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Tun S, Spainhower CJ, Cottrill CL, Lakhani HV, Pillai SS, Dilip A, Chaudhry H, Shapiro JI, Sodhi K. Therapeutic Efficacy of Antioxidants in Ameliorating Obesity Phenotype and Associated Comorbidities. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1234. [PMID: 32903449 PMCID: PMC7438597 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been a worldwide epidemic for decades. Despite the abundant increase in knowledge regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of obesity, the prevalence continues to rise with estimates predicting considerably higher numbers by the year 2030. Obesity is characterized by an abnormal lipid accumulation, however, the physiological consequences of obesity are far more concerning. The development of the obesity phenotype constitutes dramatic alterations in adipocytes, along with several other cellular mechanisms which causes substantial increase in systemic oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). These alterations promote a chronic state of inflammation in the body caused by the redox imbalance. Together, the systemic oxidative stress and chronic inflammation plays a vital role in maintaining the obese state and exacerbating onset of cardiovascular complications, Type II diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and other conditions where obesity has been linked as a significant risk factor. Because of the apparent role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of obesity, there has been a growing interest in attenuating the pro-oxidant state in obesity. Hence, this review aims to highlight the therapeutic role of antioxidants, agents that negate pro-oxidant state of cells, in ameliorating obesity and associated comorbidities. More specifically, this review will explore how various antioxidants target unique and diverse pathways to exhibit an antioxidant defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tun
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Caleb James Spainhower
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Cameron Lee Cottrill
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Hari Vishal Lakhani
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Sneha S Pillai
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Anum Dilip
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Hibba Chaudhry
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Joseph I Shapiro
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Komal Sodhi
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
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102
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Govindarajulu M, Pinky PD, Steinke I, Bloemer J, Ramesh S, Kariharan T, Rella RT, Bhattacharya S, Dhanasekaran M, Suppiramaniam V, Amin RH. Gut Metabolite TMAO Induces Synaptic Plasticity Deficits by Promoting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:138. [PMID: 32903435 PMCID: PMC7437142 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is strongly associated with metabolic diseases including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Recent studies indicate that Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbe-dependent metabolite is implicated in the development of age-related cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms of the impact of TMAO on neuronal function has not been elucidated. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between TMAO and deficits in synaptic plasticity in an Alzheimer’s model (3×Tg-AD) and insulin resistance (Leptin deficient db/db) mouse by measuring plasma and brain levels of TMAO. We observed increased TMAO levels in the plasma and brain of both db/db and 3×Tg-AD mice in comparison to wild-type mice. Besides, TMAO levels further increased as mice progressed in age. Deficits in synaptic plasticity, in the form of reduced long-term potentiation (LTP), were noted in both groups of mice in comparison to wild-type mice. To further explore the impact of TMAO on neuronal function, we utilized an ex-vivo model by incubating wild-type hippocampal brain slices with TMAO and found impaired synaptic transmission. We observed that TMAO induced the PERK-EIF2α-ER stress signaling axis in TMAO treated ex-vivo slices as well as in both db/db and 3×Tg-AD mice. Lastly, we also observed altered presynaptic and reduced postsynaptic receptor expression. Our findings suggest that TMAO may induce deficits in synaptic plasticity through the ER stress-mediated PERK signaling pathway. Our results offer novel insight into the mechanism by which TMAO may induce cognitive deficits by promoting ER stress and identifies potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Priyanka D Pinky
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ian Steinke
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jenna Bloemer
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thiruchelvan Kariharan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Robert T Rella
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Subhrajit Bhattacharya
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Rajesh H Amin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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103
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León-Mimila P, Villamil-Ramírez H, Li XS, Shih DM, Hui ST, Ocampo-Medina E, López-Contreras B, Morán-Ramos S, Olivares-Arevalo M, Grandini-Rosales P, Macías-Kauffer L, González-González I, Hernández-Pando R, Gómez-Pérez F, Campos-Pérez F, Aguilar-Salinas C, Larrieta-Carrasco E, Villarreal-Molina T, Wang Z, Lusis AJ, Hazen SL, Huertas-Vazquez A, Canizales-Quinteros S. Trimethylamine N-oxide levels are associated with NASH in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2020; 47:101183. [PMID: 32791310 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), choline and betaine serum levels have been associated with metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These associations could be mediated by insulin resistance. However, the relationships among these metabolites, insulin resistance and NAFLD have not been thoroughly investigated. Moreover, it has recently been suggested that TMAO could play a role in NAFLD by altering bile acid metabolism. We examined the association between circulating TMAO, choline and betaine levels and NAFLD in obese subjects. METHODS Serum TMAO, choline, betaine and bile acid levels were measured in 357 Mexican obese patients with different grades of NAFLD as determined by liver histology. Associations of NAFLD with TMAO, choline and betaine levels were tested. Moreover, association of TMAO levels with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was tested separately in patients with and without T2D. RESULTS TMAO and choline levels were significantly associated with NAFLD histologic features and NASH risk. While increased serum TMAO levels were significantly associated with NASH in patients with T2D, in non-T2D subjects this association lost significance after adjusting for sex, BMI and HOMA2-IR. Moreover, circulating secondary bile acids were associated both with increased TMAO levels and NASH. CONCLUSIONS In obese patients, circulating TMAO levels were associated with NASH mainly in the presence of T2D. Functional studies are required to evaluate the role of insulin resistance and T2D in this association, both highly prevalent in NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P León-Mimila
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - X S Li
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D M Shih
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - S T Hui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - E Ocampo-Medina
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - B López-Contreras
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S Morán-Ramos
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico; Cátedras, CONACyT, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Olivares-Arevalo
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - P Grandini-Rosales
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L Macías-Kauffer
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I González-González
- Clínica Integral de Cirugía para la Obesidad y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Hospital General Dr. Rubén Lénero, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Hernández-Pando
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Gómez-Pérez
- Departamento de Endocrinología, INCMNSZ, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Campos-Pérez
- Clínica Integral de Cirugía para la Obesidad y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Hospital General Dr. Rubén Lénero, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C Aguilar-Salinas
- Departamento de Endocrinología, INCMNSZ, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, INCMNSZ, Mexico City, Mexico; Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64710, Mexico
| | | | - T Villarreal-Molina
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - S L Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Huertas-Vazquez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - S Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
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104
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Gawałko M, Jespersen T, Dobrev D, Linz D. The gut microbial-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide: A missing link between lifestyle-components and atrial fibrillation? IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2020; 29:100581. [PMID: 32885798 PMCID: PMC7452559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gawałko
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Jespersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Centre, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dominik Linz
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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105
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Abstract
We critically review potential involvement of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) as a link between diet, the gut microbiota and CVD. Generated primarily from dietary choline and carnitine by gut bacteria and hepatic flavin-containing mono-oxygenase (FMO) activity, TMAO could promote cardiometabolic disease when chronically elevated. However, control of circulating TMAO is poorly understood, and diet, age, body mass, sex hormones, renal clearance, FMO3 expression and genetic background may explain as little as 25 % of TMAO variance. The basis of elevations with obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis or CHD is similarly ill-defined, although gut microbiota profiles/remodelling appear critical. Elevated TMAO could promote CVD via inflammation, oxidative stress, scavenger receptor up-regulation, reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) inhibition, and cardiovascular dysfunction. However, concentrations influencing inflammation, scavenger receptors and RCT (≥100 µm) are only achieved in advanced heart failure or chronic kidney disease (CKD), and greatly exceed pathogenicity of <1-5 µm levels implied in some TMAO-CVD associations. There is also evidence that CVD risk is insensitive to TMAO variance beyond these levels in omnivores and vegetarians, and that major TMAO sources are cardioprotective. Assessing available evidence suggests that modest elevations in TMAO (≤10 µm) are a non-pathogenic consequence of diverse risk factors (ageing, obesity, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance/diabetes, renal dysfunction), indirectly reflecting CVD risk without participating mechanistically. Nonetheless, TMAO may surpass a pathogenic threshold as a consequence of CVD/CKD, secondarily promoting disease progression. TMAO might thus reflect early CVD risk while providing a prognostic biomarker or secondary target in established disease, although mechanistic contributions to CVD await confirmation.
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106
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A Role for Gut Microbiome Fermentative Pathways in Fatty Liver Disease Progression. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051369. [PMID: 32392712 PMCID: PMC7291163 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial disease in which environmental and genetic factors are involved. Although the molecular mechanisms involved in NAFLD onset and progression are not completely understood, the gut microbiome (GM) is thought to play a key role in the process, influencing multiple physiological functions. GM alterations in diversity and composition directly impact disease states with an inflammatory course, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, how the GM influences liver disease susceptibility is largely unknown. Similarly, the impact of strategies targeting the GM for the treatment of NASH remains to be evaluated. This review provides a broad insight into the role of gut microbiota in NASH pathogenesis, as a diagnostic tool, and as a therapeutic target in this liver disease. We highlight the idea that the balance in metabolic fermentations can be key in maintaining liver homeostasis. We propose that an overabundance of alcohol-fermentation pathways in the GM may outcompete healthier, acid-producing members of the microbiota. In this way, GM ecology may precipitate a self-sustaining vicious cycle, boosting liver disease progression.
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107
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Papandreou C, Moré M, Bellamine A. Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Relation to Cardiometabolic Health-Cause or Effect? Nutrients 2020; 12:E1330. [PMID: 32392758 PMCID: PMC7284902 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is generated in a microbial-mammalian co-metabolic pathway mainly from the digestion of meat-containing food and dietary quaternary amines such as phosphatidylcholine, choline, betaine, or L-carnitine. Fish intake provides a direct significant source of TMAO. Human observational studies previously reported a positive relationship between plasma TMAO concentrations and cardiometabolic diseases. Discrepancies and inconsistencies of recent investigations and previous studies questioned the role of TMAO in these diseases. Several animal studies reported neutral or even beneficial effects of TMAO or its precursors in cardiovascular disease model systems, supporting the clinically proven beneficial effects of its precursor, L-carnitine, or a sea-food rich diet (naturally containing TMAO) on cardiometabolic health. In this review, we summarize recent preclinical and epidemiological evidence on the effects of TMAO, in order to shed some light on the role of TMAO in cardiometabolic diseases, particularly as related to the microbiome.
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108
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Dehghan P, Farhangi MA, Nikniaz L, Nikniaz Z, Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) potentially increases the risk of obesity in adults: An exploratory systematic review and dose-response meta- analysis. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12993. [PMID: 32017391 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is associated with increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. However, it is not known whether increased TMAO concentrations is associated with obesity. In the current study, we summarized the evidence related to the association of circulating TMAO with the risk of obesity measurements, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in a two-class and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. A systematic search carried out in PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane, and ProQuest through September 30, 2019 resulted in 12 eligible studies which were included in the current meta-synthesis. In these studies, BMI was reported but there were no reports of WC or WHR. Meta-analysis of two-class variables and dose-response meta-analysis of continuous variables were performed. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were also performed to identify the source of heterogeneity. There was a dose-response association between circulating TMAO concentration and increased BMI in studies involving healthy individuals (P nonlinearity = .007), while no evidence of departure from linearity was observed according to study design or among patients with CVD. Results showed the highest category of TMAO was associated with 0.56 kg/m2 increase in BMI (weighted mean difference [WMD], 0.563; CI, 0.026-1.100; P = .04). The results of the current meta-analysis revealed a positive association between circulating TMAO and obesity as presented by increased BMI. Moreover, a dose-dependent association between circulating TMAO and obesity was also identified in apparently healthy individuals. This is the first meta-analysis to reveal positive dose-dependent associations between circulating TMAO concentration and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Dehghan
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Nikniaz
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Nikniaz
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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109
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Pathak P, Helsley RN, Brown AL, Buffa JA, Choucair I, Nemet I, Gogonea CB, Gogonea V, Wang Z, Garcia-Garcia JC, Cai L, Temel R, Sangwan N, Hazen SL, Brown JM. Small molecule inhibition of gut microbial choline trimethylamine lyase activity alters host cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H1474-H1486. [PMID: 32330092 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00584.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) has recently been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathogenesis, prompting the development of therapeutic strategies to reduce TMAO. Previous work has shown that experimental alteration of circulating TMAO levels via dietary alterations or inhibition of the host TMAO producing enzyme flavin containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) is associated with reorganization of host cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in mice. In this work, we set out to understand whether recently developed nonlethal gut microbe-targeting small molecule choline trimethylamine (TMA) lyase inhibitors also alter host cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. Treatment of mice with the mechanism-based choline TMA lyase inhibitor, iodomethylcholine (IMC), increased fecal neutral sterol loss in the form of coprostanol, a bacteria metabolite of cholesterol. In parallel, IMC treatment resulted in marked reductions in the intestinal sterol transporter Niemann-pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) and reorganization of the gut microbial community, primarily reversing choline supplemented diet-induced changes. IMC also prevented diet-driven hepatic cholesterol accumulation, causing both upregulation of the host hepatic bile acid synthetic enzyme CYP7A1 and altering the expression of hepatic genes critical for bile acid feedback regulation. These studies suggest that the gut microbiota-driven TMAO pathway is closely linked to both microbe and host sterol and bile acid metabolism. Collectively, as gut microbe-targeting choline TMA lyase inhibitors move through the drug discovery pipeline from preclinical models to human studies, it will be important to understand how these drugs impact both microbe and host cholesterol and bile acid metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The gut microbe-dependent metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) has been strongly associated with cardiovascular mortality, prompting drug discovery efforts to identify points of therapeutic intervention within the microbe host TMAO pathway. Recently, mechanism-based small molecule inhibitors of the major bacterial trimethylamine (TMA) lyase enzymes have been developed, and these drugs show efficacy as anti-atherothrombotic agents. The novel findings of this study are that small molecule TMA lyase inhibition results in beneficial reorganization of host cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. This study confirms previous observations that the gut microbial TMAO pathway is intimately linked to host cholesterol and bile acid metabolism and provides further rationale for the development of small molecule choline TMA lyase inhibitors for the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Pathak
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert N Helsley
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jennifer A Buffa
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ibrahim Choucair
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ina Nemet
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Camelia Baleanu Gogonea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Valentin Gogonea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Lei Cai
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ryan Temel
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Naseer Sangwan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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110
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Sánchez-Tapia M, Hernández-Velázquez I, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Granados-Portillo O, Gálvez A, R Tovar A, Torres N. Consumption of Cooked Black Beans Stimulates a Cluster of Some Clostridia Class Bacteria Decreasing Inflammatory Response and Improving Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041182. [PMID: 32340138 PMCID: PMC7230233 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited information on the effect of black beans (BB) as a source of protein and resistant starch on the intestinal microbiota. The purpose of the present work was to study the effect of cooked black beans with and without high fat and sugar (HF + S) in the diet on body composition, energy expenditure, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, NF-κB, occluding and insulin signaling in a rat model and the area under the curve for glucose, insulin and incretins in healthy subjects. The consumption of BB reduced the percentage of body fat, the area under the curve of glucose, serum leptin, LPS, glucose and insulin concentrations and increased energy expenditure even in the presence of HF + S. These results could be mediated in part by modification of the gut microbiota, by increasing a cluster of bacteria in the Clostridia class, mainly R. bromii, C. eutactus, R. callidus, R. flavefaciens and B. pullicaecorum and by an increase in the concentration of fecal butyrate. In conclusion, the consumption of BB can be recommended to prevent insulin resistance and metabolic endotoxemia by modifying the gut microbiota. Finally, the groups fed BB showed lower abundance of hepatic FMO-3, even with a high-fat diet protecting against the production of TMAO and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sánchez-Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.S.-T.); (E.P.-O.); (O.G.-P.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Irma Hernández-Velázquez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 0410, Mexico; (I.H.-V.); (A.G.)
| | - Edgar Pichardo-Ontiveros
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.S.-T.); (E.P.-O.); (O.G.-P.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Omar Granados-Portillo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.S.-T.); (E.P.-O.); (O.G.-P.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Amanda Gálvez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 0410, Mexico; (I.H.-V.); (A.G.)
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.S.-T.); (E.P.-O.); (O.G.-P.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.S.-T.); (E.P.-O.); (O.G.-P.); (A.R.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5655-3038s
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111
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Moszak M, Szulińska M, Bogdański P. You Are What You Eat-The Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Metabolic Disorders-A Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1096. [PMID: 32326604 PMCID: PMC7230850 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) is defined as the community of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses) colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. GM regulates various metabolic pathways in the host, including those involved in energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. The relationship between alterations in intestinal microbiota and diseases associated with civilization is well documented. GM dysbiosis is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders. Multiple factors modulate the composition of the microbiota and how it physically functions, but one of the major factors triggering GM establishment is diet. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge about the relationship between nutrition, gut microbiota, and host metabolic status. We described how macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fat) and different dietary patterns (e.g., Western-style diet, vegetarian diet, Mediterranean diet) interact with the composition and activity of GM, and how gut bacterial dysbiosis has an influence on metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Moszak
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-569 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (P.B.)
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112
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Xiao H, Kang S. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Energy Balance With a Focus on the Gut-Adipose Tissue Axis. Front Genet 2020; 11:297. [PMID: 32318095 PMCID: PMC7154186 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease attributable to many factors including genetics and environmental influences. Growing evidence suggests that gut microbiota is a major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of obesity and other metabolic disorders. This article reviews the current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in the regulation of energy balance and the development of obesity, and how the microbiota communicates with host tissues, in particular adipose tissue. We discuss several external factors that interfere with the interplay between gut microbiota and host tissue metabolism, including cold exposure, diet regimens, and genetic manipulations. We also review the role of diet-derived metabolites that regulate thermogenesis and thus energy homeostasis. Among the gut microbial metabolites, we emphasize short-chain fatty acids, which could be utilized by the host as a direct energy source while regulating the appetite of the host through the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sona Kang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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113
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Lundgren P, Thaiss CA. The microbiome-adipose tissue axis in systemic metabolism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G717-G724. [PMID: 32068441 PMCID: PMC7191461 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00304.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal commensal microbiome is an important component of host health, in part by contributing an abundance of metabolites that gain access to the systemic circulation. The microbiome thereby influences the physiology of numerous organ systems outside the gastrointestinal tract. The consequences of this signaling axis between the intestinal microbiome and host are profound, in particular for the modulation of organismal metabolism. Here, we review recent examples whereby the intestinal microbiome influences host metabolism by influencing the biology of adipose tissue. We place a special emphasis on metabolite-driven pathways by which adipose tissue responds to alterations in intestinal microbial colonization. Given its accessibility for therapeutic interventions, the gut microbiome is an attractive relay module for the remote control of systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lundgren
- Microbiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christoph A. Thaiss
- Microbiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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114
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Shih DM, Zhu W, Schugar RC, Meng Y, Jia X, Miikeda A, Wang Z, Zieger M, Lee R, Graham M, Allayee H, Cantor RM, Mueller C, Brown JM, Hazen SL, Lusis AJ. Genetic Deficiency of Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 ( Fmo3) Protects Against Thrombosis but Has Only a Minor Effect on Plasma Lipid Levels-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:1045-1054. [PMID: 31070450 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- FMO (flavin-containing monooxygenase) 3 converts bacterial-derived trimethylamine to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We generated FMO3 knockout (FMO3KO) mouse to study its effects on plasma TMAO, lipids, glucose/insulin metabolism, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. Approach and Results- Previous studies with an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) knockdown strategy targeting FMO3 in LDLRKO (low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout) mice resulted in major reductions in TMAO levels and atherosclerosis, but also showed effects on plasma lipids, insulin, and glucose. Although FMO3KO mice generated via CRISPR/Cas9 technology bred onto the LDLRKO background did exhibit similar effects on TMAO levels, the effects on lipid metabolism were not as pronounced as with the ASO knockdown model. These differences could result from either off-target effects of the ASO or from a developmental adaptation to the FMO3 deficiency. To distinguish these possibilities, we treated wild-type and FMO3KO mice with control or FMO3 ASOs. FMO3-ASO treatment led to the same extent of lipid-lowering effects in the FMO3KO mice as the wild-type mice, indicating off-target effects. The levels of TMAO in LDLRKO mice fed an atherogenic diet are very low in both wild-type and FMO3KO mice, and no significant effect was observed on atherosclerosis. When FMO3KO and wild-type mice were maintained on a 0.5% choline diet, FMO3KO showed a marked reduction in both TMAO and in vivo thrombosis potential. Conclusions- FMO3KO markedly reduces systemic TMAO levels and thrombosis potential. However, the previously observed large effects of an FMO3 ASO on plasma lipid levels appear to be due partly to off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Shih
- From the Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology (D.M.S., Y.M., A.M., A.J.L.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Weifei Zhu
- Departments of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute (W.Z., R.C.S., X.J., Z.W., J.M.B., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Rebecca C Schugar
- Departments of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute (W.Z., R.C.S., X.J., Z.W., J.M.B., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Yonghong Meng
- From the Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology (D.M.S., Y.M., A.M., A.J.L.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Xun Jia
- Departments of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute (W.Z., R.C.S., X.J., Z.W., J.M.B., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Aika Miikeda
- From the Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology (D.M.S., Y.M., A.M., A.J.L.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Departments of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute (W.Z., R.C.S., X.J., Z.W., J.M.B., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Marina Zieger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (M.Z., C.M.)
| | - Richard Lee
- Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.L., M.G.)
| | - Mark Graham
- Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.L., M.G.)
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (H.A.)
| | - Rita M Cantor
- Department of Human Genetics (R.M.C., A.J.L.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Christian Mueller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (M.Z., C.M.)
| | - J Mark Brown
- Departments of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute (W.Z., R.C.S., X.J., Z.W., J.M.B., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Departments of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute (W.Z., R.C.S., X.J., Z.W., J.M.B., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Heart and Vascular Institute (S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- From the Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology (D.M.S., Y.M., A.M., A.J.L.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Department of Human Genetics (R.M.C., A.J.L.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics (A.J.L.), University of California, Los Angeles
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115
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Trimethylamine N-Oxide Binds and Activates PERK to Promote Metabolic Dysfunction. Cell Metab 2019; 30:1141-1151.e5. [PMID: 31543404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The gut-microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is increased by insulin resistance and associated with several sequelae of metabolic syndrome in humans, including cardiovascular, renal, and neurodegenerative disease. The mechanism by which TMAO promotes disease is unclear. We now reveal the endoplasmic reticulum stress kinase PERK (EIF2AK3) as a receptor for TMAO: TMAO binds to PERK at physiologically relevant concentrations; selectively activates the PERK branch of the unfolded protein response; and induces the transcription factor FoxO1, a key driver of metabolic disease, in a PERK-dependent manner. Furthermore, interventions to reduce TMAO, either by manipulation of the gut microbiota or by inhibition of the TMAO synthesizing enzyme, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3, can reduce PERK activation and FoxO1 levels in the liver. Taken together, these data suggest TMAO and PERK may be central to the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome.
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116
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Abstract
Maintenance of systemic homeostasis and the response to nutritional and environmental challenges require the coordination of multiple organs and tissues. To respond to various metabolic demands, higher organisms have developed a system of inter-organ communication through which one tissue can affect metabolic pathways in a distant tissue. Dysregulation of these lines of communication contributes to human pathologies, including obesity, diabetes, liver disease and atherosclerosis. In recent years, technical advances such as data-driven bioinformatics, proteomics and lipidomics have enabled efforts to understand the complexity of systemic metabolic cross-talk and its underlying mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of inter-organ signals and their roles in metabolic control, and highlight recent discoveries in the field. We review peptide, small-molecule and lipid mediators secreted by metabolic tissues, as well as the role of the central nervous system in orchestrating peripheral metabolic functions. Finally, we discuss the contributions of inter-organ signalling networks to the features of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Priest
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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117
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Eyupoglu ND, Caliskan Guzelce E, Acikgoz A, Uyanik E, Bjørndal B, Berge RK, Svardal A, Yildiz BO. Circulating gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and oral contraceptive use in polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:810-815. [PMID: 31556132 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an increased cardiometabolic risk that might not necessarily translate into adverse cardiovascular outcome later in life. Recently, alterations in gut microbial composition have been reported in the syndrome. Microbiota-dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its precursors are closely linked with development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, independently of traditional risk factors. We aimed to assess whether TMAO and its precursors are altered in PCOS and to determine potential impact of treatment on these metabolites. DESIGN Prospective study. PATIENTS Twenty-seven overweight/obese patients with PCOS and 25 age- and BMI-matched healthy control women. MEASUREMENTS At baseline, fasting serum TMAO and its precursors were measured after a 3-day standardized diet. Patients received 3-month OC therapy along with general dietary advice after which all measurements were repeated. RESULTS Patients had higher total testosterone (T) and free androgen index (FAI) whereas whole-body fat mass, fasting plasma glucose, insulin and lipids were similar between the groups. PCOS group showed significantly higher serum levels of TMAO and its precursors; choline, betaine and carnitine. TMAO and choline showed correlations with T. After 3 months of OC use, TMAO and its precursors significantly decreased along with reductions in BMI, T and FAI. CONCLUSIONS This study reports for the first time that TMAO and its precursors are elevated in PCOS which might contribute to increased cardiometabolic risk of the syndrome and that short-term OC use along with lifestyle intervention is associated with reduction of these microbiome-dependent metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Damla Eyupoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Caliskan Guzelce
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylin Acikgoz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Uyanik
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Asbjørn Svardal
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bulent Okan Yildiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Wu T, Gao Y, Hao J, Geng J, Zhang J, Yin J, Liu R, Sui W, Gong L, Zhang M. Capsanthin extract prevents obesity, reduces serum TMAO levels and modulates the gut microbiota composition in high-fat-diet induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Food Res Int 2019; 128:108774. [PMID: 31955744 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the anti-obesity effects and its mechanism of capsanthin (CAP) in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Compared with untreated mice on a high-fat diet for 12 weeks, CAP at 200 mg kg-1 reduced the body weight by 27.5%, significantly reversed glucose tolerance, effectively decreased the serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and trimethylamine N-oxide levels, markedly increased microbial diversity. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the cecal microbiota suggested that CAP increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia, decreased the abundance of Ruminococcus and the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes. Moreover, predicted functional domain analysis indicated that CAP increased the gene abundance of replication and repair, and decreased the gene abundance of membrane transports and carbohydrate metabolisms. Therefore, it seems CAP exhibit anti-obesity effect and might be used as a potential agent against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yufang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Junyu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jieting Geng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Jinjin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenjie Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lingxiao Gong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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119
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Najjar RS, Feresin RG. Plant-Based Diets in the Reduction of Body Fat: Physiological Effects and Biochemical Insights. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112712. [PMID: 31717463 PMCID: PMC6893503 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity affects over one-third of Americans and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Interventional trials have consistently demonstrated that consumption of plant-based diets reduces body fat in overweight and obese subjects, even when controlling for energy intake. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been well-defined. This review discusses six major dietary mechanisms that may lead to reduced body fat. These include (1) reduced caloric density, (2) improved gut microbiota symbiosis, (3) increased insulin sensitivity, (4) reduced trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), (5) activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and (6) over-expression of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. Collectively, these factors improve satiety and increase energy expenditure leading to reduced body weight.
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120
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Tuomainen M, Kärkkäinen O, Leppänen J, Auriola S, Lehtonen M, Savolainen MJ, Hermansen K, Risérus U, Åkesson B, Thorsdottir I, Kolehmainen M, Uusitupa M, Poutanen K, Schwab U, Hanhineva K. Quantitative assessment of betainized compounds and associations with dietary and metabolic biomarkers in the randomized study of the healthy Nordic diet (SYSDIET). Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:1108-1118. [PMID: 31504116 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, a group of betainized compounds have been suggested to play a role in health effects in relation to a whole-grain-rich diet. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to develop a quantitative mass spectrometric method for selected betainized compounds in human plasma, and to investigate their association with nutrient intake and measures of metabolic health in participants of the SYSDIET study. METHODS The SYSDIET study was a controlled randomized intervention including individuals with metabolic syndrome, where the healthy Nordic diet (HND) group increased intakes of whole grains, canola oil, berries, and fish, whereas the control diet (CD) group consumed low-fiber cereal products, milk fat, and restricted amounts of fish and berries. A quantitative LC combined with triple quadrupole MS method for betainized compounds was developed and applied to fasting plasma samples from baseline (week 0) and the end of the intervention (week 18 or 24). Concentrations of betainized compounds were correlated with intakes of selected nutrients and fiber and measures of metabolic health. RESULTS Pipecolic acid betaine (PAB) concentrations were significantly higher in the HND group than in the CD group (P = 0.00032) at the end of the intervention and correlated directly (P < 0.0001) with intakes of dietary fiber (r = 0.376) and a biomarker related to whole-grain rye intake, namely the ratio of alkylresorcinol C17:0 to C21:0 (r = 0.442). PAB was associated inversely with fasting plasma insulin consistently at the beginning and at the end of the intervention (P < 0.001, r = -0.300; P < 0.01, r = -0.250, respectively), as well as IL-1 receptor antagonist (P < 0.01, r = -0.232 at the beginning; P < 0.01, r = -0.236 at the end) and serum LDL/HDL cholesterol (P < 0.01, r = -0.239 at the beginning; P < 0.01, r = -0.241 at the end). CONCLUSIONS Among adults with the metabolic syndrome, PAB plasma concentrations were associated with fasting insulin, inflammation, and lipids and were significantly increased with adoption of the HND. Further studies are needed to clarify the biological functions of betainized compounds. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00992641.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Kärkkäinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Leppänen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,LC-MS Metabolomics Center, Biocenter Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,LC-MS Metabolomics Center, Biocenter Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku J Savolainen
- Medical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Åkesson
- Biomedical Nutrition, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Inga Thorsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaisa Poutanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Helsley RN, Varadharajan V, Brown AL, Gromovsky AD, Schugar RC, Ramachandiran I, Fung K, Kabbany MN, Banerjee R, Neumann CK, Finney C, Pathak P, Orabi D, Osborn LJ, Massey W, Zhang R, Kadam A, Sansbury BE, Pan C, Sacks J, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Lemieux ME, Gogonea V, Kirwan JP, Allende DS, Civelek M, Fox PL, Rudel LL, Lusis AJ, Spite M, Brown JM. Obesity-linked suppression of membrane-bound O-acyltransferase 7 (MBOAT7) drives non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. eLife 2019; 8:e49882. [PMID: 31621579 PMCID: PMC6850774 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified a genetic variant rs641738 near two genes encoding membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MBOAT7) and transmembrane channel-like 4 (TMC4) that associate with increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcohol-related cirrhosis, and liver fibrosis in those infected with viral hepatitis (Buch et al., 2015; Mancina et al., 2016; Luukkonen et al., 2016; Thabet et al., 2016; Viitasalo et al., 2016; Krawczyk et al., 2017; Thabet et al., 2017). Based on hepatic expression quantitative trait loci analysis, it has been suggested that MBOAT7 loss of function promotes liver disease progression (Buch et al., 2015; Mancina et al., 2016; Luukkonen et al., 2016; Thabet et al., 2016; Viitasalo et al., 2016; Krawczyk et al., 2017; Thabet et al., 2017), but this has never been formally tested. Here we show that Mboat7 loss, but not Tmc4, in mice is sufficient to promote the progression of NAFLD in the setting of high fat diet. Mboat7 loss of function is associated with accumulation of its substrate lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) lipids, and direct administration of LPI promotes hepatic inflammatory and fibrotic transcriptional changes in an Mboat7-dependent manner. These studies reveal a novel role for MBOAT7-driven acylation of LPI lipids in suppressing the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Helsley
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiUnited States
| | | | - Amanda L Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Anthony D Gromovsky
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Rebecca C Schugar
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Iyappan Ramachandiran
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Kevin Fung
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | | | - Rakhee Banerjee
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Chase K Neumann
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Chelsea Finney
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Preeti Pathak
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Danny Orabi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Lucas J Osborn
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - William Massey
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Renliang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Anagha Kadam
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Brian E Sansbury
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics & Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain MedicineBrigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jessica Sacks
- Department of PathobiologyCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug DiscoveryIonis Pharmaceuticals, IncCarlsbadUnited States
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug DiscoveryIonis Pharmaceuticals, IncCarlsbadUnited States
| | - Mark J Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug DiscoveryIonis Pharmaceuticals, IncCarlsbadUnited States
| | | | - Valentin Gogonea
- Department of ChemistryCleveland State UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - John P Kirwan
- Department of PathobiologyCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Daniela S Allende
- Department of Anatomical PathologyCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Mete Civelek
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid SciencesWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Matthew Spite
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics & Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain MedicineBrigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
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122
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Cao SY, Zhao CN, Xu XY, Tang GY, Corke H, Gan RY, Li HB. Dietary plants, gut microbiota, and obesity: Effects and mechanisms. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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123
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Skye SM, Zhu W, Romano KA, Guo CJ, Wang Z, Jia X, Kirsop J, Haag B, Lang JM, DiDonato JA, Tang WHW, Lusis AJ, Rey FE, Fischbach MA, Hazen SL. Microbial Transplantation With Human Gut Commensals Containing CutC Is Sufficient to Transmit Enhanced Platelet Reactivity and Thrombosis Potential. Circ Res 2019; 123:1164-1176. [PMID: 30359185 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gut microbes influence cardiovascular disease and thrombosis risks through the production of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Microbiota-dependent generation of trimethylamine (TMA)-the precursor to TMAO-is rate limiting in the metaorganismal TMAO pathway in most humans and is catalyzed by several distinct microbial choline TMA-lyases, including the proteins encoded by the cutC/D (choline utilization C/D) genes in multiple human commensals. OBJECTIVE Direct demonstration that the gut microbial cutC gene is sufficient to transmit enhanced platelet reactivity and thrombosis potential in a host via TMA/TMAO generation has not yet been reported. METHODS AND RESULTS Herein, we use gnotobiotic mice and a series of microbial colonization studies to show that microbial cutC-dependent TMA/TMAO production is sufficient to transmit heightened platelet reactivity and thrombosis potential in a host. Specifically, we examine in vivo thrombosis potential employing germ-free mice colonized with either high TMA-producing stable human fecal polymcrobial communities or a defined CutC-deficient background microbial community coupled with a CutC-expressing human commensal±genetic disruption of its cutC gene (ie, Clostridium sporogenes Δ cutC). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these studies point to the microbial choline TMA-lyase pathway as a rational molecular target for the treatment of atherothrombotic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Skye
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., X.J., J.K., B.H., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., J.K., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Weifei Zhu
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., X.J., J.K., B.H., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., J.K., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Kymberleigh A Romano
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., X.J., J.K., B.H., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., J.K., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison (K.A.R., F.E.R.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Chun-Jun Guo
- Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University, CA (C.-J.G., M.A.F.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Zeneng Wang
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., X.J., J.K., B.H., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., J.K., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Xun Jia
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., X.J., J.K., B.H., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Jennifer Kirsop
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., X.J., J.K., B.H., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., J.K., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Bridget Haag
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., X.J., J.K., B.H., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Jennifer M Lang
- Department of Human Genetics (J.M.L., A.J.L.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.,Department of Medicine (J.M.L., A.J.L.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Joseph A DiDonato
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., X.J., J.K., B.H., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., J.K., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., X.J., J.K., B.H., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., J.K., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Human Genetics (J.M.L., A.J.L.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.,Department of Medicine (J.M.L., A.J.L.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Federico E Rey
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison (K.A.R., F.E.R.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., X.J., J.K., B.H., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University, CA (C.-J.G., M.A.F.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute (S.M.S., W.Z., K.A.R., Z.W., J.K., J.A.D., W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
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124
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Metabolic and Vascular Effect of the Mediterranean Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194716. [PMID: 31547615 PMCID: PMC6801699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicated how dietary patterns that were obtained from nutritional cluster analysis can predict disease risk or mortality. Low-grade chronic inflammation represents a background pathogenetic mechanism linking metabolic risk factors to increased risk of chronic degenerative diseases. A Mediterranean diet (MeDi) style has been reported as associated with a lower degree of inflammation biomarkers and with a protective role on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. There is heterogeneity in defining the MedDiet, and it can, owing to its complexity, be considered as an exposome with thousands of nutrients and phytochemicals. Recently, it has been reported a novel positive association between baseline plasma ceramide concentrations and cardiovascular events and how adherence to a Mediterranean Diet-style may influence the potential negative relationship between elevated plasma ceramide concentrations and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed the positive effects of the MeDi diet style on several cardiovascular risk factors, such as body mass index, waist circumference, blood lipids, blood pressure, inflammatory markers and adhesion molecules, and diabetes and how these advantages of the MeDi are maintained in comparison of a low-fat diet. Some studies reported a positive effect of adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and heart failure incidence, whereas some recent studies, such as the PREDIMED study, showed that the incidence of major cardiovascular events was lower among those assigned to MeDi supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts than among those assigned to a reduced-fat diet. New studies are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms, whereby the MedDiet may exercise its effects. Here, we present recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of MedDiet effects, mainly focusing on cardiovascular diseases, but also discussing other related diseases. We review MedDiet composition and assessment as well as the latest advances in the genomic, epigenomic (DNA methylation, histone modifications, microRNAs, and other emerging regulators), transcriptomic (selected genes and whole transcriptome), and metabolomic and metagenomic aspects of the MedDiet effects (as a whole and for its most typical food components). We also present a review of the clinical effects of this dietary style underlying the biochemical and molecular effects of the Mediterranean diet. Our purpose is to review the main features of the Mediterranean diet in particular its benefits on human health, underling the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-atherosclerotic effects to which new knowledge about epigenetic and gut-microbiota relationship is recently added.
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125
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Tan X, Liu Y, Long J, Chen S, Liao G, Wu S, Li C, Wang L, Ling W, Zhu H. Trimethylamine N-Oxide Aggravates Liver Steatosis through Modulation of Bile Acid Metabolism and Inhibition of Farnesoid X Receptor Signaling in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900257. [PMID: 31095863 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), the metabolite of choline generated by gut microbiota, is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and could influence bile acid (BA) metabolism. However, whether TMAO aggravates liver steatosis by modulating BA metabolism and the related mechanisms has not been investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS A case-control study including biopsy-proven NAFLD patients (n = 34) and controls (n = 14) is conducted to determine the correlation between TMAO and BA metabolism. Serum levels of total BA and the percentage of farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-antagonistic BA species are markedly higher in NAFLD patients than in the controls. Serum levels of TMAO positively correlated with the serum levels of total BA and hepatic mRNA expression of cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1). In a murine model, it is found that 18 weeks administration of TMAO impairs liver function and increases hepatic triglyceride accumulation and lipogenesis in mice fed with a high-fat diet. TMAO increases BA synthesis and shifted hepatic BA composition toward FXR-antagonistic activity. Knockdown of CYP7A1 via small interfering RNA or activation of FXR by GW4064 blocks the effect of TMAO-induced lipogenesis in palmitic acid-treated HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION TMAO aggravates liver steatosis by suppressing BA-mediated hepatic FXR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518100, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jingan Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Si Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Gongcheng Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Shangling Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Huilian Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
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Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3): genetic variants and their consequences for drug metabolism and disease. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:19-33. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1643515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Phillips
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Shephard
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
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127
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Zhou T, Heianza Y, Chen Y, Li X, Sun D, DiDonato JA, Pei X, LeBoff MS, Bray GA, Sacks FM, Qi L. Circulating Gut Microbiota Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and Changes in Bone Density in Response to Weight Loss Diets: The POUNDS Lost Trial. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:1365-1371. [PMID: 31332027 PMCID: PMC6647048 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes is related to obesity and altered bone health, and both are affected by gut microbiota. We examined associations of weight loss diet-induced changes in a gut microbiota-related metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and its precursors (choline and l-carnitine), with changes in bone mineral density (BMD) considering diabetes-related factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the 2-year Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies trial (POUNDS Lost), 264 overweight and obese participants with measurement of BMD by DXA scan were included in the present analysis. The participants were randomly assigned to one of four diets varying in macronutrient intake. Association analysis was performed in pooled participants and different diet groups. Changes in blood levels of TMAO, choline, and l-carnitine from baseline to 6 months after the dietary intervention were calculated. RESULTS We found that a greater reduction in plasma levels of TMAO from baseline to 6 months was associated with a greater loss in whole-body BMD at 6 months and 2 years (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02). The greater reduction in TMAO was also associated with a greater loss in spine BMD (P = 0.005) at 2 years, independent of body weight changes. The associations were not modified by baseline diabetes status and glycemic levels. Changes in l-carnitine, a precursor of TMAO, showed interactions with dietary fat intake in regard to changes of spine BMD and hip BMD at 6 months (all P < 0.05). Participants with the smallest decrease in l-carnitine showed less bone loss in the low-fat diet group than the high-fat diet group (P spine = 0.03 and P hip = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS TMAO might protect against BMD reduction during weight loss, independent of diet interventions varying in macronutrient content and baseline diabetes risk factors. Dietary fat may modify the relation between change in plasma l-carnitine level and changes in BMD. Our findings highlight the importance of investigating the relation between TMAO and bone health in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.,Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yoriko Heianza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.,Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Dianjianyi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Joseph A DiDonato
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Xiaofang Pei
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Meryl S LeBoff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA .,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Schwingshackl L, Morze J, Hoffmann G. Mediterranean diet and health status: Active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:1241-1257. [PMID: 31243760 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is one of the most widely described and evaluated dietary patterns in scientific literature. It is characterized by high intakes of vegetables, legumes, fruits, nuts, grains, fish, seafood, extra virgin olive oil, and a moderate intake of red wine. A large body of observational and experimental evidence suggests that higher adherence to the MedDiet is associated with lower risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, and cancer. Current mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of the MedDiet include reduction of blood lipids, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, improvement of insulin sensitivity, enhancement of endothelial function, and antithrombotic function. Most likely, these effects are attributable to bioactive ingredients such as polyphenols, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, or fibre. This review will focus on both established and less established mechanisms of action of biochemical compounds contained in a MedDiet. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schwingshackl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jakub Morze
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Georg Hoffmann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Corrêa LH, Heyn GS, Magalhaes KG. The Impact of the Adipose Organ Plasticity on Inflammation and Cancer Progression. Cells 2019; 8:E662. [PMID: 31262098 PMCID: PMC6679170 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by chronic and low-grade systemic inflammation, an increase of adipose tissue, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of adipocytes. Adipose tissues can be classified into white, brown, beige and pink adipose tissues, which display different regulatory, morphological and functional characteristics of their adipocyte and immune cells. Brown and white adipocytes can play a key role not only in the control of energy homeostasis, or through the balance between energy storage and expenditure, but also by the modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Therefore, brown and white adipocytes can orchestrate important immunological crosstalk that may deeply impact the tumor microenvironment and be crucial for cancer establishment and progression. Recent works have indicated that white adipose tissues can undergo a process called browning, in which an inducible brown adipocyte develops. In this review, we depict the mechanisms involved in the differential role of brown, white and pink adipocytes, highlighting their structural, morphological, regulatory and functional characteristics and correlation with cancer predisposition, establishment, and progression. We also discuss the impact of the increased adiposity in the inflammatory and immunological modulation. Moreover, we focused on the plasticity of adipocytes, describing the molecules produced and secreted by those cells, the modulation of the signaling pathways involved in the browning phenomena of white adipose tissue and its impact on inflammation and cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/immunology
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/immunology
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/immunology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, White/immunology
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adiposity/immunology
- Animals
- Carcinogenesis/immunology
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Energy Metabolism/immunology
- Humans
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/immunology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Henrique Corrêa
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Simões Heyn
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Kelly Grace Magalhaes
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
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130
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Gut Prevotella as a possible biomarker of diet and its eubiotic versus dysbiotic roles: a comprehensive literature review. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:131-140. [PMID: 30924428 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has a profound impact on human health. Emerging data show that dietary patterns are associated with different communities of bacterial species within the gut. Prevotella species have been correlated with plant-rich diets, abundant in carbohydrates and fibres. Dysbiosis within the gut ecosystem has been associated with the development of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, the metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, colorectal cancer, type 1 diabetes, allergies and other diseases. The purpose of this comprehensive literature review was to evaluate the available data on the impact of diet on the Prevotella genus, as a dietary fibre fermenter in the gut as well as its implications as a potential biomarker for homeostasis or disease state through its metabolite signature. Studies were identified by conducting PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection and Google Scholar electronic searches. We found eighty-five publications reporting the impact of dietary patterns on gut microbial communities, including Prevotella or Prevotella/Bacteroides ratio in particular. Moreover, the role of Prevotella species on health status was also evaluated. Prevotella possess a high genetic diversity, representing one of the important groups found in the oral cavity and large intestine of man. The gut commensal Prevotella bacteria contribute to polysaccharide breakdown, being dominant colonisers of agrarian societies. However, studies also suggested a potential role of Prevotella species as intestinal pathobionts. Further metagenomic studies are needed in order to reveal health- or disease-modulating properties of Prevotella species in the gut.
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131
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Chen Y, Weng Z, Liu Q, Shao W, Guo W, Chen C, Jiao L, Wang Q, Lu Q, Sun H, Gu A, Hu H, Jiang Z. FMO3 and its metabolite TMAO contribute to the formation of gallstones. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2576-2585. [PMID: 31251986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite derived from trimethylamine (TMA), which is first produced by gut microbiota and then oxidized by flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) in the liver. TMAO may contribute to the development of diseases such as atherosclerosis because of its role in regulating lipid metabolism. In this study, we found that high plasma TMAO levels were positively associated with the presence of gallstone disease in humans. We further found increased hepatic FMO3 expression and elevated plasma TMAO level in a gallstone-susceptible strain of mice C57BL/6J fed a lithogenic diet (LD), but not in a gallstone-resistant strain of mice AKR/J. Dietary supplementation of TMAO or its precursor choline increased hepatic FMO3 expression and plasma TMAO levels and induced hepatic canalicular cholesterol transporters ATP binding cassette (Abc) g5 and g8 expression in mice. Up-regulation of ABCG5 and ABCG8 expression was observed in hepatocytes incubated with TMAO in vitro. Additionally, in AKR/J mice fed a LD supplemented with 0.3% TMAO, the incidence of gallstones rose up to 70% compared with 0% in AKR/J mice fed only a LD. This was associated with increased hepatic Abcg5 and g8 expression induced by TMAO. Our study demonstrated TMAO could be associated with increased hepatic Abcg5/g8 expression, biliary cholesterol hypersecretion and gallstone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenkun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wentao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaobo Chen
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Jiao
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihan Wang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifan Lu
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Sun
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hai Hu
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhaoyan Jiang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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132
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Catucci G, Sadeghi SJ, Gilardi G. A direct time-based ITC approach for substrate turnover measurements demonstrated on human FMO3. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6217-6220. [PMID: 31074479 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01356c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transient binding events are a challenging issue in enzymology. Here we demostrate a time-based ITC approach to human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3, an important drug metabolising enzyme. We measure kinetic constants and we demonstrate how this approach can be exploited for measuring the inhibiton of the conversion of the key substrate trimethylamine into trimethylamine N-oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, 10123, Italy.
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133
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Barrea L, Muscogiuri G, Annunziata G, Laudisio D, de Alteriis G, Tenore GC, Colao A, Savastano S. A New Light on Vitamin D in Obesity: A Novel Association with Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO). Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061310. [PMID: 31185686 PMCID: PMC6627576 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency and obesity are two public health problems extensively exacerbated over the last years. Among the several mechanisms proposed to account for the complex interplay between vitamin D and obesity, one that has gained particular attention is related to the emerging role of obesity-related changes in gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites, such as Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Vitamin D deficiency and high circulating TMAO levels are associated with body weight and the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Considering the link of obesity with vitamin D on the one hand and obesity with TMAO on the other hand, and the central role of the liver in both the vitamin D and TMAO metabolism, the aim of this cross-sectional observational study was first, to confirm the possible inverse association between vitamin D and TMAO across different body mass index (BMI) classes and second, to investigate if this association could be influenced by the presence of NAFLD. One hundred and four adult subjects (50 males and 54 females; 35.38 ± 7.49 years) were enrolled. The fatty liver index (FLI) was used as a proxy for the diagnosis of NAFLD. Vitamin D deficiency was found in 65 participants (62.5%), while 33 subjects (31.7%) had insufficient levels, and the remaining subjects had sufficient levels of vitamin D. Subjects with both vitamin D deficiency and FLI-NAFLD had the highest TMAO levels (p < 0.001). By stratifying the sample population according to the BMI classes, vitamin D levels decreased significantly along with the increase of plasma TMAO concentrations, with the lowest vitamin D levels and highest TMAO, respectively, in class III obesity. Vitamin D levels showed significant opposite associations with circulating levels of TMAO (r = −0.588, p < 0.001), but this association was no longer significant after the adjustment for FLI values. The highest values of TMAO were significantly associated with the severity of obesity (OR 7.92; p < 0.001), deficiency of vitamin D (OR 1.62; p < 0.001), and FLI-NAFLD (OR 3.79; p < 0.001). The most sensitive and specific cut-off for vitamin D to predict the circulating levels of TMAO was ≤19.83 ng/mL (p < 0.001). In conclusion, our study suggests that high TMAO levels are associated with vitamin D deficiency and NAFLD. Further studies are required to investigate if there is a causality link or whether all of them are simply the consequence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Daniela Laudisio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giulia de Alteriis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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134
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Nagpal R, Shively CA, Register TC, Craft S, Yadav H. Gut microbiome-Mediterranean diet interactions in improving host health. F1000Res 2019; 8:699. [PMID: 32704349 PMCID: PMC7359750 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18992.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in host health and disease. Host diet is one of the most significant modulators of the gut microbial community and its metabolic activities. Evidence demonstrates that dietary patterns such as the 'Western diet' and perturbations in gut microbiome (dysbiosis) have strong associations with a wide range of human diseases, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, consumption of Mediterranean-style diets is considered healthy and associated with the prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, colorectal cancers and many other diseases. Such beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet might be attributed to high proportion of fibers, mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants and polyphenols. Concurrent literature has demonstrated beneficial modulation of the gut microbiome following a Mediterranean-style diet in humans as well as in experimental animal models such as rodents. We recently demonstrated similar positive changes in the gut microbiome of non-human primates consuming a Mediterranean-style diet for long term (30 months). Therefore, it is rational to speculate that this positive modulation of the gut microbiome diversity, composition and function is one of the main factors intermediating the health effects of Mediterranean diet on the host. The present perspective discusses the evidences that the Mediterranean diet induces gut microbiome modulation in rodents, non-human primates and human subjects, and discusses the potential role of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites as one of the fundamental catalysts intermediating various beneficial health effects of Mediterranean diet on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Nagpal
- Division of Internal Medicine - Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
| | - Carol A. Shively
- Department of Pathology - Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
| | - Thomas C. Register
- Department of Pathology - Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Division of Internal Medicine - Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
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135
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Zhou D, Fan JG. Microbial metabolites in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:2019-2028. [PMID: 31114130 PMCID: PMC6506577 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i17.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising exponentially worldwide. The spectrum of NAFLD includes non-alcoholic fatty liver, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Evidence shows that microbial metabolites play pivotal roles in the onset and progression of NAFLD. In this review, we discuss how microbe-derived metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, endogenous ethanol, bile acids and so forth, contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Lab of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
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136
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Coras R, Kavanaugh A, Boyd T, Huynh D, Lagerborg KA, Xu YJ, Rosenthal SB, Jain M, Guma M. Choline metabolite, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), is associated with inflammation in psoriatic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2019; 37:481-484. [PMID: 30620278 PMCID: PMC6529247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dietary intake of choline has been linked to systemic inflammation through the microbial production of two metabolites, trimethylamine (TMA) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Herein we explore the association between choline metabolites and inflammation in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients. METHODS Thirty-eight patients with PsA, all of whom satisfied the CASPAR classification criteria for PsA, were studied. Outcomes reflecting the activity of peripheral arthritis as well as skin psoriasis, Disease Activity Score (DAS)28, Clinical Disease Index (CDAI) and Body Surface Area (BSA) were assessed. Serum concentration of choline metabolites (choline, TMA, TMAO, betaine and carnitine) were determined by LC-MS, and metabolite levels associated with disease scores. RESULTS Among the 38 PsA patients included, the mean DAS28PCR was 2.74±1.29. Twenty-seven patients had active skin disease, with an average BSA of 7.2±16.22. TMAO, but not TMA or choline, significantly correlated with measures of disease activity for both skin and peripheral joints. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, only TMAO, but not TMA, choline, betaine or carnitine, was associated with inflammation in PsA patients, establishing a mechanistic link between TMAO and PsA phenotypes. Future studies will explore the modulation of TMAO and disease severity in PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Coras
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA; and Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arthur Kavanaugh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Tristan Boyd
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Doquyen Huynh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Kim A Lagerborg
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Yong-Jiang Xu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Sarah B Rosenthal
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Monica Guma
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA; and Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain.
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137
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Kurilshikov A, van den Munckhof ICL, Chen L, Bonder MJ, Schraa K, Rutten JHW, Riksen NP, de Graaf J, Oosting M, Sanna S, Joosten LAB, van der Graaf M, Brand T, Koonen DPY, van Faassen M, Slagboom PE, Xavier RJ, Kuipers F, Hofker MH, Wijmenga C, Netea MG, Zhernakova A, Fu J. Gut Microbial Associations to Plasma Metabolites Linked to Cardiovascular Phenotypes and Risk. Circ Res 2019; 124:1808-1820. [PMID: 30971183 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Altered gut microbial composition has been linked to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but its functional links to host metabolism and immunity in relation to CVD development remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To systematically assess functional links between the microbiome and the plasma metabolome, cardiometabolic phenotypes, and CVD risk and to identify diet-microbe-metabolism-immune interactions in well-documented cohorts. METHODS AND RESULTS We assessed metagenomics-based microbial associations between 231 plasma metabolites and microbial species and pathways in the population-based LLD (Lifelines DEEP) cohort (n=978) and a clinical obesity cohort (n=297). After correcting for age, sex, and body mass index, the gut microbiome could explain ≤11.1% and 16.4% of the variation in plasma metabolites in the population-based and obesity cohorts, respectively. Obese-specific microbial associations were found for lipid compositions in the VLDL, IDL, and LDL lipoprotein subclasses. Bacterial L-methionine biosynthesis and a Ruminococcus species were associated to cardiovascular phenotypes in obese individuals, namely atherosclerosis and liver fat content, respectively. Integration of microbiome-diet-inflammation analysis in relation to metabolic risk score of CVD in the population cohort revealed 48 microbial pathways associated to CVD risk that were largely independent of diet and inflammation. Our data also showed that plasma levels rather than fecal levels of short-chain fatty acids were relevant to inflammation and CVD risk. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the largest metagenome-based association study on plasma metabolism and microbiome relevance to diet, inflammation, CVD risk, and cardiometabolic phenotypes in both population-based and clinical obesity cohorts. Our findings identified novel bacterial species and pathways that associated to specific lipoprotein subclasses and revealed functional links between the gut microbiome and host health that provide a basis for developing microbiome-targeted therapy for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kurilshikov
- From the Department of Genetics (A.K., L.C., M.J.B., S.S., C.W., A.Z., J.F.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Inge C L van den Munckhof
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (I.C.L.v.d.M., K.S., J.H.W.R., N.P.R., J.d.G., M.O., L.A.B.J., T.B., M.G.N.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lianmin Chen
- From the Department of Genetics (A.K., L.C., M.J.B., S.S., C.W., A.Z., J.F.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics (L.C., D.P.Y.K., F.K., M.H.H., J.F.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marc J Bonder
- From the Department of Genetics (A.K., L.C., M.J.B., S.S., C.W., A.Z., J.F.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kiki Schraa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (I.C.L.v.d.M., K.S., J.H.W.R., N.P.R., J.d.G., M.O., L.A.B.J., T.B., M.G.N.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost H W Rutten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (I.C.L.v.d.M., K.S., J.H.W.R., N.P.R., J.d.G., M.O., L.A.B.J., T.B., M.G.N.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (I.C.L.v.d.M., K.S., J.H.W.R., N.P.R., J.d.G., M.O., L.A.B.J., T.B., M.G.N.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline de Graaf
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (I.C.L.v.d.M., K.S., J.H.W.R., N.P.R., J.d.G., M.O., L.A.B.J., T.B., M.G.N.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Oosting
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (I.C.L.v.d.M., K.S., J.H.W.R., N.P.R., J.d.G., M.O., L.A.B.J., T.B., M.G.N.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Serena Sanna
- From the Department of Genetics (A.K., L.C., M.J.B., S.S., C.W., A.Z., J.F.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (I.C.L.v.d.M., K.S., J.H.W.R., N.P.R., J.d.G., M.O., L.A.B.J., T.B., M.G.N.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marinette van der Graaf
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.v.d.G.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tessa Brand
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (I.C.L.v.d.M., K.S., J.H.W.R., N.P.R., J.d.G., M.O., L.A.B.J., T.B., M.G.N.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Debby P Y Koonen
- Department of Pediatrics (L.C., D.P.Y.K., F.K., M.H.H., J.F.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., F.K.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - P Eline Slagboom
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (P.E.S.)
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (R.J.X.).,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (R.J.X.).,Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.J.X.).,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.J.X.)
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics (L.C., D.P.Y.K., F.K., M.H.H., J.F.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., F.K.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marten H Hofker
- Department of Pediatrics (L.C., D.P.Y.K., F.K., M.H.H., J.F.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- From the Department of Genetics (A.K., L.C., M.J.B., S.S., C.W., A.Z., J.F.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway (C.W.)
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (I.C.L.v.d.M., K.S., J.H.W.R., N.P.R., J.d.G., M.O., L.A.B.J., T.B., M.G.N.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department for Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Germany (M.G.N.).,Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania (M.G.N.)
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- From the Department of Genetics (A.K., L.C., M.J.B., S.S., C.W., A.Z., J.F.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- From the Department of Genetics (A.K., L.C., M.J.B., S.S., C.W., A.Z., J.F.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics (L.C., D.P.Y.K., F.K., M.H.H., J.F.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
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Bavineni M, Wassenaar TM, Agnihotri K, Ussery DW, Lüscher TF, Mehta JL. Mechanisms linking preterm birth to onset of cardiovascular disease later in adulthood. Eur Heart J 2019; 40:1107-1112. [PMID: 30753448 PMCID: PMC6451766 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates in adulthood are high in premature infants; unfortunately, the underlying mechanisms are not well defined. In this review, we discuss potential pathways that could lead to CVD in premature babies. Studies show intense oxidant stress and inflammation at tissue levels in these neonates. Alterations in lipid profile, foetal epigenomics, and gut microbiota in these infants may also underlie the development of CVD. Recently, probiotic bacteria, such as the mucin-degrading bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila have been shown to reduce inflammation and prevent heart disease in animal models. All this information might enable scientists and clinicians to target pathways to act early to curtail the adverse effects of prematurity on the cardiovascular system. This could lead to primary and secondary prevention of CVD and improve survival among preterm neonates later in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Bavineni
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Trudy M Wassenaar
- Molecular Microbiology and Genomics Consultants, Tannenstrasse 7, Zotzenheim D-55576, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arkansas Center for Genomic Epidemiology & Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kanishk Agnihotri
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - David W Ussery
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arkansas Center for Genomic Epidemiology & Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 4th Floor, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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139
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van Lee L, Crozier SR, Aris IM, Tint MT, Sadananthan SA, Michael N, Quah PL, Robinson SM, Inskip HM, Harvey NC, Barker M, Cooper C, Velan SS, Lee YS, Fortier MV, Yap F, Gluckman PD, Tan KH, Shek LP, Chong YS, Godfrey KM, Chong MFF. Prospective associations of maternal choline status with offspring body composition in the first 5 years of life in two large mother-offspring cohorts: the Southampton Women's Survey cohort and the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 48:433-444. [PMID: 30649331 PMCID: PMC6751083 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline status has been positively associated with weight and fat mass in animal and human studies. As evidence examining maternal circulating choline concentrations and offspring body composition in human infants/children is lacking, we investigated this in two cohorts. METHODS Maternal choline concentrations were measured in the UK Southampton Women's Survey (SWS; serum, n = 985, 11 weeks' gestation) and Singapore Growing Up Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO); n = 955, 26-28 weeks' gestation) mother-offspring cohorts. Offspring anthropometry was measured at birth and up to age 5 years. Body fat mass was determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at birth and age 4 years for SWS; and using air-displacement plethysmography at birth and age 5 years for GUSTO. Linear-regression analyses were performed, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS In SWS, higher maternal choline concentrations were associated with higher neonatal total body fat mass {β = 0.60 standard deviation [SD]/5 µmol/L maternal choline [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04-1.16]} and higher subscapular skinfold thickness [β = 0.55 mm/5 µmol/L (95% CI, 0.12-1.00)] at birth. In GUSTO, higher maternal choline concentrations were associated with higher neonatal body mass index-for-age z-score [β = 0.31 SD/5 µmol/L (0.10-0.51)] and higher triceps [β = 0.38 mm/5 µmol/L (95% CI, 0.11-0.65)] and subscapular skinfold thicknesses [β = 0.26 mm/5 µmol/L (95% CI, 0.01-0.50)] at birth. No consistent trends were observed between maternal choline and offspring gain in body mass index, skinfold thicknesses, abdominal circumference, weight, length/height and adiposity measures in later infancy and early childhood. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that maternal circulating choline concentrations during pregnancy are positively associated with offspring BMI, skinfold thicknesses and adiposity at birth, but not with growth and adiposity through infancy and early childhood to the age of 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linde van Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Sarah R Crozier
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Izzuddin M Aris
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mya T Tint
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Phaik Ling Quah
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Sian M Robinson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel M Inskip
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Barker
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Sendhil S Velan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marielle V Fortier
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
- Liggings Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynette P Shek
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Mary FF Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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140
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Sheng Z, Tan Y, Liu C, Zhou P, Li J, Zhou J, Chen R, Chen Y, Song L, Zhao H, Yan H. Relation of Circulating Trimethylamine N-Oxide With Coronary Atherosclerotic Burden in Patients With ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol 2019; 123:894-898. [PMID: 30594289 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) promotes atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. TMAO levels are associated with the coronary atherosclerotic burden in patients with stable coronary artery disease. However, the relation between TMAO levels and the coronary atherosclerotic burden in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is unknown. We prospectively enrolled 2 cohorts in this study, including 335 patients with STEMI and 53 healthy controls. The coronary atherosclerotic burden was quantified by the number of diseased coronary arteries and the SYNTAX score. The median TMAO levels in patients with STEMI and healthy controls were 2.18 (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.34 to 3.90) μM and 1.23 [IQR: 0.84 to 2.42] μM, respectively. Of the 335 patients with STEMI, TMAO levels were significantly higher in the multivessel disease group than in the single-vessel disease group (p <0.001) and in the group with intermediate-high SYNTAX scores (SYNTAX score ≥23) than in the group with low SYNTAX scores (SYNTAX score ≤22; p <0.001). Based on the ordinal logistic regression analysis adjusted for traditional risk factors, elevated TMAO levels predicted both a high SYNTAX score (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06 to 1.29; p = 0.001) and the presence of multivessel disease (adjusted OR: 1.15; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.32; p = 0.035). In conclusion, plasma TMAO levels are associated with a high coronary atherosclerotic burden in patients with STEMI.
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141
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Moossavi S, Bishehsari F. Microbes: possible link between modern lifestyle transition and the rise of metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev 2019; 20:407-419. [PMID: 30548384 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapid decrease in infectious diseases globally has coincided with an increase in the prevalence of obesity and other components of metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance is a common feature of metabolic syndrome and can be influenced by genetic and non-genetic/environmental factors. The emergence of metabolic syndrome epidemics over only a few decades suggests a more prominent role of the latter. Changes in our environment and lifestyle have indeed paralleled the rise in metabolic syndrome. Gastrointestinal tract microbiota, the composition of which plays a significant role in host physiology, including metabolism and energy homeostasis, are distinctly different within the context of metabolic syndrome. Among humans, recent lifestyle-related changes could be linked to changes in diversity and composition of 'ancient' microbiota. Given the co-adaptation and co-evolution of microbiota with the immune system over a long period of time, it is plausible that such lifestyle-related microbiota changes could trigger aberrant immune responses, thereby predisposing an individual to a variety of diseases. Here, we review current evidence supporting a role for gut microbiota in the ongoing rise of metabolic syndrome. We conclude that population-level shifts in microbiota can play a mediatory role between lifestyle factors and pathogenesis of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moossavi
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - F Bishehsari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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142
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Chu H, Duan Y, Yang L, Schnabl B. Small metabolites, possible big changes: a microbiota-centered view of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut 2019; 68:359-370. [PMID: 30171065 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges from simple hepatic steatosis, commonly associated with obesity, to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD pathophysiology involves environmental, genetic and metabolic factors, as well as changes in the intestinal microbiota and their products. Dysfunction of the intestinal barrier can contribute to NAFLD development and progression. Although there are technical limitations in assessing intestinal permeability in humans and the number of patients in these studies is rather small, fewer than half of the patients have increased intestinal permeability and translocation of bacterial products. Microbe-derived metabolites and the signalling pathways they affect might play more important roles in development of NAFLD. We review the microbial metabolites that contribute to the development of NAFLD, such as trimethylamine, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids and ethanol. We discuss the mechanisms by which metabolites produced by microbes might affect disease progression and/or serve as therapeutic targets or biomarkers for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huikuan Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yi Duan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
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143
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Adak A, Khan MR. An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:473-493. [PMID: 30317530 PMCID: PMC11105460 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota has evolved along with their hosts and is an integral part of the human body. Microbiota acquired at birth develops in parallel as the host develops and maintains its temporal stability and diversity through adulthood until death. Recent developments in genome sequencing technologies, bioinformatics and culturomics have enabled researchers to explore the microbiota and in particular their functions at more detailed level than before. The accumulated evidences suggest that though a part of the microbiota is conserved, the dynamic members vary along the gastrointestinal tract, from infants to elderly, primitive tribes to modern societies and in different health conditions. Though the gut microbiota is dynamic, it performs some basic functions in the immunological, metabolic, structural and neurological landscapes of the human body. Gut microbiota also exerts significant influence on both physical and mental health of an individual. An in-depth understanding of the functioning of gut microbiota has led to some very exciting developments in therapeutics, such as prebiotics, probiotics, drugs and faecal transplantation leading to improved health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Adak
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Science Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
| | - Mojibur R Khan
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Science Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India.
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144
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Heianza Y, Sun D, Li X, DiDonato JA, Bray GA, Sacks FM, Qi L. Gut microbiota metabolites, amino acid metabolites and improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism: the POUNDS Lost trial. Gut 2019; 68:263-270. [PMID: 29860242 PMCID: PMC6275143 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in gut microbiota have been linked to host insulin resistance, diabetes and impaired amino acid metabolism. We investigated whether changes in gut microbiota-dependent metabolite of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its nutrient precursors (choline and L-carnitine) were associated with improvements in glucose metabolism and diabetes-related amino acids in a weight-loss diet intervention. DESIGN We included 504 overweight and obese adults who were randomly assigned to one of four energy-reduced diets varying in macronutrient intake. The 6-month changes (Δ) in TMAO, choline and L-carnitine levels after the intervention were calculated. RESULTS Greater decreases in choline and L-carnitine were significantly (p<0.05) associated with greater improvements in fasting insulin concentrations and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at 6 months. The reduction of choline was significantly related to 2-year improvements in glucose and insulin resistance. We found significant linkages between dietary fat intake and ΔTMAO for changes in fasting glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR (pinteraction <0.05); a greater increase in TMAO was related to lesser improvements in the outcomes among participants who consumed a high-fat diet. In addition, ΔL-carnitine and Δcholine were significantly related to changes in amino acids (including branched-chain and aromatic amino acids). Interestingly, the associations of ΔTMAO, Δcholine and ΔL-carnitine with diabetes-related traits were independent of the changes in amino acids. CONCLUSION Our findings underscore the importance of changes in TMAO, choline and L-carnitine in improving insulin sensitivity during a weight-loss intervention for obese patients. Dietary fat intake may modify the associations of TMAO with insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00072995.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Heianza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Dianjianyi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Joseph A. DiDonato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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145
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Effects of Lifestyle Intervention on Plasma Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Obese Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010179. [PMID: 30654453 PMCID: PMC6356515 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence linking trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has prompted interest in developing therapeutic strategies to reduce its production. We compared two lifestyle intervention approaches: hypocaloric versus eucaloric diet, combined with exercise, on TMAO levels in relation to CVD risk factors. Sixteen obese adults (66.1 ± 4.4 years, BMI (body mass index): 35.9 ± 5.3 kg/m2, fasting glucose: 106 ± 16 mg/dL, 2-h PPG (postprandial glucose): 168 ± 37 mg/dL) were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of exercise (5 days/week, 80–85% HRmax (maximal heart rate)) plus either a hypocaloric (HYPO) (−500 kcal) or a eucaloric (EU) diet. Outcomes included plasma TMAO, glucose metabolism (oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps for glucose disposal rates (GDR)), exercise capacity (VO2max, maximal oxygen consumption), abdominal adiposity (computed tomography scans), cholesterol, and triglycerides. Results showed that body composition (body weight, subcutaneous adiposity), insulin sensitivity, VO2max, and cholesterol all improved (p < 0.05). HYPO decreased the percentage change in TMAO compared to an increase after EU (HYPO: −31 ± 0.4% vs. EU: 32 ± 0.6%, p = 0.04). Absolute TMAO levels were not impacted (HYPO: p = 0.09 or EU: p = 0.53 group). The change in TMAO after intervention was inversely correlated with baseline visceral adipose tissue (r = −0.63, p = 0.009) and GDR (r = 0.58, p = 0.002). A hypocaloric diet and exercise approach appears to be effective in reducing TMAO. Larger trials are needed to support this observation.
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146
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Lent-Schochet D, McLaughlin M, Ramakrishnan N, Jialal I. Exploratory metabolomics of metabolic syndrome: A status report. World J Diabetes 2019; 10:23-36. [PMID: 30697368 PMCID: PMC6347655 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is as a cluster of cardio-metabolic factors that greatly increase the risk of chronic diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In the United States, obesity, physical inactivity, aging, and genetics (to a minor extent) have arisen as risk factors for developing MetS. Although 35% of American adults suffer from MetS, its pathogenesis largely remains unknown. Worse, there is a lack of screening and optimum therapy for this disease. Researchers have consequently turned towards metabolomics to identify biomarkers to better understand MetS. The purpose of this review is to characterize various metabolites and their potential connections to MetS. Numerous studies have also characterized MetS as a disease of increased inflammation, and therefore this review also explores how metabolites play a role in various inflammatory pathways. Our review explores a broad range of metabolites including biogenic amines, branched chain amino acids, aromatic amines, phosphatidylcholines, as well as a variety of other molecules. We will explore their biochemical pathways and their potential role in serving as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Lent-Schochet
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Matthew McLaughlin
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Neeraj Ramakrishnan
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Ishwarlal Jialal
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
- VA Medical Center, Mather CA 95655, United States
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147
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Ding L, Chang M, Guo Y, Zhang L, Xue C, Yanagita T, Zhang T, Wang Y. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-induced atherosclerosis is associated with bile acid metabolism. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:286. [PMID: 30567573 PMCID: PMC6300890 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) plasma levels have been proved to be associated with atherosclerosis development. Among the targets aimed to ameliorating atherosclerotic lesions, inducing bile acid synthesis to eliminate excess cholesterol in body is an effective way. Individual bile acid as endogenous ligands for the nuclear receptor has differential effects on regulating bile acid metabolism. It is unclear whether bile acid profiles are mechanistically linked to TMAO-induced development of atherosclerosis. METHODS Male apoE-/- mice were fed with control diet containing 0.3% TMAO for 8 weeks. Aortic lesion development and serum lipid profiles were determined. Bile acid profiles in bile, liver and serum were measured by liquid chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS). Real-time PCRs were performed to analyze mRNA expression of genes related to hepatic bile acid metabolism. RESULTS The total plaque areas in the aortas strongly increased 2-fold (P < 0.001) in TMAO administration mice. The levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in TMAO group were also significantly increased by 25.5% (P = 0.044), 31.2% (P = 0.006), 28.3% (P = 0.032), respectively. TMAO notably changed bile acid profiles, especially in serum, the most prominent inductions were tauromuricholic acid (TMCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA) and cholic acid (CA). Mechanically, TMAO inhibited hepatic bile acid synthesis by specifically repressing the classical bile acid synthesis pathway, which might be mediated by activation of small heterodimer partner (SHP) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that TMAO accelerated aortic lesion formation in apoE-/- mice by altering bile acid profiles, further activating nuclear receptor FXR and SHP to inhibit bile acid synthesis by reducing Cyp7a1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengru Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological products, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Teruyoshi Yanagita
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, People's Republic of China. .,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological products, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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148
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Barrea L, Annunziata G, Muscogiuri G, Di Somma C, Laudisio D, Maisto M, de Alteriis G, Tenore GC, Colao A, Savastano S. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) as Novel Potential Biomarker of Early Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1971. [PMID: 30551613 PMCID: PMC6316855 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a mechanistic link between the gut-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and obesity-related diseases, suggesting that the TMAO pathway may also be linked to the pathogenesis of obesity. The Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), a gender-specific indicator of adipose dysfunction, and the Fatty Liver Index (FLI), a predictor of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are early predictors of metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this cross-sectional observational study, we investigated TMAO levels in adults stratified according to Body Mass Index (BMI) and the association of TMAO with VAI and FLI. One hundred and thirty-seven adult subjects (59 males; 21⁻56 years) were enrolled. TMAO levels were detected using HPLC/MS analysis. Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HoMA-IR), VAI and FLI were included as cardio-metabolic indices. TMAO levels increased along with BMI and were positively associated with VAI and FLI, independently, on common potential covariates. The most sensitive and specific cut-offs for circulating levels of TMAO to predict the presence of NAFLD-FLI and MetS were ≥8.02 µM and ≥8.74 µM, respectively. These findings allow us to hypothesize a role of TMAO as an early biomarker of adipose dysfunction and NAFLD-FLI in all borderline conditions in which overt MetS is not present, and suggest that a specific cut-off of TMAO might help in identifying subjects at high risk of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Daniela Laudisio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Maisto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giulia de Alteriis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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149
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Sharpton SR, Yong GJM, Terrault NA, Lynch SV. Gut Microbial Metabolism and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Hepatol Commun 2018; 3:29-43. [PMID: 30619992 PMCID: PMC6312661 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome, the multispecies community of microbes that exists in the gastrointestinal tract, encodes several orders of magnitude more functional genes than the human genome. It also plays a pivotal role in human health, in part due to metabolism of environmental, dietary, and host‐derived substrates, which produce bioactive metabolites. Perturbations to the composition and associated metabolic output of the gut microbiome have been associated with a number of chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we review the rapidly evolving suite of next‐generation techniques used for studying gut microbiome composition, functional gene content, and bioactive products and discuss relationships with the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Sharpton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
| | - Germaine J M Yong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
| | - Norah A Terrault
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
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150
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Blaak EE, Canfora EE. Increased circulating choline, L-carnitine and TMAO levels are related to changes in adiposity during weight loss: role of the gut microbiota? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:S92. [PMID: 30740413 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.11.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuel E Canfora
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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