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Naveed S, Lakka T, Haapala EA. An Overview on the Associations between Health Behaviors and Brain Health in Children and Adolescents with Special Reference to Diet Quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E953. [PMID: 32033054 PMCID: PMC7037721 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Unhealthy diet has been associated with overweight, obesity, increased cardiometabolic risk, and recently, to impaired cognition and academic performance. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the associations between health behaviors and cognition and academic achievement in children and adolescents under 18 years of age with a special reference to diet quality. Dietary patterns with a low consumption of fish, fruits, and vegetables, and high in fast food, sausages, and soft drinks have been linked to poor cognition and academic achievement. The studies on the associations between the high intake of saturated fat and red meat and low intake of fiber and high-fiber grain products with cognition are limited. The available evidence and physiological mechanisms suggest that diet may have direct, indirect, and synergistic effects on brain and cognition with physical activity, sedentary behaviors, cardiometabolic health, and sleep, but the associations have been modest. Therefore, integrating a healthy diet, physically active lifestyle, and adequate sleep may provide optimal circumstances for brain development and learning. We conclude that most of the existing literature is contained in cross-sectional studies, which therefore highlights the need for longitudinal and intervention studies on the effects of diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep on cognition and academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Naveed
- Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.L.); (E.A.H.)
| | - Timo Lakka
- Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.L.); (E.A.H.)
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, 70100 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero A. Haapala
- Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.L.); (E.A.H.)
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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102
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Stevenson RJ, Francis HM, Attuquayefio T, Gupta D, Yeomans MR, Oaten MJ, Davidson T. Hippocampal-dependent appetitive control is impaired by experimental exposure to a Western-style diet. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191338. [PMID: 32257311 PMCID: PMC7062097 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Animals fed a Western-style diet (WS-diet) demonstrate rapid impairments in hippocampal function and poorer appetitive control. We examined if this also occurs in humans. One-hundred and ten healthy lean adults were randomized to either a one-week WS-diet intervention or a habitual-diet control group. Measures of hippocampal-dependent learning and memory (HDLM) and of appetitive control were obtained pre- and post-intervention. HDLM was retested at three-week follow-up. Relative to controls, HDLM performance declined in the WS-diet group (d = 0.43), but was not different at follow-up. Appetitive control also declined in the WS-diet group (d = 0.47) and this was strongly correlated with HDLM decline (d = 1.01). These findings demonstrate that a WS-diet can rapidly impair appetitive control in humans-an effect that could promote overeating in consumers of a WS-diet. The study also suggests a functional role for the hippocampus in appetitive control and provides new evidence for the adverse neurocognitive effects of a WS-diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- Author for correspondence: Richard J. Stevenson e-mail:
| | - Heather M. Francis
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | | | - Dolly Gupta
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | | | - Megan J. Oaten
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Terry Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, WA, USA
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103
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Heshmati A, Komaki A, Faraji N, Karami J. Effects of Butter and Cheese on Memory and Learning in Rats. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/nfsr.7.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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104
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Nuthikattu S, Milenkovic D, Rutledge J, Villablanca A. The Western Diet Regulates Hippocampal Microvascular Gene Expression: An Integrated Genomic Analyses in Female Mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19058. [PMID: 31836762 PMCID: PMC6911042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for dementia, and chronic consumption of a Western Diet (WD) is associated with cognitive impairment. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of microvascular disease in the memory centers of the brain are poorly understood. This pilot study investigated the nutrigenomic pathways by which the WD regulates gene expression in hippocampal brain microvessels of female mice. Five-week-old female low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDL-R−/−) and C57BL/6J wild type (WT) mice were fed a chow or WD for 8 weeks. Metabolics for lipids, glucose and insulin were determined. Differential gene expression, gene networks and pathways, transcription factors, and non-protein coding RNAs were evaluated by genome-wide microarray and bioinformatics analysis of laser captured hippocampal microvessels. The WD resulted in differential expression of 2,412 genes. The majority of differential gene expression was attributable to differential regulation of cell signaling proteins and their transcription factors, approximately 7% was attributable to differential expression of miRNAs, and a lesser proportion was due to other non-protein coding RNAs, primarily long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) not previously described to be modified by the WD in females. Our findings revealed that chronic consumption of the WD resulted in integrated multilevel molecular regulation of the hippocampal microvasculature of female mice and may provide one of the mechanisms underlying vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saivageethi Nuthikattu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - John Rutledge
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Amparo Villablanca
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
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105
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Dharavath RN, Arora S, Bishnoi M, Kondepudi KK, Chopra K. High fat-low protein diet induces metabolic alterations and cognitive dysfunction in female rats. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1531-1546. [PMID: 31313125 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of the world population is suffering from MetS, and the same is expected to rise in the years to come. Worldwide, most of the staple diets contain high amounts of carbohydrates, fats and comparatively low quantities of proteins. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of high fat-low protein diet in the development of the metabolic syndrome and associated cognitive deficits in the female rats. The rats fed with high fat-low protein diet (HFLPD) and 15% oral fructose solution for 24 weeks. Body weight, food intake, water intake, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and serum lipid profile were measured after every 4 weeks. Serum insulin, HOMA-IR index, rectal temperature, and systolic blood pressure were measured to confirm the manifestation of the hallmarks of metabolic syndrome. Behavioral tests for locomotion, anxiety, learning, and spatial memory were performed from the 12th week to till the end of the study. At the 24th week, oxidative stress assays and histopathology of liver, kidney, brain, and WAT were also performed. HFLPD significantly altered the physiologic and metabolic parameters which contributed to the manifestation of MetS. HFLPD also impaired the cognitive functions along with significant structural changes in the liver, kidney, WAT, and brain. The findings of this study reveal that HFLPD has the potential to induce the physiological, metabolic and histological alterations in rats, which eventually led to the development of MetS and also disrupted the cognitive functions in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Naik Dharavath
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Shiyana Arora
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Yan T, Nian T, Wu B, Xiao F, He B, Bi K, Jia Y. Okra polysaccharides can reverse the metabolic disorder induced by high-fat diet and cognitive function injury in Aβ 1-42 mice. Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110802. [PMID: 31794852 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies showed that a high-fat diet threatened human health seriously. It can induce various diseases, such as obesity, metabolic disturbance and cognitive dysfunction which also related to insulin signaling. In the present study, Aβ1-42 induced AD model mice and normal mice were given a standard diet and high-fat diet, respectively. Meanwhile, Okra polysaccharides were used to treat AD mice to explore the possible mechanism between Alzheimer's disease and insulin signals. Weight and blood glucose of mice were measured weekly. Through the Morris water maze and the novel object recognition test, the Okra polysaccharides could improve the cognitive impairment of the AD mice. In addition, we also performed the serum chemistry analysis of mice, studied the histopathological changes in the hippocampal CA1 region by HE staining and detected the expressions of AKT, PI3K, ERK1/2, and GSK3β in the hippocampus by western blot. These results suggested that a high-fat diet can aggravate the metabolic disorder in AD mice and Okra polysaccharides can significantly reverse the metabolic disorder induced by high-fat diet and cognitive function injury in AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxu Yan
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tingting Nian
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bosai He
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ying Jia
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China.
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107
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Kavetsky L, Green KK, Boyle BR, Yousufzai FAK, Padron ZM, Melli SE, Kuhnel VL, Jackson HM, Blanco RE, Howell GR, Soto I. Increased interactions and engulfment of dendrites by microglia precede Purkinje cell degeneration in a mouse model of Niemann Pick Type-C. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14722. [PMID: 31605022 PMCID: PMC6788982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann Pick Type-C disease (NPC) is an inherited lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by pathogenic variants in the Npc1 or Npc2 genes that lead to the accumulation of cholesterol and lipids in lysosomes. NPC1 deficiency causes neurodegeneration, dementia and early death. Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) are particularly hypersensitive to NPC1 deficiency and degenerate earlier than other neurons in the brain. Activation of microglia is an important contributor to PCs degeneration in NPC. However, the mechanisms by which activated microglia promote PCs degeneration in NPC are not completely understood. Here, we are demonstrating that in the Npc1nmf164 mouse cerebellum, microglia in the molecular layer (ML) are activated and contacting dendrites at early stages of NPC, when no loss of PCs is detected. During the progression of PCs degeneration in Npc1nmf164 mice, accumulation of phagosomes and autofluorescent material in microglia at the ML coincided with the degeneration of dendrites and PCs. Feeding Npc1nmf164 mice a western diet (WD) increased microglia activation and corresponded with a more extensive degeneration of dendrites but not PC somata. Together our data suggest that microglia contribute to the degeneration of PCs by interacting, engulfing and phagocytosing their dendrites while the cell somata are still present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Kavetsky
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Kayla K Green
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Bridget R Boyle
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Fawad A K Yousufzai
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Zachary M Padron
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Sierra E Melli
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Victoria L Kuhnel
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | | | - Rosa E Blanco
- The Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - Ileana Soto
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA.
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108
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Modulation of Cognition: The Role of Gnidia glauca on Spatial Learning and Memory Retention in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:2867058. [PMID: 31565046 PMCID: PMC6745098 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2867058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposures to high-fat diets are linked to neuropathological changes that culminate in obesity-related cognitive dysfunction and brain alteration. Learning, memory performance, and executive function are the main domains affected by an obesogenic diet. There are limited effective therapies for addressing cognitive deficits. Thus, it is important to identify additional and alternative therapies. In African traditional medicine, Gnidia glauca has putative efficacy in the management of obesity and associated complications. The use of Gnidia glauca is largely based on its long-term traditional use. Its therapeutic application has not been accompanied by sufficient scientific evaluation to validate its use. Therefore, the current study sought to explore the modulatory effects of dichloromethane leaf extracts of Gnidia glauca on cognitive function in the high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced obese rats. Obesity was induced by feeding the rats with prepared HFD and water ad libitum for 6 weeks. The in vivo antiobesity effects were determined by oral administration of G. glauca at dosage levels of 200, 250, and 300 mg/kg body weight in HFD-induced obese rats from the 6th to the 12th weeks. The Lee obesity index was used as a diagnostic criterion of obesity. The Morris water maze was employed to test spatial learning and memory retention in rats. The results indicated that Gnidia glauca showed potent antiobesity effects as indicated in the reduction of body weight and obesity index in extract-treated rats. Moreover, Gnidia glauca exhibited cognitive-enhancing effects in obese rats. The positive influences on cognitive functions might be attributed to the extracts' phytochemicals that have been suggested to confer protection against obesity-induced oxidative damage, reduction of central inflammation, and increased neurogenesis. The therapeutic effects observed suggest that Gnidia glauca might be an alternative to current medications for the symptomatic complications of obesity, such as learning and memory loss. Further studies are therefore needed to establish its toxicity profiles.
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109
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Pétrault O, Pétrault M, Ouk T, Bordet R, Bérézowski V, Bastide M. Visceral adiposity links cerebrovascular dysfunction to cognitive impairment in middle-aged mice. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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110
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Francis HM, Stevenson RJ. Potential for diet to prevent and remediate cognitive deficits in neurological disorders. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:204-217. [PMID: 29346658 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of many neurological disorders involves oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. There is now substantial evidence that diet can decrease these forms of pathophysiology, and an emerging body of literature relatedly suggests that diet can also prevent or even remediate the cognitive deficits observed in neurological disorders that exhibit such pathology (eg, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, age-related cognitive decline, epilepsy). The current review summarizes the emerging evidence in relation to whole diets prominent in the scientific literature-ketogenic, caloric restriction, high polyphenol, and Mediterranean diets-and provides a discussion of the possible underlying neurophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Francis
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard J Stevenson
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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111
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Holton KF, Hargrave SL, Davidson TL. Differential Effects of Dietary MSG on Hippocampal Dependent Memory Are Mediated by Diet. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:968. [PMID: 31572118 PMCID: PMC6751330 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Free glutamate is a common dietary flavor enhancer and is also an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the body. A good number of food additives which contain glutamate are found in the Western Diet, and this diet has also been linked to increased risk of cognitive dysfunction. Objective To examine the effects of dietary glutamate on hippocampal and non-hippocampal memory performance, and whether consuming a diet high in fat/sugar could influence any observed associations. Methods Sixty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained concurrently on two different discrimination problems: (1) Pavlovian serial feature negative (sFN) discrimination, in which a brief tone stimulus was reinforced with sucrose pellets when it was presented alone (T+ trials) and non-reinforced on trials when it was preceded by the presentation of a brief light (LT− trials); and (2) a simple discrimination (SD) problem in which a white noise (WN+) cue was reinforced with sucrose pellets and a clicker (C-) stimulus was not reinforced. Previous research has shown that sFN, but not SD performance, depends on the functional integrity of the hippocampus. After solving both problems, the rats were assigned to one of four ad libitum-fed diet groups, matched on weight and discrimination performance: (1) high fat, high sugar western-style diet (WD), (2) standard laboratory rodent chow diet (chow), (3) WD + monosodium glutamate (MSG), or (4) chow + MSG. Results After 14 weeks, rats fed WD had higher adiposity than rats fed chow. Consistent with previous findings, rats fed WD exhibited impaired performance on the sFN problem, but not on the SD, relative to rats fed chow. Adding MSG to WD abolished this impairment, whereas rats fed chow + MSG had impaired sFN performance compared to rats fed chow alone. No differences in performance on the SD task were observed. Conclusion This study demonstrates differing effects of dietary glutamate on hippocampal dependent memory function, with MSG impairing hippocampal function in animals receiving chow, while improving hippocampal function in animals receiving a Western-type diet, high in fat and sugar. More research will be needed to explore the cause of these differential effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Holton
- Nutritional Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Health Studies, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sara L Hargrave
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Terry L Davidson
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Neural Homeostasis, Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, United States
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112
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Binda P, Eldor R, Huerta C, Adams J, Lancaster J, Fox P, Del Prato S, DeFronzo R, Abdul-Ghani M, Daniele G. Exenatide modulates visual cortex responses. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3167. [PMID: 30974038 PMCID: PMC6718343 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that metabolism affects brain physiology. Here, we examine the effect of GLP-1 on simple visual-evoked functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) responses in cortical areas. METHODS Lean (n = 10) and nondiabetic obese (n = 10) subjects received exenatide (a GLP-1 agonist) or saline infusion, and fMRI responses to visual stimuli (food and nonfood images) were recorded. We analysed the effect of exenatide on fMRI signals across the cortical surface with special reference to the visual areas. We evaluated the effects of exenatide on the raw fMRI signal and on the fMRI signal change during visual stimulation (vs rest). RESULTS In line with previous studies, we find that exenatide eliminates the preference for food (over nonfood) images present under saline infusion in high-level visual cortex (temporal pole). In addition, we find that exenatide (vs saline) also modulates the response of early visual areas, enhancing responses to both food and nonfood images in several extrastriate occipital areas, similarly in obese and lean participants. Unexpectedly, exenatide increased fMRI raw signals (signal intensity during rest periods without stimulation) in a large occipital region, which were negatively correlated to BMI. CONCLUSIONS In both lean and obese individuals, exenatide affects neural processing in visual cortex, both in early visual areas and in higher order areas. This effect may contribute to the known effect of GLP1 analogues on food-related behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Binda
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa. Pisa. Italy
| | - Roy Eldor
- Diabetes Unit-Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Hypertension at The Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center. Tel-Aviv. Israel
| | - Claudia Huerta
- Imaging Research Center University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. San Antonio, TX. US
| | - John Adams
- Imaging Research Center University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. San Antonio, TX. US
| | - John Lancaster
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. San Antonio, TX. US
| | - Peter Fox
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. San Antonio, TX. US
| | - Stefano Del Prato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Section of Diabetes. University of Pisa. Pisa. Italy
| | - Ralph DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. San Antonio, TX. US
| | - Muhammad Abdul-Ghani
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. San Antonio, TX. US
- Diabetes and Obesity Clinical Research Center, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Giuseppe Daniele
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. San Antonio, TX. US
- Diabetes and Obesity Clinical Research Center, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Section of Diabetes. University of Pisa. Pisa. Italy
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113
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Khazen T, Hatoum OA, Ferreira G, Maroun M. Acute exposure to a high-fat diet in juvenile male rats disrupts hippocampal-dependent memory and plasticity through glucocorticoids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12270. [PMID: 31439894 PMCID: PMC6706405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The limbic circuit is still undergoing maturation during juvenility and adolescence, explaining why environmental and metabolic challenges during these developmental periods can have specific adverse effects on cognitive functions. We have previously shown that long-term exposure (8-12 weeks) to high-fat diet (HFD) during adolescence (from weaning to adulthood), but not at adulthood, was associated with altered amygdala and hippocampal functions. Moreover, these HFD effects were normalized by treatment with glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists. Here, we examined in male rats whether acute exposure (7-9 days) to HFD during juvenility [from postnatal day (PND) 21 to PND 28-30] or adulthood (from PND 60 to PND 67-69) is sufficient to affect hippocampal functions and whether it is also dependent on GRs activation. Juvenile HFD abolished both hippocampal synaptic plasticity, assessed through in vivo long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1, and long-term hippocampal-dependent memory, using object location memory (OLM). No effect of HFD was observed in short-term OLM suggesting a specific effect on consolidation process. In contrast, adult HFD enhanced in vivo LTP and OLM. Systemic application of GR antagonist alleviated HFD-induced LTP and OLM impairments in juveniles. These results suggest that acute exposure to HFD during juvenility is sufficient to impair hippocampal functions in a GR-dependent manner. Interestingly, this effect depends on the developmental period studied as acute exposure to HFD at adulthood did not impair, but rather enhanced, hippocampal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tala Khazen
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Ossama A Hatoum
- Department of Surgery B- HaEmek Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion: Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mouna Maroun
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
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Crandall A, Cheung A, Miller JR, Glade R, Novilla LK. Dispositional forgiveness and stress as primary correlates of executive functioning in adults. Health Psychol Open 2019; 6:2055102919848572. [PMID: 31205734 PMCID: PMC6537259 DOI: 10.1177/2055102919848572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the physical, social, and mental health correlates of executive functioning in adults. Our sample consisted of 250 adults aged 18–55 years who participated in a survey. Participants reported on their physical health behaviors, family closeness, and mental health. Using hierarchical linear regression, the final model explained 41 percent of executive functioning in adults. Dispositional forgiveness of situations, stress, and living in a single-family home were the only significant correlates of executive functioning. These results are useful for better understanding possible mechanisms through which to improve executive functioning in adults.
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Mumme KD, von Hurst PR, Conlon CA, Jones B, Haskell-Ramsay CF, Stonehouse W, Heath ALM, Coad J, Beck KL. Study protocol: associations between dietary patterns, cognitive function and metabolic syndrome in older adults - a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:535. [PMID: 31077187 PMCID: PMC6509830 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of cognitive function is a significant issue as the world's population ages. Preserving cognitive function maintains independence in older adults bringing major societal and financial benefits. Lifestyle factors such as diet are modifiable risk factors, which may help preserve cognitive function. Most nutrition research aimed at preserving cognitive function and metabolic health has focussed on individual nutrients and foods, not allowing for food combinations and interactions. A dietary pattern approach considers the entire diet including its complexity. Previous research investigating dietary patterns and cognitive function has not always considered relevant covariates such as physical activity and the Apolipoprotein E genotype, which are known to have associations with cognitive function. The aim of the REACH (Researching Eating, Activity and Cognitive Health) study is to investigate associations between dietary patterns, cognitive function and metabolic syndrome, accounting for a range of covariates. METHODS This cross-sectional study design will recruit older, community-living adults (65-74 years) from Auckland, New Zealand. Dietary data will be collected via a 109-item food frequency questionnaire validated using a 4-day food record. Cognitive function will be assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (paper based) and the Computerised Mental Performance Assessment System (COMPASS) - a testing suite covering six domains. Additional data will include genetic (Apolipoprotein E ε4) and biochemical markers (fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipids profile), anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist and hip circumference, body composition using dual X-ray absorptiometry), blood pressure, physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire - short form) and health and demographics (questionnaire). Dietary patterns will be derived by principal component analysis. Associations between cognitive function and dietary patterns will be examined using multiple regression analysis. Covariates and interaction factors will include age, education, socio-economic status, physical activity, Apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype, family history of dementia or cognitive impairment, and lifestyle factors. Differences between participants with and without metabolic syndrome will also be examined. DISCUSSION This study will bring new knowledge regarding associations between dietary patterns and cognitive function and metabolic health in older adults living in New Zealand. This is important for developing nutrition related recommendations to help older adults maintain cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Mumme
- College of Health, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland, 0745 New Zealand
| | - Pamela R. von Hurst
- College of Health, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland, 0745 New Zealand
| | - Cathryn A. Conlon
- College of Health, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland, 0745 New Zealand
| | - Beatrix Jones
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | | | - Welma Stonehouse
- Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, PO Box 11060, Adelaide, SA 5001 Australia
| | - Anne-Louise M. Heath
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | - Jane Coad
- College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Kathryn L. Beck
- College of Health, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland, 0745 New Zealand
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Strzelewicz AR, Ordoñes Sanchez E, Rondón-Ortiz AN, Raneri A, Famularo ST, Bangasser DA, Kentner AC. Access to a high resource environment protects against accelerated maturation following early life stress: A translational animal model of high, medium and low security settings. Horm Behav 2019; 111:46-59. [PMID: 30708031 PMCID: PMC6527488 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Early life exposure to a low security setting, characterized by a scarcity of resources and limited food access, increases the risk for psychiatric illness and metabolic dysfunction. We utilized a translational rat model to mimic a low security environment and determined how this manipulation affected offspring behavior, metabolism, and puberty. Because food insecurity in humans is associated with reduced access to healthy food options the "low security" rat manipulation combined a Western diet with exposure to a limited bedding and nesting manipulation (WD-LB). In this setting, dams were provided with limited nesting materials during the pups' early life (P2-P10). This manipulation was contrasted with standard rodent caging (SD) and environmental enrichment (EE), to model "medium security" and "high security" environments, respectively. To determine if transitioning from a low to high security environment improved outcomes, some juvenile WD-LB offspring were exposed to EE. Maternal care was impacted by these environments such that EE dams engaged in high quality care when on the nest, but spent less time on the nest than SD dams. Although WD-LB dams excessively chased their tails, they were very attentive to their pups, perhaps to compensate for limited resources. Offspring exposed to WD-LB only displayed subtle changes in behavior. However, WD-LB exposure resulted in significant metabolic dysfunction characterized by increased body weight, precocious puberty and alterations in the hypothalamic kisspeptin system. These negative effects of WD-LB on puberty and weight regulation were mitigated by EE exposure. Collectively, these studies suggest that both compensatory maternal care and juvenile enrichment can reduce the impact of a low security environment. Moreover, they highlight how utilizing diverse models of resource (in)stability can reveal mechanisms that confer vulnerability and resilience to early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle R Strzelewicz
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston,MA 02115, United States
| | | | - Alejandro N Rondón-Ortiz
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston,MA 02115, United States
| | - Anthony Raneri
- School of Arts & Sciences, Health Psychology Program, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Sydney T Famularo
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Amanda C Kentner
- School of Arts & Sciences, Health Psychology Program, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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117
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Moreton E, Baron P, Tiplady S, McCall S, Clifford B, Langley-Evans S, Fone K, Voigt J. Impact of early exposure to a cafeteria diet on prefrontal cortex monoamines and novel object recognition in adolescent rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 363:191-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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118
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Cordner ZA, Khambadkone SG, Boersma GJ, Song L, Summers TN, Moran TH, Tamashiro KLK. Maternal high-fat diet results in cognitive impairment and hippocampal gene expression changes in rat offspring. Exp Neurol 2019; 318:92-100. [PMID: 31051155 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of a high-fat diet has long been known to increase risk for obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Further evidence strongly suggests that these same metabolic disorders are associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment later in life. Now faced with an expanding global burden of obesity and increasing prevalence of dementia due to an aging population, understanding the effects of high-fat diet consumption on cognition is of increasingly critical importance. Further, the developmental origins of many adult onset neuropsychiatric disorders have become increasingly clear, indicating a need to investigate effects of various risk factors, including diet, across the lifespan. Here, we use a rat model to assess the effects of maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation on cognition and hippocampal gene expression of offspring. Behaviorally, adult male offspring of high-fat fed dams had impaired object recognition memory and impaired spatial memory compared to offspring of chow-fed dams. In hippocampus, we found decreased expression of Insr, Lepr, and Slc2a1 (GLUT1) among offspring of high-fat fed dams at postnatal day 21. The decreased expression of Insr and Lepr persisted at postnatal day 150. Together, these data provide additional evidence to suggest that maternal exposure to high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation can have lasting effects on the brain, behavior, and cognition on adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Cordner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seva G Khambadkone
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gretha J Boersma
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lin Song
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tyler N Summers
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kellie L K Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Iqbal G, Ahmed T. Co-exposure of metals and high fat diet causes aging like neuropathological changes in non-aged mice brain. Brain Res Bull 2019; 147:148-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Okubo R, Noguchi H, Hamazaki K, Sekiguchi M, Kinoshita T, Katsumata N, Narisawa T, Uezono Y, Xiao J, Matsuoka YJ. Fear of cancer recurrence among breast cancer survivors could be controlled by prudent dietary modification with polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:1114-1118. [PMID: 30699854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of fear of cancer recurrence (FCR), the leading unmet psychological need of cancer survivors, may involve the dysfunctional processing of fear memory. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have beneficial effects on psychiatric disorders, including depressive disorder and anxiety disorders, and are involved in fear memory processing. We hypothesized that n-3 PUFA composition is associated with FCR in cancer survivors. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study to examine the relationship between n-3 PUFAs and FCR among breast cancer survivors. Adults who had been diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and were not undergoing chemotherapy were asked to participate. Blood PUFA composition was evaluated by using capillary blood. We directly administered the Concerns About Recurrence Scale (CARS) to assess the grade of FCR. RESULTS Among 126 participants used for the analysis, the mean age (SD) was 58 (11) years and 47% had stage I cancer. Multiple regression analysis controlling for possible confounders, depressive symptoms, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms revealed that the alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) level was significantly inversely associated with the average score on the CARS overall fear index (beta = -0.165, p = 0.04). No significant associations were found for other PUFAs. LIMITATIONS Our findings were obtained from a cross-sectional study in a single institute. CONCLUSION These findings provide the first evidence of a beneficial effect of ALA on FCR and indicate the need for prospective study of this association. FCR among breast cancer survivors might be controllable by prudent selection of ALA-containing cooking oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Okubo
- Division of Health Care Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Japan, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroko Noguchi
- Division of Health Care Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Japan, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kei Hamazaki
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sekiguchi
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira City, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kinoshita
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Noriko Katsumata
- Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd, 5-1-83 Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa 252-8583, Japan
| | - Tomomi Narisawa
- Division of Health Care Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Japan, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Jinzhong Xiao
- Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd, 5-1-83 Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa 252-8583, Japan
| | - Yutaka J Matsuoka
- Division of Health Care Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Japan, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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Wu H, Lv W, Pan Q, Kalavagunta PK, Liu Q, Qin G, Cai M, Zhou L, Wang T, Xia Z, Shang J. Simvastatin therapy in adolescent mice attenuates HFD-induced depression-like behavior by reducing hippocampal neuroinflammation. J Affect Disord 2019; 243:83-95. [PMID: 30236762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity/hyperlipidemia is accompanied by hormonal and neurochemical changes that can be associated with depression. Emerging studies indicate that simvastatin (SMV, decreasing cholesterol levels) has therapeutic effects on neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases through hippocampal-dependent function. However, the studies on the HFD exposure in adolescent animals, which investigate the neuroprotective effects of SMV on the hippocampal morphology, serotonin (5-HT) system and inflammation, are limited. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine whether SMV attenuates HFD-induced major depressive disorders in adolescent animals and, more specifically, acts as an anti-neuroinflammatory response. METHODS Twenty-four male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control (n = 8), HFD (n = 8) and HFD + SMV (n = 8) for 14 weeks. In HFD + SMV group, SMV (10 mg/kg) was administrated from the 10th week of HFD feeding. The open field test (OFT) and the tail suspension test (TST) were used to examine the effect of SMV on behavioral performance. HE and Nissl staining were conducted to detect hippocampal morphology and neural survival. Expression of the inflammatory cytokine genes was assayed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). RESULTS Firstly, alterations in lipid parameters were minimized after SMV treatment. HFD-induced depression-like behavior, which was evidenced by an increase in immobility time in TST along with considerable decrease in locomotion activity, was significantly attenuated by SMV therapy for 4 weeks. Additionally, SMV could reduce HFD-induced structural abnormality, neuronal injury, serotonergic system disturbance and pro-inflammatory cytokine over-expression in the hippocampus. Neuroimmunological changes in central hippocampus displayed a similar characteristic (only IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) with that in periphery spleen, whereas they appeared in an entirely opposite trend with that in cerebral cortex. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that SMV may be a promising treatment for HFD-induced depression-like behavior during adolescent period through brain region-specific neuroninflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenting Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Praveen Kumar Kalavagunta
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qiongzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Guohong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Minxuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liangliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhenjiang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai Province, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Tyagi A, Nguyen CU, Chong T, Michel CR, Fritz KS, Reisdorph N, Knaub L, Reusch JEB, Pugazhenthi S. SIRT3 deficiency-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammasome formation in the brain. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17547. [PMID: 30510203 PMCID: PMC6277395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT3, the primary mitochondrial deacetylase, plays a significant role in enhancing the function of mitochondrial proteins. Downregulation of SIRT3 is a key component of metabolic syndrome, a precondition for obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we examined the effects of brain mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation in western diet-fed Sirt3-/- mice, a model for metabolic syndrome. Brain mitochondrial proteins were hyperacetylated, following western diet feeding and Sirt3 deletion. To identity these hyperacetylated proteins, we performed a comprehensive acetylome analysis by label-free tandem mass spectrometry. Gene ontology pathway analysis revealed Sirt3 deletion-mediated downregulation of enzymes in several metabolic pathways, including fatty acid oxidation and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Mitochondrial respiration was impaired at multiple states, along with lower levels of mitochondrial fission proteins Mfn1 and Mfn2. Cleavage of procaspase-1 suggested inflammasome formation. Assembly of inflammasomes with caspase-1 and NLRP3 was detected as shown by proximity ligation assay. Markers of neuroinflammation including microgliosis and elevated brain IL-1β expression were also observed. Importantly, these findings were further exacerbated in Sirt3-/- mice when fed a calorie-rich western diet. The observations of this study suggest that SIRT3 deficiency-induced brain mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in metabolic syndrome may play a role in late-life cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpna Tyagi
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christy U Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Chong
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cole R Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristofer S Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Leslie Knaub
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jane E B Reusch
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Subbiah Pugazhenthi
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA. .,School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Mehta BK, Singh KK, Banerjee S. Effect of exercise on type 2 diabetes-associated cognitive impairment in rats. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:252-263. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1526795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bina Kumari Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, India
| | - Kaushal Kumar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Birsa Agriculture University, Ranchi, India
| | - Sugato Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, India
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124
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Behavioral assessment of hippocampal function following dietary intervention. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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125
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Yokoyama AS, Dunaway K, Rutkowsky J, Rutledge JC, Milenkovic D. Chronic consumption of a western diet modifies the DNA methylation profile in the frontal cortex of mice. Food Funct 2018; 9:1187-1198. [PMID: 29372223 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01602f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In our previous work in mice, we have shown that chronic consumption of a Western diet (WD; 42% kcal fat, 0.2% total cholesterol and 34% sucrose) is correlated with impaired cognitive function. Cognitive decline has also been associated with alterations in DNA methylation. Additionally, although there have been many studies analyzing the effect of maternal consumption of a WD on DNA methylation in the offspring, few studies have analyzed how an individual's consumption of a WD can impact his/her DNA methylation. Since the frontal cortex is involved in the regulation of cognitive function and is often affected in cases of cognitive decline, this study aimed to examine how chronic consumption of a WD affects DNA methylation in the frontal cortex of mice. Eight-week-old male mice were fed either a control diet (CD) or a WD for 12 weeks, after which time alterations in DNA methylation were analyzed. Assessment of global DNA methylation in the frontal cortex using dot blot analysis revealed that there was a decrease in global DNA methylation in the WD-fed mice compared with the CD-fed mice. Bioinformatic analysis identified several networks and pathways containing genes displaying differential methylation, particularly those involved in metabolism, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton integrity, inflammation and neurological function. In conclusion, the results from this study suggest that consumption of a WD alters DNA methylation in the frontal cortex of mice and could provide one of the mechanisms by which consumption of a WD impairs cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Yokoyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Gautier Y, Luneau I, Coquery N, Meurice P, Malbert CH, Guerin S, Kemp B, Bolhuis JE, Clouard C, Le Huërou-Luron I, Blat S, Val-Laillet D. Maternal Western diet during gestation and lactation modifies adult offspring's cognitive and hedonic brain processes, behavior, and metabolism in Yucatan minipigs. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201701541. [PMID: 29897815 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the long-term effects of exposure to a maternal Western diet (WD) vs. standard diet (SD) in the Yucatan minipig, on the adult progeny at lean status ( n = 32), and then overweight status. We investigated eating behavior, cognitive abilities, brain basal glucose metabolism, dopamine transporter availability, microbiota activity, blood lipids, and glucose tolerance. Although both groups demonstrated similar cognitive abilities in a holeboard test, WD pigs expressed a higher stress level than did SD pigs (immobility, P < 0.05) and lower performance in an alley maze ( P = 0.06). WD pigs demonstrated lower dopamine transporter binding potential in the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex ( P < 0.05 for both), as well as a trend in putamen ( P = 0.07), associated with lower basal brain activity in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens ( P < 0.05) compared with lean SD pigs. Lean WD pigs demonstrated a lower glucose tolerance than did SD animals (higher glucose peak, P < 0.05) and a tendency to a higher incremental area under the curve of insulin from 0 to 30 minutes after intravenous glucose injection ( P < 0.1). Both groups developed glucose intolerance with overweight, but WD animals were less impacted than SD animals. These results demonstrate that maternal diet shaped the offspring's brain functions and cognitive responses long term, even after being fed a balanced diet from weaning, but behavioral effects were only revealed in WD pigs under anxiogenic situation; however, WD animals seemed to cope better with the obesogenic diet from a metabolic standpoint.-Gautier, Y., Luneau, I., Coquery, N., Meurice, P., Malbert, C.-H., Guerin, S., Kemp, B., Bolhuis, J. E., Clouard, C., Le Huërou-Luron, I., Blat, S., Val-Laillet, D. Maternal Western diet during gestation and lactation modifies adult offspring's cognitive and hedonic brain processes, behavior, and metabolism in Yucatan minipigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yentl Gautier
- INRA INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Isabelle Luneau
- INRA INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Nicolas Coquery
- INRA INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Paul Meurice
- INRA INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes Saint-Gilles, France
| | | | - Sylvie Guerin
- INRA INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Bas Kemp
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Clouard
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Le Huërou-Luron
- INRA INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Sophie Blat
- INRA INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes Saint-Gilles, France
| | - David Val-Laillet
- INRA INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes Saint-Gilles, France
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127
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MicroRNA Expression Profiling in the Prefrontal Cortex: Putative Mechanisms for the Cognitive Effects of Adolescent High Fat Feeding. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8344. [PMID: 29844565 PMCID: PMC5974184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), master regulator of higher-order cognitive functions, is the only brain region that matures until late adolescence. During this period, the mPFC is sensitive to stressful events or suboptimal nutrition. For instance, high-fat diet (HFD) feeding during adolescence markedly impairs prefrontal-dependent cognition. It also provokes multiple changes at the cellular and synaptic scales within the mPFC, suggesting that major transcriptional events are elicited by HFD during this maturational period. The nature of this transcriptional reprogramming remains unknown, but may include epigenetic processes, in particular microRNAs, known to directly regulate synaptic functions. We used high–throughput screening in the adolescent mouse mPFC and identified 38 microRNAs differentially regulated by HFD, in particular mir-30e-5p. We used a luciferase assay to confirm the functional effect of mir-30e-5p on a chosen target: Ephrin-A3. Using global pathway analyses of predicted microRNA targets, we identified biological pathways putatively affected by HFD. Axon guidance was the top-1 pathway, validated by identifying gene expression changes of axon guidance molecules following HFD. Our findings delineate major microRNA transcriptional reprogramming within the mPFC induced by adolescent HFD. These results will help understanding the contribution of microRNAs in the emergence of cognitive deficits following early-life environmental events.
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128
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Haley AP, Oleson S, Pasha E, Birdsill A, Kaur S, Thompson J, Tanaka H. Phenotypic heterogeneity of obesity-related brain vulnerability: one-size interventions will not fit all. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1428:89-102. [PMID: 29741211 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intact memory and problem solving are key to functional independence and quality of life in older age. Considering the unprecedented demographic shift toward a greater number of older adults than children in the United States in the next few decades, it is critically important for older adults to maintain work productivity and functional independence for as long as possible. Implementing early interventions focused on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline at midlife is a strategy with the highest chance of success at present, bearing in mind the current lack of dementia cures. We present a selective, narrative review of evidence linking nutrition, body composition, vascular health, and brain function in midlife to highlight the phenotypic heterogeneity of obesity-related brain vulnerability and to endorse the development of individually tailored lifestyle modification plans for primary prevention of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreana P Haley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Stephanie Oleson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Evan Pasha
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Alex Birdsill
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sonya Kaur
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Janelle Thompson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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129
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Miller HC, Struyf D, Baptist P, Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Van Diest I. A mind cleared by walnut oil: The effects of polyunsaturated and saturated fat on extinction learning. Appetite 2018; 126:147-155. [PMID: 29634989 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of anxiety-based psychopathology often hinges upon extinction learning. Research in nutritional neuroscience has observed that the regular consumption of perilla oil (50% alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)) facilitates extinction learning in rats (Yamamoto et al., 1988). However, acute facilitation of extinction learning by oils rich in ALA has not been reported for rats or humans, though the acute consumption of rapeseed oil (10% ALA) has been observed to improve cognitive processing speed in humans (Jones, Sünram-Lea, & Wesnes, 2012). For this reason, the present laboratory work examined the effects of adding walnut oil (12% ALA) to a chocolate milkshake on the acquisition, generalization, and extinction of a fear-based prediction in young adults. It compared performance between subjects. The other participants consumed a similar milkshake with either an equicaloric amount of cream (saturated fat), or with no added fat (control). Acquisition and generalization of the fear-based prediction were similar for all groups. However, those who consumed walnut oil extinguished most rapidly and profoundly. Implications for extinction learning are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dieter Struyf
- KULeuven, Health, Behavior and Psychopathology, Belgium
| | | | - Boushra Dalile
- KULeuven, Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, Belgium
| | | | - Ilse Van Diest
- KULeuven, Health, Behavior and Psychopathology, Belgium.
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130
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Guaraldi M, Shea TB. A High-fat and High-Cholesterol Diet Potentiates Oxidative Damage in Hippocampus of Mice Lacking Apolipoprotein E. Open Neurol J 2018. [PMID: 29541261 PMCID: PMC5838635 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01812010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We examined genetic and dietary challenge on hippocampal oxidative damage. Mice expressing (ApoE+/+) or lacking apolipoprotein E (ApoE-/-) were maintained on a standard diet or a high fat /high cholesterol (challenge) diet for 11-31 weeks. Similar levels of oxidative species were observed for ApoE+/+ and -/- mice maintained on the basal diet. Method: However, treatment of ApoE-/- homogenates with hydrogen peroxide and iron increased oxidative species by >100%, indicating an equivalent amount of potential oxidative species in latent form. We observed a time- and region-specific induction of oxidative damage in the hippocampi of ApoE-/- but not +/+ mice while maintained on the challenge diet. Notably, however, additional significant latent oxidative products were detected during this time. After 31 weeks of dietary challenge, by which time hippocampal oxidative species had doubled, there was an additional 50% in the latent form. Conclusion: This highlights the degree to which ApoE deficiency places hippocampal tissue at risk for oxidative damage. Even a modest dietary deficiency may be sufficient to provoke oxidative damage to hippocampal tissue. These results highlight the combinatorial impact of genetic and dietary deficiencies on oxidative damage to hippocampal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Guaraldi
- Laboratory for Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Thomas B Shea
- Laboratory for Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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131
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Gan L, Ma D, Li M, Yang FC, Rogers RS, Wheatley JL, Koch LG, Britton SL, Thyfault JP, Geiger PC, Stanford JA. Region-specific differences in bioenergetic proteins and protein response to acute high fat diet in brains of low and high capacity runner rats. Neurosci Lett 2018. [PMID: 29522838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic capacity is a strong predictor of mortality. Low capacity runner (LCR) rats exhibit reduced mitochondrial function in peripheral organs. A high fat diet (HFD) can worsen metabolic phenotype in LCR rats. Little is known about metabolic changes in the brains of these rats, however. This study examined protein markers of mitochondrial function and metabolism as a function of aerobic running capacity and an acute HFD in four brain regions: the striatum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and substantia nigra. After 3 days HFD or chow diets, we measured peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC1-α), nuclear respiratory factors 1 (Nrf-1), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and phosphorylated (activated) AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) protein levels in the four brain regions. LCR rats exhibited lower levels of mitochondrial proteins (PGC1-α, Nrf-1, TFAM), and greater p-AMPK, in striatum, but not in the other brain regions. Mitochondrial protein levels were greater in HFD LCR striatum, while p-AMPK was lower in this group. Markers of lower mitochondrial biogenesis and increased metabolic demand were limited to the LCR striatum, which nevertheless maintained the capacity to respond to an acute HFD challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Delin Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fu-Chen Yang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Robert S Rogers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Joshua L Wheatley
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Research Service, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paige C Geiger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - John A Stanford
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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132
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Dietary influences on cognition. Physiol Behav 2018; 192:118-126. [PMID: 29501837 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a world-wide crisis with profound healthcare and socio-economic implications and it is now clear that the central nervous system (CNS) is a target for the complications of metabolic disorders like obesity. In addition to decreases in physical activity and sedentary lifestyles, diet is proposed to be an important contributor to the etiology and progression of obesity. Unfortunately, there are gaps in our knowledge base related to how dietary choices impact the structural and functional integrity of the CNS. For example, while chronic consumption of hypercaloric diets (increased sugars and fat) contribute to increases in body weight and adiposity characteristic of metabolic disorders, the mechanistic basis for neurocognitive deficits in obesity remains to be determined. In addition, studies indicate that acute consumption of hypercaloric diets impairs performance in a wide variety of cognitive domains, even in normal non-obese control subjects. These results from the clinical and basic science literature indicate that diet can have rapid, as well as long lasting effects on cognitive function. This review summarizes our symposium at the 2017 Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior (SSIB) meeting that discussed these effects of diet on cognition. Collectively, this review highlights the need for integrated and comprehensive approaches to more fully determine how diet impacts behavior and cognition under physiological conditions and in metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity.
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133
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Robinson M, Lee BY, Hane FT. Recent Progress in Alzheimer's Disease Research, Part 2: Genetics and Epidemiology. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:317-330. [PMID: 28211812 PMCID: PMC5366246 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This is the second part of a three-part review series reviewing the most important advances in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research since 2010. This review covers the latest research on genetics and epidemiology. Epidemiological and genetic studies are revealing important insights into the etiology of, and factors that contribute to AD, as well as areas of priority for research into mechanisms and interventions. The widespread adoption of genome wide association studies has provided compelling evidence of the genetic complexity of AD with genes associated with such diverse physiological function as immunity and lipid metabolism being implicated in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda Y Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Francis T Hane
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
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134
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Up-regulation of HO-1 by Nrf2 activation protects against palmitic acid-induced ROS increase in human neuroblastoma BE(2)-M17 cells. Nutr Res 2018. [PMID: 29526395 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in neurons. Extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a ROS response pathway. Therefore, high ROS is always accompanied by increase of HO-1, an anti-oxidative enzyme; but it remains unknown why there is no significant reduction of ROS with the increase of HO-1 in SFAs-treated neurons. We hypothesized that the up-regulation of HO-1 is compensatory for response to fatty acid-induced oxidative stress but not enough to reduce ROS levels. We evaluated the anti-ROS effect of HO-1 and the involved pathway in palmitic acid (PA)-treated human neuroblastoma BE(2)-M17 cells. As expected, PA-induced ROS increase was accompanied by activation of the ERK-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway, as demonstrated by an increase in ERK phosphorylation, Nrf2 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation, and HO-1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels, in a PA-dose-dependent manner. In contrast, administration of the ROS scavenger NAC significantly reduced the levels of PA-regulated ROS and HO-1 protein. However, the ERK inhibitor U0126 not only reversed the activating effect of PA on the ERK-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway but also aggravated PA-induced ROS. Furthermore, the Nrf2-specific activator NK-252 significantly increased PA-up-regulated HO-1 protein and alleviated PA-induced ROS. Therefore, our results suggest that up-regulation of HO-1 in PA-treated neurons is a compensatory response to ROS increase and that increasing HO-1 expression by Nrf2 activation can prevent the process of ROS production in PA-treated neurons.
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135
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Pizarro N, de la Torre R. Inter-relationship of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet, and Mental Health. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-018-0147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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136
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Dietary inflammatory index and memory function: population-based national sample of elderly Americans. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:552-558. [PMID: 29361990 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the association between dietary inflammatory potential and memory and cognitive functioning among a representative sample of the US older adult population. Cross-sectional data from the 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were utilised to identify an aggregate sample of adults 60-85 years of age (n 1723). Dietary inflammatory index (DII®) scores were calculated using 24-h dietary recall interviews. Three memory-related assessments were employed, including the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD) Word Learning subset, the Animal Fluency test and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Inverse associations were observed between DII scores and the different memory parameters. Episodic memory (CERAD) (b adjusted=-0·39; 95 % CI -0·79, 0·00), semantic-based memory (Animal Fluency Test) (b adjusted=-1·18; 95 % CI -2·17, -0·20) and executive function and working-memory (DSST) (b adjusted=-2·80; 95 % CI -5·58, -0·02) performances were lowest among those with the highest mean DII score. Though inverse relationships were observed between DII scores and memory and cognitive functioning, future work is needed to further explore the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the complex relationship between inflammation-related dietary behaviour and memory and cognition.
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137
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Baker KD, Loughman A, Spencer SJ, Reichelt AC. The impact of obesity and hypercaloric diet consumption on anxiety and emotional behavior across the lifespan. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:173-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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138
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Clarke C, Best T. Low-carbohydrate, high-fat dieters: Characteristic food choice motivations, health perceptions and behaviours. Food Qual Prefer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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139
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Ma WW, Ding BJ, Yuan LH, Zhao L, Yu HL, Xi YD, Xiao R. Neurocalcin-delta: a potential memory-related factor in hippocampus of obese rats induced by high-fat diet. Afr Health Sci 2017; 17:1211-1221. [PMID: 29937895 PMCID: PMC5870285 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v17i4.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aberrant protein expression within the hippocampus has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced memory impairment. Objectives The objective of the current study was to search for specific memory-related factors in the hippocampus in obese rats. Methods Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed either a high-fat (HF) diet or normal-fat (NF) diet for 10 weeks to obtain the control (CON), diet-induced obese rats (DIO) and diet-resistant (DR) rats. D-galactose was injected subcutaneously for 10 weeks to establish model (MOD) rats with learning and memory impairment. After the hippocampus of the rats sampling, the proteome analysis was conducted using two-dimensional get electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF). Results We found 15 differential proteins that expressed in the hippocampus in rats induced by HF diet from the 2-DE map. In addition, Neurocalcin-delta (NCALD) was nearly down-regulated in the DR rats compared with CON rats and MOD rats, which was further confirmed by Western blot, real-time PCR and ELISA results. Conclusion Our data demonstrates that the differential memory-related proteins were a reflection of the HF diet, but not potential factors in obesity proneness or obesity resistance. Furthermore, NCALD is proved to be a potential hippocampus-memory related factor related to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Ma
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Enviromental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Bing-Jie Ding
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Lin-Hong Yuan
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Enviromental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Huan-Ling Yu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Enviromental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuan-di Xi
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Enviromental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Enviromental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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140
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Noble EE, Hsu TM, Liang J, Kanoski SE. Early-life sugar consumption has long-term negative effects on memory function in male rats. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:273-283. [PMID: 28944721 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1378851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Added dietary sugars contribute substantially to the diet of children and adolescents in the USA, and recent evidence suggests that consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) during early life has deleterious effects on hippocampal-dependent memory function. Here, we test whether the effects of early-life sugar consumption on hippocampal function persist into adulthood when access to sugar is restricted to the juvenile/adolescent phase of development. METHODS Male rats were given ad libitum access to an 11% weight-by-volume sugar solution (made with high fructose corn syrup-55) throughout the adolescent phase of development (post-natal day (PN) 26-56). The control group received a second bottle of water instead, and both groups received ad libitum standard laboratory chow and water access throughout the study. At PN 56 sugar solutions were removed and at PN 175 rats were subjected to behavioral testing for hippocampal-dependent episodic contextual memory in the novel object in context (NOIC) task, for anxiety-like behavior in the Zero maze, and were given an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. RESULTS Early-life exposure to SSBs conferred long-lasting impairments in hippocampal-dependent memory function later in life- yet had no effect on body weight, anxiety-like behavior, or glucose tolerance. A second experiment demonstrated that NOIC performance was impaired at PN 175 even when SSB access was limited to 2 hours daily from PN 26-56. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that even modest SSB consumption throughout early life may have long-term negative consequences on memory function during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Noble
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , USA
| | - Ted M Hsu
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , USA.,b Neuroscience Graduate Program , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , USA
| | - Joanna Liang
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , USA.,b Neuroscience Graduate Program , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , USA
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141
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Auguste S, Sharma S, Fisette A, Fernandes MF, Daneault C, Des Rosiers C, Fulton S. Perinatal deficiency in dietary omega-3 fatty acids potentiates sucrose reward and diet-induced obesity in mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 64:8-13. [PMID: 28919371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient dietary intake of essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N-3), especially during critical stages of development, is well-associated with negative neurological and metabolic consequences. The increased availability and intake of foods rich in saturated fat coincides with reduced N-3 consumption, yet how N-3 dietary deficiency during perinatal development modulates motivation for palatable food and interacts with a high-fat diet to affect body weight and emotional states is not clear. Pregnant C57Bl6 mice and pups were subjected to diets either deficient or adequate (control) in N-3 until postnatal day 21. Adult male N-3 deficient or control offspring were tested in a progressive ratio operant task for sucrose motivated behavior or given prolonged access to a saturated high-fat diet or chow followed by measures of energy balance and anxiety-like behavior in the elevated-plus maze and open field test. Brain fatty acid profiles were measured via gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Perinatal dietary N-3 deficiency lowered brain N-3 levels, augmented the rewarding effects of sucrose, heightened diet-induced weight gain and fat mass accumulation and diminished spontaneous physical activity. Finally, perinatal N-3 deficiency increased anxiety-like behaviour independent of diet in the open field but not in the elevated-plus maze test. Insufficient dietary N-3 during critical periods of developmental can amplify the obesogenic effects of saturated fat intake, enhance motivated behaviour for palatable foods and may elicit negative emotional states that can perpetuate overeating and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Auguste
- CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alexandre Fisette
- CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | | | - Christine Des Rosiers
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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142
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van Buul VJ, Bolman CAW, Brouns FJPH, Lechner L. Back-of-pack information in substitutive food choices: A process-tracking study in participants intending to eat healthy. Appetite 2017; 116:173-183. [PMID: 28472643 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
People are increasingly aware of the positive effects of a healthy diet. Concurrently, daily food consumption decisions - choices about both the quality and quantity of food that is ingested - are steered more by what consumers consider healthy. Despite the increased aim to eat healthier, however, consumers often do not read or incorrectly interpret on-pack nutrition information, resulting in suboptimal food choices in terms of health. This study aims to unravel the determinants of such inadvertent food choices from these consumers. In an online process-tracking study, we measured the actual usage of available back-of-pack nutrition information during substitutive food choices made by 240 participants who had the intention to eat healthy. Using mouse-tracking software in a computerized task in which participants had to make dichotomous food choices (e.g., coconut oil or olive oil for baking), we measured the frequency and time of nutritional information considered. Combined with demographic and psychosocial data, including information on the level of intention, action planning, self-efficacy, and nutrition literacy, we were able to model the determinants of inadvertent unhealthy substitutive food choices in a sequential multiple regression (R2 = 0.40). In these consumers who intended to eat healthy, the quantity of obtained nutrition information significantly contributed as an associative factor of the percentage of healthy food choices made. Moreover, the level of correct answers in a nutrition literacy test, as well as taste preferences, significantly predicted the percentage of healthier choices. We discuss that common psychosocial determinants of healthy behavior, such as intention, action planning, and self-efficacy, need to be augmented with a person's actual reading and understanding of nutrition information to better explain the variance in healthy food choice behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J van Buul
- Open University of the Netherlands, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, The Netherlands; Gruma Netherlands B.V., Research & Development Department, The Netherlands.
| | - Catherine A W Bolman
- Open University of the Netherlands, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, The Netherlands
| | - Fred J P H Brouns
- Maastricht University, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM-school of Translational Research in Nutrition and Metabolism, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian Lechner
- Open University of the Netherlands, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, The Netherlands
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143
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Maestre GE. Reduction of Cognitive Decline in Patients with or at High Risk for Diabetes. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2017; 6:188-195. [PMID: 29170725 PMCID: PMC5695920 DOI: 10.1007/s13670-017-0216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The incidence of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders is expected to triple by 2050. People with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes have a higher risk of cognitive dysfunction, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Controversy remains about when and how to prevent and treat cognitive dysfunction in people with or at high risk of diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS In our review of ongoing clinical trials, we have found that there has been an increase in the number of studies assessing the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to prevent or slow down cognitive impairment among people with or at high risk of diabetes. SUMMARY Despite the considerable risk of cognitive impairment in people with diabetes and prediabetes, there is not enough evidence to support a specific treatment to prevent or slow mild cognitive impairment, or progression to Alzheimer's disease or related disorders. Several ongoing trials are attempting to identify the usefulness of several compounds, as well as lifestyle changes including exercise and diet. Direct mechanisms linking diabetes to cognitive decline have not been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys E. Maestre
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, Div. Neurosciences, University of Texas
Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville TX 78520
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144
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Hodson G, Earle M. Conservatism predicts lapses from vegetarian/vegan diets to meat consumption (through lower social justice concerns and social support). Appetite 2017; 120:75-81. [PMID: 28859869 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lapses from vegetarian and vegan (i.e., veg*n) food choices to meat consumption are very common, suggesting that sustaining veg*nism is challenging. But little is known about why people return to eating animals after initially deciding to avoid meat consumption. Several potential explanatory factors include personal inconvenience, meat cravings, awkwardness in social settings, or health/nutrition concerns. Here we test the degree to which political ideology predicts lapsing to meat consumption. Past research demonstrates that political ideology predicts present levels of meat consumption, whereby those higher in right-wing ideologies eat more animals, even after controlling for their hedonistic liking of meat (e.g., Dhont & Hodson, 2014). To what extent might political ideology predict whether one has lapsed from veg*n foods back to meat consumption? In a largely representative US community sample (N = 1313) of current and former veg*ns, those higher (vs. lower) in conservatism exhibited significantly greater odds of being a former than current veg*n, even after controlling for age, education, and gender. This ideology-lapsing relation was mediated (i.e., explained) by those higher (vs. lower) in conservatism: (a) adopting a veg*n diet for reasons less centered in justice concerns (animal rights, environment, feeding the poor); and (b) feeling socially unsupported in their endeavor. In contrast, factors such as differential meat craving or lifestyle inconvenience played little mediational role. These findings demonstrate that ideology and justice concerns are particularly relevant to understanding resilience in maintaining veg*n food choices. Implications for understanding why people eat meat, and how to develop intervention strategies, are discussed.
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145
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Sample CH, Jones S, Dwider F, Davidson TL. Discriminative control by deprivation states and external cues in male and female rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 184:91-99. [PMID: 28847483 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that decisions about when to eat in response to food cues in the environment are based on interoceptive energy states (i.e., hunger and fullness) and learning about and remembering prior eating experiences. However, this animal model has exclusively been tested on male rodents. Despite evidence that women are more susceptible to obesity and cognitive disorders associated with excess weight (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) than men, the generality of these findings with males to females remains unknown. To address this gap, the current research investigated associative learning mechanisms involved in food intake control in females by training both males and females in a Pavlovian deprivation discrimination in which varying levels of food deprivation are trained with competitive external cues to signal reward. In Experiment 1, male and female rats showed similar performance in discriminating between 0 and 24h deprivation state/external cue compounds and in subsequent tests, confirming stimulus control by deprivation states. Experiment 2 assessed learning about more ecologically valid 0 and 4h deprivation states in competition with external cues in both males and females. With the low-level deprivation state parameters, females outperformed males in discriminative control by deprivation states, particularly on the contingency rewarded under satiation and not deprivation. While females showed an enhanced degree of energy state processing under some deprivation conditions, overall, these findings suggest similar mechanisms of learned appetitive control in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille H Sample
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Sabrina Jones
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Farris Dwider
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Terry L Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
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146
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MacPherson REK. Filling the void: a role for exercise-induced BDNF and brain amyloid precursor protein processing. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R585-R593. [PMID: 28814391 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00255.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inactivity, obesity, and insulin resistance are significant risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several studies have demonstrated that diet-induced obesity, inactivity, and insulin resistance exacerbate the neuropathological hallmarks of AD. The aggregation of β-amyloid peptides is one of these hallmarks. β-Site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, leading to β-amyloid peptide formation. Understanding how BACE1 content and activity are regulated is essential for establishing therapies aimed at reducing and/or slowing the progression of AD. Exercise training has been proven to reduce the risk of AD as well as decrease β-amyloid production and BACE1 content and/or activity. However, these long-term interventions also result in improvements in adiposity, circulating metabolites, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity making it difficult to determine the direct effects of exercise on brain APP processing. This review highlights this large void in our knowledge and discusses our current understanding of the direct of effect of exercise on β-amyloid production. We have concentrated on the central role that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may play in mediating the direct effects of exercise on reducing brain BACE1 content and activity as well as β-amyloid production. Future studies should aim to generate a greater understanding of how obesity and exercise can directly alter APP processing and AD-related pathologies. This knowledge could provide evidence-based hypotheses for designing therapies to reduce the risk of AD and dementia.
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147
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Chrysostomou V, van Wijngaarden P, Steinberg GR, Crowston JG. A short term high-fat high-sucrose diet in mice impairs optic nerve recovery after injury and this is not reversed by exercise. Exp Eye Res 2017; 162:104-109. [PMID: 28757158 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current work was to test whether increased intake of dietary fat and sucrose in mice modifies the response of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the optic nerve to injury, and whether any effects of diet are influenced by physical activity levels. C57BL/6J mice were given a high-fat high-sucrose (HFS) diet for 7 weeks, with or without exposure to regular exercise by swimming (60 min/day, 5 days/week). Injury to RGCs was subsequently induced by acute elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) and retinas were assessed for function and structure. We report that mice on a HFS diet had similar body mass and blood glucose levels compared to mice on a control diet but suffered a 30% greater loss of RGC function following injury, as measured in vivo with the electroretinogram. RGC dysfunction in retinas from mice on the HFS diet was accompanied by activation of retinal macroglia but was not associated with neuronal cell loss. Exercising mice by swimming did not prevent HFS-induced RGC dysfunction in response to injury. This study shows for the first time that a short term increase in dietary fat and sucrose enhances the vulnerability of RGCs to dysfunction and cell stress after an acute injury, and that this is independent of obesity or hyperglycemia. Furthermore, our results suggest that detrimental effects of diet predominate over protective effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Chrysostomou
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne VIC 3002, Australia; Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne VIC 3002, Australia.
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne VIC 3002, Australia; Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 4N63, 1280 Main St. W. Hamilton, Ontario L8K 4P1, Canada
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne VIC 3002, Australia; Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne VIC 3002, Australia
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148
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Hypervulnerability of the adolescent prefrontal cortex to nutritional stress via reelin deficiency. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:961-971. [PMID: 27843148 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Overconsumption of high-fat diets (HFDs) can critically affect synaptic and cognitive functions within telencephalic structures such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The underlying mechanisms, however, remain largely unknown. Here we show that adolescence is a sensitive period for the emergence of prefrontal cognitive deficits in response to HFD. We establish that the synaptic modulator reelin (RELN) is a critical mediator of this vulnerability because (1) periadolescent HFD (pHFD) selectively downregulates prefrontal RELN+ cells and (2) augmenting mPFC RELN levels using transgenesis or prefrontal pharmacology prevents the pHFD-induced prefrontal cognitive deficits. We further identify N-methyl-d-aspartate-dependent long-term depression (NMDA-LTD) at prefrontal excitatory synapses as a synaptic signature of this association because pHFD abolishes NMDA-LTD, a function that is restored by RELN overexpression. We believe this study provides the first mechanistic insight into the vulnerability of the adolescent mPFC towards nutritional stress, such as HFDs. Our findings have primary relevance to obese individuals who are at an increased risk of developing neurological cognitive comorbidities, and may extend to multiple neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders in which RELN deficiency is a common feature.
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149
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Diet quality and attention capacity in European adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:1587-1595. [PMID: 28662732 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence represents an important period for the development of executive functions, which are a set of important cognitive processes including attentional control. However, very little is known regarding the associations of nutrition with components of executive functions in adolescence. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate associations of dietary patterns and macronutrient composition with attention capacity in European adolescents. This cross-sectional study included 384 (165 boys and 219 girls) adolescents, aged 12·5-17·5 years, from five European countries in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study. Attention capacity was examined using the d2 Test of Attention. Dietary intake was assessed through two non-consecutive 24 h recalls using a computer-based self-administered tool. Three dietary patterns (diet quality index, ideal diet score and Mediterranean diet score) and macronutrient/fibre intakes were calculated. Linear regression analysis was conducted adjusting for age, sex, BMI, maternal education, family affluence scale, study centre and energy intake (only for Mediterranean diet score). In these adjusted regression analyses, higher diet quality index for adolescents and ideal diet score were associated with a higher attention capacity (standardised β=0·16, P=0·002 and β=0·15, P=0·005, respectively). Conversely, Mediterranean diet score or macronutrient/fibre intake were not associated with attention capacity (P>0·05). Our results suggest that healthier dietary patterns, as indicated by higher diet quality index and ideal diet score, were associated with attention capacity in adolescence. Intervention studies investigating a causal relationship between diet quality and attention are warranted.
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150
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Hypercholesterolaemia and vascular dementia. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1561-1578. [PMID: 28667059 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second commonest cause of dementia. Stroke is the leading cause of disability in adults in developed countries, the second major cause of dementia and the third commonest cause of death. Traditional vascular risk factors-diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension and smoking-are implicated as risk factors for VaD. The associations between cholesterol and small vessel disease (SVD), stroke, cognitive impairment and subsequent dementia are complex and as yet not fully understood. Similarly, the effects of lipids and lipid-lowering therapy on preventing or treating dementia remain unclear; the few trials that have assessed lipid-lowering therapy for preventing (two trials) or treating (four trials) dementia found no evidence to support the use of lipid-lowering therapy for these indications. It is appropriate to treat those patients with vascular risk factors that meet criteria for lipid-lowering therapy for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, and in line with current guidelines. Managing the individual patient in a holistic manner according to his or her own vascular risk profile is recommended. Although the paucity of randomized controlled evidence makes for challenging clinical decision making, it provides multiple opportunities for on-going and future research, as discussed here.
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