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Furigo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wasinski F, Frazão R, Donato J. Effects of growth hormone in the central nervous system. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:549-556. [PMID: 31939479 PMCID: PMC10522235 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is best known for its effect stimulating tissue and somatic growth through the regulation of cell division, regeneration and proliferation. However, GH-responsive neurons are spread over the entire central nervous system, suggesting that they have important roles in the brain. The objective of the present review is to summarize and discuss the potential physiological importance of GH action in the central nervous system. We provide evidence that GH signaling in the brain regulates the physiology of numerous functions such as cognition, behavior, neuroendocrine changes and metabolism. Data obtained from experimental animal models have shown that disruptions in GH signaling in specific neuronal populations can affect the reproductive axis and impair food intake during glucoprivic conditions, neuroendocrine adaptions during food restriction, and counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycemia, and they can modify gestational metabolic adaptions. Therefore, the brain is an important target tissue of GH, and changes in GH action in the central nervous system can explain some dysfunctions presented by individuals with excessive or deficient GH secretion. Furthermore, GH acts in specific neuronal populations during situations of metabolic stress to promote appropriate physiological adjustments that restore homeostasis. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(6):549-56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e BiofísicaInstituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasilDepartamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Renata Frazão
- Departamento de AnatomiaInstituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasilDepartamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e BiofísicaInstituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasilDepartamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Bohlen TM, Zampieri TT, Furigo IC, Teixeira PDS, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J, Frazao R. Central growth hormone signaling is not required for the timing of puberty. J Endocrinol 2019; 243:JOE-19-0242.R1. [PMID: 31470413 PMCID: PMC6994354 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a key factor in the regulation of body growth, as well as a variety of other cellular and metabolic processes. Neurons expressing kisspeptin and leptin receptors (LepR) have been shown to modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and are considered GH-responsive. The presence of functional GH receptors (GHR) in these neural populations suggests that GH may regulate the HPG axis via a central mechanism. However, there have been no studies evaluating whether or not GH-induced intracellular signaling in the brain plays a role in the timing of puberty or mediates the ovulatory cycle. Towards the goal of understanding the influence of GH on the central nervous system as a mediator of reproductive functions, GHR ablation was induced in kisspeptin and LepR expressing cells or in the entire brain. The results demonstrated that GH signaling in specific neural populations can potentially modulate the hypothalamic expression of genes related to the reproductive system or indirectly contribute to the progression of puberty. GH action in kisspeptin cells or in the entire brain was not required for sexual maturation. On the other hand, GHR ablation in LepR cells delayed puberty progression, reduced serum leptin levels, decreased body weight gain and compromised the ovulatory cycle in some individuals, while the lack of GH effects in the entire brain prompted shorter estrous cycles. These findings suggest that GH can modulate brain components of the HPG axis, although central GH signaling is not required for the timing of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabata M Bohlen
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil
| | - Thais T Zampieri
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil
| | - Isadora C. Furigo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil
| | - Pryscila DS Teixeira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil
| | - Edward O. List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701 – USA
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701 – USA
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil
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Furigo IC, de Souza GO, Teixeira PDS, Guadagnini D, Frazão R, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Prada PO, Donato J. Growth hormone enhances the recovery of hypoglycemia via ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. FASEB J 2019; 33:11909-11924. [PMID: 31366244 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901315r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted during hypoglycemia, and GH-responsive neurons are found in brain areas containing glucose-sensing neurons that regulate the counter-regulatory response (CRR). However, whether GH modulates the CRR to hypoglycemia via specific neuronal populations is currently unknown. Mice carrying ablation of GH receptor (GHR) either in leptin receptor (LepR)- or steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1)-expressing cells were studied. We also investigated the importance of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling in SF1 cells for the CRR. GHR ablation in LepR cells led to impaired capacity to recover from insulin-induced hypoglycemia and to a blunted CRR caused by 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) administration. GHR inactivation in SF1 cells, which include ventromedial hypothalamic neurons, also attenuated the CRR. The reduced CRR was prevented by parasympathetic blockers. Additionally, infusion of 2DG produced an abnormal hyperactivity of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, whereas the 2DG-induced activation of anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis neurons was reduced in mice without GHR in SF1 cells. Mice carrying ablation of Stat5a/b genes in SF1 cells showed no defects in the CRR. In summary, GHR expression in SF1 cells is required for a normal CRR, and these effects are largely independent of STAT5 pathway.-Furigo, I. C., de Souza, G. O., Teixeira, P. D. S., Guadagnini, D., Frazão, R., List, E. O., Kopchick, J. J., Prada, P. O., Donato, J., Jr. Growth hormone enhances the recovery of hypoglycemia via ventromedial hypothalamic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora C Furigo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel O de Souza
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazão
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Patricia O Prada
- School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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List EO, Berryman DE, Buchman M, Jensen EA, Funk K, Duran-Ortiz S, Qian Y, Young JA, Slyby J, McKenna S, Kopchick JJ. GH Knockout Mice Have Increased Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue With Decreased Fibrosis and Enhanced Insulin Sensitivity. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1743-1756. [PMID: 31099824 PMCID: PMC6760334 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In 1997, our laboratory used targeted gene disruption of the GH receptor (GHR) to generate GHR knockout (GHR-/-) mice, which have been used in >127 published studies to help elucidate GH's numerous activities. However, because GH replacement studies cannot be performed using this line, a GH knockout mouse line via targeted disruption of the GH gene is needed. Therefore, we created and characterized GH gene-disrupted (GH-/-) mice. GH-/- mice have severely decreased IGF-1 levels, small body size, and altered body composition with increased adiposity. GH-/- mice are extremely insulin sensitive but glucose intolerant, with a dramatic reduction in pancreatic islet size. Importantly, disruption of the GH gene had profound and depot-specific effects on white adipose tissue (WAT). Subcutaneous WAT from male and female GH-/- mice have significantly larger adipocytes and reduced fibrosis, neither of which occurred in perigonadal WAT, suggesting that GH has a more pronounced effect on subcutaneous WAT. Comparisons of GH-/- mice to previously published data on GHR-/- mice show a remarkably similar phenotype. Finally, we demonstrate that GH-/- mice are responsive to GH treatment, as shown by changes to serum IGF-1 levels; body length, weight, and composition; and insulin sensitivity. This study not only provides characterization of the first mouse line with targeted mutation of the GH gene but also indicates that GH gene disruption dramatically influences fibrosis of subcutaneous WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
- Correspondence: Edward O. List, PhD, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701. E-mail:
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
| | - Mathew Buchman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | | | - Kevin Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
| | | | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
| | | | - Julie Slyby
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
| | | | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
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Ran L, Wang X, Mi A, Liu Y, Wu J, Wang H, Guo M, Sun J, Liu B, Li Y, Wang D, Jiang R, Wang N, Gao W, Zeng L, Huang L, Chen X, LeRoith D, Liang B, Li X, Wu Y. Loss of Adipose Growth Hormone Receptor in Mice Enhances Local Fatty Acid Trapping and Impairs Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis. iScience 2019; 16:106-121. [PMID: 31154207 PMCID: PMC6545351 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) binds to its receptor (growth hormone receptor [GHR]) to exert its pleiotropic effects on growth and metabolism. Disrupted GH/GHR actions not only fail growth but also are involved in many metabolic disorders, as shown in murine models with global or tissue-specific Ghr deficiency and clinical observations. Here we constructed an adipose-specific Ghr knockout mouse model Ad-GHRKO and studied the metabolic adaptability of the mice when stressed by high-fat diet (HFD) or cold. We found that disruption of adipose Ghr accelerated dietary obesity but protected the liver from ectopic adiposity through free fatty acid trapping. The heat-producing brown adipose tissue burning and white adipose tissue browning induced by cold were slowed in the absence of adipose Ghr but were recovered after prolonged cold acclimation. We conclude that at the expense of excessive subcutaneous fat accumulation and lower emergent cold tolerance, down-tuning adipose GHR signaling emulates a healthy obesity situation which has metabolic advantages against HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Ran
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Wang
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ai Mi
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yanshuang Liu
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Haoan Wang
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Meihua Guo
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Youwei Li
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Rujiao Jiang
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wenting Gao
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York 10010, USA; Department of Urology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York 10016, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York 10016, USA.
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA; Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York 10010, USA.
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63
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Czaja W, Nakamura YK, Li N, Eldridge JA, DeAvila DM, Thompson TB, Rodgers BD. Myostatin regulates pituitary development and hepatic IGF1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E1036-E1049. [PMID: 30888862 PMCID: PMC6620572 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00001.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating myostatin-attenuating agents are being developed to treat muscle-wasting disease despite their potential to produce serious off-target effects, as myostatin/activin receptors are widely distributed among many nonmuscle tissues. Our studies suggest that the myokine not only inhibits striated muscle growth but also regulates pituitary development and growth hormone (GH) action in the liver. Using a novel myostatin-null label-retaining model (Jekyll mice), we determined that the heterogeneous pool of pituitary stem, transit-amplifying, and progenitor cells in Jekyll mice depletes more rapidly after birth than the pool in wild-type mice. This correlated with increased levels of GH, prolactin, and the cells that secrete these hormones, somatotropes and lactotropes, respectively, in Jekyll pituitaries. Recombinant myostatin also stimulated GH release and gene expression in pituitary cell cultures although inhibiting prolactin release. In primary hepatocytes, recombinant myostatin blocked GH-stimulated expression of two key mediators of growth, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)1 and the acid labile subunit and increased expression of an inhibitor, IGF-binding protein-1. The significance of these findings was demonstrated by smaller muscle fiber size in a model lacking myostatin and liver IGF1 expression (LID-o-Mighty mice) compared with that in myostatin-null (Mighty) mice. These data together suggest that myostatin may regulate pituitary development and function and that its inhibitory actions in muscle may be partly mediated by attenuating GH action in the liver. They also suggest that circulating pharmacological inhibitors of myostatin could produce unintended consequences in these and possibly other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Czaja
- Washington Center for Muscle Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Yukiko K Nakamura
- Washington Center for Muscle Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington
| | - Naisi Li
- Washington Center for Muscle Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington
| | - Jennifer A Eldridge
- Washington Center for Muscle Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington
| | - David M DeAvila
- Washington Center for Muscle Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Buel D Rodgers
- Washington Center for Muscle Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington
- AAVogen, Incorporated, Rockville, Maryland
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64
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Young JA, Jensen EA, Stevens A, Duran-Ortiz S, List EO, Berryman DE, Kopchick JJ. Characterization of an intestine-specific GH receptor knockout (IntGHRKO) mouse. Growth Horm IGF Res 2019; 46-47:5-15. [PMID: 31078722 PMCID: PMC6646076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth hormone (GH) has been reported to enhance the intestinal barrier; as such, recombinant GH has been administered for several intestinal diseases. However, excess GH action has been implicated in increasing the risk of intestinal dysfunction. The goal of this study was to examine the direct effects of GH on the small and large intestines to clarify the role GH plays in intestinal function through the use of a mouse model. DESIGN An intestinal epithelial-specific GH receptor (GHR) knockout (IntGHRKO) mouse line was generated using Cre-lox with the villin promoter driving Cre expression. The generated mice were characterized with respect to growth and intestinal phenotypes. RESULTS IntGHRKO mice showed no significant changes in body length, weight, or composition compared to floxed controls. Male IntGHRKO mice had significantly shorter large intestines at 4 and 12 months of age. Intestinal barrier function was assessed by measuring the expression of tight junction related genes, as well as levels of serum endotoxin and fecal albumin. Results showed sex differences as males had an increase in occludin levels but normal serum endotoxin and fecal albumin; while, females had changes in fecal albumin levels with normal occludin and serum endotoxin. Evaluation of glucose tolerance and fat absorption also showed sex differences as females were glucose intolerant, while males had impaired fat absorption. Histopathology revealed a trend towards decreased villus height in males, which could explain the sex difference in glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the data demonstrate that disruption of GH on the intestinal epithelial cells modestly affects the intestinal gross anatomy, morphology, and function in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Jensen
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, United States of America; Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Austin Stevens
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America.
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65
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Fujimoto M, Andrew M, Liao L, Zhang D, Yildirim G, Sluss P, Kalra B, Kumar A, Yakar S, Hwa V, Dauber A. Low IGF-I Bioavailability Impairs Growth and Glucose Metabolism in a Mouse Model of Human PAPPA2 p.Ala1033Val Mutation. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1363-1376. [PMID: 30977789 PMCID: PMC6507901 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive free IGF-I is critically important for growth. The bioavailability of IGF-I is modulated by the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and their proteases, such as pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2). We have created a mouse model with a specific mutation in PAPPA2 identified in a human with PAPP-A2 deficiency. The human mutation was introduced to the mouse genome via a knock-in strategy, creating knock-in mice with detectable protein levels of Papp-a2 but without protease activities. We found that the Pappa2 mutation led to significant reductions in body length (10%), body weight (10% and 20% in males and females, respectively), and relative lean mass in mice. Micro-CT analyses of Pappa2 knock-in femurs from adult mice showed inhibited periosteal bone expansion leading to more slender bones in both male and female mice. Furthermore, in the Pappa2 knock-in mice, insulin resistance correlated with decreased serum free IGF-I and increased intact IGFBP-3 concentrations. Interestingly, mice heterozygous for the knock-in mutation demonstrated a growth rate for body weight and length as well as a biochemical phenotype that was intermediate between wild-type and homozygous mice. This study models a human PAPPA2 mutation in mice. The mouse phenotype closely resembles that of the human patients, and it provides further evidence that the regulation of IGF-I bioavailability by PAPP-A2 is critical for human growth and for glucose and bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Fujimoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Melissa Andrew
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Lihong Liao
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Gozde Yildirim
- Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Shoshana Yakar
- Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Correspondence: Andrew Dauber, MD, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, WW3.5, Suite 200, Room 1215, Washington, DC 20010. E-mail: ; or Vivian Hwa, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Albert Sabin Way, T5.605, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229. E-mail:
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
- Correspondence: Andrew Dauber, MD, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, WW3.5, Suite 200, Room 1215, Washington, DC 20010. E-mail: ; or Vivian Hwa, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Albert Sabin Way, T5.605, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229. E-mail:
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66
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Chhabra Y, Nelson CN, Plescher M, Barclay JL, Smith AG, Andrikopoulos S, Mangiafico S, Waxman DJ, Brooks AJ, Waters MJ. Loss of growth hormone-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling in mice results in insulin sensitivity with obesity. FASEB J 2019; 33:6412-6430. [PMID: 30779881 PMCID: PMC6463913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802328r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has an important function as an insulin antagonist with elevated insulin sensitivity evident in humans and mice lacking a functional GH receptor (GHR). We sought the molecular basis for this sensitivity by utilizing a panel of mice possessing specific deletions of GHR signaling pathways. Metabolic clamps and glucose homeostasis tests were undertaken in these obese adult C57BL/6 male mice, which indicated impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis. Insulin sensitivity and glucose disappearance rate were enhanced in muscle and adipose of mice lacking the ability to activate the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5 via the GHR (Ghr-391-/-) as for GHR-null (GHR-/-) mice. These changes were associated with a striking inhibition of hepatic glucose output associated with altered glycogen metabolism and elevated hepatic glycogen content during unfed state. The enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity was associated with increased insulin receptor β and insulin receptor substrate 1 activation along with activated downstream protein kinase B signaling cascades. Although phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck)-1 expression was unchanged, its inhibitory acetylation was elevated because of decreased sirtuin-2 expression, thereby promoting loss of PCK1. Loss of STAT5 signaling to defined chromatin immunoprecipitation targets would further increase lipogenesis, supporting hepatosteatosis while lowering glucose output. Finally, up-regulation of IL-15 expression in muscle, with increased secretion of adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor 1 from adipose tissue, is expected to promote insulin sensitivity.-Chhabra, Y., Nelson, C. N., Plescher, M., Barclay, J. L., Smith, A. G., Andrikopoulos, S., Mangiafico, S., Waxman, D. J., Brooks, A. J., Waters, M. J. Loss of growth hormone-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling in mice results in insulin sensitivity with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline N Nelson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Monika Plescher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johanna L Barclay
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron G Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sof Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Waters
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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67
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Elias AE, Kun B, Sabula IMC, Golomb-Mello G, Cespedes Zablah A, Kreiling JA. The mir-465 family is upregulated with age and attenuates growth hormone signaling in mouse liver. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12892. [PMID: 30637918 PMCID: PMC6413667 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the small RNA transcriptome from 5‐month‐old, 24‐month‐old, and 36‐month‐old mouse liver and found 56 miRNAs that changed their expression profile with age. Among these is a cluster of 18 miRNAs that are upregulated between 50‐ and 1,000‐fold at 24 and 36 months of age. This cluster is located in a 60‐kb region of the X‐chromosome that is devoid of other coding sequences and is part of a lamin‐associated domain. Potential targets of the miRNAs in the cluster suggest they may regulate several pathways altered in aging, including the PI3K‐Akt pathway. Total transcriptome analyses indicate that expression of several potential genes in the PI3K‐Akt pathway that may be targeted by the mir‐465 family (mmu‐mir‐465a, mmu‐mir‐465b, and mmu‐mir‐465c) is downregulated with age. Transfection of the liver cell line AML12 with mir‐465 family members leads to a reduction of three of these potential targets at the mRNA level: a 40% reduction of the growth hormone receptor (GHR), and a 25% reduction in Kitl and PPP2R3C. Further investigation of the GHR 3′UTR revealed that the mir‐465 family directly targets the GHR mRNA. Cells transfected with mir‐465 showed a reduction of JAK2 and STAT5 phosphorylation upon growth hormone (GH) stimulation, resulting in a reduction in insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) and IGF‐1‐binding protein 3 expression. With age, GH signaling falls and there is a reduction in circulating IGF‐1. Our data suggest that an increase in expression of the mir‐465 family with age may contribute to the reduction in the GH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Elias
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown Center on the Biology of Aging; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island
| | - Bianca Kun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown Center on the Biology of Aging; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island
| | - Ian M. C. Sabula
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown Center on the Biology of Aging; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island
| | - Gail Golomb-Mello
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown Center on the Biology of Aging; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island
| | - Andrea Cespedes Zablah
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown Center on the Biology of Aging; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island
| | - Jill A. Kreiling
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown Center on the Biology of Aging; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island
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68
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Aguiar-Oliveira MH, Bartke A. Growth Hormone Deficiency: Health and Longevity. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:575-601. [PMID: 30576428 PMCID: PMC6416709 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The important role of GH in the control of mammalian longevity was first deduced from extended longevity of mice with genetic GH deficiency (GHD) or GH resistance. Mice with isolated GHD (IGHD) due to GHRH or GHRH receptor mutations, combined deficiency of GH, prolactin, and TSH, or global deletion of GH receptors live longer than do their normal siblings. They also exhibit multiple features of delayed and/or slower aging, accompanied by extension of healthspan. The unexpected, remarkable longevity benefit of severe endocrine defects in these animals presumably represents evolutionarily conserved trade-offs among aging, growth, maturation, fecundity, and the underlying anabolic processes. Importantly, the negative association of GH signaling with longevity extends to other mammalian species, apparently including humans. Data obtained in humans with IGHD type 1B, owing to a mutation of the GHRH receptor gene, in the Itabaianinha County, Brazil, provide a unique opportunity to study the impact of severe reduction in GH signaling on age-related characteristics, health, and functionality. Individuals with IGHD are characterized by proportional short stature, doll facies, high-pitched voices, and central obesity. They have delayed puberty but are fertile and generally healthy. Moreover, these IGHD individuals are partially protected from cancer and some of the common effects of aging and can attain extreme longevity, 103 years of age in one case. We think that low, but detectable, residual GH secretion combined with life-long reduction of circulating IGF-1 and with some tissue levels of IGF-1 and/or IGF-2 preserved may account for the normal longevity and apparent extension of healthspan in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
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69
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Growth hormone acts on liver to stimulate autophagy, support glucose production, and preserve blood glucose in chronically starved mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7449-7454. [PMID: 30910968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901867116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When mice are subjected to 60% calorie restriction for several days, they lose nearly all of their body fat. Although the animals lack energy stores, their livers produce enough glucose to maintain blood glucose at viable levels even after a 23-hour fast. This adaptation is mediated by a marked increase in plasma growth hormone (GH), which is elicited by an increase in plasma ghrelin, a GH secretagogue. In the absence of ghrelin, calorie-restricted mice develop hypoglycemia, owing to diminished glucose production. To determine the site of GH action, in the current study we used CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre recombinase technology to produce mice that lack GH receptors selectively in liver (L-Ghr -/- mice) or in adipose tissue (Fat-Ghr-/- mice). When subjected to calorie restriction and then fasted for 23 hours, the L-Ghr -/- mice, but not the Fat-Ghr-/- mice, developed hypoglycemia. The fall in blood glucose in L-Ghr-/- mice was correlated with a profound drop in hepatic triglycerides. Hypoglycemia was prevented by injection of lactate or octanoate, two sources of energy to support gluconeogenesis. Electron microscopy revealed extensive autophagy in livers of calorie-restricted control mice but not in L-Ghr -/- mice. We conclude that GH acts through its receptor in the liver to activate autophagy, preserve triglycerides, enhance gluconeogenesis, and prevent hypoglycemia in calorie-restricted mice, a model of famine.
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70
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Darcy J, Bartke A. From White to Brown - Adipose Tissue Is Critical to the Extended Lifespan and Healthspan of Growth Hormone Mutant Mice. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1178:207-225. [PMID: 31493229 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25650-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a metabolic hormone that has major functions in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue (AT). In the past 20 years, numerous studies have demonstrated that decreased growth hormone (GH) action is clearly linked to alterations in longevity. Therefore, it is not surprising that mechanisms underlying the extended longevity of GH-mutant animals include alterations in AT function. This Review aims to describe the basics of AT biology, GH secretion and action, and the effects of altered GH signaling in mice and humans. Lastly, this Review discusses the intersection of GH and AT, and how the influence of GH on AT may play a critical role in determining lifespan and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Darcy
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
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List EO, Berryman DE, Buchman M, Parker C, Funk K, Bell S, Duran-Ortiz S, Qian Y, Young JA, Wilson C, Slyby J, McKenna S, Jensen EA, Kopchick JJ. Adipocyte-Specific GH Receptor-Null (AdGHRKO) Mice Have Enhanced Insulin Sensitivity With Reduced Liver Triglycerides. Endocrinology 2019; 160:68-80. [PMID: 30462209 PMCID: PMC6304108 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Global GH receptor-null or knockout (GHRKO) mice have been extensively studied owing to their unique phenotype (dwarf and obese but remarkably insulin sensitive and long-lived). To better understand the influence of adipose tissue (AT) on the GHRKO phenotype, we previously generated fat-specific GHRKO (FaGHRKO) mice using the adipocyte protein-2 (aP2) promoter driving Cre expression. Unlike global GHRKO mice, FaGHRKO mice are larger than control mice and have an increase in white AT (WAT) mass and adipocyte size as well as an increase in brown AT mass. FaGHRKO mice also have an unexpected increase in IGF-1, decrease in adiponectin, no change in insulin sensitivity or liver triglyceride content, and a decreased lifespan. Extensive analysis of the aP2 promoter/enhancer by multiple laboratories has revealed expression in nonadipose tissues, confounding interpretation of results. In the current study, we used the adiponectin promoter/enhancer to drive Cre expression, which better targets mature adipocytes, and generated a new line of adipocyte-specific GHRKO (AdGHRKO) mice. AdGHRKO mice have an increase in adipocyte size and WAT depot mass in all depots except male perigonadal, a WAT accumulation pattern similar to FaGHRKO mice. Likewise, adiponectin levels and WAT fibrosis are decreased in both tissue-specific mouse lines. However, unlike FaGHRKO mice, AdGHRKO mice have no change in IGF-1 levels, improved glucose homeostasis, and reduced liver triglycerides. Thus, AdGHRKO mice should be valuable for future studies assessing the contribution of adipocyte GHR signaling in long-term health and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
- Correspondence: Edward O. List, PhD, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 218 Konneker Research Labs, 172 Watertower Drive, Athens, Ohio 45701. E-mail:
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
| | - Mathew Buchman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Caitlin Parker
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Kevin Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Stephen Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
| | | | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | | | - Cody Wilson
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Julie Slyby
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | | | | | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
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Kaltenecker D, Themanns M, Mueller KM, Spirk K, Suske T, Merkel O, Kenner L, Luís A, Kozlov A, Haybaeck J, Müller M, Han X, Moriggl R. Hepatic growth hormone - JAK2 - STAT5 signalling: Metabolic function, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cytokine 2018; 124:154569. [PMID: 30389231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of obesity came along with an increase in associated metabolic disorders in Western countries. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is linked to primary stages of liver cancer development. Growth hormone (GH) regulates various vital processes such as energy supply and cellular regeneration. In addition, GH regulates various aspects of liver physiology through activating the Janus kinase (JAK) 2- signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 pathway. Consequently, disrupted GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling in the liver alters hepatic lipid metabolism and is associated with NAFLD development in humans and mouse models. Interestingly, while STAT5 as well as JAK2 deficiency correlates with hepatic lipid accumulation, recent studies suggest that these proteins have unique ambivalent functions in chronic liver disease progression and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on the consequences of altered GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling for hepatic lipid metabolism and liver cancer development with an emphasis on lessons learned from genetic knockout models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Kaltenecker
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Madeleine Themanns
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina M Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Spirk
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Suske
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreia Luís
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, the Ministry of Health; Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences (ILAS), Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, PR China; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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73
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Kineman RD, del Rio-Moreno M, Sarmento-Cabral A. 40 YEARS of IGF1: Understanding the tissue-specific roles of IGF1/IGF1R in regulating metabolism using the Cre/loxP system. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T187-T198. [PMID: 29743295 PMCID: PMC7721256 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is clear that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) is important in supporting growth and regulating metabolism. The IGF1 found in the circulation is primarily produced by the liver hepatocytes, but healthy mature hepatocytes do not express appreciable levels of the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R). Therefore, the metabolic actions of IGF1 are thought to be mediated via extra-hepatocyte actions. Given the structural and functional homology between IGF1/IGF1R and insulin receptor (INSR) signaling, and the fact that IGF1, IGF1R and INSR are expressed in most tissues of the body, it is difficult to separate out the tissue-specific contributions of IGF1/IGF1R in maintaining whole body metabolic function. To circumvent this problem, over the last 20 years, investigators have taken advantage of the Cre/loxP system to manipulate IGF1/IGF1R in a tissue-dependent, and more recently, an age-dependent fashion. These studies have revealed that IGF1/IGF1R can alter extra-hepatocyte function to regulate hormonal inputs to the liver and/or alter tissue-specific carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to alter nutrient flux to liver, where these actions are not mutually exclusive, but serve to integrate the function of all tissues to support the metabolic needs of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda D Kineman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,1819 W Polk St. M/C 646 Chicago, IL, 60612
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Suite 6215, MP 191, 820 S Damen Ave. Chicago, IL 60612
- Corresponding author: Rhonda D Kineman, . University of Illinois at Chicago, Medicine, 1819 W. Polk St., MC 640, Chicago, IL, USA 60612
| | - Mercedes del Rio-Moreno
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,1819 W Polk St. M/C 646 Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - André Sarmento-Cabral
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,1819 W Polk St. M/C 646 Chicago, IL, 60612
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74
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Lindsey RC, Rundle CH, Mohan S. Role of IGF1 and EFN-EPH signaling in skeletal metabolism. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T87-T102. [PMID: 29581239 PMCID: PMC5966337 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1) and ephrin ligand (EFN)-receptor (EPH) signaling are both crucial for bone cell function and skeletal development and maintenance. IGF1 signaling is the major mediator of growth hormone-induced bone growth, but a host of different signals and factors regulate IGF1 signaling at the systemic and local levels. Disruption of the Igf1 gene results in reduced peak bone mass in both experimental animal models and humans. Additionally, EFN-EPH signaling is a complex system which, particularly through cell-cell interactions, contributes to the development and differentiation of many bone cell types. Recent evidence has demonstrated several ways in which the IGF1 and EFN-EPH signaling pathways interact with and depend upon each other to regulate bone cell function. While much remains to be elucidated, the interaction between these two signaling pathways opens a vast array of new opportunities for investigation into the mechanisms of and potential therapies for skeletal conditions such as osteoporosis and fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Lindsey
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterVA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Division of BiochemistryDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular MedicineDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Charles H Rundle
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterVA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of MedicineLoma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterVA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Division of BiochemistryDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular MedicineDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of MedicineLoma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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75
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Liao S, Vickers MH, Stanley JL, Baker PN, Perry JK. Human Placental Growth Hormone Variant in Pathological Pregnancies. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2186-2198. [PMID: 29659791 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH), an endocrine hormone, primarily secreted from the anterior pituitary, stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration and is a major regulator of postnatal growth. Humans have two GH genes that encode two versions of GH proteins: a pituitary version (GH-N/GH1) and a placental GH-variant (GH-V/GH2), which are expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblast cells of the placenta. During pregnancy, GH-V replaces GH-N in the maternal circulation at mid-late gestation as the major circulating form of GH. This remarkable change in spatial and temporal GH secretion patterns is proposed to play a role in mediating maternal adaptations to pregnancy. GH-V is associated with fetal growth, and its circulating concentrations have been investigated across a range of pregnancy complications. However, progress in this area has been hindered by a lack of readily accessible and reliable assays for measurement of GH-V. This review will discuss the potential roles of GH-V in normal and pathological pregnancies and will touch on the assays used to quantify this hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutan Liao
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L Stanley
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip N Baker
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
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Basu R, Qian Y, Kopchick JJ. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Lessons from growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted mice: are there benefits of endocrine defects? Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:R155-R181. [PMID: 29459441 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is produced primarily by anterior pituitary somatotroph cells. Numerous acute human (h) GH treatment and long-term follow-up studies and extensive use of animal models of GH action have shaped the body of GH research over the past 70 years. Work on the GH receptor (R)-knockout (GHRKO) mice and results of studies on GH-resistant Laron Syndrome (LS) patients have helped define many physiological actions of GH including those dealing with metabolism, obesity, cancer, diabetes, cognition and aging/longevity. In this review, we have discussed several issues dealing with these biological effects of GH and attempt to answer the question of whether decreased GH action may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Householder LA, Comisford R, Duran-Ortiz S, Lee K, Troike K, Wilson C, Jara A, Harberson M, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Increased fibrosis: A novel means by which GH influences white adipose tissue function. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 39:45-53. [PMID: 29279183 PMCID: PMC5858978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White adipose tissue (WAT) fibrosis - the buildup of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, primarily collagen - is now a recognized hallmark of tissue dysfunction and is increased with obesity and lipodystrophy. While growth hormone (GH) is known to increase collagen in several tissues, no previous research has addressed its effect on ECM in WAT. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine if GH influences WAT fibrosis. DESIGN This study examined WAT from four distinct strains of GH-altered mice (bGH and GHA transgenic mice as well as two tissue specific GH receptor gene disrupted lines, fat growth hormone receptor knockout or FaGHRKO and liver growth hormone receptor knockout or LiGHRKO mice). Collagen content and adipocyte size were studied in all cohorts and compared to littermate controls. In addition, mRNA expression of fibrosis-associated genes was assessed in one cohort (6month old male bovine GH transgenic and WT mice) and cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with GH. RESULTS Collagen stained area was increased in WAT from bGH mice, was depot-dependent, and increased with age. Furthermore, increased collagen content was associated with decreased adipocyte size in all depots but more dramatic changes in the subcutaneous fat pad. Notably, the increase in collagen was not associated with an increase in collagen gene expression or other genes known to promote fibrosis in WAT, but collagen gene expression was increased with acute GH administration in 3T3-LI cells. In contrast, evaluation of 6month old GH antagonist (GHA) male mice showed significantly decreased collagen in the subcutaneous depot. Lastly, to assess if GH induced collagen deposition directly or indirectly (via IGF-1), fat (Fa) and liver (Li) specific GHRKO mice were evaluated. Decreased fibrosis in FaGHRKO and increased fibrosis in LiGHRKO mice suggest GH is primarily responsible for the alterations in collagen. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that GH action is positively associated with an increase in WAT collagen content as well as a decrease in adipocyte size, particularly in the subcutaneous depot. This effect appears to be due to GH and not IGF-1 and reveals a novel means by which GH regulates WAT accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Householder
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, United States
| | - Ross Comisford
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, United States
| | - Kevin Lee
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Katie Troike
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, United States
| | - Cody Wilson
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Adam Jara
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Mitchell Harberson
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - John J Kopchick
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
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Dehkhoda F, Lee CMM, Medina J, Brooks AJ. The Growth Hormone Receptor: Mechanism of Receptor Activation, Cell Signaling, and Physiological Aspects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:35. [PMID: 29487568 PMCID: PMC5816795 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone receptor (GHR), although most well known for regulating growth, has many other important biological functions including regulating metabolism and controlling physiological processes related to the hepatobiliary, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems. In addition, growth hormone signaling is an important regulator of aging and plays a significant role in cancer development. Growth hormone activates the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, and recent studies have provided a new understanding of the mechanism of JAK2 activation by growth hormone binding to its receptor. JAK2 activation is required for growth hormone-mediated activation of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5, and the negative regulation of JAK-STAT signaling comprises an important step in the control of this signaling pathway. The GHR also activates the Src family kinase signaling pathway independent of JAK2. This review covers the molecular mechanisms of GHR activation and signal transduction as well as the physiological consequences of growth hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Dehkhoda
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine M. M. Lee
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Johan Medina
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Brooks
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Duran-Ortiz S, Noboa V, Kopchick JJ. Disruption of the GH receptor gene in adult mice and in insulin sensitive tissues. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 38:3-7. [PMID: 29198419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate whether a specific tissue is responsible for the beneficial health and longevity phenotype seen in growth hormone (GH) receptor (R) knockout (GHRKO) mice, the GHR gene was disrupted specifically in insulin sensitive tissues; namely, liver, adipose, and muscle. Furthermore, to investigate if the health- and life-span effects seen in the germline GHRKO mice were replicated when GH action was ablated after puberty; young, adult onset GHRKO mice were produced and characterized. In this review, we summarized the main findings derived from these mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, United States; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, United States.
| | - Vanessa Noboa
- School of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador.
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, United States; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, United States.
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80
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Garratt M, Nakagawa S, Simons MJP. Life-span Extension With Reduced Somatotrophic Signaling: Moderation of Aging Effect by Signal Type, Sex, and Experimental Cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1620-1626. [PMID: 28207064 PMCID: PMC5861954 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced somatotrophic signaling through the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor pathways (IGF1) can delay aging, although the degree of life-extension varies markedly across studies. By collating data from previous studies and using meta-analysis, we tested whether factors including sex, hormonal manipulation, body weight change and control baseline mortality quantitatively predict relative life-extension. Manipulations of GH signaling (including pituitary and direct GH deficiencies) generate significantly greater extension in median life span than IGF1 manipulations (including IGF1 production, reception, and bioactivity), producing a consistent shift in mortality risk of mutant mice. Reduced Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) expression produces more similar life-extension to reduced GH, although effects are more heterogeneous and appear to influence the demography of mortality differently. Life-extension with reduced IGF1 signaling, but neither GH nor IRS signaling, increases life span significantly more in females than males, and in cohorts where control survival is short. Our results thus suggest that reduced GH signaling has physiological benefits to survival outside of its actions on circulating IGF1. In addition to these biological moderators, we found an overrepresentation of small sample sized studies that report large improvements in survival, indicating potential publication bias. We discuss how this could potentially confound current conclusions from published work, and how this warrants further study replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Garratt
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Group and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mirre J P Simons
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK
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Gong Z, Tas E, Yakar S, Muzumdar R. Hepatic lipid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in aging. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 455:115-130. [PMID: 28017785 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Various factors that contribute to the dysregulation include both modifiable (e.g. obesity, insulin resistance) and non-modifiable risk factors (age-associated physiologic changes). Although there is no linear relationship between aging and prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, current data strongly suggests that advanced age leads to more severe histological changes and poorer clinical outcomes. Hepatic lipid accumulation could lead to significant hepatic and systemic consequences including steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, impairment of systemic glucose metabolism and metabolic syndrome, thereby contributing to age-related diseases. Insulin, leptin and adiponectin are key regulators of the various physiologic processes that regulate hepatic lipid metabolism. Recent advances have expanded our understanding in this field, highlighting the role of novel mediators such as FGF 21, and mitochondria derived peptides. In this review, we will summarize the mediators of hepatic lipid metabolism and how they are altered in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Emir Tas
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Radhika Muzumdar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3500 Terrace Street, 5362 Biomedical Sciences Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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82
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Sadagurski M, Cady G, Miller RA. Anti-aging drugs reduce hypothalamic inflammation in a sex-specific manner. Aging Cell 2017; 16:652-660. [PMID: 28544365 PMCID: PMC5506421 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging leads to hypothalamic inflammation, but does so more slowly in mice whose lifespan has been extended by mutations that affect GH/IGF‐1 signals. Early‐life exposure to GH by injection, or to nutrient restriction in the first 3 weeks of life, also modulate both lifespan and the pace of hypothalamic inflammation. Three drugs extend lifespan of UM‐HET3 mice in a sex‐specific way: acarbose (ACA), 17‐α‐estradiol (17αE2), and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), with more dramatic longevity increases in males in each case. In this study, we examined the effect of these anti‐aging drugs on neuro‐inflammation in hypothalamus and hippocampus. We found that age‐associated hypothalamic inflammation is reduced in males but not in females at 12 months of age by ACA and 17αE2 and at 22 months of age in NDGA‐treated mice. The three drugs blocked indices of hypothalamic reactive gliosis associated with aging, such as Iba‐1‐positive microglia and GFAP‐positive astrocytes, as well as age‐associated overproduction of TNF‐α. This effect was not observed in drug‐treated female mice or in the hippocampus of the drug‐treated animals. On the other hand, caloric restriction (CR; an intervention that extends the lifespan in both sexes) significantly reduced hypothalamic microglia and TNF‐α in both sexes at 12 months of age. Together, these results suggest that the extent of drug‐induced changes in hypothalamic inflammatory processes is sexually dimorphic in a pattern that parallels the effects of these agents on mouse longevity and that mimics the changes seen, in both sexes, of long‐lived nutrient restricted or mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Sadagurski
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Gillian Cady
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
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83
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Troike KM, Henry BE, Jensen EA, Young JA, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Impact of Growth Hormone on Regulation of Adipose Tissue. Compr Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28640444 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of obesity and obesity-related conditions worldwide has necessitated a more thorough understanding of adipose tissue (AT) and expanded the scope of research in this field. AT is now understood to be far more complex and dynamic than previously thought, which has also fueled research to reevaluate how hormones, such as growth hormone (GH), alter the tissue. In this review, we will introduce properties of AT important for understanding how GH alters the tissue, such as anatomical location of depots and adipokine output. We will provide an overview of GH structure and function and define several human conditions and cognate mouse lines with extremes in GH action that have helped shape our understanding of GH and AT. A detailed discussion of the GH/AT relationship will be included that addresses adipokine production, immune cell populations, lipid metabolism, senescence, differentiation, and fibrosis, as well as brown AT and beiging of white AT. A brief overview of how GH levels are altered in an obese state, and the efficacy of GH as a therapeutic option to manage obesity will be given. As we will reveal, the effects of GH on AT are numerous, dynamic and depot-dependent. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:819-840, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Troike
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, 108 Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Brooke E Henry
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, 108 Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan A Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward O List
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, 108 Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, 108 Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, 108 Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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84
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Lewitt MS. The Role of the Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Visceral Adiposity. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2017; 10:1178626417703995. [PMID: 28469442 PMCID: PMC5404904 DOI: 10.1177/1178626417703995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is involved in the pathophysiology of obesity. Both GH and IGF-I have direct effects on adipocyte proliferation and differentiation, and this system is involved in the cross-talk between adipose tissue, liver, and pituitary. Transgenic animal models have been of importance in identifying mechanisms underlying these interactions. It emerges that this system has key roles in visceral adiposity, and there is a rationale for targeting this system in the treatment of visceral obesity associated with GH deficiency, metabolic syndrome, and lipodystrophies. This evidence is reviewed, gaps in knowledge are highlighted, and recommendations are made for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira S Lewitt
- School of Health, Nursing & Midwifery, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
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85
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Cady G, Landeryou T, Garratt M, Kopchick JJ, Qi N, Garcia-Galiano D, Elias CF, Myers MG, Miller RA, Sandoval DA, Sadagurski M. Hypothalamic growth hormone receptor (GHR) controls hepatic glucose production in nutrient-sensing leptin receptor (LepRb) expressing neurons. Mol Metab 2017; 6:393-405. [PMID: 28462074 PMCID: PMC5404104 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The GH/IGF-1 axis has important roles in growth and metabolism. GH and GH receptor (GHR) are active in the central nervous system (CNS) and are crucial in regulating several aspects of metabolism. In the hypothalamus, there is a high abundance of GH-responsive cells, but the role of GH signaling in hypothalamic neurons is unknown. Previous work has demonstrated that the Ghr gene is highly expressed in LepRb neurons. Given that leptin is a key regulator of energy balance by acting on leptin receptor (LepRb)-expressing neurons, we tested the hypothesis that LepRb neurons represent an important site for GHR signaling to control body homeostasis. Methods To determine the importance of GHR signaling in LepRb neurons, we utilized Cre/loxP technology to ablate GHR expression in LepRb neurons (LeprEYFPΔGHR). The mice were generated by crossing the Leprcre on the cre-inducible ROSA26-EYFP mice to GHRL/L mice. Parameters of body composition and glucose homeostasis were evaluated. Results Our results demonstrate that the sites with GHR and LepRb co-expression include ARH, DMH, and LHA neurons. Leptin action was not altered in LeprEYFPΔGHR mice; however, GH-induced pStat5-IR in LepRb neurons was significantly reduced in these mice. Serum IGF-1 and GH levels were unaltered, and we found no evidence that GHR signaling regulates food intake and body weight in LepRb neurons. In contrast, diminished GHR signaling in LepRb neurons impaired hepatic insulin sensitivity and peripheral lipid metabolism. This was paralleled with a failure to suppress expression of the gluconeogenic genes and impaired hepatic insulin signaling in LeprEYFPΔGHR mice. Conclusion These findings suggest the existence of GHR-leptin neurocircuitry that plays an important role in the GHR-mediated regulation of glucose metabolism irrespective of feeding. GHR and LepRb are co-localized in the ARH, DMH and LHA neurons. GHR signaling does not regulate food intake and body weight in LepRb neurons. Diminished GHR signaling in LepRb neurons impairs hepatic glucose production.
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Key Words
- ARH, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
- CNS, central nervous system
- DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
- GH, growth hormone
- GHR, growth hormone receptor
- Glucose production
- Growth hormone receptor
- Hypothalamus
- LHA, lateral hypothalamus
- Lepr, leptin receptor
- Leptin receptor
- Liver
- POMC, proopiomelanocortin
- PVH, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
- Stat3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Stat5, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Cady
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Taylor Landeryou
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Michael Garratt
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Nathan Qi
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Garcia-Galiano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marianna Sadagurski
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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86
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Podlutsky A, Valcarcel-Ares MN, Yancey K, Podlutskaya V, Nagykaldi E, Gautam T, Miller RA, Sonntag WE, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z. The GH/IGF-1 axis in a critical period early in life determines cellular DNA repair capacity by altering transcriptional regulation of DNA repair-related genes: implications for the developmental origins of cancer. GeroScience 2017; 39:147-160. [PMID: 28233247 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental, clinical, and epidemiological findings support the concept of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHAD), suggesting that early-life hormonal influences during a sensitive period around adolescence have a powerful impact on cancer morbidity later in life. The endocrine changes that occur during puberty are highly conserved across mammalian species and include dramatic increases in circulating GH and IGF-1 levels. Importantly, patients with developmental IGF-1 deficiency due to GH insensitivity (Laron syndrome) do not develop cancer during aging. Rodents with developmental GH/IGF-1 deficiency also exhibit significantly decreased cancer incidence at old age, marked resistance to chemically induced carcinogenesis, and cellular resistance to genotoxic stressors. Early-life treatment of GH/IGF-1-deficient mice and rats with GH reverses the cancer resistance phenotype; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that developmental GH/IGF-1 status impacts cellular DNA repair mechanisms. To achieve that goal, we assessed repair of γ-irradiation-induced DNA damage (single-cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay) and basal and post-irradiation expression of DNA repair-related genes (qPCR) in primary fibroblasts derived from control rats, Lewis dwarf rats (a model of developmental GH/IGF-1 deficiency), and GH-replete dwarf rats (GH administered beginning at 5 weeks of age, for 30 days). We found that developmental GH/IGF-1 deficiency resulted in persisting increases in cellular DNA repair capacity and upregulation of several DNA repair-related genes (e.g., Gadd45a, Bbc3). Peripubertal GH treatment reversed the radiation resistance phenotype. Fibroblasts of GH/IGF-1-deficient Snell dwarf mice also exhibited improved DNA repair capacity, showing that the persisting influence of peripubertal GH/IGF-1 status is not species-dependent. Collectively, GH/IGF-1 levels during a critical period during early life determine cellular DNA repair capacity in rodents, presumably by transcriptional control of genes involved in DNA repair. Because lifestyle factors (e.g., nutrition and childhood obesity) cause huge variation in peripubertal GH/IGF-1 levels in children, further studies are warranted to determine their persisting influence on cellular cancer resistance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Podlutsky
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 902 N. Koyukuk, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Marta Noa Valcarcel-Ares
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Krysta Yancey
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 902 N. Koyukuk, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Viktorija Podlutskaya
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 902 N. Koyukuk, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Eszter Nagykaldi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Tripti Gautam
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William E Sonntag
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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87
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Liu Z, Cordoba-Chacon J, Kineman RD, Cronstein BN, Muzumdar R, Gong Z, Werner H, Yakar S. Growth Hormone Control of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism. Diabetes 2016; 65:3598-3609. [PMID: 27679560 PMCID: PMC5127251 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In humans, low levels of growth hormone (GH) and its mediator, IGF-1, associate with hepatic lipid accumulation. In mice, congenital liver-specific ablation of the GH receptor (GHR) results in reductions in circulating IGF-1 and hepatic steatosis, associated with systemic insulin resistance. Due to the intricate relationship between GH and IGF-1, the relative contribution of each hormone to the development of hepatic steatosis is unclear. Our goal was to dissect the mechanisms by which hepatic GH resistance leads to steatosis and overall insulin resistance, independent of IGF-1. We have generated a combined mouse model with liver-specific ablation of GHR in which we restored liver IGF-1 expression via the hepatic IGF-1 transgene. We found that liver GHR ablation leads to increases in lipid uptake, de novo lipogenesis, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia accompanied with severe insulin resistance and increased body adiposity and serum lipids. Restoration of IGF-1 improved overall insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in serum and reduced body adiposity, but was insufficient to protect against steatosis-induced hepatic inflammation or oxidative stress. We conclude that the impaired metabolism in states of GH resistance results from direct actions of GH on lipid uptake and de novo lipogenesis, whereas its actions on extrahepatic tissues are mediated by IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Liu
- Department of Basic Science & Craniofacial Biology, David B. Kriser Dental Center, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Research and Development, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Research and Development, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Radhika Muzumdar
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Consultation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Zhenwei Gong
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Consultation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Department of Basic Science & Craniofacial Biology, David B. Kriser Dental Center, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY
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88
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Lindsey RC, Mohan S. Skeletal effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I therapy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 432:44-55. [PMID: 26408965 PMCID: PMC4808510 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis is critically important for the regulation of bone formation, and deficiencies in this system have been shown to contribute to the development of osteoporosis and other diseases of low bone mass. The GH/IGF axis is regulated by a complex set of hormonal and local factors which can act to regulate this system at the level of the ligands, receptors, IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), or IGFBP proteases. A combination of in vitro studies, transgenic animal models, and clinical human investigations has provided ample evidence of the importance of the endocrine and local actions of both GH and IGF-I, the two major components of the GH/IGF axis, in skeletal growth and maintenance. GH- and IGF-based therapies provide a useful avenue of approach for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Lindsey
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA; Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA; Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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89
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Kopchick JJ. Lessons learned from studies with the growth hormone receptor. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 28:21-25. [PMID: 26216709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Findings related to GH's biological activities have continued to be a fascinating topic over the past decade. Below, I will review several items related to the actions of GH including the GH/GHR interaction, pegvisomant (a GH receptor antagonist), GHR gene disruptions in mice, and clinical consequences of human GHR gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kopchick
- Growth Hormone Research Society, Edison Biotechnology Institute & Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, HCOM, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
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90
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Sperling MA. Traditional and novel aspects of the metabolic actions of growth hormone. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 28:69-75. [PMID: 26194064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone has been known to be diabetogenic for almost a century and it's diabetogenic properties fostered consideration of excessive and abnormal GH secretion as a cause of diabetes, as well as a role in the microvascular complications, especially retinopathy. However, besides inducing insulin resistance, GH also is lipolytic and a major anabolic hormone for nitrogen retention and protein synthesis. These actions are best illustrated at the extremes of GH secretion: Gigantism/acromegaly is characterized by excessive growth, CHO intolerance, hyperplasia of bone, little body fat and prominent muscle development, whereas total deficiency of GH secretion or action is associated with adiposity, poor growth, and poor muscle development. These actions also become apparent during puberty and pregnancy, times when GH secretion is increased and account for the characteristic changes in body composition and tendency to diabetes. More recently, tissue specific deletions of the GH receptor (GHR), have uncovered newer metabolic effects including it's essential role in triglyceride export from the liver when GHR is deleted in the liver, leading to hepatic steatosis and ultimately to hepatic adenoma formation, effects which may explain these findings in obesity, a state of diminished GH secretion and action. In addition deletion of GH action in muscle and fat is associated with specific patterns of disturbed phenotype and metabolic effects in CHO, fat, and protein metabolism affecting the specific tissue and whole body function. This chapter provides an overview of these classic and newer metabolic functions of GH, placing this hormone and its actions in a central role of body fuel economy in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sperling
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States
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91
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Yakar S, Isaksson O. Regulation of skeletal growth and mineral acquisition by the GH/IGF-1 axis: Lessons from mouse models. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 28:26-42. [PMID: 26432542 PMCID: PMC4809789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH) and its downstream mediator, the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), construct a pleotropic axis affecting growth, metabolism, and organ function. Serum levels of GH/IGF-1 rise during pubertal growth and associate with peak bone acquisition, while during aging their levels decline and associate with bone loss. The GH/IGF-1 axis was extensively studied in numerous biological systems including rodent models and cell cultures. Both hormones act in an endocrine and autocrine/paracrine fashion and understanding their distinct and overlapping contributions to skeletal acquisition is still a matter of debate. GH and IGF-1 exert their effects on osteogenic cells via binding to their cognate receptor, leading to activation of an array of genes that mediate cellular differentiation and function. Both hormones interact with other skeletal regulators, such as sex-steroids, thyroid hormone, and parathyroid hormone, to facilitate skeletal growth and metabolism. In this review we summarized several rodent models of the GH/IGF-1 axis and described key experiments that shed new light on the regulation of skeletal growth by the GH/IGF-1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Yakar
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010-408
| | - Olle Isaksson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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92
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El-Hadidy AR, El-Mohandes EM, Asker SA, Ghonaim FM. A histological and immunohistochemical study of the effects of N-acetyl cysteine on retinopathy of prematurity by modifying insulin-like growth factor-1. Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:401-11. [PMID: 27149563 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2016.1180428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disorder that occurs in premature infants and may lead to permanent visual impairment. We investigated both the possible protective role of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) for preventing ROP and the role of IGF-1 in the disorder. Forty-five newborn rats were divided into three groups. Group 1 was raised in room air as controls. Group 2 was exposed to 60% oxygen for 14 days after birth, then transferred to room air. Group 3 was exposed to the same conditions as group 2, but received intraperitoneal injections of NAC on postnatal days 7-17. After 35 days, both eyes of all rats were processed for histology. Some sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to assess structural changes and other sections were immunostained to determine the location of IGF-1. Frozen sections also were prepared and stained for adenosine triphosphatase to detect retinal blood vessels. Compared to the controls, more blood vessels, many of which were abnormal, and increased IGF-1 expression were observed in group 2. In group 3, abnormal blood vessels and IGF-1 expression were less evident. NAC appeared to be an effective vascular-protective agent for ROP by decreasing IGF-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R El-Hadidy
- a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
| | - E M El-Mohandes
- a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
| | - S A Asker
- a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
| | - F M Ghonaim
- a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
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93
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Kineman RD, Majumdar N, Subbaiah PV, Cordoba-Chacon J. Hepatic PPARγ Is Not Essential for the Rapid Development of Steatosis After Loss of Hepatic GH Signaling, in Adult Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1728-35. [PMID: 26950202 PMCID: PMC4870866 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Our group has previously reported de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and hepatic triglyceride content increases in chow-fed male mice within 7 days of hepatocyte-specific GH receptor knockdown (aLivGHRkd). Here, we report that these changes are associated with an increase in hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), consistent with previous reports showing steatosis is associated with an increase in PPARγ expression in mice with congenital loss of hepatic GH signaling. PPARγ is thought to be an important driver of steatosis by enhancing DNL, as well as increasing the uptake and esterification of extrahepatic fatty acids (FAs). In order to determine whether hepatic PPARγ is critical for the rapid development of steatosis in the aLivGHRkd mouse model, we have generated aLivGHRkd mice, with or without PPARγ (ie, adult-onset, hepatocyte-specific double knockout of GHR and PPARγ). Hepatic PPARγ was not required for the rapid increase in liver triglyceride content or FA indexes of DNL (16:0/18:2 and 16:1/16:0). However, loss of hepatic PPARγ blunted the rise in fatty acid translocase/CD36 and monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 expression induced by aLivGHRkd, and this was associated with a reduction in the hepatic content of 18:2. These results suggest that the major role of PPARγ is to enhance pathways critical in uptake and reesterification of extrahepatic FA. Because FAs have been reported to directly increase PPARγ expression, we speculate that in the aLivGHRkd mouse, the FA produced by DNL enhances the expression of PPARγ, which in turn increases extrahepatic FA uptake, thereby further enhancing PPARγ activity and exacerbating steatosis overtime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda D Kineman
- Research and Development Division (R.D.K., N.M., P.V.S., J.C.-C.), Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Medicine (R.D.K., N.M., P.V.S., J.C.-C.), Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Neena Majumdar
- Research and Development Division (R.D.K., N.M., P.V.S., J.C.-C.), Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Medicine (R.D.K., N.M., P.V.S., J.C.-C.), Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Papasani V Subbaiah
- Research and Development Division (R.D.K., N.M., P.V.S., J.C.-C.), Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Medicine (R.D.K., N.M., P.V.S., J.C.-C.), Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Research and Development Division (R.D.K., N.M., P.V.S., J.C.-C.), Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Medicine (R.D.K., N.M., P.V.S., J.C.-C.), Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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94
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Jara A, Liu X, Sim D, Benner CM, Duran-Ortiz S, Qian Y, List EO, Berryman DE, Kim JK, Kopchick JJ. Cardiac-Specific Disruption of GH Receptor Alters Glucose Homeostasis While Maintaining Normal Cardiac Performance in Adult Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1929-41. [PMID: 27035649 PMCID: PMC4870885 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
GH is considered necessary for the proper development and maintenance of several tissues, including the heart. Studies conducted in both GH receptor null and bovine GH transgenic mice have demonstrated specific cardiac structural and functional changes. In each of these mouse lines, however, GH-induced signaling is altered systemically, being decreased in GH receptor null mice and increased in bovine GH transgenic mice. Therefore, to clarify the direct effects GH has on cardiac tissue, we developed a tamoxifen-inducible, cardiac-specific GHR disrupted (iC-GHRKO) mouse line. Cardiac GH receptor was disrupted in 4-month-old iC-GHRKO mice to avoid developmental effects due to perinatal GHR gene disruption. Surprisingly, iC-GHRKO mice showed no difference vs controls in baseline or postdobutamine stress test echocardiography measurements, nor did iC-GHRKO mice show differences in longitudinal systolic blood pressure measurements. Interestingly, iC-GHRKO mice had decreased fat mass and improved insulin sensitivity at 6.5 months of age. By 12.5 months of age, however, iC-GHRKO mice no longer had significant decreases in fat mass and had developed glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Furthermore, investigation via immunoblot analysis demonstrated that iC-GHRKO mice had appreciably decreased insulin stimulated Akt phosphorylation, specifically in heart and liver, but not in epididymal white adipose tissue. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in circulating IGF-1 levels in 12.5-month-old iC-GHRKO mice. These data indicate that whereas the disruption of cardiomyocyte GH-induced signaling in adult mice does not affect cardiac function, it does play a role in systemic glucose homeostasis, in part through modulation of circulating IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jara
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Xingbo Liu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Don Sim
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Chance M Benner
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Jason K Kim
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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95
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Bartke A, List EO, Kopchick JJ. The somatotropic axis and aging: Benefits of endocrine defects. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 27:41-45. [PMID: 26925766 PMCID: PMC4792645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reduced somatotropic [growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)] action has been associated with delayed and slower aging, reduced risk of frailty, reduced age-related disease and functional decline, and with remarkably extended longevity. Recent studies have added to the evidence that these relationships discovered in laboratory populations of mice apply to other mammalian species. However, the relationship of the somatotropic signaling to human aging is less striking, complex and controversial. In mice, targeted deletion of GH receptors (GHR) in the liver, muscle or adipose tissue affected multiple metabolic parameters but failed to reproduce the effects of global GHR deletion on longevity. Continued search for mechanisms of extended longevity in animals with GH deficiency or resistance focused attention on different pathways of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), energy metabolism, regulation of local IGF-1 levels and resistance to high-fat diet (HFD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- SIU School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge, P.O. Box 19628, Springfield, IL 62794-9628, United States.
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
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96
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Romero CJ, Wolfe A, Law YY, Costelloe CZ, Miller R, Wondisford F, Radovick S. Altered somatotroph feedback regulation improves metabolic efficiency and limits adipose deposition in male mice. Metabolism 2016; 65:557-68. [PMID: 26975547 PMCID: PMC5331908 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several transgenic mouse models with disruption in the growth hormone (GH) axis support the role of GH in augmenting metabolic homeostasis. Specifically, interest has focused on GH's lipolytic properties and ability to affect adipose deposition. Furthermore, both GH and insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) may also play a direct or indirect role in adipose development. The somatotroph insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor knockout (SIGFRKO) mouse with only a modest increase in serum GH and IGF-1 demonstrates less adipose tissue than controls. In order to characterize the metabolic phenotype of SIGFRKO mice, histologic analysis of fat depots confirmed a smaller average diameter of adipocytes in the SIGFRKO mice compared to controls. These changes were accompanied by an increase in lipolytic gene expression in fat depots. Indirect calorimetry performed on 6-8week old male mice and again at 25weeks of age demonstrated that SIGFRKO mice, at both ages, had a higher VO2 and increased energy expenditure when compared with controls. The calculated respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was lower in the younger SIGFRKO mice compared to controls. No differences in food consumption or in either ambulatory or total activity were seen between SIGFRKO and control mice in either age group. These studies highlight the role of GH in adipose deposition and its influence on the expression of lipolytic genes resulting in an altered metabolic state, thus providing a mechanism for the decrease in weight gain seen in the SIGFRKO mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Romero
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1616, New York, NY 10029.
| | - Andrew Wolfe
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CSMC 4-106, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Yi Ying Law
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CSMC 4-106, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - ChenChen Z Costelloe
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CSMC 4-106, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Ryan Miller
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22. S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Fredric Wondisford
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Sally Radovick
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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97
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Berryman DE, Henry B, Hjortebjerg R, List EO, Kopchick JJ. Developments in our understanding of the effects of growth hormone on white adipose tissue from mice: implications to the clinic. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2016; 11:197-207. [PMID: 28435436 PMCID: PMC5397118 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2016.1147950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is a well-established target of growth hormone (GH) and is altered in clinical conditions associated with excess, deficiency and absence of GH action. Due to the difficulty in collecting AT from clinical populations, genetically modified mice have been useful in better understanding how GH affects this tissue. Recent findings in mice would suggest that the impact of GH on AT is beyond alterations of lipolysis, lipogenesis or proliferation/ differentiation. AT depot-specific alterations in immune cells, extracellular matrix, adipokines, and senescence indicate an expanded role for GH in AT physiology. This mouse data will guide additional studies necessary to evaluate the therapeutic potential and safety of GH for conditions associated with altering AT, such as obesity. In this review, we introduce several relatively new intricacies of GH's effect on AT, focusing on recent studies in mice. Finally, we summarize the clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene E Berryman
- Executive Director, The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, 108 Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, (740) 593-9661 - phone, (740) 593-4795 - fax
| | - Brooke Henry
- 108 Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, (740) 593-9665
| | - Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Noerrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, +45 6166 8045 - phone, +45 7846 2150 - fax
| | - Edward O List
- Senior Scientist, 218 Konneker Research Labs, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, (740) 593-4620 - phone, (740) 593-4795 - fax
| | - John J Kopchick
- Distinguished Professor, Goll Ohio Eminent Scholar, 172 Water Tower Drive, Ohio University, (740) 593-4534 - phone, (740) 593-4795 - fax
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98
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Bartke A. Healthspan and longevity can be extended by suppression of growth hormone signaling. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:289-99. [PMID: 26909495 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Average and maximal lifespan are important biological characteristics of every species, but can be modified by mutations and by a variety of genetic, dietary, environmental, and pharmacological interventions. Mutations or disruption of genes required for biosynthesis or action of growth hormone (GH) produce remarkable extension of longevity in laboratory mice. Importantly, the long-lived GH-related mutants exhibit many symptoms of delayed and/or slower aging, including preservation of physical and cognitive functions and resistance to stress and age-related disease. These characteristics could be collectively described as "healthy aging" or extension of the healthspan. Extension of both the healthspan and lifespan in GH-deficient and GH-resistant mice appears to be due to multiple interrelated mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms have been linked to healthy aging and genetic predisposition to extended longevity in humans. Enhanced insulin sensitivity combined with reduced insulin levels, reduced adipose tissue, central nervous system inflammation, and increased levels of adiponectin represent such mechanisms. Further progress in elucidation of mechanisms that link reduced GH action to delayed and healthy aging should identify targets for lifestyle and pharmacological interventions that could benefit individuals as well as society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
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99
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Ashpole NM, Herron JC, Mitschelen MC, Farley JA, Logan S, Yan H, Ungvari Z, Hodges EL, Csiszar A, Ikeno Y, Humphrey MB, Sonntag WE. IGF-1 Regulates Vertebral Bone Aging Through Sex-Specific and Time-Dependent Mechanisms. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:443-54. [PMID: 26260312 PMCID: PMC4854536 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advanced aging is associated with increased risk of bone fracture, especially within the vertebrae, which exhibit significant reductions in trabecular bone structure. Aging is also associated with a reduction in circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). Studies have suggested that the reduction in IGF-1 compromises healthspan, whereas others report that loss of IGF-1 is beneficial because it increases healthspan and lifespan. To date, the effect of decreases in circulating IGF-1 on vertebral bone aging has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we delineate the consequences of a loss of circulating IGF-1 on vertebral bone aging in male and female Igf(f/f) mice. IGF-1 was reduced at multiple specific time points during the mouse lifespan: early in postnatal development (crossing albumin-cyclic recombinase [Cre] mice with Igf(f/f) mice); and in early adulthood and in late adulthood using hepatic-specific viral vectors (AAV8-TBG-Cre). Vertebrae bone structure was analyzed at 27 months of age using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and quantitative bone histomorphometry. Consistent with previous studies, both male and female mice exhibited age-related reductions in vertebral bone structure. In male mice, reduction of circulating IGF-1 induced at any age did not diminish vertebral bone loss. Interestingly, early-life loss of IGF-1 in females resulted in a 67% increase in vertebral bone volume fraction, as well as increased connectivity density and increased trabecular number. The maintenance of bone structure in the early-life IGF-1-deficient females was associated with increased osteoblast surface and an increased ratio of osteoprotegerin/receptor-activator of NF-κB-ligand (RANKL) levels in circulation. Within 3 months of a loss of IGF-1, there was a 2.2-fold increase in insulin receptor expression within the vertebral bones of our female mice, suggesting that local signaling may compensate for the loss of circulating IGF-1. Together, these data suggest the age-related loss of vertebral bone density in females can be reduced by modifying circulating IGF-1 levels early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Ashpole
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jacquelyn C Herron
- Department of Immunology/Rheumatology/Allergy Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Matthew C Mitschelen
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Julie A Farley
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sreemathi Logan
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Han Yan
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Erik L Hodges
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Yuji Ikeno
- Department of Pathology, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mary Beth Humphrey
- Department of Immunology/Rheumatology/Allergy Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Veterans' Affairs, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - William E Sonntag
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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100
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Stout MB, Steyn FJ, Jurczak MJ, Camporez JPG, Zhu Y, Hawse JR, Jurk D, Palmer AK, Xu M, Pirtskhalava T, Evans GL, de Souza Santos R, Frank AP, White TA, Monroe DG, Singh RJ, Casaclang-Verzosa G, Miller JD, Clegg DJ, LeBrasseur NK, von Zglinicki T, Shulman GI, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL. 17α-Estradiol Alleviates Age-related Metabolic and Inflammatory Dysfunction in Male Mice Without Inducing Feminization. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016; 72:3-15. [PMID: 26809497 PMCID: PMC5155656 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with visceral adiposity, metabolic disorders, and chronic low-grade inflammation. 17α-estradiol (17α-E2), a naturally occurring enantiomer of 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), extends life span in male mice through unresolved mechanisms. We tested whether 17α-E2 could alleviate age-related metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. 17α-E2 reduced body mass, visceral adiposity, and ectopic lipid deposition without decreasing lean mass. These declines were associated with reductions in energy intake due to the activation of hypothalamic anorexigenic pathways and direct effects of 17α-E2 on nutrient-sensing pathways in visceral adipose tissue. 17α-E2 did not alter energy expenditure or excretion. Fasting glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin were also reduced by 17α-E2, and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps revealed improvements in peripheral glucose disposal and hepatic glucose production. Inflammatory mediators in visceral adipose tissue and the circulation were reduced by 17α-E2. 17α-E2 increased AMPKα and reduced mTOR complex 1 activity in visceral adipose tissue but not in liver or quadriceps muscle, which is in contrast to the generalized systemic effects of caloric restriction. These beneficial phenotypic changes occurred in the absence of feminization or cardiac dysfunction, two commonly observed deleterious effects of exogenous estrogen administration. Thus, 17α-E2 holds potential as a novel therapeutic for alleviating age-related metabolic dysfunction through tissue-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Stout
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Center for Clinical Research and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Yi Zhu
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Diana Jurk
- Institutes for Cell & Molecular Biosciences and Ageing, Newcastle University
| | - Allyson K Palmer
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ming Xu
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tamar Pirtskhalava
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Glenda L Evans
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Roberta de Souza Santos
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Beverly Hills, California
| | - Aaron P Frank
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Beverly Hills, California
| | - Thomas A White
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David G Monroe
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ravinder J Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Jordan D Miller
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Beverly Hills, California
| | | | | | - Gerald I Shulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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