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Wang W, Ma W. Construction of a Meaning Effectiveness Model: A new interpretation of meaning in life. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Purpose in life, urgency, and the propensity to engage in risky and self-destructive behaviors. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kuhlman KR, Straka K, Mousavi Z, Tran ML, Rodgers E. Predictors of Adolescent Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cognitive Reappraisal and Humor. J Adolesc Health 2021; 69:729-736. [PMID: 34384704 PMCID: PMC8460169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to slow the spread of disease have particularly affected the lives of adolescents. Many studies have recently identified the risks to adolescent mental health posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, yet few have identified the markers of resilience to the events and concerns associated with the pandemic's lived experience. This study examined the moderating role of psychosocial resources in the association between the tangible and emotional experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic and symptoms of common psychiatric problems during adolescence (depression, anxiety, proactive and reactive aggression, and sleep problems). METHODS Participants were adolescents in the United States who were oversampled for early life adversity before the COVID-19 pandemic. The psychosocial resources assessed were humor styles, emotion regulation, social support, optimism, and purpose in life, which have previously been identified as protective in the acute aftermath of stressful events. RESULTS Greater COVID-19 impact was associated with more anxiety, depressive symptoms, sleep disturbance, and proactive aggression. COVID-19 impact and psychiatric symptoms were unrelated among youth reporting high self-enhancing humor and cognitive reappraisal. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents high in humor and cognitive reappraisal may be protected against the mental health correlates of the COVID-19 pandemic and other prolonged stressors. Importantly, these factors are known to be modifiable through behavioral interventions. Attention to their effectiveness in prevention and intervention studies is needed as the pandemic continues to exert its impact on individuals and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate R. Kuhlman
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California,Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, School of Social Ecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California,Address correspondence to: Kate R. Kuhlman, University of California, 4201 Social & Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-7085
| | - Kelci Straka
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Mai-Lan Tran
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Emma Rodgers
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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Ostafin BD, Papenfuss I, Vervaeke J. Fear of the unknown as a mechanism of the inverse relation between life meaning and psychological distress. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2021; 35:379-394. [PMID: 34719300 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2021.1994556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although there is accumulating evidence for an inverse relation between life meaning and psychological distress, little is known about the mechanisms of this relation. Using cross-sectional, observational methods, this research examined fear of uncertainty as one potential mechanism. DESIGN AND METHODS Study 1 (N = 141) was completed with a convenience sample, a unidimensional measure of life meaning, and general measures of anxiety and depression. Study 2 (N = 152) was completed with a sample prescreened for anxiety, a multidimensional measure of life meaning, and clinical measures of anxiety and depression. RESULTS The results from both studies generally showed an inverse relation between life meaning and psychological distress. Study 2 further indicated that these relations were stronger for the meaning subscale of perceiving life as coherent/comprehensible than the subscales assessing whether participants' lives are perceived as purposeful or significant. Mediation analyses in both studies showed indirect effects of life meaning on psychological distress through fear of uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS These findings support and extend previous research by showing that (i) meaning-as-comprehension may be particularly important in regards to psychological distress, and (ii) fear of uncertainty may mediate the inverse relation between meaning and measures of anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Ostafin
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Inka Papenfuss
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - John Vervaeke
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Kim ES, Chen Y, Nakamura JS, Ryff CD, VanderWeele TJ. Sense of Purpose in Life and Subsequent Physical, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Health: An Outcome-Wide Approach. Am J Health Promot 2021; 36:137-147. [PMID: 34405718 PMCID: PMC8669210 DOI: 10.1177/08901171211038545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growing evidence indicates that a higher sense of purpose in life (purpose) is associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases and mortality. However, epidemiological studies have not evaluated if change in purpose is associated with subsequent health and well-being outcomes. DESIGN We evaluated if positive change in purpose (between t0; 2006/2008 and t1;2010/2012) was associated with better outcomes on 35 indicators of physical health, health behaviors, and psychosocial well-being (at t2;2014/2016). SAMPLE We used data from 12,998 participants in the Health and Retirement study-a prospective and nationally representative cohort of U.S. adults aged >50. ANALYSIS We conducted multiple linear-, logistic-, and generalized linear regressions. RESULTS Over the 4-year follow-up period, people with the highest (versus lowest) purpose had better subsequent physical health outcomes (e.g., 46% reduced risk of mortality (95% CI [0.44, 0.66])), health behaviors (e.g., 13% reduced risk of sleep problems (95% CI [0.77, 0.99])), and psychosocial outcomes (e.g., higher optimism (β = 0.41, 95% CI [0.35, 0.47]), 43% reduced risk of depression (95% CI [0.46, 0.69]), lower loneliness (β = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.41, -0.29])). Importantly, however, purpose was not associated with other physical health outcomes, health behaviors, and social factors. CONCLUSION With further research, these results suggest that sense of purpose might be a valuable target for innovative policy and intervention work aimed at improving health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia S Nakamura
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carol D Ryff
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tyler J VanderWeele
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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"Healthcare Kamikazes" during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Purpose in Life and Moral Courage as Mediators of Psychopathology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147235. [PMID: 34299681 PMCID: PMC8306054 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the required personal protective equipment was not available during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, Spanish healthcare workers continued to work, being dubbed as 'healthcare kamikazes'. Two possible reasons are moral courage and purpose in life that, in turn, would modulate the appearance of psychopathology. Cross-sectional study was carried out in 90 Spanish and 59 Mexican healthcare professionals, and 56 medical and nursing students. Spanish professionals had suffered more work and overall exposure (M = 8.30; SD = 2.57 and M = 9.03; SD = 2.66) than Mexican (M = 5.10; SD = 1.87 and M = 5.55; SD = 2.35). Mexican professionals had fewer anxiety disorders (30.5%; n = 18) and a lower depression score (M = 4.45; SD = 5.63) than the Spanish (43.7%; n = 38; and M = 8.69; SD = 8.07). Spanish professionals more often experienced acute stress disorder (32.6%; n = 29). Purpose in life, in addition to having a direct protective effect on psychopathology, also modulated the relationship between personal and family exposure and psychopathology. In conclusion, purpose in life protects against the appearance of psychopathology in healthcare workers with personal and family exposure to SARS-CoV-2.
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Arjmand HA, Seabrook E, Bakker D, Rickard N. Mental Health Consequences of Adversity in Australia: National Bushfires Associated With Increased Depressive Symptoms, While COVID-19 Pandemic Associated With Increased Symptoms of Anxiety. Front Psychol 2021; 12:635158. [PMID: 34093316 PMCID: PMC8170463 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High quality monitoring of mental health and well-being over an extended period is essential to understand how communities respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and how to best tailor interventions. Multiple community threats may also have cumulative impact on mental health, so examination across several contexts is important. The objective of this study is to report on changes in mental health and well-being in response to the Australian bushfires and COVID-19 pandemic. This study utilized an Experience-Sampling-Method (ESM), using the smartphone-based mood monitoring application, MoodPrism. Participants were prompted once a day to complete a brief survey inquiring about symptoms of depression and anxiety, and several well-being indices, including arousal, emotional valence, self-esteem, motivation, social connectedness, meaning and purpose, and control. Participants were N = 755 Australians (aged 13 years and above) who downloaded and used MoodPrism, between 2018 and 2020. Results showed that anxiety symptoms significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but not during the bushfires. This may be explained by concurrent feelings of social connectedness maintained during the bushfires but not during the pandemic. In contrast, depressive symptoms increased significantly during the bushfires, which maintained during the pandemic. Most indices of well-being decreased significantly during the bushfires, and further again during the pandemic. Study findings highlight the unique responses to the bushfire and COVID-19 crises, revealing specific areas of resilience and vulnerability. Such information can help inform the development of public health interventions or individual clinical treatment, to improve treatment approaches and preparedness for potential future community disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Seabrook
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - David Bakker
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Research Unit, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Heidelberg, BW, Australia
| | - Nikki Rickard
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Positive Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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58
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Hill PL, Klaiber P, Burrow AL, DeLongis A, Sin NL. Purposefulness and daily life in a pandemic: Predicting daily affect and physical symptoms during the first weeks of the COVID-19 response. Psychol Health 2021; 37:985-1001. [PMID: 33974470 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1914838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sense of purpose has been associated with greater health and well-being, even in daily contexts. However, it is unclear whether effects would hold in daily life during COVID-19, when people may have difficulty seeing a path towards their life goals. DESIGN The current study investigated whether purposefulness predicted daily positive affect, negative affect, and physical symptoms. Participants (n = 831) reported on these variables during the first weeks of the COVID-19 response in North America. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants completed daily surveys asking them for daily positive events, stressors, positive affect, negative affect, physical symptoms, and purposefulness. RESULTS Purposefulness at between- and within-person levels predicted less negative affect and physical symptoms, but more positive affect at the daily level. Between-person purposefulness interacted with positive events when predicting negative and positive affect, suggesting that purposeful people may be less reactive to positive events. However, between-person purposefulness also interacted with daily stressors, insofar that stressors predicted greater declines in positive affect for purposeful people. CONCLUSION Being a purposeful person holds positive implications for daily health and well-being, even during the pandemic context. However, purposefulness may hold some consequences unique to the COVID-19 context, which merit attention in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Hill
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Klaiber
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anthony L Burrow
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Anita DeLongis
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nancy L Sin
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Mei Z, Lori A, Vattathil SM, Boyle PA, Bradley B, Jin P, Bennett DA, Wingo TS, Wingo AP. Important Correlates of Purpose in Life Identified Through a Machine Learning Approach. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 29:488-498. [PMID: 33046355 PMCID: PMC8004535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A wealth of evidence has linked purpose in life (PiL) to better mental and physical health and healthy aging. Here, the authors aimed to determine important correlates of PiL using a machine learning approach. METHODS Participants were recruited from retirement communities by the Rush Memory and Aging Project and assessed for childhood experience, adulthood sociodemographic factors (e.g., education, income, marital status), lifestyle and health behavior (e.g., cognitively stimulating activities, exercise, social activities, social network size), psychological factors (e.g., depression, loneliness, perceived discrimination, perceived social support), personality traits (e.g., PiL, harm avoidance), and medical conditions. Elastic Net was implemented to identify important correlates of PiL. RESULTS A total of 1,839 participants were included in our analysis. Among the 23 variables provided to Elastic Net, 10 were identified as important correlates of PiL. In order of decreasing effect size, factors associated with lower PiL were loneliness, harm avoidance, older age, and depressive symptoms, while those associated with greater PiL were perceived social support, more social activities, more years of education, higher income, intact late-life cognitive performance, and more middle-age cognitive activities. CONCLUSION Our findings identify potentially important modifiable factors as targets for intervention strategies to enhance PiL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Mei
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Selina M Vattathil
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Patricia A Boyle
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Division of Mental Health, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Thomas S Wingo
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Aliza P Wingo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Division of Mental Health, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA.
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60
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Pandey R, Tiwari GK, Rai PK. Restoring and preserving capacity of self-affirmation for well-being in Indian adults with non-clinical depressive tendencies. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 9:135-147. [PMID: 38013799 PMCID: PMC10658854 DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2021.105260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although self-affirmation has been reported to enhance well-being and other positive life outcomes in normal adults, little is known about its capacity to restore and preserve well-being in adults with depressive tendencies. The current study attempts to expound the restoring and preserving capacity of self-affirmation for well-being in Indian adults with non-clinical depressive tendencies. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE The study used a sequential research design. Eighty participants (22-27 years) with depressive tendencies were chosen through purposive sampling and were randomly assigned equally to the experimental and control conditions. Their depressive tendencies and well-being were measured through standard scales at three intervals: pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up. RESULTS The results revealed significant restoring and preserving capacity of self-affirmation for the well-being of the experimental group participants as compared to the control group. The main effects of conditions (experimental, control) and treatment intervals (pre, post, follow-up) were significant along with the interaction effects of conditions × treatment intervals. The significant differences in the mean well-being scores for pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up points of time showed the restoring and preserving capacity of self-affirmation intervention. CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that self-affirmation helps to restore well-being as well as preserve it after a significant gap, which is evident in higher well-being mean scores of the experimental group taken at post-intervention and follow-up intervals. The positive effects of self-affirmation on well-being may have remained active even after the cessation of the intervention due to the underlying mechanisms of enhanced self-worth, positive values, inner strengths, positive attributions and interpersonal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Pandey
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
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61
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Boehm JK. Positive psychological well‐being and cardiovascular disease: Exploring mechanistic and developmental pathways. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021; 15:e12599. [PMID: 35860033 PMCID: PMC9285725 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Empirical research regarding the health benefits of positive psychological well‐being (e.g., positive emotions, life satisfaction, purpose in life, and optimism) has flourished in recent years, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease. This paper reviews the state of evidence for well‐being's association with cardiovascular disease in both healthy individuals and those diagnosed with a disease. Prospective studies consistently indicate well‐being reduces cardiovascular events in healthy and, to a lesser extent, patient populations. Potential pathways that link well‐being with cardiovascular disease are discussed (including health behaviors, physiological processes, and stress buffering), although the existing evidence is mostly cross‐sectional which limits conclusions about directionality. Issues related to development across the lifespan are considered and childhood is identified as a crucial period for establishing healthy cardiovascular trajectories. Outstanding questions for future research are provided with recommendations to focus on well‐powered and prospective study designs with rigorous assessment of both well‐being and cardiovascular‐related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K. Boehm
- Department of Psychology Chapman University Orange California USA
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Yuliawati L. Measurement Invariance of Claremont Purpose Scale Across Gender Among Indonesian Youth. Psychol Rep 2021; 125:1780-1794. [PMID: 33789538 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211007043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study assesses the factor structure of the Claremont Purpose Scale (CPS)-Indonesian version among youth, the measurement invariance of the Indonesian CPS across gender, and its concurrent validity with wellbeing scales. Though several studies have investigated purpose in life among Indonesian adolescents, few have tested the psychometric properties of the scale. CPS is unique in that it measures purpose as a multidimensional construct, comprising personal meaningfulness, goal directedness, and beyond-the-self orientation. This study tested the Indonesian CPS's measurement invariance between male (N = 245) and female (N = 288) adolescents. The Indonesian CPS, a hierarchical model based on the original version, provided an adequate fit to the data. Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, full strict invariance could be established. There were no significant differences across gender for purpose or its subscales. Internal consistency of the total score was satisfactory for purpose and its subscales scores. The results showed evidence of concurrent validity with life satisfaction and perceived meaningfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Yuliawati
- Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Ciputra Surabaya, Indonesia
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63
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Dang K, Kirk MA, Monette G, Katz J, Ritvo P. Meaning in life and vagally-mediated heart rate variability: Evidence of a quadratic relationship at baseline and vagal reactivity differences. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 165:101-111. [PMID: 33745963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Higher meaning in life (MIL) consistently predicts better health, but the physiological processes underlying this relationship are not well understood. This study examined the relationship between MIL and vagally-mediated heart rate variability (VmHRV) under resting (N = 77), stressor (n = 73), and mindfulness intervention (n = 72) conditions. Regression was used for MIL-VmHRV analyses at baseline, and longitudinal mixed models were used to examine phasic changes in VmHRV as a function of MIL. Regression revealed a quadratic MIL-VmHRV relationship, and mixed models linked higher MIL to greater stress-reactivity but not enhanced stress-attenuation. MIL and mindfulness did not interact to influence VmHRV recovery after experimental stress. Findings suggest that cardiac vagal tone and cardiac vagal reactivity are linked to MIL, shedding light on the physiology underlying MIL and its health associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dang
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan A Kirk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georges Monette
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joel Katz
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Ritvo
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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64
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Joy J LK, Ramachandran M, George S. Learned Helplessness, Psychological Wellbeing, and Proenvironment Care Behavior among Victims of Frequent Floods in Kerala. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2021; 12:137-144. [PMID: 33531773 PMCID: PMC7846344 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2018 and 2019, there were floods in the coastal regions of Kerala. Many individuals and families were victims on both these occasions; these floods had devastating impact on individual psychological wellbeing, their financial stability, and on overall family wellbeing. Furthermore, many people in vulnerable geographical areas still live in uncertainty and fear. In this context, our study examined whether continuous victimization of natural calamities, like floods in Kerala, leads to the development of learned helplessness and decreased psychological wellbeing among those affected. We also studied whether proenvironment care behavior increased among flood-affected individuals. Materials and Methods We studied 374 heads of families in Kerala, selected through the Quota sampling method. They belonged to the following three groups: (1) flood-affected only once (OFA, n = 124), (2) flood-affected twice (TFA, n = 124), and (3) never flood-affected (NFA, n = 124) households. The key variables of learned helplessness, psychological wellbeing, and proenvironment care behavior were measured using learned helplessness scale, psychological wellbeing scale, and the environmental behavior scale, respectively. Statistical Analysis The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the data for independent groups. Results Learned helplessness was found to be high among the TFA group. Psychological wellbeing and proenvironment care behavior were high among the OFA group as compared with the TFA group. The NFA group had higher learned helplessness in comparison to the OFA group, and psychological wellbeing and proenvironment care behavior were low when compared with the TFA group. Conclusion We conclude that surviving a moderate amount of risk is perhaps necessary for better psychological wellbeing and that too many or too few risks in life are detrimental to good psychological health. Immediate psychological support among victims of natural calamities and periodic examination of well-being and psychological interventions among people who are vulnerable for frequent victimization of natural calamities have to part of disaster management related to natural calamities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijo Kochakadan Joy J
- Rajagiri Centre of Behavioural Sciences and Research, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences (Autonomous), Rajagiri, Kalamassery, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Manu Ramachandran
- Department of Psychology, Prajyoti Niketan College, (Govt. Aided and Affiliated to the University of Calicut), Pudukad, Thrissur Dt., Kerala, India
| | - Sanju George
- Rajagiri Centre of Behavioural Sciences and Research, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences (Autonomous), Rajagiri, Kalamassery, Kochi, Kerala, India
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65
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Dahl CJ, Wilson-Mendenhall CD, Davidson RJ. The plasticity of well-being: A training-based framework for the cultivation of human flourishing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32197-32206. [PMID: 33288719 PMCID: PMC7768706 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014859117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Research indicates that core dimensions of psychological well-being can be cultivated through intentional mental training. Despite growing research in this area and an increasing number of interventions designed to improve psychological well-being, the field lacks a unifying framework that clarifies the dimensions of human flourishing that can be cultivated. Here, we integrate evidence from well-being research, cognitive and affective neuroscience, and clinical psychology to highlight four core dimensions of well-being-awareness, connection, insight, and purpose. We discuss the importance of each dimension for psychological well-being, identify mechanisms that underlie their cultivation, and present evidence of their neural and psychological plasticity. This synthesis highlights key insights, as well as important gaps, in the scientific understanding of well-being and how it may be cultivated, thus highlighting future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortland J Dahl
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53703;
| | | | - Richard J Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53703;
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719
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Kim JH, Islam SJ, Topel ML, Ko YA, Mujahid MS, Vaccarino V, Liu C, Sims M, Mubasher M, Searles CD, Dunbar SB, Pemu P, Taylor HA, Quyyumi AA, Baltrus P, Lewis TT. Individual Psychosocial Resilience, Neighborhood Context, and Cardiovascular Health in Black Adults: A Multilevel Investigation From the Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular Center for Health Equity Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2020; 13:e006638. [PMID: 33023334 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.120.006638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite well-documented cardiovascular disparities between racial groups, within-race determinants of cardiovascular health among Black adults remain understudied. Factors promoting cardiovascular resilience among Black adults in particular warrant further investigation. Our objective was to examine whether individual psychosocial resilience and neighborhood-level cardiovascular resilience were associated with better cardiovascular health in Black adults, measured utilizing Life's Simple 7 (LS7) scores. METHODS We assessed LS7 scores in 389 Black adults (mean age, 53±10 years; 39% men) living in Atlanta, Georgia. A composite score of individual psychosocial resilience was created by assessing environmental mastery, purpose in life, optimism, resilient coping, and depressive symptoms. Neighborhood-level cardiovascular resilience was separately determined by the census tract-level rates of cardiovascular mortality/morbidity events. Generalized linear mixed regression models were used to examine the association between individual psychosocial resilience, neighborhood cardiovascular resilience, and LS7 scores. RESULTS Higher individual psychosocial resilience was significantly associated with higher LS7 (β=0.38 [0.16-0.59] per 1 SD) after adjustment for sociodemographic factors. Similarly, higher neighborhood-level cardiovascular resilience was significantly associated with higher LS7 (β=0.23 [0.02-0.45] per 1 SD). When jointly examined, high individual psychosocial resilience (>median) was independently associated with higher LS7 (β=0.73 [0.31-1.17]), whereas living in high-resilience neighborhoods (>median) was not. The largest difference in LS7 score was between those with high and low psychosocial resilience living in low-resilience neighborhoods (8.38 [7.90-8.86] versus 7.42 [7.04-7.79]). CONCLUSIONS Individual psychosocial resilience in Black adults is associated with better cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (J.H.K., S.J.I., M.L.T., V.V., C.L., C.D.S., A.A.Q.)
| | - Shabatun J Islam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (J.H.K., S.J.I., M.L.T., V.V., C.L., C.D.S., A.A.Q.)
| | - Matthew L Topel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (J.H.K., S.J.I., M.L.T., V.V., C.L., C.D.S., A.A.Q.)
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health (Y.-A.K.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mahasin S Mujahid
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (M.S.M.)
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (J.H.K., S.J.I., M.L.T., V.V., C.L., C.D.S., A.A.Q.).,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (V.V., T.T.L.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (J.H.K., S.J.I., M.L.T., V.V., C.L., C.D.S., A.A.Q.)
| | - Mario Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.S.)
| | - Mohamed Mubasher
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine (M.M., P.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Charles D Searles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (J.H.K., S.J.I., M.L.T., V.V., C.L., C.D.S., A.A.Q.)
| | - Sandra B Dunbar
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing (S.B.D.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Priscilla Pemu
- Department of Medicine (P.P., H.A.T.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Herman A Taylor
- Department of Medicine (P.P., H.A.T.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (J.H.K., S.J.I., M.L.T., V.V., C.L., C.D.S., A.A.Q.)
| | - Peter Baltrus
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine (M.M., P.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,National Center for Primary Care (P.B.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tené T Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (V.V., T.T.L.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Kim ES, Shiba K, Boehm JK, Kubzansky LD. Sense of purpose in life and five health behaviors in older adults. Prev Med 2020; 139:106172. [PMID: 32593729 PMCID: PMC7494628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that a higher sense of purpose in life is associated with lower risk of chronic conditions and premature mortality. Health behaviors might partially explain these findings, however, the prospective association between sense of purpose and health behaviors is understudied. We tested whether a higher sense of purpose at baseline was associated with lower likelihood of developing unhealthy behaviors over time. Prospective data were from the Health and Retirement Study, a national sample of U.S. older adults. Our sample included 13,770 adults assessed up to five times across eight years. Among people who met recommended guidelines for a given health behavior outcome at baseline, those in the top versus lowest quartile of purpose in life had 24% lower likelihood of becoming physically inactive (95% CI: 0.68-0.85), 33% lower likelihood of developing sleep problems (95% CI: 0.58-0.79), and 22% lower likelihood of developing unhealthy body mass index (BMI) (95% CI: 0.69-0.87) in sociodemographic-adjusted models. Further there was a marginal reduction in smoking relapse (HR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.41-1.03) and no association with heavy alcohol use (HR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.81-1.29). Findings for physical inactivity, sleep problems, and unhealthy BMI remained evident after further adjusting for baseline health status and depression. Our results, suggest that a sense of purpose in life might emerge (with further research) as a valuable target to consider for interventions aimed at helping older adults maintain some health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America; Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America; Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America.
| | - Koichiro Shiba
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Julia K Boehm
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, United States of America
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America; Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Kim ES, Ryff C, Hassett A, Brummett C, Yeh C, Strecher V. Sense of Purpose in Life and Likelihood of Future Illicit Drug Use or Prescription Medication Misuse. Psychosom Med 2020; 82:715-721. [PMID: 32697442 PMCID: PMC7484217 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the United States, 28.6 million people used illicit drugs or misused prescription drugs in the last 30 days. Thus, identifying factors linked with lower likelihood of future drug misuse is an important target for research and practice. Sense of purpose in life has been linked with better behavioral and physical health outcomes. Furthermore, a higher sense of purpose may reduce the likelihood of drug misuse because it has been linked with several protective factors including enhanced ability to handle stress, higher pain tolerance, and lower impulsivity. However, the association between sense of purpose and drug misuse has been understudied. Thus, we tested whether people with a higher sense of purpose at baseline had a lower likelihood of future drug misuse 9 to 10 years later. METHODS This study included 3535 middle-aged adults from the Midlife in the United States Study who were not misusing drugs at baseline. Using multiple logistic regression models, we assessed whether baseline purpose in life was associated with risk of misusing drugs 9 to 10 years later. RESULTS Among respondents not misusing drugs at baseline, people in the highest quartile of purpose (versus lowest quartile) had a substantially lower likelihood of future drug misuse in a model adjusting for demographic variables (odds ratio = 0.50, 95% confidence interval = 0.31-0.83). Associations remained evident after additionally adjusting for psychological distress, baseline health, and health behaviors. CONCLUSIONS A growing knowledge base suggests that a sense of purpose can be increased. Additional research is needed to evaluate sense of purpose as a novel target in the prevention and reduction of drug misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Kim
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Program on Integrative Knowledge and Human Flourishing, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carol Ryff
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Afton Hassett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Chad Brummett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Victor Strecher
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
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Ostafin BD, Proulx T. Meaning in life and resilience to stressors. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2020; 33:603-622. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1800655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Ostafin
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Travis Proulx
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Kunzler AM, Helmreich I, König J, Chmitorz A, Wessa M, Binder H, Lieb K. Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 7:CD013684. [PMID: 32691879 PMCID: PMC7388680 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resilience can be defined as maintaining or regaining mental health during or after significant adversities such as a potentially traumatising event, challenging life circumstances, a critical life transition or physical illness. Healthcare students, such as medical, nursing, psychology and social work students, are exposed to various study- and work-related stressors, the latter particularly during later phases of health professional education. They are at increased risk of developing symptoms of burnout or mental disorders. This population may benefit from resilience-promoting training programmes. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students, that is, students in training for health professions delivering direct medical care (e.g. medical, nursing, midwifery or paramedic students), and those in training for allied health professions, as distinct from medical care (e.g. psychology, physical therapy or social work students). SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, 11 other databases and three trial registries from 1990 to June 2019. We checked reference lists and contacted researchers in the field. We updated this search in four key databases in June 2020, but we have not yet incorporated these results. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any form of psychological intervention to foster resilience, hardiness or post-traumatic growth versus no intervention, waiting list, usual care, and active or attention control, in adults (18 years and older), who are healthcare students. Primary outcomes were resilience, anxiety, depression, stress or stress perception, and well-being or quality of life. Secondary outcomes were resilience factors. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data, assessed risks of bias, and rated the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach (at post-test only). MAIN RESULTS We included 30 RCTs, of which 24 were set in high-income countries and six in (upper- to lower-) middle-income countries. Twenty-two studies focused solely on healthcare students (1315 participants; number randomised not specified for two studies), including both students in health professions delivering direct medical care and those in allied health professions, such as psychology and physical therapy. Half of the studies were conducted in a university or school setting, including nursing/midwifery students or medical students. Eight studies investigated mixed samples (1365 participants), with healthcare students and participants outside of a health professional study field. Participants mainly included women (63.3% to 67.3% in mixed samples) from young adulthood (mean age range, if reported: 19.5 to 26.83 years; 19.35 to 38.14 years in mixed samples). Seventeen of the studies investigated group interventions of high training intensity (11 studies; > 12 hours/sessions), that were delivered face-to-face (17 studies). Of the included studies, eight compared a resilience training based on mindfulness versus unspecific comparators (e.g. wait-list). The studies were funded by different sources (e.g. universities, foundations), or a combination of various sources (four studies). Seven studies did not specify a potential funder, and three studies received no funding support. Risk of bias was high or unclear, with main flaws in performance, detection, attrition and reporting bias domains. At post-intervention, very-low certainty evidence indicated that, compared to controls, healthcare students receiving resilience training may report higher levels of resilience (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07 to 0.78; 9 studies, 561 participants), lower levels of anxiety (SMD -0.45, 95% CI -0.84 to -0.06; 7 studies, 362 participants), and lower levels of stress or stress perception (SMD -0.28, 95% CI -0.48 to -0.09; 7 studies, 420 participants). Effect sizes varied between small and moderate. There was little or no evidence of any effect of resilience training on depression (SMD -0.20, 95% CI -0.52 to 0.11; 6 studies, 332 participants; very-low certainty evidence) or well-being or quality of life (SMD 0.15, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.43; 4 studies, 251 participants; very-low certainty evidence). Adverse effects were measured in four studies, but data were only reported for three of them. None of the three studies reported any adverse events occurring during the study (very-low certainty of evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For healthcare students, there is very-low certainty evidence for the effect of resilience training on resilience, anxiety, and stress or stress perception at post-intervention. The heterogeneous interventions, the paucity of short-, medium- or long-term data, and the geographical distribution restricted to high-income countries limit the generalisability of results. Conclusions should therefore be drawn cautiously. Since the findings suggest positive effects of resilience training for healthcare students with very-low certainty evidence, high-quality replications and improved study designs (e.g. a consensus on the definition of resilience, the assessment of individual stressor exposure, more attention controls, and longer follow-up periods) are clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jochem König
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Chmitorz
- Faculty of Social Work, Health Care and Nursing, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Kunzler AM, Helmreich I, Chmitorz A, König J, Binder H, Wessa M, Lieb K. Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 7:CD012527. [PMID: 32627860 PMCID: PMC8121081 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012527.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resilience can be defined as the maintenance or quick recovery of mental health during or after periods of stressor exposure, which may result from a potentially traumatising event, challenging life circumstances, a critical life transition phase, or physical illness. Healthcare professionals, such as nurses, physicians, psychologists and social workers, are exposed to various work-related stressors (e.g. patient care, time pressure, administration) and are at increased risk of developing mental disorders. This population may benefit from resilience-promoting training programmes. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals, that is, healthcare staff delivering direct medical care (e.g. nurses, physicians, hospital personnel) and allied healthcare staff (e.g. social workers, psychologists). SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, 11 other databases and three trial registries from 1990 to June 2019. We checked reference lists and contacted researchers in the field. We updated this search in four key databases in June 2020, but we have not yet incorporated these results. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults aged 18 years and older who are employed as healthcare professionals, comparing any form of psychological intervention to foster resilience, hardiness or post-traumatic growth versus no intervention, wait-list, usual care, active or attention control. Primary outcomes were resilience, anxiety, depression, stress or stress perception and well-being or quality of life. Secondary outcomes were resilience factors. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data, assessed risks of bias, and rated the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach (at post-test only). MAIN RESULTS We included 44 RCTs (high-income countries: 36). Thirty-nine studies solely focused on healthcare professionals (6892 participants), including both healthcare staff delivering direct medical care and allied healthcare staff. Four studies investigated mixed samples (1000 participants) with healthcare professionals and participants working outside of the healthcare sector, and one study evaluated training for emergency personnel in general population volunteers (82 participants). The included studies were mainly conducted in a hospital setting and included physicians, nurses and different hospital personnel (37/44 studies). Participants mainly included women (68%) from young to middle adulthood (mean age range: 27 to 52.4 years). Most studies investigated group interventions (30 studies) of high training intensity (18 studies; > 12 hours/sessions), that were delivered face-to-face (29 studies). Of the included studies, 19 compared a resilience training based on combined theoretical foundation (e.g. mindfulness and cognitive-behavioural therapy) versus unspecific comparators (e.g. wait-list). The studies were funded by different sources (e.g. hospitals, universities), or a combination of different sources. Fifteen studies did not specify the source of their funding, and one study received no funding support. Risk of bias was high or unclear for most studies in performance, detection, and attrition bias domains. At post-intervention, very-low certainty evidence indicated that, compared to controls, healthcare professionals receiving resilience training may report higher levels of resilience (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 0.65; 12 studies, 690 participants), lower levels of depression (SMD -0.29, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.09; 14 studies, 788 participants), and lower levels of stress or stress perception (SMD -0.61, 95% CI -1.07 to -0.15; 17 studies, 997 participants). There was little or no evidence of any effect of resilience training on anxiety (SMD -0.06, 95% CI -0.35 to 0.23; 5 studies, 231 participants; very-low certainty evidence) or well-being or quality of life (SMD 0.14, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.30; 13 studies, 1494 participants; very-low certainty evidence). Effect sizes were small except for resilience and stress reduction (moderate). Data on adverse effects were available for three studies, with none reporting any adverse effects occurring during the study (very-low certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For healthcare professionals, there is very-low certainty evidence that, compared to control, resilience training may result in higher levels of resilience, lower levels of depression, stress or stress perception, and higher levels of certain resilience factors at post-intervention. The paucity of medium- or long-term data, heterogeneous interventions and restricted geographical distribution limit the generalisability of our results. Conclusions should therefore be drawn cautiously. The findings suggest positive effects of resilience training for healthcare professionals, but the evidence is very uncertain. There is a clear need for high-quality replications and improved study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Chmitorz
- Faculty of Social Work, Health Care and Nursing, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochem König
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Prakash J, Chatterjee K, Srivastava K, Chauhan VS, Chail A. Role of various lifestyle and behavioral strategies in positive mental health across a preventive to therapeutic continuum. Ind Psychiatry J 2020; 29:185-190. [PMID: 34158700 PMCID: PMC8188916 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_126_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in lifestyle and behavioral strategies not only in prevention but also in the management of psychiatric morbidity. Available literature in this direction was accessed, and the role of various lifestyle and behavioral factors was explored. There is strong evidence of the role of good sleep, nutritious diet, exercise, social connectedness, enhanced self-esteem, sense of purpose in life, resilience, mindfulness, and environmental mastery in the promotion of mental well-being and prevention and management of psychiatric disorders. There is a significant scope of lifestyle and behavioral intervention in ensuring positive mental health spanning from preventive to therapeutic dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Prakash
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - K Chatterjee
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - K Srivastava
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - V S Chauhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - A Chail
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Ribeiro CC, Yassuda MS, Neri AL. Purpose in life in adulthood and older adulthood: integrative review. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 25:2127-2142. [PMID: 32520260 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020256.20602018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose in life (PiL) is defined as the sense that life has meaning and intentionality, and plays a guiding role in life goals and decision making regarding the use of personal resources. OBJECTIVES to recognize and analyze data on PiL and conditions associated with good aging or with positive adaptation in aging. METHOD an integrative review of articles in peer-reviewed journals published in the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycInfo and Scielo/BVS/Lilacs databases was performed using the terms "purpose in life" and "aging" in the title, without temporal restriction. RESULTS twenty-seven articles were selected, 22 of which were conducted under large prospective longitudinal studies, 3 were cross-sectional studies and 2 were experimental studies. The studies revealed robust associations between high PiL scores and lower risk of death, Alzheimer's disease, coronary and cerebrovascular diseases, disability, and sleep disorders; high PiL and positive outcomes in health, cognition, emotional regulation, subjective well-being, and sense of adjustment; PiL as a moderator or resilience resource between risks and adversities and good adaptation. These data are useful for research and intervention involving long-lived and vulnerable older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cristovão Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
| | - Mônica Sanches Yassuda
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
| | - Anita Liberalesso Neri
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
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Reply to: Context matters for affective chronometry. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:690-693. [PMID: 32341492 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Context matters for affective chronometry. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:688-689. [PMID: 32341491 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hartanto A, Yong JC, Lee STH, Ng WQ, Tong EMW. Putting adversity in perspective: purpose in life moderates the link between childhood emotional abuse and neglect and adulthood depressive symptoms. J Ment Health 2020; 29:473-482. [PMID: 31983245 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1714005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Childhood emotional abuse and neglect is linked with a host of adverse outcomes later in life, including depression. However, potential psychological resources that may mitigate the adverse outcomes of childhood emotional abuse and neglect are not well-understood.Aims: Drawing from the insight that having a sense of purpose can help individuals deal with setbacks and difficulties better, we propose that purpose in life can also help sufferers of childhood maltreatment cope more effectively and reduce the onset of depressive symptoms.Methods: Participants were drawn from two large, nationally representative studies comprising a total of 3664 respondents. Purpose in life, childhood emotional abuse and neglect, and depressive symptoms were measured with validated scales.Results: We found convergent evidence that purpose in life attenuates the effect of childhood emotional abuse and neglect on subsequent depressive symptoms across a range of measures of mood and depression.Conclusions: The current study highlights the important role played by purpose in life in building resilience, coping against adverse life events, and psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Jose C Yong
- School of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sean T H Lee
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Wee Qin Ng
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Eddie M W Tong
- School of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Chi X, Becker B, Yu Q, Willeit P, Jiao C, Huang L, Hossain MM, Grabovac I, Yeung A, Lin J, Veronese N, Wang J, Zhou X, Doig SR, Liu X, Carvalho AF, Yang L, Xiao T, Zou L, Fusar-Poli P, Solmi M. Prevalence and Psychosocial Correlates of Mental Health Outcomes Among Chinese College Students During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:803. [PMID: 32848958 PMCID: PMC7427603 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence and risk factors for poor mental health of Chinese university students during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHOD Chinese nation-wide on-line cross-sectional survey on university students, collected between February 12th and 17th, 2020. Primary outcome was prevalence of clinically-relevant posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Secondary outcomes on poor mental health included prevalence of clinically-relevant anxiety and depressive symptoms, while posttraumatic growth was considered as indicator of effective coping reaction. RESULTS Of 2,500 invited Chinese university students, 2,038 completed the survey. Prevalence of clinically-relevant PTSD, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, and post traumatic growth (PTG) was 30.8, 15.5, 23.3, and 66.9% respectively. Older age, knowing people who had been isolated, more ACEs, higher level of anxious attachment, and lower level of resilience all predicted primary outcome (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of young adults exhibit clinically relevant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxious or depressive symptoms, but a larger portion of individuals showed to effectively cope with COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions promoting resilience should be provided, even remotely, to those subjects with specific risk factors to develop poor mental health during COVID-19 or other pandemics with social isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Chi
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Can Jiao
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liuyue Huang
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Albert Yeung
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jingyuan Lin
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Primary Care Department, Azienda ULSS 3 (Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria) "Serenissima", Dolo-Mirano District, Venice, Italy
| | - Jian Wang
- Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinqi Zhou
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Scott R Doig
- Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lin Yang
- Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.,University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tao Xiao
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liye Zou
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Intervention and Clinical-detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Solmi
- Early Psychosis: Intervention and Clinical-detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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78
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Aging with Purpose: Developmental Changes and Benefits of Purpose in Life Throughout the Lifespan. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON AGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32053-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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79
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Kim ES, Delaney SW, Kubzansky LD. Sense of Purpose in Life and Cardiovascular Disease: Underlying Mechanisms and Future Directions. Curr Cardiol Rep 2019; 21:135. [PMID: 31673815 PMCID: PMC10683927 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-019-1222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we synthesize recent research that has reported associations of a higher sense of purpose in life with reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), and then explore mechanisms that might underlie these associations. RECENT FINDINGS Accumulating observational and experimental evidence suggests that having a higher sense of purpose might influence CVD risk through three pathways: (1) enhancement of other psychological and social resources that buffer against the cardiotoxic effects of overwhelming stress; (2) indirect effects through health behaviors; and (3) direct effects on biological pathways. A sense of purpose in life is emerging as an independent risk factor for incident CVD. A key remaining question is whether purpose causally effects CVD risk; in the "Future Research Directions" section, we focus on work needed to establish causality and provide suggestions for next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Kim
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Scott W Delaney
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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80
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Soares VN, Fattori A, Neri AL, Fernandes PT. Influence of physical performance on elderly mortality, functionality and life satisfaction: FIBRA's study data. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2019; 24:4181-4190. [PMID: 31664391 DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320182411.07592018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify the influence of physical performance on elderly mortality, functionality and life satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS A follow-up was performed on 900 Brazilian non-hospitalized elderly in the period 2008-2016, in which 154 deaths from natural causes were included in the survival analysis. RESULTS the worst grip strength (RR = 1.60; CI 95% = 1.15-2.23, p = 0.005) and gait speed (RR = 1.82; CI 95% = 1.30-2.55, p < 0.001) performances were associated with increased mortality risk. Age was a confounding factor for strength (RR = 1.06; CI 95% = 1.03-1.09, p < 0.001) and rheumatoid arthritis was a confounding factor for speed (RR = 2.02; CI 95% = 1.36-3.01, p < 0.001). The elderly with good physical performance realized more instrumental and advanced activities of daily living, and good gait performance had a significant effect on life satisfaction (F = 6.87, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS good physical performance seems to be fundamental for longevity and for accomplishing daily tasks. Furthermore, good mobility can affect life satisfaction-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Nagy Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. R. Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Barão Geraldo. 13083-970 Campinas SP Brasil.
| | - André Fattori
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. R. Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Barão Geraldo. 13083-970 Campinas SP Brasil.
| | - Anita Liberalesso Neri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. R. Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Barão Geraldo. 13083-970 Campinas SP Brasil.
| | - Paula Teixeira Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. R. Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Barão Geraldo. 13083-970 Campinas SP Brasil.
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81
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Malin H, Morton E, Nadal A, Smith KA. Purpose and coping with adversity: A repeated measures, mixed-methods study with young adolescents. J Adolesc 2019; 76:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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82
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Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia die, on average, 20 years before their peers, with 'natural causes' accounting for 80% of premature deaths. The aim of this narrative review is to address this phenomenon from the perspective of known factors that contribute to long life. The relevant literature from the last decade was searched in PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Four factors have been shown to be common to centarians, people who live to be a hundred: genes, life style behaviors that favor a healthy heart, social support, and a subjective purpose in life. The latter three factors are potentially modifiable but, in the context of schizophrenia, there are barriers to change, namely poverty, illness symptoms, stress, stigma, and side effects of antipsychotic medication. Barriers to change need to be addressed before substantial progress can be made in increasing the health and mortality risk of people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Seeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 260 Heath St. West, Suite #605, Toronto, Ontario, M5P 3L6, Canada.
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83
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Mindfulness and the contemplative life: pathways to connection, insight, and purpose. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 28:60-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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84
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Ryff CD. Entrepreneurship and Eudaimonic Well-Being: Five Venues for New Science. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS VENTURING 2019; 34:646-663. [PMID: 31105380 PMCID: PMC6516495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Researchers in entrepreneurial studies are increasingly interested in the psychological well-being of entrepreneurs. Approaches to well-being tend to be partitioned into hedonic and eudaimonic formulations. Most entrepreneurial studies have focused on hedonic indicators (life satisfaction, happiness, positive affect). The central objective of this essay is to examine the relevance of eudaimonic well-being for understanding entrepreneurial experience. The theoretical background and key dimensions of eudaimonic well-being are described and their relevance for entrepreneurial studies is considered. Illustrative findings from prior well-being studies are examined, also with emphasis on possible extensions to entrepreneurship. Five key venues for the entrepreneurial field are then considered: (1) entrepreneurship and autonomy, viewed both as a motive (self-determination theory) and as an aspect of well-being (eudaimonic well-being theory); (2) varieties of entrepreneurship (opportunity versus necessity) and eudaimonic well-being; (3) eudaimonia in the entrepreneurial journey (beginning, middle, end); (4) entrepreneurship, well-being and health; and (5) entrepreneurs and the eudaimonia of others - contrasting virtuous and vicious types. In each topic, extant findings from entrepreneurial studies are considered and new research directions proposed. The overall aim is to be generative regarding the interplay between entrepreneurial experience and eudaimonic wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol D Ryff
- Department of Psychology/Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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85
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Ferentinos P, Yotsidi V, Porichi E, Douzenis A, Papageorgiou C, Stalikas A. Well-being in Patients with Affective Disorders Compared to Nonclinical Participants: A Multi-Model Evaluation of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:1585-1612. [PMID: 30995352 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF), measuring emotional, social, and psychological well-being, has scarcely been validated in clinical populations. We evaluated MHC-SF in 203 patients with affective disorders and 163 nonclinical participants. METHOD Traditional confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), bifactor CFA, three-factor exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), and bifactor ESEM models were compared. Convergent/discriminant validity was tested against classic well-being validators and current mood state. RESULTS All three subscales were significantly lower in patients. Test-retest reliability in patients was moderate. Bifactor ESEM fitted data best and displayed full scalar gender and partial scalar invariance across groups. Factor strength indices suggested that MHC-SF is primarily unidimensional, especially in patients. However, subscales differed considerably on size, internal consistency, distinctness, discriminant validity, and temporal stability. CONCLUSIONS MHC-SF was valid and reliable for monitoring well-being in both clinical and nonclinical samples, but further research is needed before safely concluding on its dimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Ferentinos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Yotsidi
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Athens, Greece.,Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Department of Psychology, Athens, Greece
| | - Evgenia Porichi
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Douzenis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anastassios Stalikas
- Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Department of Psychology, Athens, Greece
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86
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Abstract
Resilience is defined as the dynamic ability to adapt successfully in the face of adversity, trauma, or significant threat. Some of the key early studies of resilience were observational studies in children. They were followed by research in adults, studies testing interventions to promote resilience in different populations, and a recent upsurge of studies on the underlying genomic and neurobiological mechanisms. Neural and molecular studies in preclinical models of resilience are also increasingly identifying active stress adaptations in resilient animals. Knowledge gained from animal and human studies of resilience can be harnessed to develop new preventive interventions to enhance resilience in at-risk populations. Further, treatment interventions focused on enhancing potentially modifiable protective factors that are consistently linked to psychological resilience can enrich currently available treatment interventions for individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Translating our expanding knowledge of the neurobiology of resilience additionally promises to yield novel therapeutic strategies for treating this disabling condition. This review summarizes the vast field of resilience research spanning genomic, psychosocial, and neurobiological levels, and discusses how findings have led and can lead to new preventive and treatment interventions for PTSD.
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87
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Hartanto A, Lee STH, Yong JC. Dispositional Gratitude Moderates the Association between Socioeconomic Status and Interleukin-6. Sci Rep 2019; 9:802. [PMID: 30692578 PMCID: PMC6349864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Socioeconomic disparities in health are prevalent and growing in importance as a concern among academics, policymakers, and the general public. However, psychological resources that can narrow such disparities have not been well-examined. The current study examined the moderating role of dispositional gratitude in the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and inflammation risk as an index of health. Participants consisted of 1,054 midlife adults from the biomarker project of the Midlife in the United States. Inflammation risk was measured by interleukin-6 biomarker and SES was operationalized by education attainment and income. We found that dispositional gratitude significantly moderated the relationships between SES and interleukin-6. Among individuals with low dispositional gratitude, higher SES was significantly associated with lower levels of interleukin-6. However, the association between SES and interleukin-6 was not significant among individuals with high dispositional gratitude. More importantly, the findings remained robust after controlling for demographic characteristics, health status, health behaviours, and personality traits. Our findings suggest that gratitude may serve as an important psychological resource in attenuating health-related risk from socioeconomic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean T H Lee
- Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jose C Yong
- Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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88
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Grupe DW, Schaefer SM, Lapate RC, Schoen AJ, Gresham LK, Mumford JA, Davidson RJ. Behavioral and neural indices of affective coloring for neutral social stimuli. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:310-320. [PMID: 29447377 PMCID: PMC5836278 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional processing often continues beyond the presentation of emotionally evocative stimuli, which can result in affective biasing or coloring of subsequently encountered events. Here, we describe neural correlates of affective coloring and examine how individual differences in affective style impact the magnitude of affective coloring. We conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging in 117 adults who passively viewed negative, neutral and positive pictures presented 2 s prior to neutral faces. Brain responses to neutral faces were modulated by the valence of preceding pictures, with greater activation for faces following negative (vs positive) pictures in the amygdala, dorsomedial and lateral prefrontal cortex, ventral visual cortices, posterior superior temporal sulcus, and angular gyrus. Three days after the magnetic resonance imaging scan, participants rated their memory and liking of previously encountered neutral faces. Individuals higher in trait positive affect and emotional reappraisal rated faces as more likable when preceded by emotionally arousing (negative or positive) pictures. In addition, greater amygdala responses to neutral faces preceded by positively valenced pictures were associated with greater memory for these faces 3 days later. Collectively, these results reveal individual differences in how emotions spill over onto the processing of unrelated social stimuli, resulting in persistent and affectively biased evaluations of such stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Grupe
- Center for Healthy Minds and Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Stacey M Schaefer
- Center for Healthy Minds and Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Regina C Lapate
- Center for Healthy Minds and Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Andrew J Schoen
- Center for Healthy Minds and Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lauren K Gresham
- Center for Healthy Minds and Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeanette A Mumford
- Center for Healthy Minds and Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Richard J Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds and Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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89
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Roy B, Riley C, Sears L, Rula EY. Collective Well-Being to Improve Population Health Outcomes: An Actionable Conceptual Model and Review of the Literature. Am J Health Promot 2018; 32:1800-1813. [PMID: 30079743 DOI: 10.1177/0890117118791993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To propose collective well-being as a holistic measure of the overall "health" of a community. To define collective well-being as a group-level construct measured across 5 domains (vitality, opportunity, connectedness, contribution, and inspiration) and introduce an actionable model that demonstrates how community characteristics affect collective well-being. To review the literature describing each domain's association with health outcomes and community characteristics' associations with collective well-being. METHODS We came to consensus on topics describing each component of our conceptual model. Because "well-being" is not indexed in MEDLINE, we performed topic-specific database searches and examined bibliographies of papers retrieved. We excluded articles that were limited to narrow subtopics or studies within small subpopulations. Preference was given to quasi-experimental or randomized studies, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses. Consensus was reached on inclusion or exclusion of all articles. RESULTS Reviewed literature supported each of the proposed domains as important aspects of collective well-being and as determinants of individual or community health. Evidence suggests a broad range of community characteristics support collective well-being. CONCLUSIONS The health and quality of life of a community may be improved by focusing efforts on community characteristics that support key aspects of well-being. Future work should develop a unified measure of collective well-being to evaluate the relative impact of specific efforts on the collective well-being of communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brita Roy
- 1 Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carley Riley
- 2 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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90
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Wolf T, Tsenkova V, Ryff CD, Davidson RJ, Willette AA. Neural, Hormonal, and Cognitive Correlates of Metabolic Dysfunction and Emotional Reactivity. Psychosom Med 2018; 80:452-459. [PMID: 29595709 PMCID: PMC5976543 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (i.e., hyperglycemia) are characterized by insulin resistance. These problems with energy metabolism may exacerbate emotional reactivity to negatively valenced stimuli and related phenomena such as predisposition toward negative affect, as well as cognitive deficits. Higher emotional reactivity is seen with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. However, it is largely unknown how metabolic dysfunction correlates with related neural, hormonal, and cognitive outcomes. METHODS Among 331 adults from the Midlife in the United States study, eye-blink response (EBR) we cross sectionally examined to gauge reactivity to negative, positive, or neutrally valenced pictures from international affect picture system stimuli proximal to an acoustic startle probe. Increased EBR to negative stimuli was considered an index of stress reactivity. Frontal alpha asymmetry, a biomarker of negative affect predisposition, was determined using resting electroencephalography. Baseline urinary cortisol output was collected. Cognitive performance was gauged using the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by telephone. Fasting glucose and insulin characterized hyperglycemia or the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. RESULTS Higher homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance corresponded to an increased startle response, measured by EBR magnitude, for negative versus positive stimuli (R = 0.218, F(1,457) = 5.48, p = .020, euglycemia: M(SD) = .092(.776), hyperglycemia: M(SD) = .120(.881)). Participants with hyperglycemia versus euglycemia showed greater right frontal alpha asymmetry (F(1,307) = 6.62, p = .011, euglycemia: M(SD) = .018(.167), hyperglycemia: M(SD) = -.029(.160)), and worse Brief Test of Adult Cognition by telephone arithmetic performance (F(1,284) = 4.25, p = .040, euglycemia: M(SD) = 2.390(1.526), hyperglycemia: M(SD) = 1.920(1.462)). Baseline urinary cortisol (log10 μg/12 hours) was also dysregulated in individuals with hyperglycemia (F(1,324) = 5.09, p = .025, euglycemia: M(SD) = 1.052 ± .332, hyperglycemia: M(SD) = .961 (.362)). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dysmetabolism is associated with increased emotional reactivity, predisposition toward negative affect, and specific cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovah Wolf
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Vera Tsenkova
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Carol D. Ryff
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Auriel A. Willette
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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91
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Burrow AL, Hill PL, Ratner K, Sumner R. A Better Tomorrow: Toward a Stronger Science of Youth Purpose. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2018.1445926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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92
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Koren E, Siegel A, Shlezinger A, Sher-Dotan M, Dekel R. The contribution of mastery to mental health and purpose in life among female veterans with disabilities in Israel. Health Care Women Int 2018; 39:289-302. [DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2017.1397673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ela Koren
- Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Alana Siegel
- Louis & Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Avital Shlezinger
- Louis & Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Maayan Sher-Dotan
- Louis & Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Rachel Dekel
- Louis & Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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93
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Hooker SA, Masters KS, Park CL. A Meaningful Life is a Healthy Life: A Conceptual Model Linking Meaning and Meaning Salience to Health. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that a global sense of meaning in life is related to physical health, including increased longevity and reduced morbidity. However, the mechanisms responsible for these relationships remain largely unknown and uninvestigated. Moreover, there is no unifying conceptual framework linking meaning in life to physical health. Our aims are to (a) review the literature linking meaning in life to potential mechanisms associated with better physical health; (b) offer a comprehensive conceptual framework associating meaning in life with physical health; and (c) introduce a new construct, meaning salience, as a potentially important intermediary mechanism. Specifically, we review the evidence suggesting that meaning in life is associated with reduced stress, more adaptive coping, and greater engagement in health-promoting behaviors. Our model proposes that effects of global sense of meaning are potentiated through increased meaning salience, or daily awareness of meaning in the moment, which enhances self-regulation. Suggestions are proposed for empirically examining this new model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Crystal L. Park
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut
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94
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Burd KA, Burrow AL. Conceptualizing similarities and differences between purpose in life and self-affirmation. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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95
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Résibois M, Verduyn P, Delaveau P, Rotgé JY, Kuppens P, Van Mechelen I, Fossati P. The neural basis of emotions varies over time: different regions go with onset- and offset-bound processes underlying emotion intensity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:1261-1271. [PMID: 28402478 PMCID: PMC5597870 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
According to theories of emotion dynamics, emotions unfold across two phases in which different types of processes come to the fore: emotion onset and emotion offset. Differences in onset-bound processes are reflected by the degree of explosiveness or steepness of the response at onset, and differences in offset-bound processes by the degree of accumulation or intensification of the subsequent response. Whether onset- and offset-bound processes have distinctive neural correlates and, hence, whether the neural basis of emotions varies over time, still remains unknown. In the present fMRI study, we address this question using a recently developed paradigm that allows to disentangle explosiveness and accumulation. Thirty-one participants were exposed to neutral and negative social feedback, and asked to reflect on its contents. Emotional intensity while reading and thinking about the feedback was measured with an intensity profile tracking approach. Using non-negative matrix factorization, the resulting profile data were decomposed in explosiveness and accumulation components, which were subsequently entered as continuous regressors of the BOLD response. It was found that the neural basis of emotion intensity shifts as emotions unfold over time with emotion explosiveness and accumulation having distinctive neural correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Résibois
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Verduyn
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Delaveau
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, ICM-A-IHU, Social and Affective Neuroscience (SAN) Laboratory & Prisme Platform, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Rotgé
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, ICM-A-IHU, Social and Affective Neuroscience (SAN) Laboratory & Prisme Platform, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iven Van Mechelen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Fossati
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, ICM-A-IHU, Social and Affective Neuroscience (SAN) Laboratory & Prisme Platform, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle (ICM), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS – Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, Paris, France
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96
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Musich S, Wang SS, Kraemer S, Hawkins K, Wicker E. Purpose in Life and Positive Health Outcomes Among Older Adults. Popul Health Manag 2017; 21:139-147. [PMID: 28677991 PMCID: PMC5906725 DOI: 10.1089/pop.2017.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose in life (PIL) is conceptualized as having goals, a sense of direction, and a feeling that there is meaning to present and past life. PIL has been associated with positive health outcomes among older adults, including fewer chronic conditions, less disability, and reduced mortality. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of PIL among AARP Medicare Supplement insureds, identify associated characteristics, and measure impact on selected health outcomes. In 2016, surveys were sent to a random stratified sample; PIL was measured using a 7-item scale with 5 responses. Scores were averaged across responses and categorized to PIL levels of low, medium, and high. Survey responses were weighted to adjust for nonresponse bias and to weight to a nationally representative population. Multivariate regression models, adjusting for confounding covariates, were utilized to determine characteristics associated with PIL levels and the impact on health care utilization and expenditures, preventive services compliance and quality of life (QOL). Among weighted survey respondents (N = 15,680), low, medium, and high PIL levels were 24.2%, 21.1%, and 54.7%, respectively. The strongest characteristics of medium and high PIL included social support, resilience, reliance on faith, high health literacy, and good health status. Individuals with medium and high PIL had significantly lower health care utilization and expenditures, increased preventive services compliance, and higher QOL. PIL is strongly associated with improved mental and physical health outcomes among older adults. Thus, interventions to improve and/or maintain higher levels of PIL over time may promote successful aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Kraemer
- 2 Medicare and Retirement, UnitedHealthcare Alliances , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Ellen Wicker
- 3 AARP Services, Inc. , Washington, District of Columbia
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97
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Boylan JM, Tsenkova VK, Miyamoto Y, Ryff CD. Psychological resources and glucoregulation in Japanese adults: Findings from MIDJA. Health Psychol 2017; 36:449-457. [PMID: 28192004 PMCID: PMC5398939 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between glucoregulation and 3 categories of psychological resources: hedonic well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, positive affect), eudaimonic well-being (i.e., personal growth, purpose in life, ikigai), and interdependent well-being (i.e., gratitude, peaceful disengagement, adjustment) among Japanese adults. The question is important given increases in rates of type 2 diabetes in Japan in recent years, combined with the fact that most prior studies linking psychological resources to better physical health have utilized Western samples. METHOD Data came from the Midlife in Japan Study involving randomly selected participants from the Tokyo metropolitan area, a subsample of whom completed biological data collection (N = 382; 56.0% female; M(SD)age = 55.5(14.0) years). Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was the outcome. Models adjusted for age, gender, educational attainment, smoking, alcohol, chronic conditions, body mass index (BMI), use of antidiabetic medication, and negative affect. RESULTS Purpose in life (β = -.104, p = .021) was associated with lower HbA1c, and peaceful disengagement (β = .129, p = .003) was associated with higher HbA1c in fully adjusted models. Comparable to the effects of BMI, a 1 standard deviation change in well-being was associated with a .1% change in HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS Associations among psychological resources and glucoregulation were mixed. Healthy glucoregulation was evident among Japanese adults with higher levels of purpose in life and lower levels of peaceful disengagement, thereby extending prior research from the United States. The results emphasize the need for considering sociocultural contexts in which psychological resources are experienced in order to understand linkages to physical health. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carol D Ryff
- Department of Psychology, and Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin
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98
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Ryff CD. Eudaimonic well-being, inequality, and health: Recent findings and future directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 64:159-178. [PMID: 29057014 DOI: 10.1007/s12232-017-0277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of a eudaimonic model of well-being are examined and its empirical translation into distinct dimensions of well-being is described. Empirical findings have documented aging declines in eudaimonic well-being, but there is considerable variability within age groups. Among older adults who remain purposefully engaged, health benefits (reduced morbidity, extended longevity) have been documented. Eudaimonic well-being also appears to offer a protective buffer against increased health risk among the educationally disadvantaged. Neural and genetic mechanisms that may underlie eudaimonic influences on health are briefly noted, and interventions designed to promote eudaimonic well-being are sketched. Needed future research directions include addressing problems of unjust societies wherein greed among privileged elites may be a force compromising the eudaimonic well-being of those less privileged. Alternatively, and more positive in focus, is the need to better understand the role of the arts, broadly defined, in promoting eudaimonic well-being across all segments of society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol D Ryff
- Institute on Aging/Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., 2245 MSC, Madison, WI 53706,
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99
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Emotional experiences one year after a traffic accident: An exploratory study of verbatim accounts of the ESPARR cohort. Injury 2017; 48:659-670. [PMID: 28126316 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize different possible profiles of emotional experiences of victims of traffic accident based on verbatim accounts collected one year after the accident, and to relate these profiles to various socio-demographic and health data. A hierarchical cluster analysis of the emotional lexicon was made by categorizing and quantifying the EMOTAIX© lexicon using Tropes© text analysis software. Out of the 751 selected subjects, 328 expressed one or more emotional experiences. A link appeared between quality of life (QoL), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the valence of expressed emotions. Injury severity and history distinguished two sets expressing negative-valence emotional experience. Paradoxically, a group also emerged with a large proportion of severely injured persons, associated with the expression of positive-valence emotional experiences and with domains of QoL and PTSD. The analysis of subjective data sheds light on the experience of traffic accident victims and shows a way forward for research and clinical intervention.
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100
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Burrow AL, Rainone N. How many likes did I get?: Purpose moderates links between positive social media feedback and self-esteem. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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