1151
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Spanogiannopoulos P, Bess EN, Carmody RN, Turnbaugh PJ. The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:273-87. [PMID: 26972811 PMCID: PMC5243131 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of human genetic polymorphisms in therapeutic outcomes is well established, the role of our 'second genome' (the microbiome) has been largely overlooked. In this Review, we highlight recent studies that have shed light on the mechanisms that link the human gut microbiome to the efficacy and toxicity of xenobiotics, including drugs, dietary compounds and environmental toxins. Continued progress in this area could enable more precise tools for predicting patient responses and for the development of a new generation of therapeutics based on, or targeted at, the gut microbiome. Indeed, the admirable goal of precision medicine may require us to first understand the microbial pharmacists within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Spanogiannopoulos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth N. Bess
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rachel N. Carmody
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter J. Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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1152
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Role of the microbiome in the normal and aberrant glycemic response. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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1153
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Conley MN, Wong CP, Duyck KM, Hord N, Ho E, Sharpton TJ. Aging and serum MCP-1 are associated with gut microbiome composition in a murine model. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1854. [PMID: 27069796 PMCID: PMC4824877 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Age is the primary risk factor for major human chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic, low-grade, systemic inflammation is associated with aging and the progression of immunosenescence. Immunosenescence may play an important role in the development of age-related chronic disease and the widely observed phenomenon of increased production of inflammatory mediators that accompany this process, referred to as “inflammaging.” While it has been demonstrated that the gut microbiome and immune system interact, the relationship between the gut microbiome and age remains to be clearly defined, particularly in the context of inflammation. The aim of our study was to clarify the associations between age, the gut microbiome, and pro-inflammatory marker serum MCP-1 in a C57BL/6 murine model. Results. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to profile the composition of fecal microbiota associated with young and aged mice. Our analysis identified an association between microbiome structure and mouse age and revealed specific groups of taxa whose abundances stratify young and aged mice. This includes the Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. We also profiled pro-inflammatory serum MCP-1 levels of each mouse and found that aged mice exhibited elevated serum MCP-1, a phenotype consistent with inflammaging. Robust correlation tests identified several taxa whose abundance in the microbiome associates with serum MCP-1 status, indicating that they may interact with the mouse immune system. We find that taxonomically similar organisms can exhibit differing, even opposite, patterns of association with the host immune system. We also find that many of the OTUs that associate with serum MCP-1 stratify individuals by age. Discussion. Our results demonstrate that gut microbiome composition is associated with age and the pro-inflammatory marker, serum MCP-1. The correlation between age, relative abundance of specific taxa in the gut microbiome, and serum MCP-1 status in mice indicates that the gut microbiome may play a modulating role in age-related inflammatory processes. These findings warrant further investigation of taxa associated with the inflammaging phenotype and the role of gut microbiome in the health status and immune function of aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Conley
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Center for Health Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Carmen P Wong
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR , United States
| | - Kyle M Duyck
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR , United States
| | - Norman Hord
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Center for Health Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Emily Ho
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Center for Health Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Moore Family Center for Whole Grain Foods, Nutrition and Preventive Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Center for Health Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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1154
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Yamada T, Takahashi D, Hase K. The diet-microbiota-metabolite axis regulates the host physiology. J Biochem 2016; 160:1-10. [PMID: 26970281 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and cancer. Food ingredients are considered a major determinant of gut microbial composition, as exemplified by high-fat diet-induced dysbiosis that can affect host physiology. Accumulating studies show that microbial metabolites are key regulators of the intestinal epithelial barrier and gut immunity. In particular, short-chain fatty acids produced by bacterial fermentation of indigestible polysaccharides have profound impacts on host physiology beyond the gut. In this review, we describe the influences of the diet-microbiota-metabolite axis on host physiology, and especially on the immune and metabolic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamada
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan Division of Mucosal Barriology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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1155
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Tian JN, Ge BQ, Shen YF, He YX, Chen ZX. Thermodynamics and Structural Evolution during a Reversible Vesicle-Micelle Transition of a Vitamin-Derived Bolaamphiphile Induced by Sodium Cholate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1977-1988. [PMID: 26860930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of endogenous sodium cholate (SC) with dietary amphiphiles would induce structural evolution of the self-assembled aggregates, which inevitably affects the hydrolysis of fat in the gut. Current work mainly focused on the interaction of bile salts with classical double-layered phospholipid vesicles. In this paper, the thermodynamics and structural evolution during the interaction of SC with novel unilamellar vesicles formed from vitamin-derived zwitterionic bolaamphiphile (DDO) were characterized. It was revealed that an increased temperature and the presence of NaCl resulted in narrowed micelle-vesicle coexistence and enlarged the vesicle region. The coexistence of micelles and vesicles mainly came from the interaction of monomeric SC with DDO vesicles, whereas micellar SC contributed to the total solubilization of DDO vesicles. This research may enrich the thermodynamic mechanism behind the structure transition of the microaggregates formed by amphiphiles in the gut. It will also contribute to the design of food formulation and drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Nan Tian
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Qiang Ge
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Feng Shen
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xuan He
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Xiu Chen
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
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1156
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Li Q, Zhou JM. The microbiota-gut-brain axis and its potential therapeutic role in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience 2016; 324:131-9. [PMID: 26964681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a series of neurodevelopmental disorders that are characterized by deficits in both social and cognitive functions. Although the exact etiology and pathology of ASD remain unclear, a disorder of the microbiota-gut-brain axis is emerging as a prominent factor in the generation of autistic behaviors. Clinical studies have shown that gastrointestinal symptoms and compositional changes in the gut microbiota frequently accompany cerebral disorders in patients with ASD. A disturbance in the gut microbiota, which is usually induced by a bacterial infection or chronic antibiotic exposure, has been implicated as a potential contributor to ASD. The bidirectional microbiota-gut-brain axis acts mainly through neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and autonomic nervous mechanisms. Application of modulators of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, such as probiotics, helminthes and certain special diets, may be a promising strategy for the treatment of ASD. This review mainly discusses the salient observations of the disruptions of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of ASD and reveals its potential therapeutic role in autistic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J-M Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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1157
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Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with chronic inflammation in metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue and the liver. Recently, growing evidence has implicated the intestinal immune system as an important contributor to metabolic disease. Obesity predisposes to altered intestinal immunity and is associated with changes to the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function, gut-residing innate and adaptive immune cells, and oral tolerance to luminal antigens. Accordingly, the gut immune system may represent a novel therapeutic target for systemic inflammation in insulin resistance. This review discusses the emerging field of intestinal immunity in obesity-related insulin resistance and how it affects metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Winer
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Helen Luck
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.
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1158
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Heiman ML, Greenway FL. A healthy gastrointestinal microbiome is dependent on dietary diversity. Mol Metab 2016; 5:317-320. [PMID: 27110483 PMCID: PMC4837298 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Like all healthy ecosystems, richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity is a common finding in several disease states. This biome is flooded with energy in the form of undigested and partially digested foods, and in some cases drugs and dietary supplements. Each microbiotic species in the biome transforms that energy into new molecules, which may signal messages to physiological systems of the host. Scope of review Dietary choices select substrates for species, providing a competitive advantage over other GI microbiota. The more diverse the diet, the more diverse the microbiome and the more adaptable it will be to perturbations. Unfortunately, dietary diversity has been lost during the past 50 years and dietary choices that exclude food products from animals or plants will narrow the GI microbiome further. Major conclusion Additional research into expanding gut microbial richness by dietary diversity is likely to expand concepts in healthy nutrition, stimulate discovery of new diagnostics, and open up novel therapeutic possibilities.
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Key Words
- Agrobiodiversity
- Dietary diversity
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FODMAP, fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GIMM, GI microbiome modulator
- GLP-I, glucagon-like peptide-1
- GLUT, glucose transporter
- Gastrointestinal
- HMP, Human Microbiome Project
- MCFA, medium chain fatty acids
- MetaHIT, Metagenomics project of the Human Intestinal Tract
- Microbiome
- Microbiota
- Microbiota richness
- NIH, National Institutes of Health
- PYY, peptide YY
- RYGB, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
- SCFA, short chain fatty acid
- SGLTs, sodium–glucose cotransporter
- TMA, trimethylamine
- TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide
- VSG, vertical sleeve gastrectomy
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Heiman
- MicroBiome Therapeutics, 1316 Jefferson Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70115, USA.
| | - Frank L Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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1159
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Souza ÉL, Elian SD, Paula LM, Garcia CC, Vieira AT, Teixeira MM, Arantes RM, Nicoli JR, Martins FS. Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 ameliorates experimental colitis by modulating intestinal permeability, the inflammatory response and clinical signs in a faecal transplantation model. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:201-210. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Éricka L. Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Samir D. Elian
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Laís M. Paula
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristiana C. Garcia
- Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Angélica T. Vieira
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosa M. Arantes
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jacques R. Nicoli
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flaviano S. Martins
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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1160
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Malmborg P, Hildebrand H. The emerging global epidemic of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease--causes and consequences. J Intern Med 2016; 279:241-58. [PMID: 26355194 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two decades ago, paediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) drew only modest interest from the international paediatric community. Since then, dramatically globally increasing incidence rates have made childhood-onset IBD a priority for most paediatric gastroenterologists. The emerging pandemia of paediatric IBD has fuelled a quest to identify the recent changes in early life exposures that could explain the increasing risk for IBD amongst today's children. Treatment of children with IBD should aim for symptom control but should also target restoration of growth and prevention of pubertal delay. The paediatric IBD phenotype seems to be characterized by more extensive disease location, and some comparative studies have suggested that childhood-onset IBD also represents a more severe phenotype than the adult-onset IBD form. In this review, we analyse recent global incidence trends of paediatric IBD. We present an update on the known and suggested risk factors that could explain the emerging global epidemia of paediatric IBD. We also draw attention to differences in treatment between children and adults with IBD. Finally, we highlight latest follow-up studies that question the proposed dynamic and aggressive nature of childhood-onset IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Malmborg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Hildebrand
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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1161
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Lecomte M, Couëdelo L, Meugnier E, Plaisancié P, Létisse M, Benoit B, Gabert L, Penhoat A, Durand A, Pineau G, Joffre F, Géloën A, Vaysse C, Laugerette F, Michalski MC. Dietary emulsifiers from milk and soybean differently impact adiposity and inflammation in association with modulation of colonic goblet cells in high-fat fed mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:609-20. [PMID: 26592505 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Enhanced adiposity and metabolic inflammation are major features of obesity that could be impacted by dietary emulsifiers. We investigated in high-fat fed mice the effects of using a new polar lipid (PL) emulsifier from milk (MPL) instead of soybean lecithin (soybean PL [SPL]) on adipose tissue and intestinal mucosa function. METHODS AND RESULTS Four groups of C57BL6 mice received for 8 wks a low-fat (LF) diet or a high-fat diet devoid of PLs or an high-fat diet including MPL (high-fat-MPL) or SPL (high-fat-SPL). Compared with high-fat diet, high-fat-SPL diet increased white adipose tissue (WAT) mass (p < 0.05), with larger adipocytes (p < 0.05) and increased expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, monochemoattractant protein-1, LPS-binding protein, and leptin (p < 0.05). This was not observed with high-fat-MPL diet despite similar dietary intakes and increased expression of fatty acid transport protein 4 and microsomal TG transfer protein, involved in lipid absorption, in upper intestine (p < 0.05). High-fat-MPL mice had a lower expression in WAT of cluster of differentiation 68, marker of macrophage infiltration, versus high-fat and high-fat-SPL mice (p < 0.05), and more goblet cells in the colon (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Unlike SPL, MPL in the high-fat diet did not induce WAT hypertrophy and inflammation but increased colonic goblet cells. This supports further clinical exploration of different sources of dietary emulsifiers in the frame of obesity outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Lecomte
- INRA, UMR1397, INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Pascale Plaisancié
- INRA, UMR1397, INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marion Létisse
- INRA, UMR1397, INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bérengère Benoit
- INRA, UMR1397, INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laure Gabert
- INSERM U1060, INRA UMR1397, CarMeN Laboratory, Oullins, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes (CRNH-RA) and Centre Européen pour la Nutrition et la Santé (CENS), Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Armelle Penhoat
- INRA, UMR1397, INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Annie Durand
- INRA, UMR1397, INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gaëlle Pineau
- INRA, UMR1397, INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Alain Géloën
- INRA, UMR1397, INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Fabienne Laugerette
- INRA, UMR1397, INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- INRA, UMR1397, INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes (CRNH-RA) and Centre Européen pour la Nutrition et la Santé (CENS), Pierre-Bénite, France
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1162
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Cani PD, Plovier H, Van Hul M, Geurts L, Delzenne NM, Druart C, Everard A. Endocannabinoids--at the crossroads between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:133-43. [PMID: 26678807 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various metabolic disorders are associated with changes in inflammatory tone. Among the latest advances in the metabolism field, the discovery that gut microorganisms have a major role in host metabolism has revealed the possibility of a plethora of associations between gut bacteria and numerous diseases. However, to date, few mechanisms have been clearly established. Accumulating evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid system and related bioactive lipids strongly contribute to several physiological processes and are a characteristic of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammation. In this Review, we briefly define the gut microbiota as well as the endocannabinoid system and associated bioactive lipids. We discuss existing literature regarding interactions between gut microorganisms and the endocannabinoid system, focusing specifically on the triad of adipose tissue, gut bacteria and the endocannabinoid system in the context of obesity and the development of fat mass. We highlight gut-barrier function by discussing the role of specific factors considered to be putative 'gate keepers' or 'gate openers', and their role in the gut microbiota-endocannabinoid system axis. Finally, we briefly discuss data related to the different pharmacological strategies currently used to target the endocannabinoid system, in the context of cardiometabolic disorders and intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Hubert Plovier
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Lucie Geurts
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Céline Druart
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
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1163
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Anhê FF, Pilon G, Roy D, Desjardins Y, Levy E, Marette A. Triggering Akkermansia with dietary polyphenols: A new weapon to combat the metabolic syndrome? Gut Microbes 2016; 7:146-53. [PMID: 26900906 PMCID: PMC4856456 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1142036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut and its bacterial colonizers are now well characterized as key players in whole-body metabolism, opening new avenues of research and generating great expectation for new treatments against obesity and its cardiometabolic complications. As diet is the main environmental factor affecting the gut microbiota, it has been suggested that fruits and vegetables, whose consumption is strongly associated with a healthy lifestyle, may carry phytochemicals that could help maintain intestinal homeostasis and metabolic health. We recently demonstrated that oral administration of a cranberry extract rich in polyphenols prevented diet-induced obesity and several detrimental features of the metabolic syndrome in association with a remarkable increase in the abundance of the mucin-degrading bacterium Akkermansia in the gut microbiota of mice. This addendum provides an extended discussion in light of recent discoveries suggesting a mechanistic link between polyphenols and Akkermansia, also contemplating how this unique microorganism may be exploited to fight the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F. Anhê
- Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute; Québec, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods; Laval University; Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute; Québec, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods; Laval University; Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Roy
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods; Laval University; Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods; Laval University; Québec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Center; Sainte-Justine Hospital; Montreal, Québec, Canada,Department of Nutrition; Faculty of Medicine; University of Montreal; Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute; Québec, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods; Laval University; Québec, Canada
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1164
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Longman RS, Littman DR. The functional impact of the intestinal microbiome on mucosal immunity and systemic autoimmunity. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2016; 27:381-7. [PMID: 26002030 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will highlight recent advances functionally linking the gut microbiome with mucosal and systemic immune cell activation underlying autoimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS Dynamic interactions between the gut microbiome and environmental cues (including diet and medicines) shape the effector potential of the microbial organ. Key bacteria and viruses have emerged that, in defined microenvironments, play a critical role in regulating effector lymphocyte functions. The coordinated interactions between these different microbial kingdoms - including bacteria, helminths, and viruses (termed transkingdom interactions) - play a key role in shaping immunity. Emerging strategies to identify immunologically relevant microbes with the potential to regulate immune cell functions both at mucosal sites and systemically will likely define diagnostic and therapeutic targets. SUMMARY The microbiome constitutes a critical microbial organ with coordinated interactions that shape host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy S Longman
- Department of Medicine, Jill Roberts Institute for IBD Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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1165
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Dollé L, Tran HQ, Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B. Policing of gut microbiota by the adaptive immune system. BMC Med 2016; 14:27. [PMID: 26867587 PMCID: PMC4751704 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is a large and diverse microbial community that inhabits the intestine, containing about 100 trillion bacteria of 500-1000 distinct species that, collectively, provide benefits to the host. The human gut microbiota composition is determined by a myriad of factors, among them genetic and environmental, including diet and medication. The microbiota contributes to nutrient absorption and maturation of the immune system. As reciprocity, the host immune system plays a central role in shaping the composition and localization of the intestinal microbiota. Secretory immunoglobulins A (sIgAs), component of the adaptive immune system, are important player in the protection of epithelium, and are known to have an important impact on the regulation of microbiota composition. A recent study published in Immunity by Fransen and colleagues aimed to mechanistically decipher the interrelationship between sIgA and microbiota diversity/composition. This commentary will discuss these important new findings, as well as how future therapies can ultimately benefit from such discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dollé
- Laboratory of Liver Cell Biology, Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hao Q Tran
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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1166
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Lerner A, Aminov R, Matthias T. Dysbiosis May Trigger Autoimmune Diseases via Inappropriate Post-Translational Modification of Host Proteins. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:84. [PMID: 26903965 PMCID: PMC4742538 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut ecosystem with myriads of microorganisms and the high concentration of immune system cells can be considered as a separate organ on its own. The balanced interaction between the host and microbial cells has been shaped during the long co-evolutionary process. In dysbiotic conditions, however, this balance is compromised and results in abnormal interaction between the host and microbiota. It is hypothesize here that the changed spectrum of microbial enzymes involved in post-translational modification of proteins (PTMP) may contribute to the aberrant modification of host proteins thus generating autoimmune responses by the host, resulting in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa, Israel; AESKU.KIPP InstituteWendelsheim, Germany
| | - Rustam Aminov
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
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1167
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Microbiome-Epigenome Interactions and the Environmental Origins of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 62:208-19. [PMID: 26308318 PMCID: PMC4724338 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, has risen alarmingly in the Western and developing world in recent decades. Epidemiologic (including monozygotic twin and migrant) studies highlight the substantial role of environment and nutrition in IBD etiology. Here we review the literature supporting the developmental and environmental origins hypothesis of IBD. We also provide a detailed exploration of how the human microbiome and epigenome (primarily through DNA methylation) may be important elements in the developmental origins of IBD in both children and adults.
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1168
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Kim MS, Bae JW. Spatial disturbances in altered mucosal and luminal gut viromes of diet-induced obese mice. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:1498-510. [PMID: 26690305 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbial biogeography is a key feature of host-microbe relationships. In gut viral ecology, biogeography and responses to dietary intervention remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a metagenomic study to determine the composition of the mucosal and luminal viromes of the gut and to evaluate the impact of a Western diet on gut viral ecology. We found that mucosal and luminal viral assemblages comprised predominantly temperate phages. The mucosal virome significantly differed from the luminal virome in low-fat diet-fed lean mice, where spatial variation correlated with bacterial microbiota from the mucosa and lumen. The mucosal and luminal viromes of high-fat, high-sucrose 'Western' diet-fed obese mice were significantly enriched with temperate phages of the Caudovirales order. Interestingly, this community alteration occurred to a greater extent in the mucosa than lumen, leading to loss of spatial differences; however, these changes recovered after switching to a low-fat diet. Temperate phages enriched in the Western diet-induced obese mice were associated with the Bacilli, Negativicutes and Bacteroidia classes and temperate phages from the Bacteroidia class particularly encoded stress and niche-specific functions advantageous to bacterial host adaptation. This study illustrates a biogeographic view of the gut virome and phage-bacterial host connections under the diet-induced microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Soo Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
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1169
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Abstract
Although discussion of the obesity epidemic had become a cocktail party cliché, its impact on public health cannot be dismissed. In the past decade, cancer had joined the list of chronic debilitating diseases whose risk is substantially increased by hypernutrition. Here we discuss recent advances in understanding how obesity increases cancer risk and propose a unifying hypothesis according to which the major tumor-promoting mechanism triggered by hypernutrition is the indolent inflammation that takes place at particular organ sites, including liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. The mechanisms by which excessive fat deposition feeds this tumor-promoting inflammatory flame are diverse and tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Font-Burgada
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Moores Cancer Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Moores Cancer Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA.
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1170
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Abstract
UNLABELLED This study showed that the absence of CCR7 or mesenteric lymph nodes/gut-associated lymphoid tissue did not appreciably impact total intestinal Foxp3+ regulatory T cell representation in the steady-state. However, mesenteric lymph nodes/GALT are required for normal peripherally induced Foxp3+ regulatory T cell differentiation in the small intestine, but not in the large intestine. BACKGROUND & AIMS Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the intestine promote immune tolerance to enteric antigens. Previous studies have shown that C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7)-dependent migration of intestinal dendritic cells to the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) is involved in peripheral Foxp3+ Treg accumulation in the intestine and the establishment of oral tolerance. However, the relative contribution of this CCR7+ dendritic cell-mLN-Treg axis to the total intestinal Foxp3+ Treg pool during the steady-state remains unclear. In this study, the contribution of CCR7, as well as the mLN and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), to the intestinal Foxp3+ Treg compartment in the small intestine (SI) and large intestine (LI) was assessed. METHODS Intestinal Foxp3+ Tregs were quantitated in Ccr7-/- mice and in mice devoid of secondary lymphoid organs-including mLN and GALT-owing to a deficiency in lymphotoxin (LT) signaling. Specific analyses of Foxp3+Helios+ thymically derived (t)Tregs and Foxp3+Helios- peripherally derived (p) Tregs in the SI and LI, as well as the role for them LN in supporting Foxp3+ pTreg development using the B6.Cg-Tg(TcraTcrb) 425Cbn/J/ovalbumin (OVA) feeding system, were performed. RESULTS Foxp3+ Tregs were enriched in the intestine relative to the mLN, independent of CCR7. In the absence of the mLN and GALT, normal frequency and numbers of Foxp3+ Tregs were observed in LTα-deficient (Lta-/-) mice. However, Foxp3+Helios- pTregs were decreased in the SI of Lta-/- mice, corresponding with defective Foxp3+ pTreg expansion to OVA. In the LI, however, the proportion of Foxp3+Helios- pTregs and Foxp3+ pTreg induction to OVA was comparable between Lta-/- and Lta+/+ mice, which coincided with preferential expression of Treg-inducing/immunoregulatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS The overall size of the intestinal Foxp3+Treg pool is not impacted significantly by CCR7, mLN, or GALT during the steady-state. However, mLN/GALT appear to contribute to the Foxp3+ pTreg compartment in the SI, particularly in response to soluble oral antigen. These findings highlight important differences in the regulation of intestinal Tregs between the SI and LI, and suggest that enteric antigens may use mLN/GALT to induce Foxp3+ pTreg in the SI, while directly promoting Foxp3+ pTregs in the LI.
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1171
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Chassaing B, Gewirtz AT. Has provoking microbiota aggression driven the obesity epidemic? Bioessays 2016; 38:122-8. [PMID: 26749135 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the gut microbiome have increasingly been implicated in driving obesity and its associated diseases, but underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Herein, in addition to reviewing the field, we hypothesize that a highly significant causative factor of such inflammatory disease-associated microbiome alterations is a more aggressive microbiota that encroaches upon its host, with components having high potential to activate host pro-inflammatory gene expression in a manner that drives metabolic disease. We further hypothesize that a range of societal changes, including use of antibiotics and increasing consumption of food additives, have provoked such microbiota aggression and, consequently, may be contributing factors to the increased incidence of obesity and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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1172
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Boué S, Fortgang I, Levy RJ, Bhatnagar D, Burow M, Fahey G, Heiman ML. A novel gastrointestinal microbiome modulator from soy pods reduces absorption of dietary fat in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:87-95. [PMID: 26584538 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simplification of diets, low in variety but high in energy, contributes to the loss in diversity observed in the obese gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome. A novel GI microbiome modulator (GIMM) as a dietary intervention was developed. METHODS Mice were fed either an obesogenic diet (ObD) or an ObD containing 15% activated soy pod fiber (ObD-ASPF) for 30 days. The diets were isocaloric and balanced for macronutrient content. ASPF is a novel fiber preparation from whole soy pods that is activated to produce glyceollins. RESULTS Mice fed ObD-ASPF did not gain body fat. This was associated with decreased absorption of calories (P < 0.05) and increased fecal excretion of triglycerides, which may be attributed to decreased bile acid secretion (P < 0.05). A shift (P < 0.05) in abundances of microbiota in 10 genera was observed. Mice fed ObD-ASPF had elevated plasma concentrations of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 (P < 0.05) and decreased (P < 0.05) plasma concentrations of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1. CONCLUSIONS A novel dietary intervention derived from soy pods that acts to hinder absorption of dietary fat and glucose in mice was developed. More studies with this GIMM in animal models of diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, type 2 diabetes, and autism are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Boué
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ilana Fortgang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald J Levy
- Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, Louisiana State University College of Agriculture, Alexandria, Louisiana, USA
| | - Deepak Bhatnagar
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew Burow
- Tulane Center for Bioenvironmental Research, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - George Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark L Heiman
- MicroBiome Therapeutics, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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1173
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Medina-Contreras O, Harusato A, Nishio H, Flannigan KL, Ngo V, Leoni G, Neumann PA, Geem D, Lili LN, Ramadas RA, Chassaing B, Gewirtz AT, Kohlmeier JE, Parkos CA, Towne JE, Nusrat A, Denning TL. Cutting Edge: IL-36 Receptor Promotes Resolution of Intestinal Damage. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:34-8. [PMID: 26590314 PMCID: PMC4684965 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
IL-1 family members are central mediators of host defense. In this article, we show that the novel IL-1 family member IL-36γ was expressed during experimental colitis and human inflammatory bowel disease. Germ-free mice failed to induce IL-36γ in response to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced damage, suggesting that gut microbiota are involved in its induction. Surprisingly, IL-36R-deficient (Il1rl2(-/-)) mice exhibited defective recovery following DSS-induced damage and impaired closure of colonic mucosal biopsy wounds, which coincided with impaired neutrophil accumulation in the wound bed. Failure of Il1rl2(-/-) mice to recover from DSS-induced damage was associated with a profound reduction in IL-22 expression, particularly by colonic neutrophils. Defective recovery of Il1rl2(-/-) mice could be rescued by an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, which was sufficient to restore IL-22 expression and promote full recovery from DSS-induced damage. These findings implicate the IL-36/IL-36R axis in the resolution of intestinal mucosal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akihito Harusato
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Hikaru Nishio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Kyle L Flannigan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Vu Ngo
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Giovanna Leoni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Duke Geem
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Loukia N Lili
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Benoit Chassaing
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | | | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303;
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1174
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Liang R, Jiang Y, Yokoyama W, Yang C, Cao G, Zhong F. Preparation of Pickering emulsions with short, medium and long chain triacylglycerols stabilized by starch nanocrystals and their in vitro digestion properties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18468e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitrodigestion fate of food-grade Pickering emulsions stabilized by starch nanocrystals were varied by incorporating short, medium and long chain triacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yanwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Wally Yokoyama
- Processed Food Research
- Agricultural Research Service
- USDA
- Albany
- USA
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Guangqun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Fang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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1175
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Glade MJ, Meguid MM. A glance at … dietary emulsifiers, the human intestinal mucus and microbiome, and dietary fiber. Nutrition 2015; 32:609-14. [PMID: 26899163 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael M Meguid
- Professor Emeritus, Surgery, Neuroscience and Nutrition, Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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1176
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Vitetta L, Hall S, Coulson S. Metabolic Interactions in the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT): Host, Commensal, Probiotics, and Bacteriophage Influences. Microorganisms 2015; 3:913-32. [PMID: 27682125 PMCID: PMC5023274 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms3040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Life on this planet has been intricately associated with bacterial activity at all levels of evolution and bacteria represent the earliest form of autonomous existence. Plants such as those from the Leguminosae family that form root nodules while harboring nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria are a primordial example of symbiotic existence. Similarly, cooperative activities between bacteria and animals can also be observed in multiple domains, including the most inhospitable geographical regions of the planet such as Antarctica and the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. In humans bacteria are often classified as either beneficial or pathogenic and in this regard we posit that this artificial nomenclature is overly simplistic and as such almost misinterprets the complex activities and inter-relationships that bacteria have with the environment as well as the human host and the plethora of biochemical activities that continue to be identified. We further suggest that in humans there are neither pathogenic nor beneficial bacteria, just bacteria embraced by those that tolerate the host and those that do not. The densest and most complex association exists in the human gastrointestinal tract, followed by the oral cavity, respiratory tract, and skin, where bacteria—pre- and post-birth—instruct the human cell in the fundamental language of molecular biology that normally leads to immunological tolerance over a lifetime. The overall effect of this complex output is the elaboration of a beneficial milieu, an environment that is of equal or greater importance than the bacterium in maintaining homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vitetta
- Medlab Clinical Ltd., Sydney 2015 Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
| | - Sean Hall
- Medlab Clinical Ltd., Sydney 2015 Australia.
| | - Samantha Coulson
- Medlab Clinical Ltd., Sydney 2015 Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
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1177
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Yang B, Bostick RM, Tran HQ, Gewirtz AT, Campbell PT, Fedirko V. Circulating Biomarkers of Gut Barrier Function: Correlates and Nonresponse to Calcium Supplementation among Colon Adenoma Patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 25:318-26. [PMID: 26677212 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut barrier dysfunction contributes to several gastrointestinal disorders, including colorectal cancer, but factors associated with intestinal hyperpermeability have been minimally studied in humans. METHODS We tested the effects of two doses of calcium (1.0 or 2.0 g/d) on circulating biomarkers of gut permeability [anti-flagellin and anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Ig, measured via ELISA] over a 4-month treatment period among colorectal adenoma patients in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial (n = 193), and evaluated the factors associated with baseline levels of these biomarkers. RESULTS Baseline concentrations of anti-flagellin IgA and anti-LPS IgA were, respectively, statistically significantly proportionately higher by 11.8% and 14.1% among men, 31.3% and 39.8% among those with a body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m(2), and 19.9% and 22.0% among those in the upper relative to the lowest sex-specific tertile of waist circumference. A combined permeability score (the summed optical densities of all four biomarkers) was 24.3% higher among women in the upper tertile of plasma C-reactive protein (Ptrend < 0.01). We found no appreciable effects of supplemental calcium on anti-flagellin or anti-LPS Igs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that (i) men and those with higher adiposity may have greater gut permeability, (ii) gut permeability and systemic inflammation may be directly associated with one another, and (iii) supplemental calcium may not modify circulating levels of gut permeability biomarkers within 4 months. IMPACT Our findings may improve the understanding of the factors that influence gut permeability to inform development of treatable biomarkers of risk for colorectal cancer and other health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Roberd M Bostick
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hao Quang Tran
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter T Campbell
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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1178
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Wu H, Tremaroli V, Bäckhed F. Linking Microbiota to Human Diseases: A Systems Biology Perspective. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:758-770. [PMID: 26555600 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota encompasses a densely populated ecosystem that provides essential functions for host development, immune maturation, and metabolism. Alterations to the gut microbiota have been observed in numerous diseases, including human metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and irritable bowel syndrome, and some animal experiments have suggested causality. However, few studies have validated causality in humans and the underlying mechanisms remain largely to be elucidated. We discuss how systems biology approaches combined with new experimental technologies may disentangle some of the mechanistic details in the complex interactions of diet, microbiota, and host metabolism and may provide testable hypotheses for advancing our current understanding of human-microbiota interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Valentina Tremaroli
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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1179
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Serban DE. Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis and Therapy: Is It All About Diet? Nutr Clin Pract 2015; 30:760-79. [PMID: 26452390 DOI: 10.1177/0884533615606898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and unclassified IBD, continues to cause significant morbidity. While its incidence is increasing, no clear etiology and no cure have yet been discovered. Recent findings suggest that IBD may have a multifactorial etiology, where complex interactions between genetics, epigenetics, environmental factors (including diet but also infections, antibiotics, and sanitation), and host immune system lead to abnormal immune responses and chronic inflammation. Over the past years, the role of altered gut microbiota (in both composition and function) in IBD pathogenesis has emerged as an outstanding area of interest. According to new findings, gut dysbiosis may appear as a key element in initiation of inflammation in IBD and its complications. Moreover, complex metagenomic studies provide possibilities to distinguish between IBD types and appreciate severity and prognosis of the disease, as well as response to therapy. This review provides an updated knowledge of recent findings linking altered bacterial composition and functions, viruses, and fungi to IBD pathogenesis. It also highlights the complex genetic, epigenetic, immune, and microbial interactions in relation to environmental factors (including diet). We overview the actual options to manipulate the altered microbiota, such as modified diet, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and fecal transplantation. Future possible therapies are also included. Targeting altered microbiota could be the next therapeutic personalized approach, but more research and well-designed comparative prospective studies are required to formulate adequate directions for prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Elena Serban
- "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Second Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Children's Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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1180
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Anhê FF, Varin TV, Le Barz M, Desjardins Y, Levy E, Roy D, Marette A. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Obesity-Linked Metabolic Diseases and Prebiotic Potential of Polyphenol-Rich Extracts. Curr Obes Rep 2015; 4:389-400. [PMID: 26343880 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-015-0172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trillions of microorganisms inhabit the human body, strongly colonizing the gastro-intestinal tract and outnumbering our own cells. High-throughput sequencing techniques and new bioinformatic tools have enabled scientists to extend our knowledge on the relationship between the gut microbiota and host's physiology. Disruption of the ecological equilibrium in the gut (i.e., dysbiosis) has been associated with several pathological processes, including obesity and its related comorbidities, with diet being a strong determinant of gut microbial balance. In this review, we discuss the potential prebiotic effect of polyphenol-rich foods and extracts and how they can reshape the gut microbiota, emphasizing the novel role of the mucin-degrading bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila in their metabolic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F Anhê
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Hôpital Laval, Pavillon Marguerite d'Youville, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.
| | - Thibault V Varin
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Mélanie Le Barz
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Hôpital Laval, Pavillon Marguerite d'Youville, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Emile Levy
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine and Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, 3175, Chemin de la Côte Ste Catherine, bureau 5731A, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Denis Roy
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Hôpital Laval, Pavillon Marguerite d'Youville, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.
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1181
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Obih C, Wahbeh G, Lee D, Braly K, Giefer M, Shaffer ML, Nielson H, Suskind DL. Specific carbohydrate diet for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in clinical practice within an academic IBD center. Nutrition 2015; 32:418-25. [PMID: 26655069 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite dietary factors being implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), nutritional therapy, outside of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), has not had a defined role within the treatment paradigm of pediatric IBD within IBD centers. Based on emerging data, Seattle Children's Hospital IBD Center has developed an integrated dietary program incorporating the specific carbohydrate diet (SCD) into its treatment paradigm. This treatment paradigm uses the SCD as primary therapy as well as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of IBD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of the SCD on clinical outcomes and laboratory studies of pediatric patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS In this retrospective study, we reviewed the medical records of patients with IBD on SCD. RESULTS We analyzed 26 children on the SCD: 20 with CD and 6 with UC. Duration of the dietary therapy ranged from 3 to 48 mo. In patients with active CD (Pediatric Crohn's Disease activity index [PCDAI] >10), PCDAI dropped from 32.8 ± 13.2 at baseline to 20.8 ± 16.6 by 4 ± 2 wk, and to 8.8 ± 8.5 by 6 mo. The mean Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index for patients with active UC decreased from a baseline of 28.3 ± 10.3 to 20.0 ± 17.3 at 4 ± 2 wk, to 18.3 ± 31.7 at 6 mo. CONCLUSION This retrospective review provides evidence that the SCD can be integrated into a tertiary care center and may improve clinical and laboratory parameters for pediatric patients with nonstructuring, nonpenetrating CD as well as UC. Further prospective studies are needed to fully assess the safety and efficacy of the SCD in pediatric patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinonyelum Obih
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ghassan Wahbeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dale Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim Braly
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Giefer
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michele L Shaffer
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heather Nielson
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David L Suskind
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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1182
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Jones AD, Fink Shapiro L, Wilson ML. Assessing the Potential and Limitations of Leveraging Food Sovereignty to Improve Human Health. Front Public Health 2015; 3:263. [PMID: 26636062 PMCID: PMC4655424 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Food sovereignty has been defined as “the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems.” Human health is an implied component of this definition through the principle of healthy food. In fact, improved human health is commonly cited as a benefit of transforming food production away from the dominant practices of industrial agriculture. Yet, does the use of “ecologically sound and sustainable methods” of food production necessarily translate into better human health outcomes? Does greater choice in defining an agricultural or food system create gains in health and well-being? We elucidate the conceptual linkages between food sovereignty and human health, critically examine the empirical evidence supporting or refuting these linkages, and identify research gaps and key priorities for the food sovereignty-human health research agenda. Five domains of food sovereignty are discussed including: (1) use of agroecological management practices for food production, (2) the localization of food production and consumption, (3) promotion of social justice and equity, (4) valuation of traditional knowledge, and (5) the transformation of economic and political institutions and structures to support self-determination. We find that although there are many plausible linkages between food sovereignty and human health, the empirical evidence in support of the hypothesis that increasing food sovereignty yields improvements to human health is weak. We propose that a concerted effort to generate new empirical evidence on the health implications of these domains of food sovereignty is urgently needed, and suggest areas of research that may be crucial for addressing the gaps in the evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Jones
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Lilly Fink Shapiro
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Mark L Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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1183
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diet is an emerging but poorly defined disease modulator in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Dietary factors exert direct effects on epithelial and immune cells and indirectly modulate immune homeostasis by shaping the intestinal microbiota. RECENT FINDINGS The increase in IBD prevalence in industrialized countries is associated with lifestyle changes including diets rich in energy, saturated fats, meat and sugar. Despite the fact that the intestinal ecosystem shows high stability and resilience to short-term perturbations, long-term dietary habits have profound effects on composition and function eventually leading to dysbiosis, that is changes in microbial composition associated with deleterious effects to the host. High-throughput sequencing data generated deeper insights of the intestinal ecosystems related to health and disease. However, the available cohort-studies establish associative relationships between microbiota changes and disease, rather than causality. New mouse models of intestinal inflammation and the possibility to transfer disease-associated microbial consortia state an essential tool to unravel the potential of diet-induced microbial shifts. SUMMARY This review will discuss new insights of how nutrition or single dietary factors shape the intestinal ecosystem. Furthermore, we want to provide perspectives for clinical translation of this knowledge to treat or prevent IBD.
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1184
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Interleukin-1 Family Cytokines in Liver Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:630265. [PMID: 26549942 PMCID: PMC4624893 DOI: 10.1155/2015/630265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding IL-1 was sequenced more than 30 years ago, and many related cytokines, such as IL-18, IL-33, IL-36, IL-37, IL-38, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and IL-36Ra, have since been identified. IL-1 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine and is involved in various inflammatory diseases. Other IL-1 family ligands are critical for the development of diverse diseases, including inflammatory and allergic diseases. Only IL-1Ra possesses the leader peptide required for secretion from cells, and many ligands require posttranslational processing for activation. Some require inflammasome-mediated processing for activation and release, whereas others serve as alarmins and are released following cell membrane rupture, for example, by pyroptosis or necroptosis. Thus, each ligand has the proper molecular process to exert its own biological functions. In this review, we will give a brief introduction to the IL-1 family cytokines and discuss their pivotal roles in the development of various liver diseases in association with immune responses. For example, an excess of IL-33 causes liver fibrosis in mice via activation and expansion of group 2 innate lymphoid cells to produce type 2 cytokines, resulting in cell conversion into pro-fibrotic M2 macrophages. Finally, we will discuss the importance of IL-1 family cytokine-mediated molecular and cellular networks in the development of acute and chronic liver diseases.
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1185
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Dollé L, de La Serre CB, van Grunsven LA. Are dietary emulsifiers making us fat? J Hepatol 2015; 63:1045-8. [PMID: 26095182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dollé
- Laboratory of Liver Cell Biology, Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Laboratory of Liver Cell Biology, Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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1186
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Pavlidis P, Powell N, Vincent RP, Ehrlich D, Bjarnason I, Hayee B. Systematic review: bile acids and intestinal inflammation-luminal aggressors or regulators of mucosal defence? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015. [PMID: 26223936 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic conditions attributed to an aberrant immune response to luminal triggers. Recently, published work suggests a pathogenic role for bile acids in this context. AIM To perform a systematic review of studies investigating the role of bile acids in intestinal inflammation and present potentially relevant clinical implications. METHODS Pubmed search for English language articles published up to May 2015. Terms used were: 'bile', 'bile acid', 'barrier', 'small bowel injury', 'Crohn's' and 'colitis'. RESULTS Experimental studies support a variable role for bile acids in intestinal barrier homoeostasis. This may be attributed to different physicochemical properties, variable effects on epithelia and immune cells via bile acids-specific receptors, or through a cross-talk with the gut microbiome. A reduction in the bile acids pool, with lower concentrations of secondary forms, has been recognised for some time in Crohn's disease and associated to ileal dysfunction and bile acids malabsorption. Recent work suggests that these changes, including an increase in sulphated forms, are related to inflammatory activity in both Crohn's disease and UC. The detrimental effects of 'western diet' elements such as emulsifiers and fat, which have been implicated in the development of the current IBD and obesity epidemics, may also be bile acid-mediated. CONCLUSIONS Although there are only a few observational clinical studies to support an interaction, in vivo human and animal studies support an association between bile acids metabolism, the gut microbiome and intestinal inflammation. This may well prove to have significant diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pavlidis
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - N Powell
- Division of Transplantation and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R P Vincent
- Department of Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - D Ehrlich
- Centre of Host-Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK
| | - I Bjarnason
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - B Hayee
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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1187
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Chassaing B, Miles-Brown J, Pellizzon M, Ulman E, Ricci M, Zhang L, Patterson AD, Vijay-Kumar M, Gewirtz AT. Lack of soluble fiber drives diet-induced adiposity in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G528-41. [PMID: 26185332 PMCID: PMC4593822 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00172.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity is often modeled by comparing mice fed high-fat diet (HFD), which is made from purified ingredients, vs. normal chow diet (NCD), which is a low-fat assemblage of relatively unrefined plant and animal products. The mechanism by which HFD promotes adiposity is complex but thought to involve low-grade inflammation and altered gut microbiota. The goal of this study was to investigate the extent to which HFD-induced adiposity is driven by fat content vs. other factors that differentiate HFD vs. NCD. Mice were fed NCD, HFD, or other compositionally defined diets (CDD), designed to mimic NCD and/or explore the role of HFD components. A range of metabolic parameters reflecting low-grade inflammation and adiposity were assayed. Relative to NCD, HFD, and to a lesser, but, nonetheless, significant extent, CDD induced increased adiposity, indicating both lipid content and other aspects of HFD are obesogenic. Moreover, HFD and CDD induced a rapid and marked loss of cecal and colonic mass. Such CDD-induced effects were not affected by adjusting dietary protein levels/types but could be largely eliminated by exchanging insoluble fiber (cellulose) for soluble fiber (inulin). Replacing cellulose with inulin in HFD also protected mice against decreased intestinal mass, hyperphagia, and increased adiposity. Such beneficial effects of inulin were microbiota dependent, correlated with elevated fecal short-chain fatty acid levels analyzed via (1)H-NMR-based metabolomics and were partially recapitulated by administration of short-chain fatty acid. HFD-induced obesity is strongly promoted by its lack of soluble fiber, which supports microbiota-mediated intestinal tissue homeostasis that prevents inflammation driving obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chassaing
- 1Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia;
| | - Jennifer Miles-Brown
- 1Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia;
| | | | - Edward Ulman
- 2Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey;
| | | | - Limin Zhang
- 3Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- 3Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- 4Departments of Nutritional Sciences & Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew T. Gewirtz
- 1Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia;
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1188
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Yang GB. Intestinal tract and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4304-4316. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i27.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is closely associated with the transmission, disease progression and the prevention and control of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It has been noticed early in AIDS research that a large percent of AIDS patients presented abnormalities in their intestinal tract, such as diarrhea. Now it is known that the intestinal tract has close and complex relationships with AIDS: (1) the intestinal tract is directly involved in the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1); (2) the damage of the intestinal barrier of HIV/AIDS patients directly promotes AIDS disease progression; and (3) most importantly, the intestinal tract is an important target for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. The author has previously reviewed the progress in understanding the roles of the intestinal tract in HIV-1 infection and the changes of the intestinal tract after HIV-1 infection. In the current review, I discuss the progress in understanding the roles of the damage of the intestinal mucosal immune system in AIDS disease progression, and the potential application value of the restoration of intestinal mucosal immunity in the treatment of AIDS.
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1189
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Hänninen ALM, Toivonen RK. On the role of gut bacteria and infant diet in the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2195-6. [PMID: 26162433 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arno L M Hänninen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520, Turku, Finland,
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1190
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Cani PD, Everard A. Talking microbes: When gut bacteria interact with diet and host organs. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:58-66. [PMID: 26178924 PMCID: PMC5014210 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes have reached epidemic proportions. Evidence suggests that besides dietary habits and physical activity, other environmental factors, such as gut microbes, are recognized as additional partners implicated in the control of energy homeostasis. Studies on the human gut microbiota have shown that the general population can be stratified on the sole basis of three dominant bacteria (i.e., the concept of enterotypes), while some others have suggested categorizing the population according to their microbiome gene richness. Both aspects have been strengthened by recent studies investigating the impact of nutrients (e.g., dietary fibers, fat feeding) and dietary habits (i.e., vegans versus omnivores) of different populations. Using preclinical models, quite a few novel mechanisms have been proposed in these gut microbiota–host interactions, including the role of novel bacteria, the regulation of antimicrobial peptide production, the maintenance of the gut barrier function and intestinal innate immunity. In this review, we discuss several of the aforementioned aspects. Nonetheless, determining the overall mechanisms by which microbes dialogue with host cells will require further investigations before anticipating the development of next‐generation nutritional interventions using prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, or even specific nutrients for promoting health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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1191
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Voss JD, Leon JC, Dhurandhar NV, Robb FT. Pawnobiome: manipulation of the hologenome within one host generation and beyond. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:697. [PMID: 26300848 PMCID: PMC4524101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jameson D Voss
- United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Epidemiology Consult Service, Wright Patterson AFB OH, USA
| | - Juan C Leon
- United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Epidemiology Consult Service, Wright Patterson AFB OH, USA
| | | | - Frank T Robb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD, USA
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1192
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Knight-Sepulveda K, Kais S, Santaolalla R, Abreu MT. Diet and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2015; 11:511-520. [PMID: 27118948 PMCID: PMC4843040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are increasingly becoming interested in nonpharmacologic approaches to managing their disease. One of the most frequently asked questions of IBD patients is what they should eat. The role of diet has become very important in the prevention and treatment of IBD. Although there is a general lack of rigorous scientific evidence that demonstrates which diet is best for certain patients, several diets-such as the low-fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol diet; the specific carbohydrate diet; the anti-inflammatory diet; and the Paleolithic diet-have become popular. This article discusses the diets commonly recommended to IBD patients and reviews the supporting data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Knight-Sepulveda
- Ms Knight-Sepulveda is a clinical dietitian and Dr Kais is an IBD clinical fellow at the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center in the University of Miami Health System in Miami, Florida. Dr Santaolalla is the research laboratory manager at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Miami, Florida. Dr Abreu is a professor of medicine, professor of microbiology and immunology, chief of the Division of Gastroenterology, director of the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center, and principal investigator at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
| | - Susan Kais
- Ms Knight-Sepulveda is a clinical dietitian and Dr Kais is an IBD clinical fellow at the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center in the University of Miami Health System in Miami, Florida. Dr Santaolalla is the research laboratory manager at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Miami, Florida. Dr Abreu is a professor of medicine, professor of microbiology and immunology, chief of the Division of Gastroenterology, director of the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center, and principal investigator at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
| | - Rebeca Santaolalla
- Ms Knight-Sepulveda is a clinical dietitian and Dr Kais is an IBD clinical fellow at the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center in the University of Miami Health System in Miami, Florida. Dr Santaolalla is the research laboratory manager at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Miami, Florida. Dr Abreu is a professor of medicine, professor of microbiology and immunology, chief of the Division of Gastroenterology, director of the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center, and principal investigator at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Ms Knight-Sepulveda is a clinical dietitian and Dr Kais is an IBD clinical fellow at the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center in the University of Miami Health System in Miami, Florida. Dr Santaolalla is the research laboratory manager at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Miami, Florida. Dr Abreu is a professor of medicine, professor of microbiology and immunology, chief of the Division of Gastroenterology, director of the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center, and principal investigator at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
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1193
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How to Explain the Dramatic Increase Around 2000 but Recent Leveling Off of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Korea? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:E16-7. [PMID: 26111209 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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1194
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become an increasingly challenging health burden due to its high morbidity, mortality, and heightened prevalence worldwide. Although dietary and nutritional imbalances have long been recognized as key risk factors for T2D, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The advent of nutritional systems biology, a field that aims to elucidate the interactions between dietary nutrients and endogenous molecular entities in disease-related tissues, offers unique opportunities to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying the health-modifying capacities of nutritional molecules. The recent revolutionary advances in omics technologies have particularly empowered this incipient field. In this review, we discuss the applications of multi-omics approaches toward a systems-level understanding of how dietary patterns and particular nutrients modulate the risk of T2D. We focus on nutritional studies utilizing transcriptomics, epigenomomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics, and integration of diverse omics technologies. We also summarize the potential molecular mechanisms through which nutritional imbalances contribute to T2D pathogenesis based on these studies. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges of nutritional systems biology and how the field can be optimized to further our understanding of T2D and guide disease management via nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Rio Elizabeth Barrere-Cain
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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1195
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Wang X, Wang S, Hu C, Chen W, Shen Y, Wu X, Sun Y, Xu Q. A new pharmacological effect of levornidazole: Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26212544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Levornidazole, which was originally used to inhibit anaerobic and protozoal infections, is currently known to possess a novel pharmacological effect. In this study, we investigated the possible modulation by levornidazole of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated IL-1β and IL-18 release from macrophages. The NLRP3 inflammasome could be activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus ATP or monosodium urate (MSU) in PMA-pretreated THP-1 macrophages. Surprisingly, an in vitro study showed that levornidazole suppressed IL-1β and IL-18 secretion by blocking the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, dextrornidazole barely suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome. Levornidazole displays activity similar to that of dextrornidazole against clinical anaerobic bacteria, and they possess the same pharmacokinetic properties. Moreover, both of these compounds were unable to ameliorate T cell-mediated inflammation. Therefore, we used the widely applied NLRP3 inflammasome-related models of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and LPS-induced endotoxin shock to confirm the novel pharmacological effect of levornidazole in vivo. The in vivo studies verified the novel activity of levornidazole because the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome by levornidazole contributed to a better ameliorating effect than that of dextrornidazole in the in vivo models tested. Furthermore, this inhibitory effect of levornidazole was found to be at least partially achieved by decreasing the mitochondrial ROS generation without inhibiting NF-κB activation. In summary, these data describe a new pharmacological effect of levornidazole as an inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunhui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
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1196
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Abstract
Recent advances in sequencing techniques, applied to the study of microbial communities, have provided compelling evidence that the mammalian intestinal tract harbors a complex microbial community whose composition is a critical determinant of host health in the context of metabolism and inflammation. Given that an imbalanced gut microbiota often arises from a sustained increase in abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria, the natural human gut flora normally contains only a minor proportion of this phylum. Here, we review studies that explored the association between an abnormal expansion of Proteobacteria and a compromised ability to maintain a balanced gut microbial community. We also propose that an increased prevalence of Proteobacteria is a potential diagnostic signature of dysbiosis and risk of disease.
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1197
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Chassaing B. [Involvement of food additives in intestinal inflammation and metabolic syndrome in mice]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:586-8. [PMID: 26152155 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153106004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chassaing
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont ave SE, Petit Science Center, Atlanta, GA 30303, États-Unis
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1198
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Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (E 432), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (E 433), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (E 434), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (E 435) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate (E 436) as food additives. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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1199
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73 box B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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1200
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Can inflammatory bowel disease really be solved by the multiple -omics and meta-omics analyses? Immunol Lett 2015; 165:107-8. [PMID: 25827759 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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