51
|
Tsunekuni R, Sudo K, Nguyen PT, Luu BD, Phuong TD, Tan TM, Nguyen T, Mine J, Nakayama M, Tanikawa T, Sharshov K, Takemae N, Saito T. Isolation of highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus in Southern Vietnam with genetic similarity to those infecting humans in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2209-2217. [PMID: 31309743 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since 2013, H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been responsible for outbreaks in poultry and wild birds around Asia. H5N6 HPAIV is also a public concern due to sporadic human infections being reported in China. In the current study, we isolated an H5N6 HPAIV strain (A/Muscovy duck/Long An/AI470/2018; AI470) from an outbreak at a Muscovy duck farm in Long An Province in Southern Vietnam in July 2018 and genetically characterized it. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis revealed that the eight genomic segments of AI470 were most closely related (99.6%-99.9%) to A/common gull/Saratov/1676/2018 (H5N6), which was isolated in October 2018 in Russia. Furthermore, AI470 also shared 99.4%-99.9% homology with A/Guangxi/32797/2018, an H5N6 HPAIV strain that infected humans in China in 2018. Phylogenetic analyses of the entire genome showed that AI470 was directly derived from H5N6 HPAIVs that were in South China from 2015 to 2018 and clustered with four H5N6 HPAIV strains of human origin in South China from 2017 to 2018. This indicated that AI470 was introduced into Vietnam from China. In addition, molecular characteristics related to mammalian adaptation among the recent human H5N6 HPAIV viruses, except PB2 E627K, were shared by AI470. These findings are cause for concern since H5N6 HPAIV strains that possess a risk of human infection have crossed the Chinese border.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasumi Sudo
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Phuong Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bach Duc Luu
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thai Duy Phuong
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Minh Tan
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tung Nguyen
- Division of International Cooperation and Communications, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Momoko Nakayama
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Prokopyeva EA, Zinserling VA, Bae YC, Kwon Y, Kurskaya OG, Sobolev IA, Kozhin PM, Komissarov A, Fadeev A, Petrov V, Shestopalov AM, Sharshov KA. Pathology of A(H5N8) (Clade 2.3.4.4) Virus in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Mice. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2019; 2019:4124865. [PMID: 31354812 PMCID: PMC6637675 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4124865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in migratory birds raises serious concerns as these viruses have the potential to spread during fall migration. We report the identification of novel HPAIV A(H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4 virus that was isolated from sick domestic duck at commercial farm during the second wave of spread that began in October and affected poultry (ducks; chiсkens) in several European regions of Russia and Western Siberia in 2016. The strain was highly lethal in experimental infection of chickens and mice with IVPI = 2.34 and MLD50 = 1.3log10 EID50, accordingly. Inoculation of chickens with the HPAIV A/H5N8 demonstrated neuroinvasiveness, multiorgan failure, and death of chickens on the 3rd day post inoculation. Virus replicated in all collected organ samples in high viral titers with the highest titer in the brain (6.75±0.1 log10TCID50/ml). Effective virus replication was found in the following cells: neurons and glial cells of a brain; alveolar cells and macrophages of lungs; epithelial cells of a small intestine; hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of a liver; macrophages and endothelial cells of a spleen; and the tubular epithelial cells of kidneys. These findings advance our understanding of histopathological effect of A(H5N8) HPAIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Prokopyeva
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
- Medical Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vsevolod A. Zinserling
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Federal Research Centre, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia
| | - You-Chan Bae
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkuk Kwon
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga G. Kurskaya
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Ivan A. Sobolev
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Peter M. Kozhin
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Andrey Komissarov
- Department of etiology and epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Artem Fadeev
- Department of etiology and epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Vladimir Petrov
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Shestopalov
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Kirill A. Sharshov
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Alarcon P, Brouwer A, Venkatesh D, Duncan D, Dovas CI, Georgiades G, Monne I, Fusaro A, Dan A, Śmietanka K, Ragias V, Breed AC, Chassalevris T, Goujgoulova G, Hjulsager CK, Ryan E, Sánchez A, Niqueux E, Tammiranta N, Zohari S, Stroud DA, Savić V, Lewis NS, Brown IH. Comparison of 2016-17 and Previous Epizootics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Guangdong Lineage in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:2270-2283. [PMID: 30457528 PMCID: PMC6256410 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.171860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 epizootic of 2016-17 in Europe by epidemiologic and genetic characteristics and compared it with 2 previous epizootics caused by the same H5 Guangdong lineage. The 2016-17 epizootic was the largest in Europe by number of countries and farms affected and greatest diversity of wild birds infected. We observed significant differences among the 3 epizootics regarding region affected, epidemic curve, seasonality, and outbreak duration, making it difficult to predict future HPAI epizootics. However, we know that in 2005-06 and 2016-17 the initial peak of wild bird detections preceded the peak of poultry outbreaks within Europe. Phylogenetic analysis of 2016-17 viruses indicates 2 main pathways into Europe. Our findings highlight the need for global surveillance of viral changes to inform disease preparedness, detection, and control.
Collapse
|
54
|
Ramey AM, Uher-Koch BD, Reeves AB, Schmutz JA, Poulson RL, Stallknecht DE. Emperor geese (Anser canagicus) are exposed to a diversity of influenza A viruses, are infected during the non-breeding period and contribute to intercontinental viral dispersal. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1958-1970. [PMID: 31077545 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Emperor geese (Anser canagicus) are endemic to coastal areas within Beringia and have previously been found to have antibodies to or to be infected with influenza A viruses (IAVs) in Alaska. In this study, we use virological, serological and tracking data to further elucidate the role of emperor geese in the ecology of IAVs in Beringia during the non-breeding period. Specifically, we assess evidence for: (a) active IAV infection during spring staging, autumn staging and wintering periods; (b) infection with novel Eurasian-origin or interhemispheric reassortant viruses; (c) contemporary movement of geese between East Asia and North America; (d) previous exposure to viruses of 14 haemagglutinin subtypes, including Eurasian lineage highly pathogenic (HP) H5 IAVs; and (e) subtype-specific antibody seroconversion and seroreversion. Emperor geese were found to shed IAVs, including interhemispheric reassortant viruses, throughout the non-breeding period; migrate between Alaska and the Russian Far East prior to and following remigial moult; have antibodies reactive to a diversity of IAVs including, in a few instances, Eurasian lineage HP H5 IAVs; and exhibit relatively broad and stable patterns of population immunity among breeding females. Results of this study suggest that emperor geese may play an important role in the maintenance and dispersal of IAVs within Beringia during the non-breeding period and provide information that may be used to further optimize surveillance activities focused on the early detection of Eurasian-origin IAVs in North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska
| | | | - Andrew B Reeves
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Joel A Schmutz
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Rebecca L Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Bergervoet SA, Ho CKY, Heutink R, Bossers A, Beerens N. Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N5 Viruses in Europe in 2016-2017 Appears Related to the Timing of Reassortment Events. Viruses 2019; 11:E501. [PMID: 31159210 PMCID: PMC6631432 DOI: 10.3390/v11060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During the epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus in Europe in 2016-2017, HPAI viruses of subtype H5N5 were also isolated. However, the detection of H5N5 viruses was limited compared to H5N8. In this study, we show that the genetic constellation of a newly isolated H5N5 virus is different from two genotypes previously identified in the Netherlands. The introduction and spread of the three H5N5 genotypes in Europe was studied using spatiotemporal and genetic analysis. This demonstrated that the genotypes were isolated in distinguishable phases of the epizootic, and suggested multiple introductions of H5N5 viruses into Europe followed by local spread. We estimated the timing of the reassortment events, which suggested that the genotypes emerged after the start of autumn migration. This may have prevented large-scale spread of the H5N5 viruses on wild bird breeding sites before introduction into Europe. Experiments in primary chicken and duck cells revealed only minor differences in cytopathogenicity and replication kinetics between H5N5 genotypes and H5N8. These results suggest that the limited spread of HPAI H5N5 viruses is related to the timing of the reassortment events rather than changes in virus pathogenicity or replication kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Bergervoet
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Cynthia K Y Ho
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Rene Heutink
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Alex Bossers
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Antigua KJC, Choi WS, Baek YH, Song MS. The Emergence and Decennary Distribution of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5Nx. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060156. [PMID: 31146461 PMCID: PMC6616411 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reassortment events among influenza viruses occur naturally and may lead to the development of new and different subtypes which often ignite the possibility of an influenza outbreak. Between 2008 and 2010, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 of the N1 subtype from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/GD) lineage generated novel reassortants by introducing other neuraminidase (NA) subtypes reported to cause most outbreaks in poultry. With the extensive divergence of the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of documented viruses, the WHO/FAO/OIE H5 Evolutionary Working Group clustered these viruses into a systematic and unified nomenclature of clade 2.3.4.4 currently known as “H5Nx” viruses. The rapid emergence and circulation of these viruses, namely, H5N2, H5N3, H5N5, H5N6, H5N8, and the regenerated H5N1, are of great concern based on their pandemic potential. Knowing the evolution and emergence of these novel reassortants helps to better understand their complex nature. The eruption of reports of each H5Nx reassortant through time demonstrates that it could persist beyond its usual seasonal activity, intensifying the possibility of these emerging viruses’ pandemic potential. This review paper provides an overview of the emergence of each novel HPAI H5Nx virus as well as its current epidemiological distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C Antigua
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Lee DH, Torchetti MK, Hicks J, Killian ML, Bahl J, Pantin-Jackwood M, Swayne DE. Transmission Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H5Nx) Clade 2.3.4.4, North America, 2014-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1840-1848. [PMID: 30226167 PMCID: PMC6154162 DOI: 10.3201/eid2410.171891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurasia highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5 clade 2.3.4.4 emerged in North America at the end of 2014 and caused outbreaks affecting >50 million poultry in the United States before eradication in June 2015. We investigated the underlying ecologic and epidemiologic processes associated with this viral spread by performing a comparative genomic study using 268 full-length genome sequences and data from outbreak investigations. Reassortant HPAIV H5N2 circulated in wild birds along the Pacific flyway before several spillover events transmitting the virus to poultry farms. Our analysis suggests that >3 separate introductions of HPAIV H5N2 into Midwest states occurred during March–June 2015; transmission to Midwest poultry farms from Pacific wild birds occurred ≈1.7–2.4 months before detection. Once established in poultry, the virus rapidly spread between turkey and chicken farms in neighboring states. Enhanced biosecurity is required to prevent the introduction and dissemination of HPAIV across the poultry industry.
Collapse
|
58
|
Twabela AT, Tshilenge GM, Sakoda Y, Okamatsu M, Bushu E, Kone P, Wiersma L, Zamperin G, Drago A, Zecchin B, Monne I. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1371-1374. [PMID: 29912707 PMCID: PMC6038760 DOI: 10.3201/eid2407.172123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus was detected in poultry in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Whole-genome phylogeny showed the virus clustered with H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4B strains from birds in central and southern Asia. Emergence of this virus in central Africa represents a threat for animal health and food security.
Collapse
|
59
|
Wade A, Jumbo SD, Zecchin B, Fusaro A, Taiga T, Bianco A, Rodrigue PN, Salomoni A, Kameni JMF, Zamperin G, Nenkam R, Foupouapouognigni Y, Abdoulkadiri S, Aboubakar Y, Wiersma L, Cattoli G, Monne I. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus, Cameroon, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1367-1370. [PMID: 29912710 PMCID: PMC6038759 DOI: 10.3201/eid2407.172120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 spread into West Africa in late 2016 during the autumn bird migration. Genetic characterization of the complete genome of these viruses detected in wild and domestic birds in Cameroon in January 2017 demonstrated the occurrence of multiple virus introductions.
Collapse
|
60
|
Lee YN, Cheon SH, Kye SJ, Lee EK, Sagong M, Heo GB, Kang YM, Cho HK, Kim YJ, Kang HM, Lee MH, Lee YJ. Novel reassortants of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses possessing genetic heterogeneity in South Korea in late 2017. J Vet Sci 2019; 19:850-854. [PMID: 30173498 PMCID: PMC6265581 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.6.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were isolated from duck farms and migratory bird habitats in South Korea in November to December 2017. Genetic analysis demonstrated that at least two genotypes of H5N6 were generated through reassortment between clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 HPAIVs and Eurasian low pathogenic avian influenza virus in migratory birds in late 2017, suggesting frequent reassortment of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIVs and highlighting the need for systematic surveillance in Eurasian breeding grounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Sun-Ha Cheon
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Soo-Jeong Kye
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Cho
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Yong-Joo Kim
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Poen MJ, Venkatesh D, Bestebroer TM, Vuong O, Scheuer RD, Oude Munnink BB, de Meulder D, Richard M, Kuiken T, Koopmans MPG, Kelder L, Kim YJ, Lee YJ, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Dan A, Pohlmann A, Beer M, Savic V, Brown IH, Fouchier RAM, Lewis NS. Co-circulation of genetically distinct highly pathogenic avian influenza A clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) viruses in wild waterfowl and poultry in Europe and East Asia, 2017-18. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez004. [PMID: 31024736 PMCID: PMC6476160 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses were first introduced into Europe in late 2014 and re-introduced in late 2016, following detections in Asia and Russia. In contrast to the 2014-15 H5N8 wave, there was substantial local virus amplification in wild birds in Europe in 2016-17 and associated wild bird mortality, with evidence for occasional gene exchange with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Since December 2017, several European countries have again reported events or outbreaks with HPAI H5N6 reassortant viruses in both wild birds and poultry, respectively. Previous phylogenetic studies have shown that the two earliest incursions of HPAI H5N8 viruses originated in Southeast Asia and subsequently spread to Europe. In contrast, this study indicates that recent HPAI H5N6 viruses evolved from the H5N8 2016-17 viruses during 2017 by reassortment of a European HPAI H5N8 virus and wild host reservoir LPAI viruses. The genetic and phenotypic differences between these outbreaks and the continuing detections of HPAI viruses in Europe are a cause of concern for both animal and human health. The current co-circulation of potentially zoonotic HPAI and LPAI virus strains in Asia warrants the determination of drivers responsible for the global spread of Asian lineage viruses and the potential threat they pose to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Oanh Vuong
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel D Scheuer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Leon Kelder
- Staatsbosbeheer, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Yong-Joo Kim
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Adam Dan
- Veterinary Diagnostics Directorate, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Ian H Brown
- OIE/FAO/EURL International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola S Lewis
- OIE/FAO/EURL International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Wu H, Yang F, Liu F, Peng X, Chen B, Cheng L, Lu X, Yao H, Wu N. Molecular characterization of H10 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in Eastern China. Arch Virol 2018; 164:159-179. [PMID: 30302582 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, avian-origin H10 influenza viruses have proved capable of infecting human beings, and they pose a potential public health threat. Seven H10 avian influenza viruses (AIVs), H10N3 (n = 2), H10N7 (n = 1), and H10N8 (n = 4), were isolated from chickens in Zhejiang Province, Eastern China, during surveillance of AIVs in live poultry markets in 2016 and 2017. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Zhejiang H10 strains received gene segments from H10, H3, and H7 viruses from birds in East Asia. Animal inoculation tests showed that these isolates have low pathogenicity in mice and can replicate in this species. Our findings suggest these H10 AIVs have the ability to adapt to chicken or other poultry, and highlight the need of long-term surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuming Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Kurskaya O, Ryabichenko T, Leonova N, Shi W, Bi H, Sharshov K, Kazachkova E, Sobolev I, Prokopyeva E, Kartseva T, Alekseev A, Shestopalov A. Viral etiology of acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children in Novosibirsk City, Russia (2013 - 2017). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200117. [PMID: 30226876 PMCID: PMC6143185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) cause a considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide especially in children. However, there are few studies of the etiological structure of ARIs in Russia. In this work, we analyzed the etiology of ARIs in children (0–15 years old) admitted to Novosibirsk Children’s Municipal Clinical Hospital in 2013–2017. Methods We tested nasal and throat swabs of 1560 children with upper or lower respiratory infection for main respiratory viruses (influenza viruses A and B, parainfluenza virus types 1–4, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, four human coronaviruses, rhinovirus, adenovirus and bocavirus) using a RT-PCR Kit. Results We detected 1128 (72.3%) samples were positive for at least one virus. The most frequently detected pathogens were respiratory syncytial virus (358/1560, 23.0%), influenza virus (344/1560, 22.1%), and rhinovirus (235/1560, 15.1%). Viral co-infections were found in 163 out of the 1128 (14.5%) positive samples. We detected significant decrease of the respiratory syncytial virus-infection incidence in children with increasing age, while the reverse relationship was observed for influenza viruses. Conclusions We evaluated the distribution of respiratory viruses in children with ARIs and showed the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus in the etiological structure of infections. This study is important for the improvement and optimization of diagnostic tactics, control and prevention of the respiratory viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kurskaya
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatyana Ryabichenko
- Department of Propaedeutic of Childhood Diseases, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya Leonova
- Department of Children’s Diseases, Novosibirsk Children’s Municipal Clinical Hospital №6, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Hongtao Bi
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS, Xining, China
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eugenia Kazachkova
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Prokopyeva
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kartseva
- Department of Propaedeutic of Childhood Diseases, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Alekseev
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Voronina O, Ryzhova N, Aksenova E, Kunda M, Sharapova N, Fedyakina I, Chvala I, Borisevich S, Logunov DY, Gintsburg A. Genetic features of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses A(H5N8), isolated from the European part of the Russian Federation. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 63:144-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
65
|
The Pandemic Threat of Emerging H5 and H7 Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090461. [PMID: 30154345 PMCID: PMC6164301 DOI: 10.3390/v10090461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1918 H1N1 Spanish Influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in modern history. Unlike more recent pandemics, most of the 1918 H1N1 virus' genome was derived directly from an avian influenza virus. Recent avian-origin H5 A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (GsGd) and Asian H7N9 viruses have caused several hundred human infections with high mortality rates. While these viruses have not spread beyond infected individuals, if they evolve the ability to transmit efficiently from person-to-person, specifically via the airborne route, they will initiate a pandemic. Therefore, this review examines H5 GsGd and Asian H7N9 viruses that have caused recent zoonotic infections with a focus on viral properties that support airborne transmission. Several GsGd H5 and Asian H7N9 viruses display molecular changes that potentiate transmission and/or exhibit ability for limited transmission between ferrets. However, the hemagglutinin of these viruses is unstable; this likely represents the most significant obstacle to the emergence of a virus capable of efficient airborne transmission. Given the global disease burden of an influenza pandemic, continued surveillance and pandemic preparedness efforts against H5 GsGd and Asian lineage H7N9 viruses are warranted.
Collapse
|
66
|
Grund C, Hoffmann D, Ulrich R, Naguib M, Schinköthe J, Hoffmann B, Harder T, Saenger S, Zscheppang K, Tönnies M, Hippenstiel S, Hocke A, Wolff T, Beer M. A novel European H5N8 influenza A virus has increased virulence in ducks but low zoonotic potential. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:132. [PMID: 30026505 PMCID: PMC6053424 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated in a unique setup of animal models and a human lung explant culture biological properties, including zoonotic potential, of a representative 2016 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4 group B (H5N8B), that spread rapidly in a huge and ongoing outbreak series in Europe and caused high mortality in waterfowl and domestic birds. HPAIV H5N8B showed increased virulence with rapid onset of severe disease and mortality in Pekin ducks due to pronounced neuro- and hepatotropism. Cross-species infection was evaluated in mice, ferrets, and in a human lung explant culture model. While the H5N8B isolate was highly virulent for Balb/c mice, virulence and transmissibility were grossly reduced in ferrets, which was mirrored by marginal replication in human lung cultures infected ex vivo. Our data indicate that the 2016 HPAIV H5N8B is avian-adapted with augmented virulence for waterfowl, but has low zoonotic potential. The here tested combination of animal studies with the inoculation of human explants provides a promising future workflow to evaluate zoonotic potential, mammalian replication competence and avian virulence of HPAIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Naguib
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Saenger
- Unit 17 Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Zscheppang
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Tönnies
- HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chest Hospital Heckeshorn, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hocke
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17 Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Beerens N, Heutink R, Bergervoet SA, Harders F, Bossers A, Koch G. Multiple Reassorted Viruses as Cause of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Epidemic, the Netherlands, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1974-1981. [PMID: 29148396 PMCID: PMC5708218 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.171062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, an epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N8 in the Netherlands caused mass deaths among wild birds, and several commercial poultry farms and captive bird holdings were affected. We performed complete genome sequencing to study the relationship between the wild bird and poultry viruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses are related to H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses detected in Russia in May 2016 but contained novel polymerase basic 2 and nucleoprotein gene segments and 2 different variants of the polymerase acidic segment. Molecular dating suggests that the reassortment events most likely occurred in wild birds in Russia or Mongolia. Furthermore, 2 genetically distinct H5N5 reassortant viruses were detected in wild birds in the Netherlands. Our study provides evidence for fast and continuing reassortment of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, which might lead to rapid changes in virus characteristics, such as pathogenicity, infectivity, transmission, and zoonotic potential.
Collapse
|
68
|
Kleyheeg E, Slaterus R, Bodewes R, Rijks JM, Spierenburg MA, Beerens N, Kelder L, Poen MJ, Stegeman JA, Fouchier RA, Kuiken T, van der Jeugd HP. Deaths among Wild Birds during Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Outbreak, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:2050-2054. [PMID: 29148372 PMCID: PMC5708256 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.171086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During autumn-winter 2016-2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) viruses caused mass die-offs among wild birds in the Netherlands. Among the ≈13,600 birds reported dead, most were tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula) and Eurasian wigeons (Anas penelope). Recurrence of avian influenza outbreaks might alter wild bird population dynamics.
Collapse
|
69
|
Świętoń E, Śmietanka K. Phylogenetic and molecular analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 and H5N5 viruses detected in Poland in 2016-2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1664-1670. [PMID: 29920971 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-five poultry outbreaks and sixty-eight events in wild birds were reported during the highly pathogenic H5N8/H5N5 avian influenza epidemic in Poland in 2016-2017. The analysis of all gene segment sequences of selected strains revealed cocirculation of at least four different genome configurations (genotypes) generated through reassortment of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 viruses detected in Russia and China in mid-2016. The geographical and temporal distribution of three H5N8 genotypes indicates separate introductions. Additionally, an H5N5 virus with a different gene configuration was detected in wild birds. The compilation of the results with those from studies on the virus' diversity in Germany, Italy and the Netherlands revealed that Europe was affected by at least eight different H5N8/H5N5 reassortants. Analysis of the HA gene sequence of a larger subset of samples showed its diversification corresponding to the genotype classification. The close relationship between poultry and wild bird strains from the same locations observed in several cases points to wild birds as the primary source of the outbreaks in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Świętoń
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Śmietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Characterization of a novel reassortant H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4 in Korea, 2017. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:103. [PMID: 29895932 PMCID: PMC5997646 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
71
|
Liu YP, Lee DH, Chen LH, Lin YJ, Li WC, Hu SC, Chen YP, Swayne DE, Lee MS. Detection of reassortant H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in a black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor) found dead, Taiwan, 2017. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 62:275-278. [PMID: 29705362 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was detected in a black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor) found dead in Taiwan during December 2017. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses suggest the hemagglutinin gene belongs to H5 clade 2.3.4.4 Group B. All genes except neuraminidase gene shared high levels of nucleotide identity with H5N8 HPAIV identified from Europe during 2016-2017. Genetically similar H5N6 HPAIV was also identified from Japan during November 2017. Enhanced surveillance is required in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pin Liu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Li-Hsuan Chen
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Li
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chia Hu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ping Chen
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - David E Swayne
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ming-Shiuh Lee
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Sun W, Li J, Hu J, Jiang D, Xing C, Zhan T, Liu X. Genetic analysis and biological characteristics of different internal gene origin H5N6 reassortment avian influenza virus in China in 2016. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:200-211. [PMID: 29778197 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4 of H5N6 subtype Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs) has become dominant clade in South-East Asia. So far, a total of 16 cases of human infection, including 6 deaths, have been confirmed since 2014. In this study, we systematically investigated the genetic evolution and biological characteristics of these viruses. We first carried out phylogenetic and statistical analysis of all H5N6 viruses that were downloaded from Influenza Research Database, GISAID and isolates from our lab. We found that H5N6 AIVs continued to reassort with other AIVs subtypes since 2014. Among these H5N6 reassortments, four main gene types were identified: A (internal genes of H5N1-origin), B (PB2 of H6-origin, and others of H5N1-origin), C (internal genes of H9-origin) and D (PB2 of H6-origin and PB1of H3-origin, and others of H5N1). In addition, after several years of evolution, gene type D is currently the dominant gene type. To systematically compare the genetic and evolutionary characteristics and pathogenicity of these viruses, four H5N6 AIVs of different gene types were selected for further analysis. S4, XZ6, GD1602 and YZ587 virus represented gene type A, B, C and D, respectively. Their NA genes were all originated from H6 and their whole genome showed a high similarity with human isolates. All these isolates could both bind with SA-α2,3 Gal and SA-α2,6 Gal receptors. Pathogenicity test showed that these viruses were highly pathogenic in chickens, while YZ587 showed the lowest virulence. Moreover, XZ6 and S4 viruses were highly pathogenic in ducks and moderately pathogenic in mice, while GD1602 and YZ587 viruses were no-pathogenic in these animals. Interestingly, GD1602 and YZ587-like viruses were responsible for 4 and 2 human infection cases in 2016, respectively. Therefore, our study showed that the YZ587 virus which has mixed internal genes, showed lower virulence in avian species and mammals compared to other genotype viruses. Overall, our findings suggest that the H5N6 avian influenza virus is undergoing constantly evolving and reassortment. Thus, our study highlights the necessary of continued surveillance of the H5N6 AIVs in birds and paying close attention to the spread of these novel reassortment viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Sun
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxiu Jiang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Xing
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tiansong Zhan
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Beerens N, Koch G, Heutink R, Harders F, Vries DPE, Ho C, Bossers A, Elbers A. Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in the Netherlands, December 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:770-773. [PMID: 29381134 PMCID: PMC5875252 DOI: 10.3201/eid2404.172124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) virus affecting wild birds and commercial poultry was detected in the Netherlands in December 2017. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the virus is a reassortant of H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses and not related to the Asian H5N6 viruses that caused human infections.
Collapse
|
74
|
Lee DH, Bertran K, Kwon JH, Swayne DE. Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:269-280. [PMID: 28859267 PMCID: PMC5583414 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel subtypes of Asian-origin (Goose/Guangdong lineage) H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4, such as H5N2, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8, have been identified in China since 2008 and have since evolved into four genetically distinct clade 2.3.4.4 groups (A–D). Since 2014, HPAI clade 2.3.4.4 viruses have spread rapidly via migratory wild aquatic birds and have evolved through reassortment with prevailing local low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Group A H5N8 viruses and its reassortant viruses caused outbreaks in wide geographic regions (Asia, Europe, and North America) during 2014–2015. Novel reassortant Group B H5N8 viruses caused outbreaks in Asia, Europe, and Africa during 2016–2017. Novel reassortant Group C H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in Korea and Japan during the 2016–2017 winter season. Group D H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in China and Vietnam. A wide range of avian species, including wild and domestic waterfowl, domestic poultry, and even zoo birds, seem to be permissive for infection by and/or transmission of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses. Further, compared to previous H5N1 HPAI viruses, these reassortant viruses show altered pathogenicity in birds. In this review, we discuss the evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Kateri Bertran
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - David E Swayne
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Selim AA, Erfan AM, Hagag N, Zanaty A, Samir AH, Samy M, Abdelhalim A, Arafa ASA, Soliman MA, Shaheen M, Ibraheem EM, Mahrous I, Hassan MK, Naguib MM. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N8) Clade 2.3.4.4 Infection in Migratory Birds, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1048-1051. [PMID: 28518040 PMCID: PMC5443452 DOI: 10.3201/eid2306.162056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8) of clade 2.3.4.4 from the common coot (Fulica atra) in Egypt, documenting its introduction into Africa through migratory birds. This virus has a close genetic relationship with subtype H5N8 viruses circulating in Europe. Enhanced surveillance to detect newly emerging viruses is warranted.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animal Migration/physiology
- Animals
- Animals, Wild
- Birds
- Egypt/epidemiology
- Gene Expression
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/transmission
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Phylogeny
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Reassortant Viruses/classification
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/isolation & purification
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
Collapse
|
76
|
Okamatsu M, Ozawa M, Soda K, Takakuwa H, Haga A, Hiono T, Matsuu A, Uchida Y, Iwata R, Matsuno K, Kuwahara M, Yabuta T, Usui T, Ito H, Onuma M, Sakoda Y, Saito T, Otsuki K, Ito T, Kida H. Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H5N6), Japan, November 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:691-695. [PMID: 28322695 PMCID: PMC5367431 DOI: 10.3201/eid2304.161957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) A(H5N6) were concurrently introduced into several distant regions of Japan in November 2016. These viruses were classified into the genetic clade 2.3.4.4c and were genetically closely related to H5N6 HPAIVs recently isolated in South Korea and China. In addition, these HPAIVs showed further antigenic drift.
Collapse
|
77
|
Globig A, Staubach C, Sauter-Louis C, Dietze K, Homeier-Bachmann T, Probst C, Gethmann J, Depner KR, Grund C, Harder TC, Starick E, Pohlmann A, Höper D, Beer M, Mettenleiter TC, Conraths FJ. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Germany in 2016/2017. Front Vet Sci 2018; 4:240. [PMID: 29417053 PMCID: PMC5787777 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on the occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b in Germany. Between November 8, 2016, and September 30, 2017, more than 1,150 cases of HPAI H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b in wild birds and 107 outbreaks in birds kept in captivity (92 poultry holdings and 15 zoos/animal parks) were reported in Germany. This HPAI epidemic is the most severe recorded in Germany so far. The viruses were apparently introduced by migratory birds, sparking an epidemic among wild birds across Germany with occasional incursions into poultry holdings, zoos and animal parks, which were usually rapidly detected and controlled by stamping out. HPAI viruses (mainly subtype H5N8, in a few cases also H5N5) were found in dead wild birds of at least 53 species. The affected wild birds were water birds (including gulls, storks, herons, and cormorants) and scavenging birds (birds of prey, owls, and crows). In a number of cases, substantial gaps in farm biosecurity may have eased virus entry into the holdings. In a second wave of the epidemic starting from February 2017, there was epidemiological and molecular evidence for virus transmission of the infections between commercial turkey holdings in an area of high poultry density, which caused approximately 25% of the total number of outbreaks in poultry. Biosecurity measures in poultry holdings should be adapted. This includes, inter alia, wearing of stable-specific protective clothing and footwear, cleaning, and disinfection of equipment that has been in contact with birds and prevention of contacts between poultry and wild water birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Globig
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christoph Staubach
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timo Homeier-Bachmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carolina Probst
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jörn Gethmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Klaus R. Depner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elke Starick
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Pohlmann A, Starick E, Grund C, Höper D, Strebelow G, Globig A, Staubach C, Conraths FJ, Mettenleiter TC, Harder T, Beer M. Swarm incursions of reassortants of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains H5N8 and H5N5, clade 2.3.4.4b, Germany, winter 2016/17. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15. [PMID: 29311555 PMCID: PMC5758748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in winter 2016/2017 was the most severe HPAI epizootic ever reported in Germany. The H5N8 and H5N5 viruses detected in birds in Germany in 2016/2017 represent a reassortant swarm of at least five distinct genotypes, which carried closely related HA segments derived from clade 2.3.4.4b. The genotypes of these viruses and their spatio-temporal distribution indicated a unique situation with multiple independent entries of HPAIV into Germany.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany
| | - Elke Starick
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany
| | - Günter Strebelow
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany
| | - Anja Globig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany
| | - Christoph Staubach
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Poen MJ, Bestebroer TM, Vuong O, Scheuer RD, van der Jeugd HP, Kleyheeg E, Eggink D, Lexmond P, van den Brand JMA, Begeman L, van der Vliet S, Müskens GJDM, Majoor FA, Koopmans MPG, Kuiken T, Fouchier RAM. Local amplification of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 viruses in wild birds in the Netherlands, 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill 2018; 23:17-00449. [PMID: 29382414 PMCID: PMC5801337 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.4.17-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionHighly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of subtype H5N8 were re-introduced into the Netherlands by late 2016, after detections in south-east Asia and Russia. This second H5N8 wave resulted in a large number of outbreaks in poultry farms and the deaths of large numbers of wild birds in multiple European countries. Methods: Here we report on the detection of HPAI H5N8 virus in 57 wild birds of 12 species sampled during active (32/5,167) and passive (25/36) surveillance activities, i.e. in healthy and dead animals respectively, in the Netherlands between 8 November 2016 and 31 March 2017. Moreover, we further investigate the experimental approach of wild bird serology as a contributing tool in HPAI outbreak investigations. Results: In contrast to the first H5N8 wave, local virus amplification with associated wild bird mortality has occurred in the Netherlands in 2016/17, with evidence for occasional gene exchange with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Discussion: These apparent differences between outbreaks and the continuing detections of HPAI viruses in Europe are a cause of concern. With the current circulation of zoonotic HPAI and LPAI virus strains in Asia, increased understanding of the drivers responsible for the global spread of Asian poultry viruses via wild birds is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J Poen
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Oanh Vuong
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel D Scheuer
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk P van der Jeugd
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Animal Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Vogeltrekstation - Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Kleyheeg
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Animal Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Vogeltrekstation - Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lineke Begeman
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gerhard J D M Müskens
- Alterra, Center for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank A Majoor
- Sovon, Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thijs Kuiken
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Multiple introductions of reassorted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b causing outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in Egypt. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 58:56-65. [PMID: 29248796 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, an increased incidence of outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 in poultry linked to infected migratory birds has been reported from different European, Asian and African countries. In Egypt, incursion of HPAI H5N8 virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has been recently registered. Full genomic characterization of 3 virus isolates from wild birds and poultry (backyard and commercial farm sectors) showed high nucleotide similarity among the HA, NA, M, and NS gene segments of the three Egyptian HPAI H5N8 viruses, indicating that they are descendants of a common ancestral virus. However, the analyzed Egyptian H5N8 viruses revealed distinct genotypes involving different origins of the PB2, PB1, PA and/or NP segments. In genotype-1 represented by strain A/common-coot/Egypt/CA285/2016 the PB2 and NP segments showed closest relationship to H5N6 and H6N2 viruses, recently detected in Italy. The second is replacement of PB1 and NP genes A novel reassortant, represented by strain A/duck/Egypt/SS19/2017, showed an exchange of PB1 and NP genes which might have originated from H6N8 or H1N1 and H6N2 viruses. Finally, replacement of PA and NP genes characterized strain A/duck/Egypt/F446/2017. Bayesian phylogeographic analyses revealed that Egyptian H5N8 viruses are highly likely derived from Russian 2016 HPAI H5N8 virus (A/great_crested_grebe/Uvs-Nuur_Lake/341/2016 (H5N8)) and the reassortment likely occurred before incursion to Egypt.
Collapse
|
81
|
Brown I, Kuiken T, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Stroud D, Therkildsen OR, Willeberg P, Baldinelli F, Verdonck F, Adlhoch C. Avian influenza overview September - November 2017. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05141. [PMID: 32625395 PMCID: PMC7010192 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 1 September and 15 November 2017, 48 A(H5N8) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in poultry holdings and 9 H5 HPAI wild bird events were reported within Europe. A second epidemic HPAI A(H5N8) wave started in Italy on the third week of July and is still ongoing on 15 November 2017. The Italian epidemiological investigations indicated that sharing of vehicles, sharing of personnel and close proximity to infected holdings are the more likely sources of secondary spread in a densely populated poultry area. Despite the ongoing human exposures to infected poultry during the outbreaks, no transmission to humans has been identified in the EU. The report includes an update of the list of wild bird target species for passive surveillance activities that is based on reported AI-infected wild birds since 2006. The purpose of this list is to provide information on which bird species to focus in order to achieve the most effective testing of dead birds for detection of H5 HPAI viruses. Monitoring the avian influenza situation in other continents revealed the same risks as in the previous report (October 2016-August 2017): the recent human case of HPAI A(H5N6) in China underlines the continuing threat of this avian influenza virus to human health and possible introduction via migratory wild birds into Europe. Close monitoring is required of the situation in Africa with regards to HPAI of the subtypes A(H5N1) and A(H5N8), given the rapidity of the evolution and the uncertainty on the geographical distribution of these viruses. Interactions between EFSA and member states have taken place to initiate discussions on improving the quality of data collections and to find a step-wise approach to exchange relevant (denominator) data without causing an additional resource burden.
Collapse
|
82
|
Yu Z, Cheng K, Sun W, Zhang X, Xia X, Gao Y. Multiple adaptive amino acid substitutions increase the virulence of a wild waterfowl-origin reassortant H5N8 avian influenza virus in mice. Virus Res 2017; 244:13-20. [PMID: 29113821 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) caused poultry outbreaks in the Republic of Korea in 2014. The novel H5N8 HPAIV has spread to Asia, Europe, and North America and caused great public concern from then on. Here, we generated mouse-adapted variants of a wild waterfowl-origin H5N8 HPAIV to identify adaptive mutants that confer enhanced pathogenicity in mammals. The mouse lethal doses (MLD50) of the mouse-adapted variants were reduced 31623-fold compared to the wild-type (WT) virus. Mouse-adapted variants displayed enhanced replication in vitro and in vivo, and expanded tissue tropism in mice. Sequence analysis revealed four amino acid substitutions in the PB2 (E627K), PA (F35S), HA (R227H), and NA (I462V) proteins. These data suggest that multiple amino acid substitutions collaboratively increase the virulence of a wild bird-origin reassortant H5N8 HPAIV and cause severe disease in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Yu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250023, China.
| | - Kaihui Cheng
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250132, China
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Xinghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Brown I, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Willeberg P, Adlhoch C, Candiani D, Fabris C, Zancanaro G, Morgado J, Verdonck F. Avian influenza overview October 2016-August 2017. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05018. [PMID: 32625308 PMCID: PMC7009863 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The A(H5N8) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic occurred in 29 European countries in 2016/2017 and has been the largest ever recorded in the EU in terms of number of poultry outbreaks, geographical extent and number of dead wild birds. Multiple primary incursions temporally related with all major poultry sectors affected but secondary spread was most commonly associated with domestic waterfowl species. A massive effort of all the affected EU Member States (MSs) allowed a descriptive epidemiological overview of the cases in poultry, captive birds and wild birds, providing also information on measures applied at the individual MS level. Data on poultry population structure are required to facilitate data and risk factor analysis, hence to strengthen science-based advice to risk managers. It is suggested to promote common understanding and application of definitions related to control activities and their reporting across MSs. Despite a large number of human exposures to infected poultry occurred during the ongoing outbreaks, no transmission to humans has been identified. Monitoring the avian influenza (AI) situation in other continents indicated a potential risk of long-distance spread of HPAI virus (HPAIV) A(H5N6) from Asia to wintering grounds towards Western Europe, similarly to what happened with HPAIV A(H5N8) and HPAIV A(H5N1) in previous years. Furthermore, the HPAI situation in Africa with A(H5N8) and A(H5N1) is rapidly evolving. Strengthening collaborations at National, EU and Global levels would allow close monitoring of the AI situation, ultimately helping to increase preparedness. No human case was reported in the EU due to AIVs subtypes A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N9) and A(H9N2). Direct transmission of these viruses to humans has only been reported in areas, mainly in Asia and Egypt, with a substantial involvement of wild bird and/or poultry populations. It is suggested to improve the collection and reporting of exposure events of people to AI.
Collapse
|
84
|
Fusaro A, Monne I, Mulatti P, Zecchin B, Bonfanti L, Ormelli S, Milani A, Cecchettin K, Lemey P, Moreno A, Massi P, Dorotea T, Marangon S, Terregino C. Genetic Diversity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8/H5N5) Viruses in Italy, 2016-17. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:1543-1547. [PMID: 28661831 PMCID: PMC5572881 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.170539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In winter 2016-17, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) and A(H5N5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 were identified in wild and domestic birds in Italy. We report the occurrence of multiple introductions and describe the identification in Europe of 2 novel genotypes, generated through multiple reassortment events.
Collapse
|
85
|
Woo C, Kwon JH, Lee DH, Kim Y, Lee K, Jo SD, Son KD, Oem JK, Wang SJ, Kim Y, Shin J, Song CS, Jheong W, Jeong J. Novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza A (H5N8) virus in a grey heron in South Korea in 2017. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3887-3891. [PMID: 28900762 PMCID: PMC5671518 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the identification of a novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 virus from a dead grey heron in Korea in 2017. Outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIVs have been reported worldwide, and they have evolved into multiple genotypes among wild birds. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this virus likely originated from Qinghai Lake and Western Siberia and further evolved through reassortment with Eurasian LPAI during the 2016 fall migration of wild birds. Enhanced surveillance and comparative genetic analysis will help to monitor the further evolution and dissemination of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAIVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanjin Woo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Youngsik Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghee Lee
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Deok Jo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Dong Son
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ku Oem
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Wang
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkwan Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghwa Shin
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Weonhwa Jheong
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jipseol Jeong
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Takemae N, Tsunekuni R, Sharshov K, Tanikawa T, Uchida Y, Ito H, Soda K, Usui T, Sobolev I, Shestopalov A, Yamaguchi T, Mine J, Ito T, Saito T. Five distinct reassortants of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses affected Japan during the winter of 2016-2017. Virology 2017; 512:8-20. [PMID: 28892736 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the evolutionary pathway, we sequenced the entire genomes of 89 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) isolated in Japan during winter 2016-2017 and 117 AIV/HPAIVs isolated in Japan and Russia. Phylogenetic analysis showed that at least 5 distinct genotypes of H5N6 HPAIVs affected poultry and wild birds during that period. Japanese H5N6 isolates shared a common genetic ancestor in 6 of 8 genomic segments, and the PA and NS genes demonstrated 4 and 2 genetic origins, respectively. Six gene segments originated from a putative ancestral clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 virus that was a possible genetic reassortant among Chinese clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs. In addition, 2 NS clusters and a PA cluster in Japanese H5N6 HPAIVs originated from Chinese HPAIVs, whereas 3 distinct AIV-derived PA clusters were evident. These results suggest that migratory birds were important in the spread and genetic diversification of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Takemae
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagito, Gifu, Gifu 501-1112, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
El-Shesheny R, Barman S, Feeroz MM, Hasan MK, Jones-Engel L, Franks J, Turner J, Seiler P, Walker D, Friedman K, Kercher L, Begum S, Akhtar S, Datta AK, Krauss S, Kayali G, McKenzie P, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Genesis of Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:1368-1371. [PMID: 28609260 PMCID: PMC5547793 DOI: 10.3201/eid2308.170143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4 virus emerged in 2016 and spread to Russia, Europe, and Africa. Our analysis of viruses from domestic ducks at Tanguar haor, Bangladesh, showed genetic similarities with other viruses from wild birds in central Asia, suggesting their potential role in the genesis of A(H5N8).
Collapse
|
88
|
Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081650. [PMID: 28783091 PMCID: PMC5578040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have evolved multiple strategies to interact with a host. A large number of studies have revealed that the evolution of influenza A virus is mainly mediated through the mutation of the virus itself and the re-assortment of viral genomes derived from various strains. The evolution of influenza A virus through these mechanisms causes worldwide annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Importantly, influenza A virus can evolve from an animal infected pathogen to a human infected pathogen. The highly pathogenic influenza virus has resulted in stupendous economic losses due to its morbidity and mortality both in human and animals. Influenza viruses fall into a category of viruses that can cause zoonotic infection with stable adaptation to human, leading to sustained horizontal transmission. The rapid mutations of influenza A virus result in the loss of vaccine optimal efficacy, and challenge the complete eradication of the virus. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of influenza A virus evolution caused by the mutation and re-assortment of viral genomes. In addition, we discuss the specific mechanisms by which the virus evolves.
Collapse
|
89
|
Kandeil A, Kayed A, Moatasim Y, Webby RJ, McKenzie PP, Kayali G, Ali MA. Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds in Egypt. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1573-1586. [PMID: 28721841 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly emerged H5N8 influenza virus was isolated from green-winged teal in Egypt during December 2016. In this study, we provide a detailed characterization of full genomes of Egyptian H5N8 viruses and some virological features. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the Egyptian H5N8 viruses are highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genome of the Egyptian H5N8 viruses was related to recently characterized reassortant H5N8 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 isolated from different Eurasian countries. Multiple peculiar mutations were characterized in the Egyptian H5N8 viruses, which probably permits transmission and virulence of these viruses in mammals. The Egyptian H5N8 viruses preferentially bound to avian-like receptors rather than human-like receptors. Also, the Egyptian H5N8 viruses were fully sensitive to amantadine and neuraminidase inhibitors. Chicken sera raised against commercial inactivated avian influenza-H5 vaccines showed no or very low reactivity with the currently characterized H5N8 viruses in agreement with the genetic dissimilarity. Surveillance of avian influenza in waterfowl provides early warning of specific threats to poultry and human health and hence should be continued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kayed
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela P McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Human Link, Hazmieh Baabda 1107-2090, Lebanon.,Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Sanz I, Rojo S, Tamames S, Eiros JM, Ortiz de Lejarazu R. Heterologous Humoral Response against H5N1, H7N3, and H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses after Seasonal Vaccination in a European Elderly Population. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:E17. [PMID: 28714923 PMCID: PMC5620548 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses are currently one of the main threats to human health in the world. Although there are some screening reports of antibodies against these viruses in humans from Western countries, most of these types of studies are conducted in poultry and market workers of Asian populations. The presence of antibodies against avian influenza viruses was evaluated in an elderly European population. An experimental study was conducted, including pre- and post-vaccine serum samples obtained from 174 elderly people vaccinated with seasonal influenza vaccines of 2006-2007, 2008-2009, 2009-2010, and 2010-2011 Northern Hemisphere vaccine campaigns. The presence of antibodies against A/H5N1, A/H7N3, and A/H9N2 avian influenza viruses were tested by using haemaglutination inhibition assays. Globally, heterotypic antibodies were found before vaccination in 2.9% of individuals against A/H5N1, 1.2% against A/H7N3, and 25.9% against A/H9N2. These pre-vaccination antibodies were present at titers ≥1/40 in 1.1% of individuals against A/H5N1, in 1.1% against H7N3, and in 0.6% against the A/H9N2 subtype. One 76 year-old male showed pre-vaccine antibodies (Abs) against those three avian influenza viruses, and another three individuals presented Abs against two different viruses. Seasonal influenza vaccination induced a significant number of heterotypic seroconversions against A/H5N1 (14.4%) and A/H9N2 (10.9%) viruses, but only one seroconversion was observed against the A/H7N3 subtype. After vaccination, four individuals showed Abs titers ≥1/40 against those three avian viruses, and 55 individuals against both A/H5N1 and A/H9N2. Seasonal vaccination is able to induce some weak heterotypic responses to viruses of avian origin in elderly individuals with no previous exposure to them. However, this response did not accomplish the European Medicament Agency criteria for influenza vaccine efficacy. The results of this study show that seasonal vaccines induce a broad response of heterotypic antibodies against avian influenza viruses, albeit at a low level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sanz
- Valladolid National Influenza Centre, Avenida Ramón y Cajal s/n, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Avenida Ramón y Cajal s/n, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Silvia Rojo
- Valladolid National Influenza Centre, Avenida Ramón y Cajal s/n, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Avenida Ramón y Cajal s/n, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Sonia Tamames
- Consejería de Sanidad, Junta de Castilla y León, Paseo de Zorrilla 1, 47007 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - José María Eiros
- Valladolid National Influenza Centre, Avenida Ramón y Cajal s/n, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Calle Dulzaina 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Raúl Ortiz de Lejarazu
- Valladolid National Influenza Centre, Avenida Ramón y Cajal s/n, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Avenida Ramón y Cajal s/n, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Costa-Hurtado M, Bertran K, DeJesus E, Smith D, Swayne DE. Infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N8 and H5N2) United States index viruses in Pekin ducks and Chinese geese. Vet Res 2017; 48:33. [PMID: 28592320 PMCID: PMC5463389 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In late 2014, a H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, clade 2.3.4.4, spread by migratory waterfowl into North America reassorting with low pathogenicity AI viruses to produce a H5N2 HPAI virus. Since domestic waterfowl are common backyard poultry frequently in contact with wild waterfowl, the infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of the United States H5 HPAI index viruses (H5N8 and H5N2) was investigated in domestic ducks and geese. Ducks infected with the viruses had an increase in body temperature but no or mild clinical signs. Infected geese did not show increase in body temperature and most only had mild clinical signs; however, some geese presented severe neurological signs. Ducks became infected and transmitted the viruses to contacts when inoculated with high virus doses [(104 and 106 50% embryo infective dose (EID50)], but not with a lower dose (102 EID50). Geese inoculated with the H5N8 virus became infected regardless of the virus dose given, and transmitted the virus to direct contacts. Only geese inoculated with the higher doses of the H5N2 and their contacts became infected, indicating differences in infectivity between the two viruses and the two waterfowl species. Geese shed higher titers of virus and for a longer period of time than ducks. In conclusion, the H5 HPAI viruses can infect domestic waterfowl and easily transmit to contact birds, with geese being more susceptible to infection and disease than ducks. The disease is mostly asymptomatic, but infected birds shed virus for several days representing a risk to other poultry species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Mar Costa-Hurtado
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Kateri Bertran
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Eric DeJesus
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Diane Smith
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - David E. Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza A (H5N8) outbreak in commercial poultry, Iran, 2016: the first report and update data. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1089-1093. [PMID: 28478526 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage dramatically affected poultry and wild birds in Asia, Europe, and North America. In November 2016, HPAI H5N8 was detected in a commercial layer farm in Tehran province. The diagnosis was based on real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RRT-PCR) and sequencing of haemaglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from suspected samples. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene demonstrated that the Iranian HPAI H5N8 viruses belong to the HPAI H5 virus clade 2.3.4.4 and cluster within group B (Gochang-like). In particular, the highest similarity was found with the sequences of the HPAI H5N8 identified in Russia in 2016. To our knowledge, this clade has not been previously detected in Iran. Previous HPAI A (H5) epidemic in Iran occurred in 2015 and involved exclusively viruses of clade 2.3.2.1c. These findings indicate that Iran is at high risk of introduction of HPAI H5 of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage from East Asia and highlight the need to maintain adequate monitoring activities in target wild and domestic bird species for HPAI early detection. This study is useful for better understanding the genetic and antigenic evolution of H5 HPAI viruses in the region and the world.
Collapse
|
93
|
Li M, Liu H, Bi Y, Sun J, Wong G, Liu D, Li L, Liu J, Chen Q, Wang H, He Y, Shi W, Gao GF, Chen J. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Wild Migratory Birds, Qinghai Lake, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:637-641. [PMID: 28169827 PMCID: PMC5367427 DOI: 10.3201/eid2304.161866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In May 2016, a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus strain caused deaths among 3 species of wild migratory birds in Qinghai Lake, China. Genetic analysis showed that the novel reassortant virus belongs to group B H5N8 viruses and that the reassortment events likely occurred in early 2016.
Collapse
|
94
|
Pohlmann A, Starick E, Harder T, Grund C, Höper D, Globig A, Staubach C, Dietze K, Strebelow G, Ulrich RG, Schinköthe J, Teifke JP, Conraths FJ, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M. Outbreaks among Wild Birds and Domestic Poultry Caused by Reassorted Influenza A(H5N8) Clade 2.3.4.4 Viruses, Germany, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:633-636. [PMID: 28055819 PMCID: PMC5367393 DOI: 10.3201/eid2304.161949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In November 2016, an influenza A(H5N8) outbreak caused deaths of wild birds and domestic poultry in Germany. Clade 2.3.4.4 virus was closely related to viruses detected at the Russia–Mongolia border in 2016 but had new polymerase acidic and nucleoprotein segments. These new strains may be more efficiently transmitted to and shed by birds.
Collapse
|
95
|
Nagarajan S, Kumar M, Murugkar HV, Tripathi S, Shukla S, Agarwal S, Dubey G, Nagi RS, Singh VP, Tosh C. Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N8) Virus in Zoos, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:717-719. [PMID: 28117031 PMCID: PMC5367432 DOI: 10.3201/eid2304.161886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N8) viruses were detected in waterfowl at 2 zoos in India in October 2016. Both viruses were different 7:1 reassortants of H5N8 viruses isolated in May 2016 from wild birds in the Russian Federation and China, suggesting virus spread during southward winter migration of birds.
Collapse
|
96
|
More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Saxmose Nielsen S, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Adlhoch C, Baldinelli F, Breed A, Brouwer A, Guillemain M, Harder T, Monne I, Roberts H, Cortinas Abrahantes J, Mosbach-Schulz O, Verdonck F, Morgado J, Stegeman A. Urgent request on avian influenza. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04687. [PMID: 32625275 PMCID: PMC7009852 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 is currently causing an epizootic in Europe, infecting many poultry holdings as well as captive and wild bird species in more than 10 countries. Given the clear clinical manifestation, passive surveillance is considered the most effective means of detecting infected wild and domestic birds. Testing samples from new species and non‐previously reported areas is key to determine the geographic spread of HPAIV H5N8 2016 in wild birds. Testing limited numbers of dead wild birds in previously reported areas is useful when it is relevant to know whether the virus is still present in the area or not, e.g. before restrictive measures in poultry are to be lifted. To prevent introduction of HPAIV from wild birds into poultry, strict biosecurity implemented and maintained by the poultry farmers is the most important measure. Providing holding‐specific biosecurity guidance is strongly recommended as it is expected to have a high impact on the achieved biosecurity level of the holding. This is preferably done during peace time to increase preparedness for future outbreaks. The location and size of control and in particular monitoring areas for poultry associated with positive wild bird findings are best based on knowledge of the wider habitat and flight distance of the affected wild bird species. It is recommended to increase awareness among poultry farmers in these established areas in order to enhance passive surveillance and to implement enhanced biosecurity measures including poultry confinement. There is no scientific evidence suggesting a different effectiveness of the protection measures on the introduction into poultry holdings and subsequent spread of HPAIV when applied to H5N8, H5N1 or other notifiable HPAI viruses. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.EN-1142/full
Collapse
|
97
|
Reintroduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N8 virus of clade 2.3.4.4. in Russia. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1381-1385. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
98
|
Park YC, Song JM. Preparation and immunogenicity of influenza virus-like particles using nitrocellulose membrane filtration. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017; 6:61-66. [PMID: 28168175 PMCID: PMC5292359 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nitrocellulose membrane–based filtration system (NCFS) is widely used for protein concentration. In this study, we applied NCFS for production of virus-like particle (VLP) as a vaccine candidate and evaluated yield property and immunogenicity. Materials and Methods Influenza VLPs were generated by baculovirus-insect cell protein expression system. NCFS and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation were used for purification of VLP. Immunogenicity of VLP was evaluated by animal experiment. Results Influenza VLPs expressing hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase proteins derived from highly pathogenic influenza virus (H5N8) were effectively produced and purified by NCFS. HA activity of VLP which correlated with antigenicity was well conserved during multiple purification steps. This NCFS based purified VLPs induced influenza virus–specific antibody responses. Conclusion Our results indicate that the influenza VLP vaccine could be prepared by NCFS without loss of immunogenicity and elicit antigen-specific immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Chan Park
- Department of Global Medical Science, Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Min Song
- Department of Global Medical Science, Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|