951
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Fell M, Barber J, Lichstein JW, Ogle K. Multidimensional trait space informed by a mechanistic model of tree growth and carbon allocation. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fell
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University P.O. Box 874501 Tempe Arizona 85287 USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University P.O. Box 5693 Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Jarrett Barber
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University P.O. Box 5693 Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Jeremy W. Lichstein
- Department of Biology University of Florida P.O. Box 118525 Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University P.O. Box 5693 Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University P.O. Box 5620 Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
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952
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Ottaviani G, Tsakalos JL, Keppel G, Mucina L. Quantifying the effects of ecological constraints on trait expression using novel trait-gradient analysis parameters. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:435-440. [PMID: 29321883 PMCID: PMC5756828 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex processes related to biotic and abiotic forces can impose limitations to assembly and composition of plant communities. Quantifying the effects of these constraints on plant functional traits across environmental gradients, and among communities, remains challenging. We define ecological constraint (Ci) as the combined, limiting effect of biotic interactions and environmental filtering on trait expression (i.e., the mean value and range of functional traits). Here, we propose a set of novel parameters to quantify this constraint by extending the trait‐gradient analysis (TGA) methodology. The key parameter is ecological constraint, which is dimensionless and can be measured at various scales, for example, on population and community levels. It facilitates comparing the effects of ecological constraints on trait expressions across environmental gradients, as well as within and among communities. We illustrate the implementation of the proposed parameters using the bark thickness of 14 woody species along an aridity gradient on granite outcrops in southwestern Australia. We found a positive correlation between increasing environmental stress and strength of ecological constraint on bark thickness expression. Also, plants from more stressful habitats (shrublands on shallow soils and in sun‐exposed locations) displayed higher ecological constraint for bark thickness than plants in more benign habitats (woodlands on deep soils and in sheltered locations). The relative ease of calculation and dimensionless nature of Ci allow it to be readily implemented at various scales and make it widely applicable. It therefore has the potential to advance the mechanistic understanding of the ecological processes shaping trait expression. Some future applications of the new parameters could be investigating the patterns of ecological constraints (1) among communities from different regions, (2) on different traits across similar environmental gradients, and (3) for the same trait across different gradient types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Ottaviani
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia.,Institute of Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Třeboň Czech Republic
| | - James L Tsakalos
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Gunnar Keppel
- School of Natural and Built Environments and Future Industries Institute Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Ladislav Mucina
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia.,Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
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953
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Abstract
There are great concerns about the impacts of soil biodiversity loss on ecosystem functions and services such as nutrient cycling, food production, and carbon storage. A diverse community of soil organisms that together comprise a complex food web mediates such ecosystem functions and services. Recent advances have shed light on the key drivers of soil food web structure, but a conceptual integration is lacking. Here, we explore how human-induced changes in plant community composition influence soil food webs. We present a framework describing the mechanistic underpinnings of how shifts in plant litter and root traits and microclimatic variables impact on the diversity, structure, and function of the soil food web. We then illustrate our framework by discussing how shifts in plant communities resulting from land-use change, climatic change, and species invasions affect soil food web structure and functioning. We argue that unravelling the mechanistic links between plant community trait composition and soil food webs is essential to understanding the cascading effects of anthropogenic shifts in plant communities on ecosystem functions and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonathan R. De Long
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands
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954
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Báez S, Homeier J. Functional traits determine tree growth and ecosystem productivity of a tropical montane forest: Insights from a long-term nutrient manipulation experiment. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:399-409. [PMID: 28921844 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trait-response effects are critical to forecast community structure and biomass production in highly diverse tropical forests. Ecological theory and few observation studies indicate that trees with acquisitive functional traits would respond more strongly to higher resource availability than those with conservative traits. We assessed how long-term tree growth in experimental nutrient addition plots (N, P, and N + P) varied as a function of morphological traits, tree size, and species identity. We also evaluated how trait-based responses affected stand scale biomass production considering the community structure. We found that tree growth depended on interactions between functional traits and the type or combination of nutrients added. Common species with acquisitive functional traits responded more strongly to nutrient addition, mainly to N + P. Phosphorous enhanced the growth rates of species with acquisitive and conservative traits, had mostly positive effects on common species and neutral or negative effects in rare species. Moreover, trees receiving N + P grew faster irrespective of their initial size relative to trees in control or to trees in other treatment plots. Finally, species responses were highly idiosyncratic suggesting that community processes including competition and niche dimensionality may be altered under increased resource availability. We found no statistically significant effects of nutrient additions on aboveground biomass productivity because acquisitive species had a limited potential to increase their biomass, possibly due to their generally lower wood density. In contrast, P addition increased the growth rates of species characterized by more conservative resource strategies (with higher wood density) that were poorly represented in the plant community. We provide the first long-term experimental evidence that trait-based responses, community structure, and community processes modulate the effects of increased nutrient availability on biomass productivity in a tropical forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Báez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
- Museo de Colecciones Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Jürgen Homeier
- Plant Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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955
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Rapson GL. Changing methodology results in operational drift in the meaning of leaf area index, necessitating implementation of foliage layer index. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:638-644. [PMID: 29321900 PMCID: PMC5756838 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf area index (LAI) was developed to describe the number of layers of foliage in a monoculture. Subsequent expansion into measurement by remote-sensing methods has resulted in misrepresentation of LAI. The new name foliage layer index (FLI) is applied to a more simply estimated version of Goodall's "cover repetition," that is, the number of layers of foliage a single species has, either within a community or in monoculture. The relationship of FLI with cover is demonstrated in model communities, and some potential relationships between FLI and species' habit are suggested. FLI comm is a new formulation for the number of layers of foliage in a mixed-species' community. LAI should now be reserved for remote-sensing applications in mixed communities, where it is probably a nonlinear measure of the density of light-absorbing pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L. Rapson
- Ecology GroupCollege of ScienceMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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956
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Males J, Griffiths H. Economic and hydraulic divergences underpin ecological differentiation in the Bromeliaceae. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:64-78. [PMID: 28346742 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf economic and hydraulic theories have rarely been applied to the ecological differentiation of speciose herbaceous plant radiations. The role of character trait divergences and network reorganization in the differentiation of the functional types in the megadiverse Neotropical Bromeliaceae was explored by quantifying a range of leaf economic and hydraulic traits in 50 diverse species. Functional types, which are defined by combinations of C3 or Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, terrestrial or epiphytic habits, and non-specialized, tank-forming or atmospheric morphologies, segregated clearly in trait space. Most classical leaf economic relationships were supported, but they were weakened by the presence of succulence. Functional types differed in trait-network architecture, suggesting that rewiring of trait-networks caused by innovations in habit and photosynthetic pathway is an important aspect of ecological differentiation. The hydraulic data supported the coupling of leaf hydraulics and gas exchange, but not the hydraulic safety versus efficiency hypothesis, and hinted at an important role for the extra-xylary compartment in the control of bromeliad leaf hydraulics. Overall, our findings highlight the fundamental importance of structure-function relationships in the generation and maintenance of ecological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Males
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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957
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Laughlin DC. Rugged fitness landscapes and Darwinian demons in trait-based ecology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:501-503. [PMID: 29271038 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Laughlin
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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958
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Silva JLA, Souza AF, Caliman A, Voigt EL, Lichston JE. Weak whole-plant trait coordination in a seasonally dry South American stressful environment. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4-12. [PMID: 29321846 PMCID: PMC5756860 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A core question involving both plant physiology and community ecology is whether traits from different organs are coordinated across species, beyond pairwise trait correlations. The strength of within-community trait coordination has been hypothesized to increase along gradients of environmental harshness, due to the cost of adopting ecological strategies out of the viable niche space supported by the abiotic conditions. We evaluated the strength of trait relationship and coordination in a stressful environment using 21 leaf and stem traits of 21 deciduous and evergreen woody species from a heath vegetation growing on coastal sandy plain in northeastern South America. The study region faces marked dry season, high soil salinity and acidity, and poor nutritional conditions. Results from multiple factor analyses supported two weak and independent axes of trait coordination, which accounted for 25%-29% of the trait variance using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Trait correlations on the multiple factor analyses main axis fit well with the global plant economic spectrum, with species investing in small leaves and dense stems as opposed to species with softer stems and large leaves. The species' positions on the main functional axis corresponded to the competitor-stress-tolerant side of Grime's CSR triangle of plant strategies. The weak degree of trait coordination displayed by the heath vegetation species contradicted our expectation of high trait coordination in stressful environmental habitats. The distinct biogeographic origins of the species occurring in the study region and the prevalence of a regional environmental filter coupled with local homogeneous conditions could account for prevalence of trait independence we observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. A. Silva
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em EcologiaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN)NatalBrazil
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959
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Thomson FJ, Letten AD, Tamme R, Edwards W, Moles AT. Can dispersal investment explain why tall plant species achieve longer dispersal distances than short plant species? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:407-415. [PMID: 28833231 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tall plant species disperse further distances than do short species, within and across dispersal syndromes, yet the driver underpinning this relationship is unclear. The ability of taller plants to invest more in dispersal structures may explain the positive relationship between plant height and dispersal distance. Here, we quantify the cross-species relationships between presence of dispersal structures, dispersal investment plant height and dispersal distance. Plant height, dispersal syndrome and dispersal investment data were collated for 1613 species from the literature, with dispersal distance data collated for 114 species. We find that species with high dispersal investment disperse further than do species with low dispersal investment. Tall species have a greater probability of having dispersal structures on their seeds compared with short species. For species with dispersal structures on their seeds, plant height is very weakly related to dispersal investment. Our results provide the first global confirmation of the dispersal investment-distance hypothesis, and show dispersal investment can be used for predicting species dispersal distances. However, our results and those of previous studies indicate plant height is still the best proxy for estimating species dispersal distances due to it being such a readily available plant trait.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D Letten
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
| | - Riin Tamme
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Will Edwards
- Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4811, Australia
| | - Angela T Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
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960
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Prieto I, Querejeta JI, Segrestin J, Volaire F, Roumet C. Leaf carbon and oxygen isotopes are coordinated with the leaf economics spectrum in Mediterranean rangeland species. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Prieto
- CEFECNRSUniv MontpellierUniv Paul Valéry Montpellier 3EPHEIRD Montpellier France
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS‐CSIC) Murcia Spain
| | - José I. Querejeta
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS‐CSIC) Murcia Spain
| | - Jules Segrestin
- CEFECNRSUniv MontpellierUniv Paul Valéry Montpellier 3EPHEIRD Montpellier France
| | - Florence Volaire
- CEFEINRACNRSUniv. MontpellierUniv Paul Valéry Montpellier 3EPHEIRD Montpellier France
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFECNRSUniv MontpellierUniv Paul Valéry Montpellier 3EPHEIRD Montpellier France
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961
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Roth T, Allan E, Pearman PB, Amrhein V. Functional ecology and imperfect detection of species. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Roth
- University of BaselZoological Institute Basel Switzerland
- Hintermann & Weber AG Reinach Switzerland
| | - Eric Allan
- University of Bern Institute of Plant Sciences Bern Switzerland
| | - Peter B. Pearman
- Department of Plant Biology and EcologyFaculty of Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of the Basque CountryUPV/EHU Leioa Spain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
| | - Valentin Amrhein
- University of BaselZoological Institute Basel Switzerland
- Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach Switzerland
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962
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Tian D, Yan Z, Niklas KJ, Han W, Kattge J, Reich PB, Luo Y, Chen Y, Tang Z, Hu H, Wright IJ, Schmid B, Fang J. Global leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry and their scaling exponent. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations constrain photosynthetic and metabolic processes, growth and the productivity of plants. Their stoichiometry and scaling relationships regulate the allocation of N and P from subcellular to organism, and even ecosystem levels, and are crucial to the modelling of plant growth and nutrient cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Prior work has revealed a general biogeographic pattern of leaf N and P stoichiometric relationships and shown that leaf N scales roughly as two-thirds the power of P. However, determining whether and how leaf N and P stoichiometries, especially their scaling exponents, change with functional groups and environmental conditions requires further verification. In this study, we compiled a global data set and documented the global leaf N and P concentrations and the N:P ratios by functional group, climate zone and continent. The global overall mean leaf N and P concentrations were 18.9 mg g−1 and 1.2 mg g−1, respectively, with significantly higher concentrations in herbaceous than woody plants (21.72 mg g−1 vs. 18.22 mg g−1 for N; and 1.64 mg g−1 vs. 1.10 mg g−1 for P). Both leaf N and P showed higher concentrations at high latitudes than low latitudes. Among six continents, Europe had the highest N and P concentrations (20.79 and 1.54 mg g−1) and Oceania had the smallest values (10.01 and 0.46 mg g−1). These numerical values may be used as a basis for the comparison of other individual studies. Further, we found that the scaling exponent varied significantly across different functional groups, latitudinal zones, ecoregions and sites. The exponents of herbaceous and woody plants were 0.659 and 0.705, respectively, with significant latitudinal patterns decreasing from tropical to temperate to boreal zones. At sites with a sample size ≥10, the values fluctuated from 0.366 to 1.928, with an average of 0.841. Several factors including the intrinsic attributes of different life forms, P-related growth rates and relative nutrient availability of soils likely account for the inconstant exponents of leaf N vs. P scaling relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tian
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhengbing Yan
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Karl J Niklas
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Wenxuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, MN 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Yongkai Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yahan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhiyao Tang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huifeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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963
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Seddon N, Mace GM, Naeem S, Tobias JA, Pigot AL, Cavanagh R, Mouillot D, Vause J, Walpole M. Biodiversity in the Anthropocene: prospects and policy. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.2094. [PMID: 27928040 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Meeting the ever-increasing needs of the Earth's human population without excessively reducing biological diversity is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity, suggesting that new approaches to biodiversity conservation are required. One idea rapidly gaining momentum-as well as opposition-is to incorporate the values of biodiversity into decision-making using economic methods. Here, we develop several lines of argument for how biodiversity might be valued, building on recent developments in natural science, economics and science-policy processes. Then we provide a synoptic guide to the papers in this special feature, summarizing recent research advances relevant to biodiversity valuation and management. Current evidence suggests that more biodiverse systems have greater stability and resilience, and that by maximizing key components of biodiversity we maximize an ecosystem's long-term value. Moreover, many services and values arising from biodiversity are interdependent, and often poorly captured by standard economic models. We conclude that economic valuation approaches to biodiversity conservation should (i) account for interdependency and (ii) complement rather than replace traditional approaches. To identify possible solutions, we present a framework for understanding the foundational role of hard-to-quantify 'biodiversity services' in sustaining the value of ecosystems to humanity, and then use this framework to highlight new directions for pure and applied research. In most cases, clarifying the links between biodiversity and ecosystem services, and developing effective policy and practice for managing biodiversity, will require a genuinely interdisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Seddon
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK .,Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,International Institute for Environment and Development, 80-86 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8NH, UK
| | - Georgina M Mace
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shahid Naeem
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Alex L Pigot
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, Groningen 9700 CC, The Netherlands
| | | | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, UMR CNRS-UM2 9190, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - James Vause
- UNEP, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matt Walpole
- UNEP, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
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964
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Refsland TK, Fraterrigo JM. Both canopy and understory traits act as response–effect traits in fire‐managed forests. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K. Refsland
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Jennifer M. Fraterrigo
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
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965
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Martin AR, Isaac ME. Functional traits in agroecology: Advancing description and prediction in agroecosystems. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences; and the Centre for Critical Development of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Marney E. Isaac
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences; and the Centre for Critical Development of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Geography; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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966
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Emmett BD, Youngblut ND, Buckley DH, Drinkwater LE. Plant Phylogeny and Life History Shape Rhizosphere Bacterial Microbiome of Summer Annuals in an Agricultural Field. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2414. [PMID: 29321763 PMCID: PMC5732146 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere microbial communities are critically important for soil nitrogen cycling and plant productivity. There is evidence that plant species and genotypes select distinct rhizosphere communities, however, knowledge of the drivers and extent of this variation remains limited. We grew 11 annual species and 11 maize (Zea mays subsp. mays) inbred lines in a common garden experiment to assess the influence of host phylogeny, growth, and nitrogen metabolism on rhizosphere communities. Growth characteristics, bacterial community composition and potential activity of extracellular enzymes were assayed at time of flowering, when plant nitrogen demand is maximal. Bacterial community composition varied significantly between different plant species and genotypes. Rhizosphere beta-diversity was positively correlated with phylogenetic distance between plant species, but not genetic distance within a plant species. In particular, life history traits associated with plant resource acquisition (e.g., longer lifespan, high nitrogen use efficiency, and larger seed size) were correlated with variation in bacterial community composition and enzyme activity. These results indicate that plant evolutionary history and life history strategy influence rhizosphere bacterial community composition and activity. Thus, incorporating phylogenetic or functional diversity into crop rotations may be a tool to manipulate plant-microbe interactions in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Emmett
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Youngblut
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel H. Buckley
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Laurie E. Drinkwater
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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967
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Carmona CP, de Bello F, Mason NWH, Lepš J. Traits Without Borders: Integrating Functional Diversity Across Scales. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 31:382-394. [PMID: 26924737 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the conceptual complexity of functional diversity (FD), a multitude of different methods are available for measuring it, with most being operational at only a small range of spatial scales. This causes uncertainty in ecological interpretations and limits the potential to generalize findings across studies or compare patterns across scales. We solve this problem by providing a unified framework expanding on and integrating existing approaches. The framework, based on trait probability density (TPD), is the first to fully implement the Hutchinsonian concept of the niche as a probabilistic hypervolume in estimating FD. This novel approach could revolutionize FD-based research by allowing quantification of the various FD components from organismal to macroecological scales, and allowing seamless transitions between scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Carmona
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Francesco de Bello
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Lepš
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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968
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Swenson NG, Iida Y, Howe R, Wolf A, Umaña MN, Petprakob K, Turner BL, Ma K. Tree co-occurrence and transcriptomic response to drought. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1996. [PMID: 29222461 PMCID: PMC5722877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02034-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution and co-occurrence of species are partly the outcome of their interactions with environmental drivers. Drought is a key driver related to the distribution of plant species. Drought events continue to increase in frequency and severity and identifying those aspects of plant function that are related to drought is critical. Here, we perform a community-level analysis of gene expression in relation to experimental drought and relate the similarity in gene set enrichment across species to their natural co-occurrence. Species with similar gene set enrichment in response to experimental drought tend to non-randomly co-occur in a natural stand. We demonstrate that similarity in the transcriptomic response of species to drought is a significantly better indicator of natural co-occurrence than measures of functional trait similarity and phylogenetic relatedness and that transcriptomics has the capacity to greatly enhance ecological investigations of species distributions and community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Swenson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Yoshiko Iida
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kumamoto, 860-0862, Japan
| | - Robert Howe
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, 54311, USA
| | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, 54311, USA
| | | | - Krittika Petprakob
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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969
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Herben T, Klimešová J, Chytrý M. Effects of disturbance frequency and severity on plant traits: An assessment across a temperate flora. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Herben
- Institute of BotanyCzech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
- Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceCharles University Praha Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Institute of BotanyCzech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic
| | - Milan Chytrý
- Department of Botany and ZoologyMasaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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970
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Walker AP, McCormack ML, Messier J, Myers-Smith IH, Wullschleger SD. Trait covariance: the functional warp of plant diversity? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:976-980. [PMID: 29110312 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division & Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Julie Messier
- Biology Department, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | | | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division & Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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971
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Hartman WH, Ye R, Horwath WR, Tringe SG. A genomic perspective on stoichiometric regulation of soil carbon cycling. THE ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:2652-2665. [PMID: 28731470 PMCID: PMC5702722 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Similar to plant growth, soil carbon (C) cycling is constrained by the availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). We hypothesized that stoichiometric control over soil microbial C cycling may be shaped by functional guilds with distinct nutrient substrate preferences. Across a series of rice fields spanning 5-25% soil C (N:P from 1:12 to 1:70), C turnover was best correlated with P availability and increased with experimental N addition only in lower C (mineral) soils with N:P⩽16. Microbial community membership also varied with soil stoichiometry but not with N addition. Shotgun metagenome data revealed changes in community functions with increasing C turnover, including a shift from aromatic C to carbohydrate utilization accompanied by lower N uptake and P scavenging. Similar patterns of C, N and P acquisition, along with higher ribosomal RNA operon copy numbers, distinguished that microbial taxa positively correlated with C turnover. Considering such tradeoffs in genomic resource allocation patterns among taxa strengthened correlations between microbial community composition and C cycling, suggesting simplified guilds amenable to ecosystem modeling. Our results suggest that patterns of soil C turnover may reflect community-dependent metabolic shifts driven by resource allocation strategies, analogous to growth rate-stoichiometry coupling in animal and plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt H Hartman
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek CA, USA
| | - Rongzhong Ye
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis CA, USA
- Plant and Environmental Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson SC, USA
| | - William R Horwath
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis CA, USA
| | - Susannah G Tringe
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek CA, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced CA, USA
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972
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Bergmann J, Ryo M, Prati D, Hempel S, Rillig MC. Root traits are more than analogues of leaf traits: the case for diaspore mass. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:1130-1139. [PMID: 28895147 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Root traits are often thought to be analogues of leaf traits along the plant economics spectrum. But evolutionary pressures have most likely shaped above- and belowground patterns differentially. Here, we aimed to identify the most important aboveground traits for explaining root traits without an a priori focus on known concepts. We measured morphological root traits in a glasshouse experiment on 141 common Central European grassland species. Using random forest algorithms, we built predictive models of six root traits from 97 aboveground morphological, ecological and life history traits. Root tissue density was best predicted by leaf dry matter content, whereas traits related to root fineness were best predicted by diaspore mass: the heavier the diaspore, the coarser the root system. Specific leaf area (SLA) was not an important predictor for any of the root traits. This study confirms the hypothesis that root traits are more than analogues of leaf traits within a plant economics spectrum. The results reveal a novel ecological pattern and highlight the power of root data to close important knowledge gaps in trait-based ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bergmann
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Science (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Masahiro Ryo
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Science (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Prati
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hempel
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Science (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Science (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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973
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Li H, Liu B, McCormack ML, Ma Z, Guo D. Diverse belowground resource strategies underlie plant species coexistence and spatial distribution in three grasslands along a precipitation gradient. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:1140-1150. [PMID: 28758691 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits and their variation mediate plant species coexistence and spatial distribution. Yet, how patterns of variation in belowground traits influence resource acquisition across species and plant communities remains obscure. To characterize diverse belowground strategies in relation to species coexistence and abundance, we assessed four key belowground traits - root diameter, root branching intensity, first-order root length and mycorrhizal colonization - in 27 coexisting species from three grassland communities along a precipitation gradient. Species with thinner roots had higher root branching intensity, but shorter first-order root length and consistently low mycorrhizal colonization, whereas species with thicker roots enhanced their capacity for resource acquisition by producing longer first-order roots and maintaining high mycorrhizal colonization. Plant species observed across multiple sites consistently decreased root branching and/or mycorrhizal colonization, but increased lateral root length with decreasing precipitation. Additionally, the degree of intraspecific trait variation was positively correlated with species abundance across the gradient, indicating that high intraspecific trait variation belowground may facilitate greater fitness and chances of survival across multiple habitats. These results suggest that a small set of critical belowground traits can effectively define diverse resource acquisition strategies in different environments and may forecast species survival and range shifts under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Li
- Center of Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Bitao Liu
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Center of Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Zeqing Ma
- Center of Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dali Guo
- Center of Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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974
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Sonkoly J, Deák B, Valkó O, Molnár V A, Tóthmérész B, Török P. Do large-seeded herbs have a small range size? The seed mass-distribution range trade-off hypothesis. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:11204-11212. [PMID: 29299293 PMCID: PMC5743478 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to introduce and test the “seed mass–distribution range trade‐off” hypothesis, that is, that range size is negatively related to seed mass due to the generally better dispersal ability of smaller seeds. Studying the effects of environmental factors on the seed mass and range size of species, we also aimed to identify habitats where species may be at risk and need extra conservation effort to avoid local extinctions. We collected data for seed mass, global range size, and indicators for environmental factors of the habitat for 1,600 species of the Pannonian Ecoregion (Central Europe) from the literature. We tested the relationship between species’ seed mass, range size, and indicator values for soil moisture, light intensity, and nutrient supply. We found that seed mass is negatively correlated with range size; thus, a seed mass–distribution range trade‐off was validated based on the studied large species pool. We found increasing seed mass with decreasing light intensity and increasing nutrient availability, but decreasing seed mass with increasing soil moisture. Range size increased with increasing soil moisture and nutrient supply, but decreased with increasing light intensity. Our results supported the hypothesis that there is a trade‐off between seed mass and distribution range. We found that species of habitats characterized by low soil moisture and nutrient values but high light intensity values have small range size. This emphasizes that species of dry, infertile habitats, such as dry grasslands, could be more vulnerable to habitat fragmentation or degradation than species of wet and fertile habitats. The remarkably high number of species and the use of global distribution range in our study support our understanding of global biogeographic processes and patterns that are essential in defining conservation priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Sonkoly
- MTA-DE Lendület Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group Debrecen Hungary.,Department of Ecology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Balázs Deák
- MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group Debrecen Hungary
| | - Orsolya Valkó
- MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group Debrecen Hungary
| | - Attila Molnár V
- Department of Botany University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Béla Tóthmérész
- Department of Ecology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary.,MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group Debrecen Hungary
| | - Péter Török
- MTA-DE Lendület Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group Debrecen Hungary.,Department of Ecology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
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975
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Isaac ME, Cerda R, Rapidel B, Martin AR, Dickinson AK, Sibelet N. Farmer perception and utilization of leaf functional traits in managing agroecosystems. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marney E. Isaac
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Critical Development Studies; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Geography; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Rolando Cerda
- CATIE; Programa de Agricultura y Agroforestería Sostenible; Turrialba Costa Rica
- CIRAD; UMR SYSTEM; Turrialba Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Rapidel
- CATIE; Programa de Agricultura y Agroforestería Sostenible; Turrialba Costa Rica
- CIRAD; UMR SYSTEM; Turrialba Costa Rica
- SYSTEM; Univ Montpellier; CIRAD; INRA; Montpellier SupAgro; Montpellier France
| | - Adam R. Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Critical Development Studies; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Adam K. Dickinson
- Department of Geography; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Nicole Sibelet
- INNOVATION; Univ Montpellier; CIRAD; INRA; Montpellier SupAgro; Montpellier France
- CATIE; IDEA; Turrialba Costa Rica
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976
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van Moorsel SJ, Hahl T, Wagg C, De Deyn GB, Flynn DFB, Zuppinger-Dingley D, Schmid B. Community evolution increases plant productivity at low diversity. Ecol Lett 2017; 21:128-137. [PMID: 29148170 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Species extinctions from local communities negatively affect ecosystem functioning. Ecological mechanisms underlying these impacts are well studied, but the role of evolutionary processes is rarely assessed. Using a long-term field experiment, we tested whether natural selection in plant communities increased biodiversity effects on productivity. We re-assembled communities with 8-year co-selection history adjacent to communities with identical species composition but no history of co-selection ('naïve communities'). Monocultures, and in particular mixtures of two to four co-selected species, were more productive than their corresponding naïve communities over 4 years in soils with or without co-selected microbial communities. At the highest diversity level of eight plant species, no such differences were observed. Our findings suggest that plant community evolution can lead to rapid increases in ecosystem functioning at low diversity but may take longer at high diversity. This effect was not modified by treatments simulating co-evolutionary processes between plants and soil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia J van Moorsel
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity and Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Terhi Hahl
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity and Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cameron Wagg
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity and Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gerlinde B De Deyn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dan F B Flynn
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity and Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Debra Zuppinger-Dingley
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity and Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity and Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
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977
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Chalmandrier L, Albouy C, Pellissier L. Species pool distributions along functional trade-offs shape plant productivity-diversity relationships. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15405. [PMID: 29133911 PMCID: PMC5684142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Grasslands deliver the resources for food production and are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems. These characteristics are often in conflict as increasing yield through fertilization can lead to biodiversity loss. Thus, the challenge in grassland management is to sustain both yield and diversity. Biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiments typically reveal a positive relationship between manipulated species diversity and productivity. In contrast, observations of the effect of increasing productivity via fertilization suggest a negative association with biodiversity. Using a mathematical model simulating species co-existence along a resource gradient, we show that trade-offs and species pool structure (size and trait distribution) determines the shape of the productivity-diversity relationship. At a constant resource level, over-yielding drives a positive relationship between biodiversity and productivity. In contrast, along a resource gradient, the shape of the productivity-diversity relationship is determined by the distribution of species along trade-off axes and often resulted in a bell-shaped relationship. In accordance to this theoretical result, we then explain the general trend of plant biodiversity loss with fertilisation in the European flora, by showing empirical evidence that trait distribution of plant species pools throughout Europe is biased toward species preferring poorer soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Chalmandrier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Camille Albouy
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,IFREMER, unit "Ecologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique", rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311, Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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978
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Wüest RO, Münkemüller T, Lavergne S, Pollock LJ, Thuiller W. Integrating correlation between traits improves spatial predictions of plant functional composition. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael O. Wüest
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine); FR-38000 Grenoble France
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Forest Resources and Managment, Zürcherstrasse 11; CH-8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Tamara Münkemüller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine); FR-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine); FR-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Laura J. Pollock
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine); FR-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine); FR-38000 Grenoble France
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979
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Hodgson JG, Santini BA, Montserrat Marti G, Royo Pla F, Jones G, Bogaard A, Charles M, Font X, Ater M, Taleb A, Poschlod P, Hmimsa Y, Palmer C, Wilson PJ, Band SR, Styring A, Diffey C, Green L, Nitsch E, Stroud E, Romo-Díez A, de Torres Espuny L, Warham G. Trade-offs between seed and leaf size (seed-phytomer-leaf theory): functional glue linking regenerative with life history strategies … and taxonomy with ecology? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:633-652. [PMID: 28961937 PMCID: PMC5714152 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims While the 'worldwide leaf economics spectrum' (Wright IJ, Reich PB, Westoby M, et al. 2004. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature : 821-827) defines mineral nutrient relationships in plants, no unifying functional consensus links size attributes. Here, the focus is upon leaf size, a much-studied plant trait that scales positively with habitat quality and components of plant size. The objective is to show that this wide range of relationships is explicable in terms of a seed-phytomer-leaf (SPL) theoretical model defining leaf size in terms of trade-offs involving the size, growth rate and number of the building blocks (phytomers) of which the young shoot is constructed. Methods Functional data for 2400+ species and English and Spanish vegetation surveys were used to explore interrelationships between leaf area, leaf width, canopy height, seed mass and leaf dry matter content (LDMC). Key Results Leaf area was a consistent function of canopy height, LDMC and seed mass. Additionally, size traits are partially uncoupled. First, broad laminas help confer competitive exclusion while morphologically large leaves can, through dissection, be functionally small. Secondly, leaf size scales positively with plant size but many of the largest-leaved species are of medium height with basally supported leaves. Thirdly, photosynthetic stems may represent a functionally viable alternative to 'small seeds + large leaves' in disturbed, fertile habitats and 'large seeds + small leaves' in infertile ones. Conclusions Although key elements defining the juvenile growth phase remain unmeasured, our results broadly support SPL theory in that phytometer and leaf size are a product of the size of the initial shoot meristem (≅ seed mass) and the duration and quality of juvenile growth. These allometrically constrained traits combine to confer ecological specialization on individual species. Equally, they appear conservatively expressed within major taxa. Thus, 'evolutionary canalization' sensu Stebbins (Stebbins GL. 1974. Flowering plants: evolution above the species level . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press) is perhaps associated with both seed and leaf development, and major taxa appear routinely specialized with respect to ecologically important size-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hodgson
- Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, The University, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK
- Department of Archaeology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Bianca A Santini
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04500, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Montserrat Marti
- Dept. Ecología Funcional y Biodiversidad, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC) Aptdo. 202, 30080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ferran Royo Pla
- Grup de Recerca Científica ‘Terres de l’Ebre’, C/ Rosa Maria Molas, 25 A, 2n B, 43500 Tortosa, Spain
| | - Glynis Jones
- Department of Archaeology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Amy Bogaard
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Mike Charles
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Xavier Font
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammed Ater
- Laboratoire Diversité et Conservation des Systèmes Biologiques (LDICOSYB), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tétouan, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, BP 2062, 93030, Tétouan, Morocco
| | | | - Peter Poschlod
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Younes Hmimsa
- Laboratoire Diversité et Conservation des Systèmes Biologiques (LDICOSYB), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tétouan, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, BP 2062, 93030, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Carol Palmer
- Department of Archaeology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Peter J Wilson
- Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, The University, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK
| | - Stuart R Band
- Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, The University, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK
| | - Amy Styring
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Charlotte Diffey
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Laura Green
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Erika Nitsch
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Elizabeth Stroud
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Angel Romo-Díez
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, Parc Montjuïc, Av. dels Muntanyans s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis de Torres Espuny
- Grup de Recerca Científica ‘Terres de l’Ebre’, C/ Rosa Maria Molas, 25 A, 2n B, 43500 Tortosa, Spain
| | - Gemma Warham
- Department of Archaeology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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980
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Liu H, Li Y, Ren F, Lin L, Zhu W, He JS, Niu K. Trait-abundance relation in response to nutrient addition in a Tibetan alpine meadow: The importance of species trade-off in resource conservation and acquisition. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10575-10581. [PMID: 29299239 PMCID: PMC5743641 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In competition‐dominated communities, traits promoting resource conservation and competitive ability are expected to have an important influence on species relative abundance (SRA). Yet, few studies have tested the trait‐abundance relations in the line of species trade‐off in resource conservation versus acquisition, indicating by multiple traits coordination. We measured SRA and key functional traits involving leaf economic spectrum (SLA, specific leaf area; LDMC, leaf dry matter content; LCC, leaf carbon concentration; LNC, leaf nitrogen concentration; LPC, leaf phosphorus concentration; Hs, mature height) for ten common species in all plots subjected to addition of nitrogen fertilizer (N), phosphorus fertilizer (P), or both of them (NP) in a Tibetan alpine meadow. We test whether SRA is positively related with traits promoting plant resource conservation, while negatively correlated with traits promoting plant growth and resource acquisition. We found that species were primarily differentiated along a trade‐off axis involving traits promoting nutrient acquisition and fast growth (e.g., LPC and SLA) versus traits promoting resource conservation and competition ability (e.g., large LDMC). We further found that SRA was positively correlated with plant height, LDMC, and LCC, but negatively associated with SLA and leaf nutrient concentration irrespective of fertilization. A stronger positive height‐SRA was found in NP‐fertilized plots than in other plots, while negative correlations between SRA and SLA and LPC were found in N or P fertilized plots. The results indicate that species trade‐off in nutrient acquisition and resource conservation was a key driver of SRA in competition‐dominated communities following fertilization, with the linkage between SRA and traits depending on plant competition for specific soil nutrient and/or light availability. The results highlight the importance of competitive exclusion in plant community assembly following fertilization and suggest that abundant species in local communities become dominated at expense of growth while infrequent species hold an advantage in fast growth and dispersals to neighbor meta‐communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Liu
- Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Fei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing China
| | - Wenyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai China
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing China.,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai China
| | - Kechang Niu
- Department of Biology Nanjing University Nanjing China
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981
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Cornelissen JHC, Grootemaat S, Verheijen LM, Cornwell WK, van Bodegom PM, van der Wal R, Aerts R. Are litter decomposition and fire linked through plant species traits? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:653-669. [PMID: 28892160 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contents 653 I. 654 II. 657 III. 659 IV. 661 V. 662 VI. 663 VII. 665 665 References 665 SUMMARY: Biological decomposition and wildfire are connected carbon release pathways for dead plant material: slower litter decomposition leads to fuel accumulation. Are decomposition and surface fires also connected through plant community composition, via the species' traits? Our central concept involves two axes of trait variation related to decomposition and fire. The 'plant economics spectrum' (PES) links biochemistry traits to the litter decomposability of different fine organs. The 'size and shape spectrum' (SSS) includes litter particle size and shape and their consequent effect on fuel bed structure, ventilation and flammability. Our literature synthesis revealed that PES-driven decomposability is largely decoupled from predominantly SSS-driven surface litter flammability across species; this finding needs empirical testing in various environmental settings. Under certain conditions, carbon release will be dominated by decomposition, while under other conditions litter fuel will accumulate and fire may dominate carbon release. Ecosystem-level feedbacks between decomposition and fire, for example via litter amounts, litter decomposition stage, community-level biotic interactions and altered environment, will influence the trait-driven effects on decomposition and fire. Yet, our conceptual framework, explicitly comparing the effects of two plant trait spectra on litter decomposition vs fire, provides a promising new research direction for better understanding and predicting Earth surface carbon dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia Grootemaat
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Lieneke M Verheijen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - William K Cornwell
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Institute of Environmental Sciences CML, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - René van der Wal
- School of Biological Science, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Rien Aerts
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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982
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Abstract
Global change alters the composition and functioning of ecosystems by creating novel environmental conditions and thereby selecting for specific traits of organisms. Thus, trait-based approaches are promising tools to more mechanistically understand compositional and functional shifts in ecological communities as well as the dependency of response and effect traits upon global change. Such approaches have been particularly successful for the study of plant communities in terrestrial ecosystems. However, given the intimate linkages between aboveground and belowground compartments as well as the significance of plants as integrating organisms across those compartments, the role of plant traits in affecting soils communities has been understudied. This special issue contains empirical studies and reviews of plant trait effects on soil organisms and functions. Based on those contributions, we discuss here plasticity in trait expression, the context-dependency of plant trait effects, time lags in soil biotic responses to trait expression, and limitations of measured plant traits. We conclude that plant trait-based approaches are an important tool to advance soil ecological research, but also identify critical limitations and next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
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983
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Schrader J, Pillar G, Kreft H. Leaf-IT: An Android application for measuring leaf area. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9731-9738. [PMID: 29188004 PMCID: PMC5696424 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of plant functional traits has become increasingly popular in ecological studies because plant functional traits help to understand key ecological processes in plant species and communities. This also includes changes in diversity, inter- and intraspecific interactions, and relationships of species at different spatiotemporal scales. Leaf traits are among the most important traits as they describe key dimensions of a plant's life history strategy. Further, leaf area is a key parameter with relevance for other traits such as specific leaf area, which in turn correlates with leaf chemical composition, photosynthetic rate, leaf longevity, and carbon investment. Measuring leaf area usually involves the use of scanners and commercial software and can be difficult under field conditions. We present Leaf-IT, a new smartphone application for measuring leaf area and other trait-related areas. Leaf-IT is free, designed for scientific purposes, and runs on Android 4 or higher. We tested the precision and accuracy using objects with standardized area and compared the area measurements of real leaves with the well-established, commercial software WinFOLIA using the Altman-Bland method. Area measurements of standardized objects show that Leaf-IT measures area with high accuracy and precision. Area measurements with Leaf-IT of real leaves are comparable to those of WinFOLIA. Leaf-IT is an easy-to-use application running on a wide range of smartphones. That increases the portability and use of Leaf-IT and makes it possible to measure leaf area under field conditions typical for remote locations. Its high accuracy and precision are similar to WinFOLIA. Currently, its main limitation is margin detection of damaged leaves or complex leaf morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schrader
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography Faculty for Forestry and Forest Ecology University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Giso Pillar
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography Faculty for Forestry and Forest Ecology University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography Faculty for Forestry and Forest Ecology University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
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984
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Rensing SA. Why we need more non-seed plant models. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:355-360. [PMID: 28191633 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Contents 355 I. 355 II. 356 III. 356 IV. 357 V. 358 VI. 359 359 References 359 SUMMARY: Out of a hundred sequenced and published land plant genomes, four are not of flowering plants. This severely skewed taxonomic sampling hinders our comprehension of land plant evolution at large. Moreover, most genetically accessible model species are flowering plants as well. If we are to gain a deeper understanding of how plants evolved and still evolve, and which of their developmental patterns are ancestral or derived, we need to study a more diverse set of plants. Here, I thus argue that we need to sequence genomes of so far neglected lineages, and that we need to develop more non-seed plant model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Rensing
- Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- BIOSS Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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985
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Leslie AB, Beaulieu JM, Mathews S. Variation in seed size is structured by dispersal syndrome and cone morphology in conifers and other nonflowering seed plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:429-437. [PMID: 28185279 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Seed size varies tremendously in plants and its evolution is influenced by multiple ecological and biological factors that are difficult to disentangle. In this study, we focus on understanding the role of seed dispersal by animals in the evolution of seed size in conifers, the most diverse extant nonflowering seed plant group. Relationships among seed size, dispersal syndrome, climate and cone morphology were analyzed across conifers using quantitative models of character evolution and phylogenetic regression techniques. Dispersal syndrome is a more consistent predictor of seed size within major extant conifer clades than climate. Seeds are generally larger in animal-dispersed than wind-dispersed species, and particular cone morphologies are consistently associated with specific ranges in seed size. Seed size and cone morphology evolve in a correlated manner in many animal-dispersed conifers, following a trade-off that minimizes the total size of the dispersal unit. These relationships are also present in other nonflowering seed plant groups, and have been important in the evolution of seeds and cones at least over the Cenozoic and perhaps over much of the later Mesozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Leslie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jeremy M Beaulieu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Science and Engineering Room 601, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Sarah Mathews
- CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Australian National Herbarium, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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986
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Ruiz-Benito P, Ratcliffe S, Zavala MA, Martínez-Vilalta J, Vilà-Cabrera A, Lloret F, Madrigal-González J, Wirth C, Greenwood S, Kändler G, Lehtonen A, Kattge J, Dahlgren J, Jump AS. Climate- and successional-related changes in functional composition of European forests are strongly driven by tree mortality. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4162-4176. [PMID: 28418105 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intense droughts combined with increased temperatures are one of the major threats to forest persistence in the 21st century. Despite the direct impact of climate change on forest growth and shifts in species abundance, the effect of altered demography on changes in the composition of functional traits is not well known. We sought to (1) quantify the recent changes in functional composition of European forests; (2) identify the relative importance of climate change, mean climate and forest development for changes in functional composition; and (3) analyse the roles of tree mortality and growth underlying any functional changes in different forest types. We quantified changes in functional composition from the 1980s to the 2000s across Europe by two dimensions of functional trait variation: the first dimension was mainly related to changes in leaf mass per area and wood density (partially related to the trait differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms), and the second dimension was related to changes in maximum tree height. Our results indicate that climate change and mean climatic effects strongly interacted with forest development and it was not possible to completely disentangle their effects. Where recent climate change was not too extreme, the patterns of functional change generally followed the expected patterns under secondary succession (e.g. towards late-successional short-statured hardwoods in Mediterranean forests and taller gymnosperms in boreal forests) and latitudinal gradients (e.g. larger proportion of gymnosperm-like strategies at low water availability in forests formerly dominated by broad-leaved deciduous species). Recent climate change generally favoured the dominance of angiosperm-like related traits under increased temperature and intense droughts. Our results show functional composition changes over relatively short time scales in European forests. These changes are largely determined by tree mortality, which should be further investigated and modelled to adequately predict the impacts of climate change on forest function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Sophia Ratcliffe
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Miguel A Zavala
- Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB) Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universidad Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Albert Vilà-Cabrera
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB) Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universidad Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jaime Madrigal-González
- Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Christian Wirth
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, UK
| | - Sarah Greenwood
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Gerald Kändler
- Forest Research Institute Baden-Wurttemberg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Jens Kattge
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonas Dahlgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alistair S Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB) Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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987
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Boucher FC, Verboom GA, Musker S, Ellis AG. Plant size: a key determinant of diversification? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:24-31. [PMID: 28850182 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Explaining the variation in diversification rate across groups of plants has long been an important goal of botanists. In plants, complex scenarios involving a combination of extrinsic opportunities and intrinsic traits have been used to explain rapid diversification in certain groups. However, we feel that a very simple trait has been neglected from theories of plant diversification, namely plant height. Here, we argue that decreasing plant size should generally lead to an increase in speciation rate and a decrease in extinction rate. Theory suggests that all population genetic processes involved in speciation are influenced by plant size and its correlates, including seed dispersal distance, population size, generation time and the spatial scale at which plants perceive environmental heterogeneity. In addition, several of these variables, notably population size, also influence rates of extinction. We support our arguments with an empirical analysis showing that plant height is indeed negatively correlated with net diversification rate across families of angiosperms. Finally, we outline how the finer aspects of our hypothesis could be tested, at both micro- and macroevolutionary scales. In addition to strengthening our understanding of the effect of plant size on evolutionary processes, such a research agenda should contribute novel insights to speciation theory in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian C Boucher
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - G Anthony Verboom
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Seth Musker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Allan G Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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988
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Maréchaux I, Chave J. An individual-based forest model to jointly simulate carbon and tree diversity in Amazonia: description and applications. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Maréchaux
- CNRS; Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier; ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
- AgroParisTech-ENGREF; 19 avenue du Maine F-75015 Paris France
| | - Jérôme Chave
- CNRS; Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier; ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
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989
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E. Hulme
- The Bio‐Protection Research CentreLincoln University Lincoln New Zealand
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990
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Blonder B, Morrow CB, Maitner B, Harris DJ, Lamanna C, Violle C, Enquist BJ, Kerkhoff AJ. New approaches for delineating
n
‐dimensional hypervolumes. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | - Brian Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - David J. Harris
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | | | - Cyrille Violle
- CNRS CEFE UMR 5175 Paul Valéry University of Montpellier – EPHE Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
- The Santa Fe Institute Santa Fe NM USA
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991
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Laughlin DC, Lusk CH, Bellingham PJ, Burslem DFRP, Simpson AH, Kramer-Walter KR. Intraspecific trait variation can weaken interspecific trait correlations when assessing the whole-plant economic spectrum. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8936-8949. [PMID: 29152189 PMCID: PMC5677476 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide plant economic spectrum hypothesis predicts that leaf, stem, and root traits are correlated across vascular plant species because carbon gain depends on leaves being adequately supplied with water and nutrients, and because construction of each organ involves a trade-off between performance and persistence. Despite its logical and intuitive appeal, this hypothesis has received mixed empirical support. If traits within species diverge in their responses to an environmental gradient, then interspecific trait correlations could be weakened when measured in natural ecosystems. To test this prediction, we measured relative growth rates (RGR) and seven functional traits that have been shown to be related to fluxes of water, nutrients, and carbon across 56 functionally diverse tree species on (1) juveniles in a controlled environment, (2) juveniles in forest understories, and (3) mature trees in forests. Leaf, stem, and fine root traits of juveniles grown in a controlled environment were closely correlated with each other, and with RGR. Remarkably, the seven leaf, stem, and fine root tissue traits spanned a single dimension of variation when measured in the controlled environment. Forest-grown juveniles expressed lower leaf mass per area, but higher wood and fine root tissue density, than greenhouse-grown juveniles. Traits and growth rates were decoupled in forest-grown juveniles and mature trees. Our results indicate that constraints exist on the covariation, not just the variation, among vegetative plant organs; however, divergent responses of traits within species to environmental gradients can mask interspecific trait correlations in natural environments. Correlations among organs and relationships between traits and RGR were strong when plants were compared in a standardized environment. Our results may reconcile the discrepancies seen among studies, by showing that if traits and growth rates of species are compared across varied environments, then the interorgan trait correlations observed in controlled conditions can weaken or disappear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Laughlin
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA.,Environmental Research Institute School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Christopher H Lusk
- Environmental Research Institute School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
| | | | | | - Angela H Simpson
- Environmental Research Institute School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Kris R Kramer-Walter
- Environmental Research Institute School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
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992
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Bartomeus I, Cariveau DP, Harrison T, Winfree R. On the inconsistency of pollinator species traits for predicting either response to land-use change or functional contribution. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel P. Cariveau
- Dept of Ecology; Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers Univ., The State Univ. of New Jersey; New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA
- Dept of Entomology; Univ. of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Tina Harrison
- Dept of Ecology; Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers Univ., The State Univ. of New Jersey; New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA
| | - Rachael Winfree
- Dept of Ecology; Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers Univ., The State Univ. of New Jersey; New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA
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993
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González AL, Dézerald O, Marquet PA, Romero GQ, Srivastava DS. The Multidimensional Stoichiometric Niche. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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994
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Dong Y, Liu Y. Response of Korean pine's functional traits to geography and climate. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184051. [PMID: 28886053 PMCID: PMC5590863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the characteristics of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) functional trait responses to geographic and climatic factors in the eastern region of Northeast China (41°–48°N) and the linear relationships among Korean pine functional traits, to explore this species’ adaptability and ecological regulation strategies under different environmental conditions. Korean pine samples were collected from eight sites located at different latitudes, and the following factors were determined for each site: geographic factors—latitude, longitude, and altitude; temperature factors—mean annual temperature (MAT), growth season mean temperature (GST), and mean temperature of the coldest month (MTCM); and moisture factors—annual precipitation (AP), growth season precipitation (GSP), and potential evapotranspiration (PET). The Korean pine functional traits examined were specific leaf area (SLA), leaf thickness (LT), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), specific root length (SRL), leaf nitrogen content (LNC), leaf phosphorus content (LPC), root nitrogen content (RNC), and root phosphorus content (RPC). The results showed that Korean pine functional traits were significantly correlated to latitude, altitude, GST, MTCM, AP, GSP, and PET. Among the Korean pine functional traits, SLA showed significant linear relationships with LT, LDMC, LNC, LPC, and RPC, and LT showed significant linear relationships with LDMC, SRL, LNC, LPC, RNC, and RPC; the linear relationships between LNC, LPC, RNC, and RPC were also significant. In conclusion, Korean pine functional trait responses to latitude resulted in its adaptation to geographic and climatic factors. The main limiting factors were precipitation and evapotranspiration, followed by altitude, latitude, GST, and MTCM. The impacts of longitude and MAT were not obvious. Changes in precipitation and temperature were most responsible for the close correlation among Korean pine functional traits, reflecting its adaption to habitat variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Dong
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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995
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Li L, Ma Z, Niinemets Ü, Guo D. Three Key Sub-leaf Modules and the Diversity of Leaf Designs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1542. [PMID: 28932233 PMCID: PMC5592238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Earth harbors a highly diverse array of plant leaf forms. A well-known pattern linking diverse leaf forms with their photosynthetic function across species is the global leaf economics spectrum (LES). However, within homogeneous plant functional groups such as tropical woody angiosperms or temperate deciduous woody angiosperms, many species can share a similar position in the LES but differ in other vital leaf traits, and thus function differently under the given suite of environmental drivers. How diverse leaves differentiate from each other has yet to be fully explained. Here, we propose a new perspective for linking leaf structure and function by arguing that a leaf may be divided into three key sub-modules, the light capture module, the water-nutrient flow module and the gas exchange module. Each module consists of a set of leaf tissues corresponding to a certain resource acquisition function, and the combination and configuration of different modules may differ depending on overall leaf functioning in a given environment. This modularized-leaf perspective differs from the whole-leaf perspective used in leaf economics theory and may serve as a valuable tool for tracing the evolution of leaf form and function. This perspective also implies that the evolutionary direction of various leaf designs is not to optimize a single critical trait, but to optimize the combination of different traits to better adapt to the historical and current environments. Future studies examining how different modules are synchronized for overall leaf functioning should offer critical insights into the diversity of leaf designs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zeqing Ma
- Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life SciencesTartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of SciencesTallinn, Estonia
| | - Dali Guo
- Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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996
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Maherali
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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997
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Wagg C, Ebeling A, Roscher C, Ravenek J, Bachmann D, Eisenhauer N, Mommer L, Buchmann N, Hillebrand H, Schmid B, Weisser WW. Functional trait dissimilarity drives both species complementarity and competitive disparity. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Wagg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
- Institute of EcologyUniversity of Jena Jena Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of EcologyUniversity of Jena Jena Germany
| | - Christiane Roscher
- Department of Physiological DiversityUFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Janneke Ravenek
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Dörte Bachmann
- Institute of Agricultural SciencesETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural SciencesETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine EnvironmentCarl‐von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research GroupDepartment of Ecology and Ecosystem ManagementCenter for Food and Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnische Universität München Freising‐Weihenstephan Germany
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998
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Trait shifts associated with the subshrub life-history strategy in a tropical savanna. Oecologia 2017; 185:281-291. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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999
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Cadotte MW, Davies TJ, Peres-Neto PR. Why phylogenies do not always predict ecological differences. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Toronto-Scarborough; 1265 Military Trail Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong; Higher Education Institutes; College of Ecology and Evolution; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology; McGill University; 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue Montréal Quebec H3A 1B1 Canada
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding; University of Johannesburg; APK Campus PO Box 524 Auckland Park Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
| | - Pedro R. Peres-Neto
- Canada Research Chair in Spatial Modelling and Biodiversity; Départment des sciences biologiques; Université du Québec à Montréal; C.P. 8888, succursale Centreville Montréal Quebec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; Montréal Quebec H4B 1R6 Canada
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1000
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Isaac ME, Martin AR, de Melo Virginio Filho E, Rapidel B, Roupsard O, Van den Meersche K. Intraspecific Trait Variation and Coordination: Root and Leaf Economics Spectra in Coffee across Environmental Gradients. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1196. [PMID: 28747919 PMCID: PMC5506091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypotheses on the existence of a universal "Root Economics Spectrum" (RES) have received arguably the least attention of all trait spectra, despite the key role root trait variation plays in resource acquisition potential. There is growing interest in quantifying intraspecific trait variation (ITV) in plants, but there are few studies evaluating (i) the existence of an intraspecific RES within a plant species, or (ii) how a RES may be coordinated with other trait spectra within species, such as a leaf economics spectrum (LES). Using Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae) as a model species, we measured seven morphological and chemical traits of intact lateral roots, which were paired with information on four key LES traits. Field collections were completed across four nested levels of biological organization. The intraspecific trait coefficient of variation (cv) ranged from 25 to 87% with root diameter and specific root tip density showing the lowest and highest cv, respectively. Between 27 and 68% of root ITV was explained by site identity alone for five of the seven traits measured. A single principal component explained 56.2% of root trait covariation, with plants falling along a RES from resource acquiring to conserving traits. Multiple factor analysis revealed significant orthogonal relationships between root and leaf spectra. RES traits were strongly orthogonal with respect to LES traits, suggesting these traits vary independently from one another in response to environmental cues. This study provides among the first evidence that plants from the same species differentiate from one another along an intraspecific RES. We find that in one of the world's most widely cultivated crops, an intraspecific RES is orthogonal to an intraspecific LES, indicating that above and belowground responses of plants to managed (or natural) environmental gradients are likely to occur independently from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marney E. Isaac
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Critical Development Studies, University of Toronto Scarborough, TorontoON, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto, TorontoON, Canada
| | - Adam R. Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Critical Development Studies, University of Toronto Scarborough, TorontoON, Canada
| | | | - Bruno Rapidel
- Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y EnseñanzaTurrialba, Costa Rica
- CIRAD, UMR SYSTEMMontpellier, France
| | - Olivier Roupsard
- Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y EnseñanzaTurrialba, Costa Rica
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&SolsMontpellier, France
| | - Karel Van den Meersche
- Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y EnseñanzaTurrialba, Costa Rica
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&SolsMontpellier, France
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