101
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Rehman Z, Fahim A, Bhatti MF. Scouting the receptor-binding domain of SARS coronavirus 2: a comprehensive immunoinformatics inquisition. Future Virol 2021. [PMCID: PMC7899787 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aim: December 2019 witnessed the emergence of a worldwide outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (CoV) termed SARS-CoV-2. Several preventive strategies are being developed, such as vaccines, to stop the spread of infection. Materials & methods: A comprehensive immunoinformatics approach was used to map conserved peptide sequences on the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 for their B-cell, T-helper & T-cytotoxic cell epitope profiles. Results & conclusion: The antigenic B-cell epitopes were LFRKSN and SYGFQPT. Among T-cell epitopes, CVADYSVLY and FTNVYADSF exhibited affinity for MHC class I, while YRLFRKSNL and VYAWNRKRI exhibited affinity for of MHC class II alleles. The overlapping epitope between B- and T-cells was YRLFRKSNL. The deployment of these epitopes in potential vaccine development against COVID-19 may help in slowing down the SARS-CoV-2 spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Rehman
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ammad Fahim
- Department of Multidisciplinary Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faraz Bhatti
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB),National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
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102
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Ghosh N, Sharma N, Saha I, Saha S. Genome-wide analysis of Indian SARS-CoV-2 genomes to identify T-cell and B-cell epitopes from conserved regions based on immunogenicity and antigenicity. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107276. [PMID: 33385714 PMCID: PMC7831793 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has a high transmission rate and shows frequent mutations, thus making vaccine development an arduous task. However, researchers around the globe are working hard to find a solution e.g. synthetic vaccine. Here, we have performed genome-wide analysis of 566 Indian SARS-CoV-2 genomes to extract the potential conserved regions for identifying peptide based synthetic vaccines, viz. epitopes with high immunogenicity and antigenicity. In this regard, different multiple sequence alignment techniques are used to align the SARS-CoV-2 genomes separately. Subsequently, consensus conserved regions are identified after finding the conserved regions from each aligned result of alignment techniques. Further, the consensus conserved regions are refined considering that their lengths are greater than or equal to 60nt and their corresponding proteins are devoid of any stop codons. Subsequently, their specificity as query coverage are verified using Nucleotide BLAST. Finally, with these consensus conserved regions, T-cell and B-cell epitopes are identified based on their immunogenic and antigenic scores which are then used to rank the conserved regions. As a result, we have ranked 23 consensus conserved regions that are associated with different proteins. This ranking also resulted in 34 MHC-I and 37 MHC-II restricted T-cell epitopes with 16 and 19 unique HLA alleles and 29 B-cell epitopes. After ranking, the consensus conserved region from NSP3 gene is obtained that is highly immunogenic and antigenic. In order to judge the relevance of the identified epitopes, the physico-chemical properties and binding conformation of the MHC-I and MHC-II restricted T-cell epitopes are shown with respect to HLA alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Indrajit Saha
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Division of Bioinformatics Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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103
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Sun H, Su X, Huang L, Mu D, Qu Y. Research Progress on the Cardiac Injury from ACE2 Targeting in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Biomolecules 2021; 11:196. [PMID: 33573324 PMCID: PMC7911115 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic due to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is now a global concern, posing a severe threat to the health of populations. At present, all countries in the world are stepping up the development of vaccines and antiviral agents to prevent the infection and further transmission of SARS-CoV-2. An in-depth investigation of the target organs and pathogenesis regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection will be beneficial for virus therapy. Besides pulmonary injury, SARS-CoV-2 also causes cardiac injury, but the exact mechanisms are unclear. This review summarizes the essential structural characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), describes the cardiac manifestations following SARS-CoV-2 infection, and explores the mechanisms of cardiac injury targeting ACE2 after the viral invasion. We aim to help the timely detection of related symptoms and implementation of therapeutic measures by clinicians for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Lingyi Huang
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
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104
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Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Sharma G, Lee SS. Immunoinformatics Approach for the Identification and Characterization of T Cell and B Cell Epitopes towards the Peptide-Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Arch Med Res 2021; 52:362-370. [PMID: 33546870 PMCID: PMC7846223 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Presently, immunoinformatics is playing a significant role in epitope identification and vaccine designing for various critical diseases. Using immunoinformatics, several scientists are trying to identify and characterize T cell and B cell epitopes as well as design peptide-based vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. In this review article, we have tried to discuss the importance in adaptive immunity and its significance for designing the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Moreover, we have attempted to illustrate several significant key points for utilizing immunoinformatics for vaccine designing, such as the criteria for selection and identification of epitopes, T cell epitope, and B cell epitope prediction and different emerging tools/databases for immunoinformatics. In the current scenario, a few immunoinformatics studies have been performed for various infectious pathogens and related diseases. Thus, we have also summarized and included these current immunoinformatics studies in this review article. Finally, we have discussed about the probable T cell and B cell epitopes and their identification and characterization for vaccine designing against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252,Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252,Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore Odisha, India
| | - Garima Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Science and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252,Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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105
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Rencilin CF, Rosy JC, Mohan M, Coico R, Sundar K. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 CTL epitopes for development of a multivalent subunit vaccine for COVID-19. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104712. [PMID: 33422682 PMCID: PMC7836868 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An immunoinformatics-based approach was used to identify potential multivalent subunit CTL vaccine candidates for SARS-CoV-2. Criteria for computational screening included antigen processing, antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity. A total of 2604 epitopes were found to be strong binders to MHC class I molecules when analyzed using IEDB tools. Further testing for antigen processing yielded 826 peptides of which 451 were 9-mers that were analyzed for potential antigenicity. Antigenic properties were predicted for 102 of the 451 peptides. Further assessment for potential allergenicity and toxicity narrowed the number of candidate CTL epitopes to 50 peptide sequences, 45 of which were present in all strains of SARS-CoV-2 that were tested. The predicted CTL epitopes were then tested to eliminate those with MHC class II binding potential, a property that could induce hyperinflammatory responses mediated by TH2 cells in immunized hosts. Eighteen of the 50 epitopes did not show class II binding potential. To our knowledge this is the first comprehensive analysis on the proteome of SARS-CoV-2 for prediction of CTL epitopes lacking binding properties that could stimulate unwanted TH2 responses. Future studies will be needed to assess these epitopes as multivalent subunit vaccine candidates which stimulate protective CTL responses against SARS-COV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Fernando Rencilin
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joseph Christina Rosy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Richard Coico
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Krishnan Sundar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, Tamil Nadu, India.
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106
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Amoroso A, Magistroni P, Vespasiano F, Bella A, Bellino S, Puoti F, Alizzi S, Vaisitti T, Boros S, Grossi PA, Trapani S, Lombardini L, Pezzotti P, Deaglio S, Brusaferro S, Cardillo M. HLA and AB0 Polymorphisms May Influence SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Severity. Transplantation 2021; 105:193-200. [PMID: 33141807 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection is heterogeneous in clinical presentation and disease evolution. To investigate whether immune response to the virus can be influenced by genetic factors, we compared HLA and AB0 frequencies in organ transplant recipients and waitlisted patients according to presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on an Italian cohort composed by transplanted and waitlisted patients in a January 2002 to March 2020 time frame. Data from this cohort were merged with the Italian registry of COVID+ subjects, evaluating infection status of transplanted and waitlisted patients. A total of 56 304 cases were studied with the aim of comparing HLA and AB0 frequencies according to the presence (n = 265, COVID+) or absence (n = 56 039, COVID-) of SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS The cumulative incidence rate of COVID-19 was 0.112% in the Italian population and 0.462% in waitlisted/transplanted patients (OR = 4.2; 95% CI, 3.7-4.7; P < 0.0001). HLA-DRB1*08 was more frequent in COVID+ (9.7% and 5.2%: OR = 1.9, 95% CI, 1.2-3.1; P = 0.003; Pc = 0.036). In COVID+ patients, HLA-DRB1*08 was correlated to mortality (6.9% in living versus 17.5% in deceased: OR = 2.9, 95% CI, 1.15-7.21; P = 0.023). Peptide binding prediction analyses showed that these DRB1*08 alleles were unable to bind any of the viral peptides with high affinity. Finally, blood group A was more frequent in COVID+ (45.5%) than COVID- patients (39.0%; OR = 1.3; 95% CI, 1.02-1.66; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Although preliminary, these results suggest that HLA antigens may influence SARS-CoV-2 infection and clinical evolution of COVID-19 and confirm that blood group A individuals are at greater risk of infection, providing clues on the spread of the disease and indications about infection prognosis and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Amoroso
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Magistroni
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Bella
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefania Bellino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Puoti
- National Transplant Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Alizzi
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Tiziana Vaisitti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Boros
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Grossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria-ASST-Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Trapani
- National Transplant Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Patrizio Pezzotti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Cardillo
- National Transplant Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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107
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Li X, Li T, Wang H. Treatment and prognosis of COVID-19: Current scenario and prospects (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:3. [PMID: 33235612 PMCID: PMC7678645 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that can cause infections in humans, termed as COVID-19, which is now a global pandemic. Because it is a novel virus, considerable efforts and extensive studies are needed to fully understand its characteristics. Its symptoms and severity range from mild to critical, depending on several factors, such as host susceptibility to the virus and their immune system, with the most common symptoms being fever, fatigue, sore throat and runny nose. There is no clear treatment available yet, though several options are being explored, with research for vaccines being at the forefront. Traditional Chinese Medicine may also be used as a treatment option. Since this virus is similar to the SARS-CoV and MERS viruses, considerable insight can be gained from previous studies. Although many patients recover completely, there are several factors that lead to poor prognosis. This review summarizes the research carried out so far in terms of treatment options and prognosis factors associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine Innovation Team, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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108
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Glycosylation, ligand binding sites and antigenic variations between membrane glycoprotein of COVID-19 and related coronaviruses. VACUNAS (ENGLISH EDITION) 2021. [PMCID: PMC7882953 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new coronavirus strain has wreaked havoc on human lives so the WHO was declared as a pandemic since 20th March 2020. The Membrane glycoprotein MP spans the viral envelope and it has a highly conserved glycosylation sequence. Aim Our study goal was to find out the N-glycosylation, ligand binding sites, and antigenic variations between COVID-19 and other associated viruses. Methods We performed In silico methodologies for serial analysis at both an operational and result/output level is assessed and compared study factors. Results We detected high similarity in sequence alignment for >89% between COVID-19 MP and other MP of CoVs. Prediction of N-glycosylation and cytotoxic T-cell epitopes, we identified precisely sites between SARS-CoV-2 MP and Pangolin CoV MP 100%. We also didn’t obtain any similarity in ligand binding site residues between MP sequences. Our study didn’t reveal any similarity in CTL epitope predication between coronaviruses under study using the CTLPred server. Conclusions Our results exhibit that the membrane glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is closely associated with predecessor SARS-CoVs specifically Pngolin CoV. Prediction of novel CTL epitopes may substantial scopes for the expansion of a peptide-based vaccine for the inhibition virion assembly of SARS-CoV-2.
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109
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Han J, Sun J, Zhang G, Chen H. DCs-based therapies: potential strategies in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:406-418. [PMID: 33390810 PMCID: PMC7757148 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.47706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading globally. There have been strenuous efforts to reveal the mechanisms that the host defends itself against invasion by this virus. The immune system could play a crucial role in virus infection. Dendritic cell as sentinel of the immune system plays an irreplaceable role. Dendritic cells-based therapeutic approach may be a potential strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, the characteristics of coronavirus are described briefly. We focus on the essential functions of dendritic cell in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Basis of treatment based dendritic cells to combat coronavirus infections is summarized. Finally, we propose that the combination of DCs based vaccine and other therapy is worth further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Han
- General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences USF Health, Taneja College of Pharmacy University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jiazhi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences USF Health, Taneja College of Pharmacy University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Guixin Zhang
- General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hailong Chen
- General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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110
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Singh SP, Pritam M, Pandey B, Yadav TP. Microstructure, pathophysiology, and potential therapeutics of COVID-19: A comprehensive review. J Med Virol 2021; 93:275-299. [PMID: 32617987 PMCID: PMC7361355 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There have been over seven million cases and almost 413 372 deaths globally due to the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) associated disease COVID-19, as of 11 June 2020. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that there is a common source for these infections. The overall sequence similarities between the spike protein of 2019-nCoV and that of SARS-CoV are known to be around 76% to 78% and 73% to 76% for the whole protein and receptor-binding domain (RBD), respectively. Thus, they have the potential to serve as the drug and/or vaccine candidate. However, the individual response against 2019-nCoV differs due to genetic variations in the human population. Understanding the variations in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) that may affect the severity of 2019-nCoV infection could help in identifying individuals at a higher risk from the COVID-19. A number of potential drugs/vaccines as well as antibody/cytokine-based therapeutics are in various developmental stages of preclinical/clinical trials against SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and 2019-nCoV with substantial cross-reactivity, and may be used against COVID-19. For diagnosis, the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard test for initial diagnosis of COVID-19. A kit based on serological tests are also recommended for investigating the spread of COVID-19 but this is challenging due to the antibodies cross-reactivity. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent reports available regarding the host-pathogen interaction, morphological and genomic structure of the virus, and the diagnostic techniques as well as the available potential therapeutics against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manisha Pritam
- Amity Institute of BiotechnologyAmity University Uttar PradeshLucknowIndia
| | - Brijesh Pandey
- Department of BiotechnologyMahatma Gandhi Central UniversityMotihariIndia
| | - Thakur Prasad Yadav
- Department of Physics, Institute of ScienceBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
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111
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Wang H, Wu X, Zhang X, Hou X, Liang T, Wang D, Teng F, Dai J, Duan H, Guo S, Li Y, Yu X. SARS-CoV-2 Proteome Microarray for Mapping COVID-19 Antibody Interactions at Amino Acid Resolution. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:2238-2249. [PMID: 33372199 PMCID: PMC7586461 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive profiling of humoral antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 (CoV-2) proteins is essential in understanding the host immunity and in developing diagnostic tests and vaccines. To address this concern, we developed a SARS-CoV-2 proteome peptide microarray to analyze antibody interactions at the amino acid resolution. With the array, we demonstrate the feasibility of employing SARS-CoV-1 antibodies to detect the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid phosphoprotein. The first landscape of B-cell epitopes for SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies in the serum of 10 coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) patients with early infection is also constructed. With array data and structural analysis, a peptide epitope for neutralizing antibodies within the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain's interaction interface with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor was predicted. All the results demonstrate the utility of our microarray as a platform to determine the changes of antibody responses in COVID-19 patients and animal models as well as to identify potential targets for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National
Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National
Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xin Hou
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Te Liang
- State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National
Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National
Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department
of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, & Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary
Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jiayu Dai
- State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National
Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hu Duan
- State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National
Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shubin Guo
- Department
of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, & Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary
Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National
Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
- (X.Y.)
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112
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Shomuradova AS, Vagida MS, Sheetikov SA, Zornikova KV, Kiryukhin D, Titov A, Peshkova IO, Khmelevskaya A, Dianov DV, Malasheva M, Shmelev A, Serdyuk Y, Bagaev DV, Pivnyuk A, Shcherbinin DS, Maleeva AV, Shakirova NT, Pilunov A, Malko DB, Khamaganova EG, Biderman B, Ivanov A, Shugay M, Efimov GA. SARS-CoV-2 Epitopes Are Recognized by a Public and Diverse Repertoire of Human T Cell Receptors. Immunity 2020; 53:1245-1257.e5. [PMID: 33326767 PMCID: PMC7664363 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the hallmarks of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical for fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed antibody and T cell reactivity in convalescent COVID-19 patients and healthy donors sampled both prior to and during the pandemic. Healthy donors examined during the pandemic exhibited increased numbers of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, but no humoral response. Their probable exposure to the virus resulted in either asymptomatic infection without antibody secretion or activation of preexisting immunity. In convalescent patients, we observed a public and diverse T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 epitopes, revealing T cell receptor (TCR) motifs with germline-encoded features. Bulk CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to the spike protein were mediated by groups of homologous TCRs, some of them shared across multiple donors. Overall, our results demonstrate that the T cell response to SARS-CoV-2, including the identified set of TCRs, can serve as a useful biomarker for surveying antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Shomuradova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Savely A Sheetikov
- National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia V Zornikova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Aleksei Titov
- National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexandra Khmelevskaya
- National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Dianov
- National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Malasheva
- National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Shmelev
- National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana Serdyuk
- National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Bagaev
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anastasia Pivnyuk
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii S Shcherbinin
- Pirogov Russian Medical State University, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Artem Pilunov
- National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Ivanov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shugay
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian Medical State University, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
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113
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Sattler A, Angermair S, Stockmann H, Heim KM, Khadzhynov D, Treskatsch S, Halleck F, Kreis ME, Kotsch K. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses and correlations with COVID-19 patient predisposition. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:6477-6489. [PMID: 32833687 DOI: 10.1172/jci140965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). So far, viral targets of cellular immunity and factors determining successful mounting of T cell responses are poorly defined. We therefore analyzed cellular responses to membrane, nucleocapsid, and spike proteins in individuals suffering from moderate or severe infection and in individuals who recovered from mild disease. We demonstrate that the CoV-2-specific CD4+ T helper cell response is directed against all 3 proteins with comparable magnitude, ex vivo proliferation, and portions of responding patients. However, individuals who died were more likely to have not mounted a cellular response to the proteins. Higher patient age and comorbidity index correlated with increased frequencies of CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells, harboring higher portions of IL-2-secreting, but lower portions of IFN-γ-secreting, cells. Diminished frequencies of membrane protein-reactive IFN-γ+ T cells were particularly associated with higher acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II scores in patients admitted to intensive care. CoV-2-specific T cells exhibited elevated PD-1 expression in patients with active disease as compared with those individuals who recovered from previous mild disease. In summary, our data suggest a link between individual patient predisposition with respect to age and comorbidity and impairment of CoV-2-specific Th1-type cellular immunity, thereby supporting a concept of altered T cell function in at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Sattler
- Department for General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery
| | | | | | - Katrin Moira Heim
- Department of Infectiology and Pneumonology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Fabian Halleck
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, and
| | | | - Katja Kotsch
- Department for General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery
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114
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Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB, Gaonkar PP, Vergis J, Dhama K, Malik SS. Global scenario, public health concerns and mitigation strategies to counter current ongoing SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 pandemic. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:3023-3033. [PMID: 33121328 PMCID: PMC7605515 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1810496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus- 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has posed a great public health threat to the global community as a pandemic. The origin of the virus has been linked to animals, through a yet-to-be-identified intermediate host. The disease is transmitted to humans mainly through inhalation or contact with infected droplets. The variable clinical presentation of COVID-19 includes fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue and malaise; however, cutaneous, ocular, neurological, and gastrointestinal manifestations have also been reported. There is an urgent need to strengthen One Health surveillance, intervention, and management strategies to understand the ecology of coronaviruses and to prevent epidemics in the future. Global attention toward the development of treatments, immunotherapies, vaccines, and control options to combat the COVID-19 pandemic has been on an increasing trend. Here, we review the current epidemiological status, public health concerns, and mitigation strategies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Wayanad, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Satyaveer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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115
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Sofi MS, Hamid A, Bhat SU. SARS-CoV-2: A critical review of its history, pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis and treatment. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2020; 2:217-225. [PMID: 33196035 PMCID: PMC7648888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the deadly virus (novel coronavirus or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) that emerged in December 2019, remained a controversial subject of intense speculations regarding its origin, became a worldwide health problem resulting in serious coronavirus disease 2019 (acronym COVID-19). The concern regarding this new viral strain "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2" (acronym SARS-CoV-2) and diseases it causes (COVID-19) is well deserved at all levels. The incidence of COVID-19 infection and infectious patients are increasing at a high rate. Coronaviruses (CoVs), enclosed positive-sense RNA viruses, are distinguished by club-like spikes extending from their surface, an exceptionally large genome of RNA, and a special mechanism for replication. Coronaviruses are associated with a broad variety of human and other animal diseases spanning from enteritis in cattle and pigs and upper chicken respiratory disease to extremely lethal human respiratory infections. With World Health Organization (WHO) declaring COVID-19 as pandemic, we deemed it necessary to provide a detailed review of coronaviruses discussing their history, current situation, coronavirus classification, pathogenesis, structure, mode of action, diagnosis and treatment, the effect of environmental factors, risk reduction and guidelines to understand the virus and develop ways to control it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sami Ullah Bhat
- Corresponding author: Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, 190006, India
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116
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Behmard E, Soleymani B, Najafi A, Barzegari E. Immunoinformatic design of a COVID-19 subunit vaccine using entire structural immunogenic epitopes of SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20864. [PMID: 33257716 PMCID: PMC7704662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute pneumonic disease, with no prophylactic or specific therapeutical solution. Effective and rapid countermeasure against the spread of the disease’s associated virus, SARS-CoV-2, requires to incorporate the computational approach. In this study, we employed various immunoinformatics tools to design a multi-epitope vaccine polypeptide with the highest potential for activating the human immune system against SARS-CoV-2. The initial epitope set was extracted from the whole set of viral structural proteins. Potential non-toxic and non-allergenic T-cell and B-cell binding and cytokine inducing epitopes were then identified through a priori prediction. Selected epitopes were bound to each other with appropriate linkers, followed by appending a suitable adjuvant to increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine polypeptide. Molecular modelling of the 3D structure of the vaccine construct, docking, molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations confirmed that the vaccine peptide had high affinity for Toll-like receptor 3 binding, and that the vaccine-receptor complex was highly stable. As our vaccine polypeptide design captures the advantages of structural epitopes and simultaneously integrates precautions to avoid relevant side effects, it is suggested to be promising for elicitation of an effective and safe immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Behmard
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Zakariya Razi Blvd., Kermanshah, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bijan Soleymani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Zakariya Razi Blvd., Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Najafi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Barzegari
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Zakariya Razi Blvd., Kermanshah, Iran.
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117
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Jain N, Shankar U, Majee P, Kumar A. Scrutinizing the SARS-CoV-2 protein information for designing an effective vaccine encompassing both the T-cell and B-cell epitopes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 87:104648. [PMID: 33264668 PMCID: PMC7700730 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Novel SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic condition worldwide. It has been declared as a public health emergency of international concern by WHO in a very short span of time. The community transmission of this highly infectious virus has severely affected various parts of China, Italy, Spain, India, and USA, among others. The prophylactic solution against SARS-CoV-2 infection is challenging due to the high mutation rate of its RNA genome. Herein, we exploited a next-generation vaccinology approach to construct a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 that is predicted to have high antigenicity, safety, and efficacy to combat this deadly infectious agent. The whole proteome was scrutinized for the screening of highly conserved, antigenic, non-allergen, and non-toxic epitopes having high population coverage that can elicit both humoral and cellular mediated immune response against COVID-19 infection. These epitopes along with four different adjuvants, were utilized to construct a multi-epitope-vaccine candidate that can generate strong immunological memory response having high efficacy in humans. Various physiochemical analyses revealed the formation of a stable vaccine product having a high propensity to form a protective solution against the detrimental SARS-CoV-2 strain with high efficacy. The vaccine candidate interacted with immunological receptor TLR3 with a high affinity depicting the generation of innate immunity. Further, the codon optimization and in silico expression show the plausibility of the high expression and easy purification of the vaccine product. Thus, this present study provides an initial platform for the rapid generation of an efficacious protective vaccine for combating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Jain
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Uma Shankar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Prativa Majee
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India.
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118
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Feng X, Xie X, Song S, Chen W, Bian H, Rui F, Zhu Q, Ren W, Qin C, Qi J. Current directions, conceptions and viewpoints on 2019-nCoV (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:70. [PMID: 33365070 PMCID: PMC7716651 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
On December 31, 2019, the first case of a novel coronavirus infection was reported in Wuhan, China. The ongoing outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has caused immense global concern. According to the recommendations of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee and the facts and cases that 215 other countries have also reported to date, the World Health Organization Director-General announced that the outbreak of 2019-nCoV constitutes a public health emergency of international concern and a severe threat to the human health worldwide. To date, the prevalence of the virus has continued in waves and is increasing globally. The present review briefly introduces the epidemiology of 2019-nCoV, as well as viral structural characteristics, and receptors and cells that may act after entering the body, laboratory examinations, imaging and pathological features, clinical manifestations, complications, treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Shouyang Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Weihai Second Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Fajuan Rui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wanhua Ren
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jianni Qi
- Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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119
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sreepadmanabh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sahu
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Ajit Chande
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
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120
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Tilocca B, Britti D, Urbani A, Roncada P. Computational Immune Proteomics Approach to Target COVID-19. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4233-4241. [PMID: 32914632 PMCID: PMC7640973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Progress of the omics platforms widens their application to diverse fields, including immunology. This enables a deeper level of knowledge and the provision of a huge amount of data for which management and fruitful integration with the past evidence requires a steadily growing computational effort. In light of this, immunoinformatics emerges as a new discipline placed in between the traditional lab-based investigations and the computational analysis of the biological data. Immunoinformatics make use of tailored bioinformatics tools and data repositories to facilitate the analysis of data from a plurality of disciplines and help drive novel research hypotheses and in silico screening investigations in a fast, reliable, and cost-effective manner. Such computational immunoproteomics studies may as well prepare and guide lab-based investigations, representing valuable technology for the investigation of novel pathogens, to tentatively evaluate specificity of diagnostic products, to forecast on potential adverse effects of vaccines and to reduce the use of animal models. The present manuscript provides an overview of the COVID-19 pandemic and reviews the state of the art of the omics technologies employed in fighting SARS-CoV-2 infections. A comprehensive description of the immunoinformatics approaches and its potential role in contrasting COVID-19 pandemics is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tilocca
- Department
of Health Sciences, University “Magna
Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department
of Health Sciences, University “Magna
Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Department
of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative
Clinics, Università Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze di laboratorio e infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department
of Health Sciences, University “Magna
Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
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121
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Yu Z, Wang P, Chen B, Zhang Z, Jiang J, Zhuang Y. Clinical, inflammatory, and immune differences between COVID-19 patients with and without cancer: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23015. [PMID: 33157948 PMCID: PMC7647537 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The World Health Organization announce that novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is pandemic worldwide on March 11, 2020. In this pandemic, cancer patients are prone to become critically ill after being infected with COVID-19 due to special immune conditions, and cannot effectively benefit from the treatment plan designed for normal people. However, only a few literatures report the differences between cancer patients and normal people after being infected with COVID-19. There is no systematic review to evaluate the clinical, inflammatory, and immune differences between COVID-19 patients with and without cancer. The systematic review aims to summarize and analyze the clinical, inflammatory, and immune differences between them. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We plan to conduct a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. Several databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, CBM, VIP, WanFang) were searched for relevant eligible observational studies on COVID-19 patients with cancer published from December 2019 to September 2020. Two researchers (Y.ZY and W.PP) will independently complete search strategy formulation, literature selecting, Information extraction, data collation, and quality assessment. The primary outcome will be the clinical characteristics differences between COVID-19 patients with and without cancer. Secondary outcomes will include immune function regulation characteristics such as T cell subset status, inflammation and other factors for COVID-19 patients with cancer. We intend to perform a meta-analysis of studies calculating odds ratio differences (Hedge g) for comparison in Forest plots and subgroup analysis after assessment of heterogeneity using I statistics based on compatibility on the basis of population and outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION We will use the information from published researches with no need for ethical assessment. Our findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal according to the PRISMA guidelines. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020204417.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Yu
- Oncology Department, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangguyuan Rd
| | - Peipei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Bailin Chen
- School of TCM, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing
| | - Zihao Zhang
- School of TCM, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing
| | - Jun Jiang
- Gynecology Department, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Youdian Rd, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yulong Zhuang
- Gynecology Department, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Youdian Rd, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
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122
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Farnós O, Venereo-Sánchez A, Xu X, Chan C, Dash S, Chaabane H, Sauvageau J, Brahimi F, Saragovi U, Leclerc D, Kamen AA. Rapid High-Yield Production of Functional SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain by Viral and Non-Viral Transient Expression for Pre-Clinical Evaluation. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040654. [PMID: 33158147 PMCID: PMC7712309 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine design strategies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are focused on the Spike protein or its subunits as the main antigen target of neutralizing antibodies. In this work, we propose rapid production methods of an extended segment of the Spike Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) in HEK293SF cells cultured in suspension, in serum-free media, as a major component of a COVID-19 subunit vaccine under development. The expression of RBD, engineered with a sortase-recognition motif for protein-based carrier coupling, was achieved at high yields by plasmid transient transfection or human type-5-adenoviral infection of the cells, in a period of only two and three weeks, respectively. Both production methods were evaluated in 3L-controlled bioreactors with upstream and downstream bioprocess improvements, resulting in a product recovery with over 95% purity. Adenoviral infection led to over 100 µg/mL of RBD in culture supernatants, which was around 7-fold higher than levels obtained in transfected cultures. The monosaccharide and sialic acid content was similar in the RBD protein from the two production approaches. It also exhibited a proper conformational structure as recognized by monoclonal antibodies directed against key native Spike epitopes. Efficient direct binding to ACE2 was also demonstrated at similar levels in RBD obtained from both methods and from different production lots. Overall, we provide bioprocess-related data for the rapid, scalable manufacturing of low cost RBD based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, with the added value of making a functional antigen available to support further research on uncovering mechanisms of virus binding and entry as well as screening for potential COVID-19 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Farnós
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada; (O.F.); (A.V.-S.); (X.X.); (C.C.); (S.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Alina Venereo-Sánchez
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada; (O.F.); (A.V.-S.); (X.X.); (C.C.); (S.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Xingge Xu
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada; (O.F.); (A.V.-S.); (X.X.); (C.C.); (S.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Cindy Chan
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada; (O.F.); (A.V.-S.); (X.X.); (C.C.); (S.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Shantoshini Dash
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada; (O.F.); (A.V.-S.); (X.X.); (C.C.); (S.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Hanan Chaabane
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada; (O.F.); (A.V.-S.); (X.X.); (C.C.); (S.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Janelle Sauvageau
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada;
| | - Fouad Brahimi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (F.B.); (U.S.)
| | - Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (F.B.); (U.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Denis Leclerc
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Amine A. Kamen
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada; (O.F.); (A.V.-S.); (X.X.); (C.C.); (S.D.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Mohapatra RK, Pintilie L, Kandi V, Sarangi AK, Das D, Sahu R, Perekhoda L. The recent challenges of highly contagious COVID-19, causing respiratory infections: Symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020. [PMID: 32654267 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.v96.510.1111/cbdd.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is highly contagious pathogenic viral infection initiated from Wuhan seafood wholesale market of China on December 2019 and spread rapidly around the whole world due to onward transmission. This recent outbreak of novel coronavirus (CoV) was believed to be originated from bats and causing respiratory infections such as common cold, dry cough, fever, headache, dyspnea, pneumonia, and finally Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in humans. For this widespread zoonotic virus, human-to-human transmission has resulted in nearly 83 lakh cases in 213 countries and territories with 4,50,686 deaths as on 19 June 2020. This review presents a report on the origin, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy for this novel virus and will provide ample references for the researchers toward the ongoing development of therapeutic agents and vaccines and also preventing the spread of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, India
| | - Lucia Pintilie
- Department of Synthesis of Bioactive Substances and Pharmaceutical Technologies, National Institute for Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Department of Microbiology, Pratima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashish K Sarangi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India
| | - Debadutta Das
- Department of Chemistry, Sukanti Degree College, Subarnapur, Odisha, India
| | - Raghaba Sahu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lina Perekhoda
- Department of medicinal chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
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Ahammad I, Lira SS. Designing a novel mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: An immunoinformatics approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:820-837. [PMID: 32599237 PMCID: PMC7319648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the deadly virus behind COVID-19, the disease that went on to ravage the world and caused the biggest pandemic 21st century has witnessed so far. On the face of ongoing death and destruction, the urgent need for the discovery of a vaccine against the virus is paramount. This study resorted to the emerging discipline of immunoinformatics in order to design a multi-epitope mRNA vaccine against the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. Various immunoinformatics tools were utilized to predict T and B lymphocyte epitopes. The epitopes were channeled through a filtering pipeline comprised of antigenicity, toxicity, allergenicity, and cytokine inducibility evaluation with the goal of selecting epitopes capable of generating both T and B cell-mediated immune responses. Molecular docking simulation between the epitopes and their corresponding MHC molecules was carried out. 13 epitopes, a highly immunogenic adjuvant, elements for proper sub-cellular trafficking, a secretion booster, and appropriate linkers were combined for constructing the vaccine. The vaccine was found to be antigenic, almost neutral at physiological pH, non-toxic, non-allergenic, capable of generating a robust immune response and had a decent worldwide population coverage. Based on these parameters, this design can be considered a promising choice for a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Coronavirus Infections/genetics
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Drug Design
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaque Ahammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh.
| | - Samia Sultana Lira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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125
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Mohapatra RK, Pintilie L, Kandi V, Sarangi AK, Das D, Sahu R, Perekhoda L. The recent challenges of highly contagious COVID-19, causing respiratory infections: Symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:1187-1208. [PMID: 32654267 PMCID: PMC7405220 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is highly contagious pathogenic viral infection initiated from Wuhan seafood wholesale market of China on December 2019 and spread rapidly around the whole world due to onward transmission. This recent outbreak of novel coronavirus (CoV) was believed to be originated from bats and causing respiratory infections such as common cold, dry cough, fever, headache, dyspnea, pneumonia, and finally Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in humans. For this widespread zoonotic virus, human-to-human transmission has resulted in nearly 83 lakh cases in 213 countries and territories with 4,50,686 deaths as on 19 June 2020. This review presents a report on the origin, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy for this novel virus and will provide ample references for the researchers toward the ongoing development of therapeutic agents and vaccines and also preventing the spread of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Pintilie
- Department of Synthesis of Bioactive Substances and Pharmaceutical TechnologiesNational Institute for Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBucharestRomania
| | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Department of MicrobiologyPratima Institute of Medical SciencesKarimnagarHyderabadIndia
| | - Ashish K. Sarangi
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and ManagementOdishaIndia
| | - Debadutta Das
- Department of ChemistrySukanti Degree CollegeSubarnapurOdishaIndia
| | - Raghaba Sahu
- College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Lina Perekhoda
- Department of medicinal chemistryNational University of PharmacyKharkivUkraine
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Revzin MV, Raza S, Srivastava NC, Warshawsky R, D’Agostino C, Malhotra A, Bader AS, Patel RD, Chen K, Kyriakakos C, Pellerito JS. Multisystem Imaging Manifestations of COVID-19, Part 2: From Cardiac Complications to Pediatric Manifestations. Radiographics 2020; 40:1866-1892. [PMID: 33136488 PMCID: PMC7646410 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2020200195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared an official pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 has been reported in most countries, and as of August 15, 2020, there have been over 21 million cases of COVID-19 reported worldwide, with over 800 000 COVID-19-associated deaths. Although COVID-19 predominantly affects the respiratory system, it has become apparent that many other organ systems can also be involved. Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis of all manifestations of the disease and its related complications, and proper utilization and interpretation of imaging examinations is crucial. A comprehensive understanding of the diagnostic imaging hallmarks, imaging features, multisystem involvement, and evolution of imaging findings is essential for effective patient management and treatment. In part 1 of this article, the authors described the viral pathogenesis, diagnostic imaging hallmarks, and manifestations of the pulmonary and peripheral and central vascular systems of COVID-19. In part 2 of this article, the authors focus on the key imaging features of the varied pathologic manifestations of COVID-19, involving the cardiac, neurologic, abdominal, dermatologic and ocular, and musculoskeletal systems, as well as the pediatric and pregnancy-related manifestations of the virus. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita V. Revzin
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208042, Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (M.V.R., A.M., A.S.B.); Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY (S.R., R.W., C.D., R.D.P., K.C., C.K., J.S.P.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Danbury Radiological Associates, PC, Danbury, Conn (N.C.S.)
| | - Sarah Raza
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208042, Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (M.V.R., A.M., A.S.B.); Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY (S.R., R.W., C.D., R.D.P., K.C., C.K., J.S.P.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Danbury Radiological Associates, PC, Danbury, Conn (N.C.S.)
| | - Neil C. Srivastava
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208042, Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (M.V.R., A.M., A.S.B.); Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY (S.R., R.W., C.D., R.D.P., K.C., C.K., J.S.P.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Danbury Radiological Associates, PC, Danbury, Conn (N.C.S.)
| | - Robin Warshawsky
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208042, Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (M.V.R., A.M., A.S.B.); Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY (S.R., R.W., C.D., R.D.P., K.C., C.K., J.S.P.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Danbury Radiological Associates, PC, Danbury, Conn (N.C.S.)
| | - Catherine D’Agostino
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208042, Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (M.V.R., A.M., A.S.B.); Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY (S.R., R.W., C.D., R.D.P., K.C., C.K., J.S.P.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Danbury Radiological Associates, PC, Danbury, Conn (N.C.S.)
| | - Ajay Malhotra
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208042, Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (M.V.R., A.M., A.S.B.); Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY (S.R., R.W., C.D., R.D.P., K.C., C.K., J.S.P.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Danbury Radiological Associates, PC, Danbury, Conn (N.C.S.)
| | - Anna S. Bader
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208042, Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (M.V.R., A.M., A.S.B.); Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY (S.R., R.W., C.D., R.D.P., K.C., C.K., J.S.P.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Danbury Radiological Associates, PC, Danbury, Conn (N.C.S.)
| | - Ritesh D. Patel
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208042, Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (M.V.R., A.M., A.S.B.); Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY (S.R., R.W., C.D., R.D.P., K.C., C.K., J.S.P.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Danbury Radiological Associates, PC, Danbury, Conn (N.C.S.)
| | - Kan Chen
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208042, Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (M.V.R., A.M., A.S.B.); Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY (S.R., R.W., C.D., R.D.P., K.C., C.K., J.S.P.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Danbury Radiological Associates, PC, Danbury, Conn (N.C.S.)
| | - Christopher Kyriakakos
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208042, Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (M.V.R., A.M., A.S.B.); Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY (S.R., R.W., C.D., R.D.P., K.C., C.K., J.S.P.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Danbury Radiological Associates, PC, Danbury, Conn (N.C.S.)
| | - John S. Pellerito
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208042, Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520 (M.V.R., A.M., A.S.B.); Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY (S.R., R.W., C.D., R.D.P., K.C., C.K., J.S.P.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Danbury Radiological Associates, PC, Danbury, Conn (N.C.S.)
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He J, Huang F, Zhang J, Chen Q, Zheng Z, Zhou Q, Chen D, Li J, Chen J. Vaccine design based on 16 epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Med Virol 2020; 93:2115-2131. [PMID: 33091154 PMCID: PMC7675516 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) urgently requires an effective vaccine for prevention. In this study, 66 epitopes containing pentapeptides of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein in the IEDB database were compared with the amino acid sequence of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein, and 66 potentially immune‐related peptides of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein were obtained. Based on the single‐nucleotide polymorphisms analysis of spike protein of 1218 SARS‐CoV‐2 isolates, 52 easily mutated sites were identified and used for vaccine epitope screening. The best vaccine candidate epitopes in the 66 peptides of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein were screened out through mutation and immunoinformatics analysis. The best candidate epitopes were connected by different linkers in silico to obtain vaccine candidate sequences. The results showed that 16 epitopes were relatively conservative, immunological, nontoxic, and nonallergenic, could induce the secretion of cytokines, and were more likely to be exposed on the surface of the spike protein. They were both B‐ and T‐cell epitopes, and could recognize a certain number of HLA molecules and had high coverage rates in different populations. Moreover, epitopes 897‐913 were predicted to have possible cross‐immunoprotection for SARS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2. The results of vaccine candidate sequences screening suggested that sequences (without linker, with linker GGGSGGG, EAAAK, GPGPG, and KK, respectively) were the best. The proteins translated by these sequences were relatively stable, with a high antigenic index and good biological activity. Our study provided vaccine candidate epitopes and sequences for the research of the SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Department of First Surgical, Chengdu Shuangliu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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128
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Porto PS, Anjos D, Dábilla N, da Fonseca SG, Souza M. Immunoinformatic construction of an adenovirus-based modular vaccine platform and its application in the design of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104489. [PMID: 32758675 PMCID: PMC7833690 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has imposed new challenges and demands for health systems, especially in the development of new vaccine strategies. Vaccines for many pathogens were developed based on the display of foreign epitopes in the variable regions of the human adenovirus (HAdV) major capsid proteins (hexon, penton and fiber). The humoral immune response against the HAdV major capsid proteins was demonstrated to play a role in the development of an immune response against the epitopes in display. Through the immunoinformatic profiling of the major capsid proteins of HAdVs from different species, we developed a modular concept that can be used in the development of vaccines based on HAdV vectors. Our data suggests that different immunomodulatory potentials can be observed in the conserved regions, present in the hexon and penton proteins, from different species. Using this modular approach, we developed a HAdV-5 based vaccine strategy for SARS-CoV-2, constructed through the display of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes indicated by our prediction analysis as immunologically relevant. The sequences of the HAdV vector major capsid proteins were also edited to enhance the IFN-gamma induction and antigen presenting cells activation. This is the first study proposing a modular HAdV platform developed to aid the design of new vaccines by inducing an immune response more suited for the epitopes in display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Soares Porto
- Laboratory of Virology and Cell Culture, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Déborah Anjos
- Laboratory of Virology and Cell Culture, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Nathânia Dábilla
- Laboratory of Virology and Cell Culture, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Simone Gonçalves da Fonseca
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
| | - Menira Souza
- Laboratory of Virology and Cell Culture, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Lon JR, Bai Y, Zhong B, Cai F, Du H. Prediction and evolution of B cell epitopes of surface protein in SARS-CoV-2. Virol J 2020; 17:165. [PMID: 33121513 PMCID: PMC7594941 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to obtain antibodies that recognize natural proteins, it is possible to predict the antigenic determinants of natural proteins, which are eventually embodied as polypeptides. The polypeptides can be coupled with corresponding vectors to stimulate the immune system to produce corresponding antibodies, which is also a simple and effective vaccine development method. The discovery of epitopes is helpful to the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. METHODS The analyses were related to epitopes on 3 proteins, including spike (S), envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins, which are located on the lipid envelope of the SARS-CoV-2. Based on the NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_045512.2, the conformational and linear B cell epitopes of the surface protein were predicted separately by various prediction methods. Furthermore, the conservation of the epitopes, the adaptability and other evolutionary characteristics were also analyzed, the sequences of the whole genome of SARS-CoV-2 were obtained from the GISAID. RESULTS 7 epitopes were predicted, including 6 linear epitopes and 1 conformational epitope. One of the linear and one of the conformational consist of identical sequence, but represent different forms of epitopes. It is worth mentioning that all 6 identified epitopes were conserved in nearly 3500 SARS-CoV-2 genomes, showing that it is helpful to obtain stable and long-acting epitopes under the condition of high frequency of amino acid mutation, which deserved further study at the experiment level. CONCLUSION The findings would facilitate the vaccine development, had the potential to be directly applied on the prevention in this disease, but also have the potential to prevent the possible threats caused by other types of coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Rumdon Lon
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yunmeng Bai
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bingxu Zhong
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fuqiang Cai
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongli Du
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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130
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Liu X, Drelich A, Li W, Chen C, Sun Z, Shi M, Adams C, Mellors JW, Tseng CT, Dimitrov DS. Enhanced elicitation of potent neutralizing antibodies by the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain Fc fusion protein in mice. Vaccine 2020; 38:7205-7212. [PMID: 33010978 PMCID: PMC7508516 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is urgently needed. We generated SARS-CoV-2 RBD-Fc fusion protein and evaluated its potency to elicit neutralizing antibody response in mice. RBD-Fc elicited a higher neutralizing antibodies titer than RBD as evaluated by a pseudovirus neutralization assay and a live virus based microneutralization assay. Furthermore, RBD-Fc immunized sera better inhibited cell-cell fusion, as evaluated by a quantitative cell-cell fusion assay. The cell-cell fusion assay results correlated well with the virus neutralization potency and could be used for high-throughput screening of large panels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and vaccines without the requirement of live virus infection in BSL3 containment. Moreover, the anti-RBD sera did not enhance the pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 infection of K562 cells. These results demonstrate that Fc fusion can significantly improve the humoral immune response to recombinant RBD immunogen, and suggest that RBD-Fc could serve as a useful component of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Cell Fusion
- Cell Line
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglei Liu
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Centers for Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, Galveston National Laboratory, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Chuan Chen
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zehua Sun
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Megan Shi
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cynthia Adams
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - John W Mellors
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Abound Bio, 1401 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Centers for Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, Galveston National Laboratory, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Abound Bio, 1401 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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131
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Silva TF, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Sanfelice RA, Gonçalves MD, da Silva Bortoleti BT, Detoni MB, Rodrigues ACJ, Carloto ACM, Concato VM, Siqueira EDS, Costa IN, Pavanelli WR, Conchon-Costa I, Miranda-Sapla MM. A 21st Century Evil: Immunopathology and New Therapies of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:562264. [PMID: 33193331 PMCID: PMC7652766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.562264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been classified as a global threat, affecting millions of people and killing thousands. It is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which emerged at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, quickly spreading worldwide. COVID-19 is a disease with symptoms that range from fever and breathing difficulty to acute respiratory distress and death, critically affecting older patients and people with previous comorbidities. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract, which it then uses to reach several organs. The immune system of infected patients has been demonstrated to suffer important alterations, such as lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes, excessive amounts of inflammatory monocytes and macrophages, especially in the lungs, and cytokine storms, which may contribute to its severity and difficulty of establishing an effective treatment. Even though no specific treatment is currently available, several studies have been investigating potential therapeutic strategies, including the use of previously approved drugs and immunotherapy. In this context, this review addresses the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the patient's host immune system during infection, in addition to discussing the main immunopathological mechanisms involved in the development of the disease and potential new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylon Felipe Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Arruda Sanfelice
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biotransformation and Phytochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center of Exact Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Barbosa Detoni
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Jacob Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Machado Carloto
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Márcia Concato
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Elaine da Silva Siqueira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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132
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Kaur SP, Gupta V. COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report. Virus Res 2020; 288:198114. [PMID: 32800805 PMCID: PMC7423510 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has urged the scientific community internationally to find answers in terms of therapeutics and vaccines to control SARS-CoV-2. Published investigations mostly on SARS-CoV and to some extent on MERS has taught lessons on vaccination strategies to this novel coronavirus. This is attributed to the fact that SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor as SARS-CoV on the host cell i.e. human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (hACE2) and is approximately 79% similar genetically to SARS-CoV. Though the efforts on COVID-19 vaccines started very early, initially in China, as soon as the outbreak of novel coronavirus erupted and then world-over as the disease was declared a pandemic by WHO. But we will not be having an effective COVID-19 vaccine before September, 2020 as per very optimistic estimates. This is because a successful COVID-19 vaccine will require a cautious validation of efficacy and adverse reactivity as the target vaccinee population include high-risk individuals over the age of 60, particularly those with chronic co-morbid conditions, frontline healthcare workers and those involved in essentials industries. Various platforms for vaccine development are available namely: virus vectored vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, genetic vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization which are under evaluations for SARS-CoV-2, with each having discrete benefits and hindrances. The COVID-19 pandemic which probably is the most devastating one in the last 100 years after Spanish flu mandates the speedy evaluation of the multiple approaches for competence to elicit protective immunity and safety to curtail unwanted immune-potentiation which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this virus. This review is aimed at providing an overview of the efforts dedicated to an effective vaccine for this novel coronavirus which has crippled the world in terms of economy, human health and life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India.
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133
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Zhang B, Yue D, Wang Y, Wang F, Wu S, Hou H. The dynamics of immune response in COVID-19 patients with different illness severity. J Med Virol 2020; 93:1070-1077. [PMID: 32910461 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the dynamic changes of lymphocyte subsets and specific antibodies in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with different illness severity. The amounts of lymphocyte subsets and the levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibody were retrospectively analyzed in 707 COVID-19 cases. The amounts of lymphocyte subsets were significantly decreased with the increased severity of illness and the levels of IgM and IgG were lower in critical cases than severe and moderate cases. In deceased patients, the lymphocytes subsets were significantly lower than recovered patients. However, the relationship between the levels of IgM and IgG and the amounts of lymphocyte subsets were not significantly correlated. During different stages of COVID-19, the total T cell, CD4+ T cell, and CD8+ T cell counts were gradually recovered to the normal levels in severe and critical groups but the changing trend was relatively stable in the moderate group. The production of IgM and IgG antibodies were delayed in critical groups but also could reach the peak levels at one month after illness onset and decreased to background levels. To detect the kinetics of lymphocytes and antibodies has important clinical value in predicting the illness severity and understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daoyuan Yue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiji Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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134
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Romero-López JP, Carnalla-Cortés M, Pacheco-Olvera DL, Ocampo-Godínez JM, Oliva-Ramírez J, Moreno-Manjón J, Bernal-Alferes B, López-Olmedo N, García-Latorre E, Domínguez-López ML, Reyes-Sandoval A, Jiménez-Zamudio L. A bioinformatic prediction of antigen presentation from SARS-CoV-2 spike protein revealed a theoretical correlation of HLA-DRB1*01 with COVID-19 fatality in Mexican population: An ecological approach. J Med Virol 2020; 93:2029-2038. [PMID: 32986250 PMCID: PMC7537233 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is causing a pandemic disease that is reflected in challenging public health problems worldwide. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐based epitope prediction and its association with disease outcomes provide an important base for treatment design. A bioinformatic prediction of T cell epitopes and their restricted HLA Class I and II alleles was performed to obtain immunogenic epitopes and HLA alleles from the spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus. Also, a correlation with the predicted fatality rate of hospitalized patients in 28 states of Mexico was done. Here, we describe a set of 10 highly immunogenic epitopes, together with different HLA alleles that can efficiently present these epitopes to T cells. Most of these epitopes are located within the S1 subunit of the spike protein, suggesting that this area is highly immunogenic. A statistical negative correlation was found between the frequency of HLA‐DRB1*01 and the fatality rate in hospitalized patients in Mexico. First HLA association study for COVID‐19 in Mexico An epitope prediction for HLA Class I and II provided a list of highly immunogenic epitopes from the S protein of SARS‐CoV2 with potential use for vaccine development. A multi‐level approach revealed a correlation of HLA‐DRB1*01 frequency with fatality in Mexican hospitalized patients at ecological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pablo Romero-López
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala SN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Carnalla-Cortés
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Diana L Pacheco-Olvera
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala SN, Mexico City, Mexico.,Unidad Médica de Investigación en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Moisés Ocampo-Godínez
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala SN, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Tejidos, Posgrado de la Facultad de Odontología, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Julia Moreno-Manjón
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Microbiología e Inmunología Clínicas, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Bacteriología Médica, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala SN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brian Bernal-Alferes
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala SN, Mexico City, Mexico.,Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy López-Olmedo
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ethel García-Latorre
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala SN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Lilia Domínguez-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala SN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, The Henry Welcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luis Jiménez-Zamudio
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Clínica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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135
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Dawood AA. Glycosylation, ligand binding sites and antigenic variations between membrane glycoprotein of COVID-19 and related coronaviruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 22:1-9. [PMID: 33041736 PMCID: PMC7532767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacun.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new coronavirus strain has wreaked havoc on human lives so the WHO was declared as a pandemic since 20th March 2020. The Membrane glycoprotein MP spans the viral envelope and it has a highly conserved glycosylation sequence. Aim Our study goal was to find out the N-glycosylation, ligand binding sites, and antigenic variations between COVID-19 and other associated viruses. Methods We performed In silico methodologies for serial analysis at both an operational and result/output level is assessed and compared study factors. Results We detected high similarity in sequence alignment for >89% between COVID-19 MP and other MP of CoVs. Prediction of N-glycosylation and cytotoxic T-cell epitopes, we identified precisely sites between SARS-CoV-2 MP and Pangolin CoV MP 100%. We also didn't obtain any similarity in ligand binding site residues between MP sequences. Our study didn't reveal any similarity in CTL epitope predication between coronaviruses under study using the CTLPred server. Conclusions Our results exhibit that the membrane glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is closely associated with predecessor SARS-CoVs specifically Pngolin CoV. Prediction of novel CTL epitopes may substantial scopes for the expansion of a peptide-based vaccine for the inhibition virion assembly of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Dawood
- Dept. of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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136
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Lim HX, Lim J, Jazayeri SD, Poppema S, Poh CL. Development of multi-epitope peptide-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Biomed J 2020; 44:18-30. [PMID: 33727051 PMCID: PMC7527307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic involving so far more than 22 million infections and 776,157 deaths. Effective vaccines are urgently needed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections. No vaccines have yet been approved for licensure by regulatory agencies. Even though host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infections are beginning to be unravelled, effective clearance of virus will depend on both humoral and cellular immunity. Additionally, the presence of Spike (S)-glycoprotein reactive CD4+ T-cells in the majority of convalescent patients is consistent with its significant role in stimulating B and CD8+ T-cells. The search for immunodominant epitopes relies on experimental evaluation of peptides representing the epitopes from overlapping peptide libraries which can be costly and labor-intensive. Recent advancements in B- and T-cell epitope predictions by bioinformatic analysis have led to epitope identifications. Assessing which peptide epitope can induce potent neutralizing antibodies and robust T-cell responses is a prerequisite for the selection of effective epitopes to be incorporated in peptide-based vaccines. This review discusses the roles of B- and T-cells in SARS-CoV-2 infections and experimental validations for the selection of B-, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes which could lead to the construction of a multi-epitope peptide vaccine. Peptide-based vaccines are known for their low immunogenicity which could be overcome by incorporating immunostimulatory adjuvants and nanoparticles such as Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) or chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xuan Lim
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jianhua Lim
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seyed Davoud Jazayeri
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia.
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137
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Das SK. The Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Clin Biochem 2020; 35:385-396. [PMID: 32837036 PMCID: PMC7424135 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-020-00919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of this century, beta coronaviruses (CoV) have caused three zoonotic outbreaks. However, little is currently known about the biology of the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019. There is a spectrum of clinical features from mild to severe life threatening disease with major complications like severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute cardiac injury and septic shock. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 encodes polyproteins, four structural proteins and six accessory proteins. SARS-CoV-2 tends to utilize Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) of various mammals. The imbalance between ACE/Ang II/AT1R pathway and ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas receptor pathway in the renin-angiotensin system leads to multi-system inflammation. The early symptoms of COVID-19 pneumonia are low to midgrade fever, dry cough and fatigue. Vigilant screening is important. The diagnosis of COVID-19 should be based on imaging findings along with epidemiological history and nucleic acid detection. Isolation and quarantine of suspected cases is recommended. Management is primarily supportive, with newer antiviral drugs/vaccines under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Kumar Das
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and JNM Hospital, WBUHS, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235 India
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138
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SHEIKHSHAHROKH A, RANJBAR R, SAEIDI E, SAFARPOOR DEHKORDI F, HEIAT M, GHASEMI-DEHKORDI P, GOODARZI H. Frontier Therapeutics and Vaccine Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): A Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:18-29. [PMID: 34268202 PMCID: PMC8266011 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v49is1.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is considered as the third human coronavirus and has a high potential for transmission. Fast public health interventions through antibodies, anti-virals or novel vaccine strategies to control the virus and disease transmission have been extremely followed. SARS-CoV-2 shares about 79% genomic similarity with SARS-CoV and approximately 50% with MERS-CoV. Based on these similarities, prior knowledge in treating SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can be used as the basis of majority of the alternatives for controlling SARS-CoV-2. Immunotherapy is an effective strategy for clinical treatment of infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2. Passive antibody therapy, which decreases the virus replication and disease severity, is assessed as an effective therapeutic approach to control SARS-CoV-2 epidemics. The close similarity between SARS-CoV-2 genome with the SARS-CoV genome caused both coronaviruses to bind to the same angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors that found in the human lung. There are several strategies to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, which the majority of them are based on those developed previously for SARS-CoV. The interaction between the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 on the host cell surface leads to the initiation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. S protein, which is the main inducer of neutralizing antibodies, has been targeted by most of these strategies. Vaccines that induce an immune response against the S protein to inhibit its binding with the host ACE2 receptor, can be considered as effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we aimed to review frontier therapeutics and vaccination strategies for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein SHEIKHSHAHROKH
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Reza RANJBAR
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz SAEIDI
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad HEIAT
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam GHASEMI-DEHKORDI
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hamed GOODARZI
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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139
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Crooke SN, Kennedy RB. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development: Current Status. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:2172-2188. [PMID: 33012348 PMCID: PMC7392072 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the midst of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic and its attendant morbidity and mortality, safe and efficacious vaccines are needed that induce protective and long-lived immune responses. More than 120 vaccine candidates worldwide are in various preclinical and phase 1 to 3 clinical trials that include inactivated, live-attenuated, viral-vectored replicating and nonreplicating, protein- and peptide-based, and nucleic acid approaches. Vaccines will be necessary both for individual protection and for the safe development of population-level herd immunity. Public-private partnership collaborative efforts, such as the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines mechanism, are key to rapidly identifying safe and effective vaccine candidates as quickly and efficiently as possible. In this article, we review the major vaccine approaches being taken and issues that must be resolved in the quest for vaccines to prevent coronavirus disease 2019. For this study, we scanned the PubMed database from 1963 to 2020 for all publications using the following search terms in various combinations: SARS, MERS, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine, clinical trial, coronavirus, pandemic, and vaccine development. We also did a Web search for these same terms. In addition, we examined the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other public health authority websites. We excluded abstracts and all articles that were not written in English.
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Key Words
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ade, antibody-dependent enhancement
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- il, interleukin
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome
- mva, modified vaccinia virus ankara
- nih, national institutes of health
- rbd, receptor-binding domain
- s, spike
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- sars-cov, sars coronavirus
- tlr, toll-like receptor
- vlp, virus-like particle
- who, world health organization
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140
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Kassem DH, Kamal MM. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles: A Potential Game Changer for the COVID-19 Crisis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:587866. [PMID: 33102489 PMCID: PMC7554315 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.587866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health crisis. The high infectivity of the disease even from non-symptomatic infected patients, together with the lack of a definitive cure or preventive measures are all responsible for disease outbreak. The severity of COVID-19 seems to be mostly dependent on the patients' own immune response. The over-activation of the immune system in an attempt to kill the virus, can cause a "cytokine storm" which in turn can induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), as well as multi-organ damage, and ultimately may lead to death. Thus, harnessing the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to ameliorate that cytokine-storm can indeed provide a golden key for the treatment of COVID-19 patients, especially severe cases. In fact, MSCs transplantation can improve the overall outcome of COVID-19 patients via multiple mechanisms; first through their immunomodulatory effects which will help to regulate the infected patient inflammatory response, second via promoting tissue-repair and regeneration, and third through their antifibrotic effects. All these mechanisms will interplay and intervene together to enhance lung-repair and protect various organs from any damage resulting from exaggerated immune-response. A therapeutic modality which provides all these mechanisms undoubtedly hold a strong potential to help COVID-19 patients even those with the worst condition to hopefully survive and recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina H. Kassem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Kamal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
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141
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Usmani SS, Raghava GPS. Potential Challenges for Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccines Under Trial. Front Immunol 2020; 11:561851. [PMID: 33133071 PMCID: PMC7550622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.561851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gajendra P. S. Raghava
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
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Prakash S, Srivastava R, Coulon PG, Dhanushkodi NR, Chentoufi AA, Tifrea DF, Edwards RA, Figueroa CJ, Schubl SD, Hsieh L, Buchmeier MJ, Bouziane M, Nesburn AB, Kuppermann BD, BenMohamed L. Genome-Wide Asymptomatic B-Cell, CD4 + and CD8 + T-Cell Epitopes, that are Highly Conserved Between Human and Animal Coronaviruses, Identified from SARS-CoV-2 as Immune Targets for Pre-Emptive Pan-Coronavirus Vaccines. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33024971 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.27.316018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, there have been three deadly human outbreaks of Coronaviruses (CoVs) caused by emerging zoonotic CoVs: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and the latest highly transmissible and deadly SARS-CoV-2, which has caused the current COVID-19 global pandemic. All three deadly CoVs originated from bats, the natural hosts, and transmitted to humans via various intermediate animal reservoirs. Because there is currently no universal pan-Coronavirus vaccine available, two worst-case scenarios remain highly possible: (1) SARS-CoV-2 mutates and transforms into a seasonal "flu-like" global pandemic; and/or (2) Other global COVID-like pandemics will emerge in the coming years, caused by yet another spillover of an unknown zoonotic bat-derived SARS-like Coronavirus (SL-CoV) into an unvaccinated human population. Determining the antigen and epitope landscapes that are conserved among human and animal Coronaviruses as well as the repertoire, phenotype and function of B cells and CD4 + and CD8 + T cells that correlate with resistance seen in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients should inform in the development of pan-Coronavirus vaccines 1 . In the present study, using several immuno-informatics and sequence alignment approaches, we identified several human B-cell, CD4 + and CD8 + T cell epitopes that are highly conserved in: ( i ) greater than 81,000 SARS-CoV-2 human strains identified to date in 190 countries on six continents; ( ii ) six circulating CoVs that caused previous human outbreaks of the "Common Cold"; ( iii ) five SL-CoVs isolated from bats; ( iv ) five SL-CoV isolated from pangolins; ( v ) three SL-CoVs isolated from Civet Cats; and ( vi ) four MERS strains isolated from camels. Furthermore, we identified cross-reactive asymptomatic epitopes that: ( i ) recalled B cell, CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses from both asymptomatic COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals who were never exposed to SARS-CoV-2; and ( ii ) induced strong B cell and T cell responses in "humanized" Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DR/HLA-A*02:01 double transgenic mice. The findings herein pave the way to develop a pre-emptive multi-epitope pan-Coronavirus vaccine to protect against past, current, and potential future outbreaks.
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Siañez-Estrada LI, Rivera-Benítez JF, Rosas-Murrieta NH, Reyes-Leyva J, Santos-López G, Herrera-Camacho I. Immunoinformatics approach for predicting epitopes in HN and F proteins of Porcine rubulavirus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239785. [PMID: 32976525 PMCID: PMC7518572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine rubulavirus (PRV), which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, causes blue eye disease in pigs, characterized by encephalitis and reproductive failure in newborn and adult pigs, respectively. There is no effective treatment against PRV and no information on the effectiveness of the available vaccines. Continuous outbreaks have occurred in Mexico since the early 1980s, which have caused serious economic losses to pig producers. Vaccination can be used to control this disease. Searching for effective antigen candidates against PRV, we first sequenced the PAC1 F protein, then we used various immunoinformatics tools to predict antigenic determinants of B-cells and T-cells against the two glycoproteins of the virus (HN and F proteins). Finally, we used AutoDock Vina to determine the binding energies. We obtained the F gene sequence of a PRV strain collected in the early 1990s in Mexico and compared its amino acid profile with previous and more recent strains, obtaining an identity similarity of 97.78 to 99.26%. For the F proteins, seven linear B-cell epitopes, six conformational B-cell epitopes and twenty-nine T-cell MHC class I epitopes were predicted. For the HN proteins, sixteen linear B-cell epitopes, seven conformational B-cell epitopes and thirty-four T-cell MHC class I epitopes were predicted. The ATRSETDYY and AAYTTTTCF epitopes of the HN protein might be important for neutralizing the viral infection. We determined the in silico binding energy between the predicted epitopes on the F and HN proteins and swine MHC-I molecules. The binding energy of these epitopes ranged from -5.8 to -7.8 kcal/mol. The present study aimed to assess the use of HN and F proteins as antigens, either as recombinant proteins or as a series of peptides that could activate different responses of the immune system. This may help identify relevant immunogens, saving time and costs in the development of new vaccines or diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis I. Siañez-Estrada
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Metepec, México
| | - José F. Rivera-Benítez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Nora H. Rosas-Murrieta
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Metepec, México
| | - Gerardo Santos-López
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Metepec, México
| | - Irma Herrera-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
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Mustafa MI, Abdelmoneim AH, Mahmoud EM, Makhawi AM. Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Patients, Its Impact on Organs and Potential Treatment by QTY Code-Designed Detergent-Free Chemokine Receptors. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8198963. [PMID: 33029105 PMCID: PMC7512100 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8198963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus is not only causing respiratory problems, but it may also damage the heart, kidneys, liver, and other organs; in Wuhan, 14 to 30% of COVID-19 patients have lost their kidney function and now require either dialysis or kidney transplants. The novel coronavirus gains entry into humans by targeting the ACE2 receptor that found on lung cells, which destroy human lungs through cytokine storms, and this leads to hyperinflammation, forcing the immune cells to destroy healthy cells. This is why some COVID-19 patients need intensive care. The inflammatory chemicals released during COVID-19 infection cause the liver to produce proteins that defend the body from infections. However, these proteins can cause blood clotting, which can clog blood vessels in the heart and other organs; as a result, the organs are deprived of oxygen and nutrients which could ultimately lead to multiorgan failure and consequent progression to acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and often death. However, there are novel protein modification tools called the QTY code, which are similar in their structure to antibodies, which could provide a solution to excess cytokines. These synthetic proteins can be injected into the body to bind the excess cytokines created by the cytokine storm; this will eventually remove the excessive cytokines and inhibit the severe symptoms caused by the COVID-19 infection. In this review, we will focus on cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients, their impact on the body organs, and the potential treatment by QTY code-designed detergent-free chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eiman M. Mahmoud
- Department of Immunology, Ahfad University for Women, Khartoum, Sudan
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145
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Muench P, Jochum S, Wenderoth V, Ofenloch-Haehnle B, Hombach M, Strobl M, Sadlowski H, Sachse C, Torriani G, Eckerle I, Riedel A. Development and Validation of the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoassay as a Highly Specific Tool for Determining Past Exposure to SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:e01694-20. [PMID: 32747400 PMCID: PMC7512151 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01694-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics) was developed to provide accurate, reliable detection of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We evaluated sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity, and agreement with a vesicular stomatitis virus-based pseudoneutralization assay for the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay. Sensitivity and agreement between Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay and pseudoneutralization assay measurements were evaluated using samples from patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, a majority of whom were hospitalized. Specificity was evaluated using samples from routine diagnostic testing/blood donors collected before December 2019 and thus deemed negative for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Cross-reactivity was evaluated using samples containing a wide range of potentially cross-reacting analytes, purchased from commercial vendors. For sensitivity and specificity, point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Agreement between the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay and the pseudoneutralization assay was calculated. The sensitivity of the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay in patients with prior PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was 99.5% (95% CI, 97.0 to 100.0%) at ≥14 days post-PCR confirmation. Overall specificity (n = 10,453) was 99.80% (95% CI, 99.69 to 99.88%). Only 4/792 samples containing potential cross-reacting analytes were reactive with the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay, resulting in an overall specificity in this cohort of 99.5% (95% CI, 98.6 to 99.9%). Positive, negative, and overall agreement (n = 46) between the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay and the pseudoneutralization assay were 86.4% (95% CI, 73.3 to 93.6%), 100% (95% CI, 34.2 to 100%), and 87.0% (95% CI, 74.3 to 93.9%), respectively. The Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay demonstrated high sensitivity (99.5% at ≥14 days post-PCR confirmation) and specificity (99.80%), supporting its use as a tool for identification of past SARS-CoV-2 infection, including use in populations with low disease prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Giulia Torriani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
- Hôpitaux Universitaires Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
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146
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Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020. [PMID: 32580969 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00028-20/asset/32473ce7-130a–42a6-b589-0dd2f00518eb/assets/graphic/cmr.00028-20-f0007.jpeg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharun Khan
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudipta Bhat
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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147
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Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020. [PMID: 32580969 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202003.0001.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharun Khan
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudipta Bhat
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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148
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Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:e00028-20. [PMID: 32580969 PMCID: PMC7405836 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00028-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharun Khan
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudipta Bhat
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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149
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Tahir Ul Qamar M, Shahid F, Aslam S, Ashfaq UA, Aslam S, Fatima I, Fareed MM, Zohaib A, Chen LL. Reverse vaccinology assisted designing of multiepitope-based subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:132. [PMID: 32938504 PMCID: PMC7492789 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00752-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) linked with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause severe illness and life-threatening pneumonia in humans. The current COVID-19 pandemic demands an effective vaccine to acquire protection against the infection. Therefore, the present study was aimed to design a multiepitope-based subunit vaccine (MESV) against COVID-19. METHODS Structural proteins (Surface glycoprotein, Envelope protein, and Membrane glycoprotein) of SARS-CoV-2 are responsible for its prime functions. Sequences of proteins were downloaded from GenBank and several immunoinformatics coupled with computational approaches were employed to forecast B- and T- cell epitopes from the SARS-CoV-2 highly antigenic structural proteins to design an effective MESV. RESULTS Predicted epitopes suggested high antigenicity, conserveness, substantial interactions with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) binding alleles, and collective global population coverage of 88.40%. Taken together, 276 amino acids long MESV was designed by connecting 3 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), 6 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) and 4 B-cell epitopes with suitable adjuvant and linkers. The MESV construct was non-allergenic, stable, and highly antigenic. Molecular docking showed a stable and high binding affinity of MESV with human pathogenic toll-like receptors-3 (TLR3). Furthermore, in silico immune simulation revealed significant immunogenic response of MESV. Finally, MEV codons were optimized for its in silico cloning into the Escherichia coli K-12 system, to ensure its increased expression. CONCLUSION The MESV developed in this study is capable of generating immune response against COVID-19. Therefore, if designed MESV further investigated experimentally, it would be an effective vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 to control and prevent COVID-19.
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MESH Headings
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Coronavirus Infections/genetics
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine/immunology
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- SARS-CoV-2
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/chemistry
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccinology/methods
- Viral Matrix Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farah Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sidra Aslam
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Israr Fatima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mazhar Fareed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Zohaib
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China.
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150
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Pisanti S, Deelen J, Gallina AM, Caputo M, Citro M, Abate M, Sacchi N, Vecchione C, Martinelli R. Correlation of the two most frequent HLA haplotypes in the Italian population to the differential regional incidence of Covid-19. J Transl Med 2020; 18:352. [PMID: 32933522 PMCID: PMC7491019 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how HLA polymorphisms may affect both susceptibility, course and severity of Covid-19 infection could help both at the clinical level to identify individuals at higher risk from the disease and at the epidemiological one to explain the differences in the epidemic trend among countries or even within a specific country. Covid-19 disease in Italy showed a peculiar geographical distribution from the northern most affected regions to the southern ones only slightly touched. METHODS In this study we analysed the regional frequencies for the most common Italian haplotypes from the Italian Bone Marrow Donor Registry (HLA-A, -B, -C and -DRB1 at four-digit level). Then we performed Pearson correlation analyses among regional haplotypes estimated frequency in the population and Covid-19 incidence and mortality. RESULTS In this study we found that the two most frequent HLA haplotypes in the Italian population, HLA-A*:01:01g-B*08:01 g-C*07:01g-DRB1*03:01g and HLA-A*02.01g-B*18.01g-C*07.01g-DRB1*11.04g, had a regional distribution overlapping that of Covid-19 and showed respectively a positive (suggestive of susceptibility) and negative (suggestive of protection) significant correlation with both Covid-19 incidence and mortality. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, in order to define such HLA haplotypes as a factor effectively associated to the disease susceptibility, the creation of national networks that can collect patients' samples from all regions for HLA typing should be highly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | - Joris Deelen
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, PO Box 41 06 23, 50866, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Mariella Caputo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Marianna Citro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Mario Abate
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
- Vascular Pathophysiology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense, Pozzilli, 86077, Isernia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
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