101
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Mellor NL, Voß U, Janes G, Bennett MJ, Wells DM, Band LR. Auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata modify root-tip auxin distribution. Development 2020; 147:dev181669. [PMID: 32229613 PMCID: PMC7132777 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key signal regulating plant growth and development. It is well established that auxin dynamics depend on the spatial distribution of efflux and influx carriers on the cell membranes. In this study, we employ a systems approach to characterise an alternative symplastic pathway for auxin mobilisation via plasmodesmata, which function as intercellular pores linking the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. To investigate the role of plasmodesmata in auxin patterning, we developed a multicellular model of the Arabidopsis root tip. We tested the model predictions using the DII-VENUS auxin response reporter, comparing the predicted and observed DII-VENUS distributions using genetic and chemical perturbations designed to affect both carrier-mediated and plasmodesmatal auxin fluxes. The model revealed that carrier-mediated transport alone cannot explain the experimentally determined auxin distribution in the root tip. In contrast, a composite model that incorporates both carrier-mediated and plasmodesmatal auxin fluxes re-capitulates the root-tip auxin distribution. We found that auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata enable auxin reflux and increase total root-tip auxin. We conclude that auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata modify the auxin distribution created by efflux and influx carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Mellor
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ute Voß
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - George Janes
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Darren M Wells
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Leah R Band
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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102
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Abstract
Root architecture critically influences a plant's ability to forage for nutrients and water in soil. In this issue of Cell, Ogura et al. (2019) report a new regulatory gene and elegant molecular mechanism that links auxin-dependent root-angle regulation with improved plant fitness under variable rainfall conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin K Pandey
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, UK.
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103
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Xiao G, Zhang Y. Adaptive Growth: Shaping Auxin-Mediated Root System Architecture. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:121-123. [PMID: 31843370 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA), governed by the phytohormone auxin, endows plants with an adaptive advantage in particular environments. Using geographically representative arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accessions as a resource for GWA mapping, Waidmann et al. and Ogura et al. recently identified two novel components involved in modulating auxin-mediated RSA and conferring plant fitness in particular habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yuzhou Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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104
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Li Y, Wang Y, Tan S, Li Z, Yuan Z, Glanc M, Domjan D, Wang K, Xuan W, Guo Y, Gong Z, Friml J, Zhang J. Root Growth Adaptation is Mediated by PYLs ABA Receptor-PP2A Protein Phosphatase Complex. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901455. [PMID: 32042554 PMCID: PMC7001640 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant root architecture dynamically adapts to various environmental conditions, such as salt-containing soil. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is involved among others also in these developmental adaptations, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, a novel branch of the ABA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis involving PYR/PYL/RCAR (abbreviated as PYLs) receptor-protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) complex that acts in parallel to the canonical PYLs-protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) mechanism is identified. The PYLs-PP2A signaling modulates root gravitropism and lateral root formation through regulating phytohormone auxin transport. In optimal conditions, PYLs ABA receptor interacts with the catalytic subunits of PP2A, increasing their phosphatase activity and thus counteracting PINOID (PID) kinase-mediated phosphorylation of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transporters. By contrast, in salt and osmotic stress conditions, ABA binds to PYLs, inhibiting the PP2A activity, which leads to increased PIN phosphorylation and consequently modulated directional auxin transport leading to adapted root architecture. This work reveals an adaptive mechanism that may flexibly adjust plant root growth to withstand saline and osmotic stresses. It occurs via the cross-talk between the stress hormone ABA and the versatile developmental regulator auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Matouš Glanc
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - David Domjan
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Wei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower‐Middle Reaches of the Yangtze RiverNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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105
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Bahmani R, Kim D, Modareszadeh M, Thompson AJ, Park JH, Yoo HH, Hwang S. The mechanism of root growth inhibition by the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113516. [PMID: 31733969 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a harmful environmental contaminant acting as an endocrine disruptor in animals, but it also affects growth and development in plants. Here, we have elucidated the functional mechanism of root growth inhibition by BPA in Arabidopsis thaliana using mutants, reporter lines and a pharmacological approach. In response to 10 ppm BPA, fresh weight and main root length were reduced, while auxin levels increased. BPA inhibited root growth by reducing root cell length in the elongation zone by suppressing expansin expression and by decreasing the length of the meristem zone by repressing cell division. The inhibition of cell elongation and cell division was attributed to the enhanced accumulation/redistribution of auxin in the elongation zone and meristem zone in response to BPA. Correspondingly, the expressions of most auxin biosynthesis and transporter genes were enhanced in roots by BPA. Taken together, it is assumed that the endocrine disruptor BPA inhibits primary root growth by inhibiting cell elongation and division through auxin accumulation/redistribution in Arabidopsis. This study will contribute to understanding how BPA affects growth and development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Bahmani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; The Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
| | - DongGwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; The Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
| | - Mahsa Modareszadeh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; The Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Jeong Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, South Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, South Korea
| | - Seongbin Hwang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; The Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea.
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106
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da Costa CT, Offringa R, Fett-Neto AG. The role of auxin transporters and receptors in adventitious rooting of Arabidopsis thaliana pre-etiolated flooded seedlings. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110294. [PMID: 31779904 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious roots (ARs) form from above-ground organs, and auxins are major regulators of AR development. TIR1/AFB F-box proteins act as well-established auxin receptors. Auxin transport involves the PINFORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers and AUXIN RESISTANT 1/LIKE AUX1 (AUX1/LAX1) influx carriers. To further elucidate the basis of AR development, we investigated the participation of these proteins and phosphorylation of PINs during adventitious rooting in hypocotyls of pre-etiolated flooded Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Mutant and GUS localization studies indicated that AFB2 is important in AR development. AUX1 loss-of-function reduced AR numbers, which could not be reversed by exogenous auxin. Single mutations in LAX1, LAX2 and LAX3 had no negative impact on AR development and the first and last mutations even promoted it. Double and triple mutants of AUX1, LAX1, LAX2 and LAX3 significantly reduced rooting, which was reversed by exogenous auxin. AUX1 was essential in AR establishment, with LAX3 apparently acting in conjunction. Proper phosphorylation of PINs by PID, WAG1 and WAG2 and auxin transport direction were equally essential for AR establishment. PIN1, AUX1 and AFB2 (overexpression) and LAX1, LAX3, PIN4 and PIN7 (downregulation) emerged as potential targets for genetic manipulation aiming at improving AR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Tesser da Costa
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), CP 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Remko Offringa
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 CB, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), CP 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
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107
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Marhava P, Aliaga Fandino AC, Koh SW, Jelínková A, Kolb M, Janacek DP, Breda AS, Cattaneo P, Hammes UZ, Petrášek J, Hardtke CS. Plasma Membrane Domain Patterning and Self-Reinforcing Polarity in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 2020; 52:223-235.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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108
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Deletion in the Promoter of PcPIN-L Affects the Polar Auxin Transport in Dwarf Pear (Pyrus communis L.). Sci Rep 2019; 9:18645. [PMID: 31819123 PMCID: PMC6901534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dwarf cultivars or dwarfing rootstocks enable high-density planting and are therefore highly desirable in modern pear production. Previously, we found that the dwarf growth habit of pear is controlled by a single dominant gene PcDw. In this study, PcPIN-L (PCP021016) was cloned from dwarf-type and standard-type pears. PcPIN-L expression was significantly lower in the dwarf-type pears than in standard-type pears, which was caused by the CT repeat deletion in the promoter of dwarf-type pears. PcPIN-L overexpression in tobacco plants enhanced the growth of the stems and the roots. Notably, the indole acetic acid (IAA) content decreased in the shoot tips and increased in the stems of transgenic lines compared with wild type, which is consistent with the greater IAA content in the shoot tips and lower IAA content in the stems of dwarf-type pears than in standard-type pears. The CT repeat deletion in the promoter that causes a decrease in promoter activity is associated with lower PcPIN-L expression in the dwarf-type pears, which might limit the polar auxin transport and in turn result in the dwarf phenotype. Taken together, the results provide a novel dwarfing molecular mechanism in perennial woody plants.
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109
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Verna C, Ravichandran SJ, Sawchuk MG, Linh NM, Scarpella E. Coordination of tissue cell polarity by auxin transport and signaling. eLife 2019; 8:51061. [PMID: 31793881 PMCID: PMC6890459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants coordinate the polarity of hundreds of cells during vein formation, but how they do so is unclear. The prevailing hypothesis proposes that GNOM, a regulator of membrane trafficking, positions PIN-FORMED auxin transporters to the correct side of the plasma membrane; the resulting cell-to-cell, polar transport of auxin would coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Contrary to predictions of the hypothesis, we find that vein formation occurs in the absence of PIN-FORMED or any other intercellular auxin-transporter; that the residual auxin-transport-independent vein-patterning activity relies on auxin signaling; and that a GNOM-dependent signal acts upstream of both auxin transport and signaling to coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Our results reveal synergism between auxin transport and signaling, and their unsuspected control by GNOM in the coordination of tissue cell polarity during vein patterning, one of the most informative expressions of tissue cell polarization in plants. Plants, animals and other living things grow and develop over their lifetimes: for example, oak trees come from acorns and chickens begin their lives as eggs. To achieve these transformations, the cells in those living things must grow, divide and change their shape and other features. Plants and animals specify the directions in which their cells will grow and develop by gathering specific proteins to one side of the cells. This makes one side different from all the other sides, which the cells use as an internal compass that points in one direction. To align their internal compasses, animal cells touch one another and often move around inside the body. Plant cells, on the other hand, are surrounded by a wall that keeps them apart and prevents them from moving around. So how do plant cells align their internal compasses? Scientists have long thought that a protein called GNOM aligns the internal compasses of plant cells. The hypothesis proposes that GNOM gathers another protein, called PIN1, to one side of a cell. PIN1 would then pump a plant hormone known as auxin out of this first cell and, in doing so, would also drain auxin away from the cell on the opposite side. In this second cell, GNOM would then gather PIN1 to the side facing the first cell, and this process would repeat until all the cells' compasses were aligned. To test this hypothesis, Verna et al. combined microscopy with genetic approaches to study how cells' compasses are aligned in the leaves of a plant called Arabidopsis thaliana. The experiments revealed that auxin needs to move from cell-to-cell to align the cells’ compasses. However, contrary to the above hypothesis, this movement of auxin was not sufficient: the cells also needed to be able to detect and respond to the auxin that entered them. Along with controlling how auxin moved between the cells, GNOM also regulated how the cells responded to the auxin. These findings reveal how plants specify which directions their cells grow and develop. In the future, this knowledge may eventually aid efforts to improve crop yields by controlling the growth and development of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Verna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Megan G Sawchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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110
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Chen D, Wang Q, Feng J, Ruan Y, Shen WH. Arabidopsis ZUOTIN RELATED FACTOR1 Proteins Are Required for Proper Embryonic and Post-Embryonic Root Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1498. [PMID: 31824531 PMCID: PMC6882920 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The H2A/UBIQUITIN-binding proteins AtZRF1a/b have been reported as key regulators involved in multiple processes of Arabidopsis plant growth and development. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the mutant phenotype remain largely elusive. Here we show that loss-of-function of AtZRF1a/b causes defective root elongation and deformed root apical meristem organization in seedlings. The premature termination of the primary root in the atzrf1a;atzrf1b double mutant is associated with an advanced onset of endoreduplication and subsequent consumption of reservoir stem cells. Cytological analyses using cell type-specific markers and florescent dyes indicate that AtZRF1a/b are involved in maintenance of proper cell layer organization, determinacy of cell identity, and establishment of auxin gradient and maximum at the root tip. During embryogenesis AtZRF1a/b act dominantly in regulating the maintenance of ground tissue initial cells and production of lateral root cap. Lastly, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis shows mis-expression of some key genes involved in regulating cell patterning, cell proliferation and/or hormone pathways. Our results provide important insight into AtZRF1a/b function in cell fate determinacy and in establishment and maintenance of proper stem cell reservoir during embryonic and post-embryonic root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Chen
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), UPR2357 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, International Associated Laboratory of CNRS-Fudan-HUNAU on Plant Epigenome Research, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), UPR2357 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jing Feng
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), UPR2357 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ying Ruan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, International Associated Laboratory of CNRS-Fudan-HUNAU on Plant Epigenome Research, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Hui Shen
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), UPR2357 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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111
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Su SH, Masson PH. A new wrinkle in our understanding of the role played by auxin in root gravitropism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:543-546. [PMID: 31545888 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Heng Su
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 G Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Patrick H Masson
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 G Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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112
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Zhang Y, He P, Ma X, Yang Z, Pang C, Yu J, Wang G, Friml J, Xiao G. Auxin-mediated statolith production for root gravitropism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:761-774. [PMID: 31111487 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Root gravitropism is one of the most important processes allowing plant adaptation to the land environment. Auxin plays a central role in mediating root gravitropism, but how auxin contributes to gravitational perception and the subsequent response are still unclear. Here, we showed that the local auxin maximum/gradient within the root apex, which is generated by the PIN directional auxin transporters, regulates the expression of three key starch granule synthesis genes, SS4, PGM and ADG1, which in turn influence the accumulation of starch granules that serve as a statolith perceiving gravity. Moreover, using the cvxIAA-ccvTIR1 system, we also showed that TIR1-mediated auxin signaling is required for starch granule formation and gravitropic response within root tips. In addition, axr3 mutants showed reduced auxin-mediated starch granule accumulation and disruption of gravitropism within the root apex. Our results indicate that auxin-mediated statolith production relies on the TIR1/AFB-AXR3-mediated auxin signaling pathway. In summary, we propose a dual role for auxin in gravitropism: the regulation of both gravity perception and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peng He
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 38 Yellow River Avenue, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Zuoren Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 38 Yellow River Avenue, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Chaoyou Pang
- Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 38 Yellow River Avenue, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jianing Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Guanghui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China
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113
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Xi D, Chen X, Wang Y, Zhong R, He J, Shen J, Ming F. Arabidopsis ANAC092 regulates auxin-mediated root development by binding to the ARF8 and PIN4 promoters. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:1015-1031. [PMID: 30415491 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is an important plant hormone that is essential for growth and development due to its effects on organogenesis, morphogenesis, tropisms, and apical dominance. The functional diversity of auxin highlights the importance of its biosynthesis, transport, and associated responses. In this study, we show that a NAC transcription factor, ANAC092 (also named AtNAC2 and ORESARA1), known to positively regulate leaf senescence and contribute to abiotic stress responses, also affects primary root development. Plants overexpressing ANAC092 had altered root meristem lengths and shorter primary roots compared with the wild-type control. Additionally, expression of the proANAC092::GUS was strongly induced by indole-3-acetic acid. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the YUCCA2, PIN, and ARF expression levels were downregulated in ANAC092-overexpressing plants. Moreover, yeast one-hybrid and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that ANAC092 binds to the promoters of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 8 (ARF8) and PIN-FORMED 4 (PIN4). Furthermore, a dual-luciferase assay indicated that ANAC092 decreases ARF8 and PIN4 promoter activities. We also applied a CRISPR/Cas9 system to mutate ANAC092. The roots of three of the analyzed mutants were longer than normal. Collectively, our findings indicate that ANAC092 negatively affects root development by controlling the auxin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruiling Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmei He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiabin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Doyle SM, Rigal A, Grones P, Karady M, Barange DK, Majda M, Pařízková B, Karampelias M, Zwiewka M, Pěnčík A, Almqvist F, Ljung K, Novák O, Robert S. A role for the auxin precursor anthranilic acid in root gravitropism via regulation of PIN-FORMED protein polarity and relocalisation in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1420-1432. [PMID: 31038751 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
distribution of auxin within plant tissues is of great importance for developmental plasticity, including root gravitropic growth. Auxin flow is directed by the subcellular polar distribution and dynamic relocalisation of auxin transporters such as the PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers, which can be influenced by the main natural plant auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Anthranilic acid (AA) is an important early precursor of IAA and previously published studies with AA analogues have suggested that AA may also regulate PIN localisation. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model species, we studied an AA-deficient mutant displaying agravitropic root growth, treated seedlings with AA and AA analogues and transformed lines to over-produce AA while inhibiting its conversion to downstream IAA precursors. We showed that AA rescues root gravitropic growth in the AA-deficient mutant at concentrations that do not rescue IAA levels. Overproduction of AA affects root gravitropism without affecting IAA levels. Treatments with, or deficiency in, AA result in defects in PIN polarity and gravistimulus-induced PIN relocalisation in root cells. Our results revealed a previously unknown role for AA in the regulation of PIN subcellular localisation and dynamics involved in root gravitropism, which is independent of its better known role in IAA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamsa M Doyle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Adeline Rigal
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Grones
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michal Karady
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Deepak K Barange
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90736, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Barbora Pařízková
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany at The Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science at Palacký University, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Karampelias
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90736, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Almqvist
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90736, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
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115
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Lehman TA, Sanguinet KA. Auxin and Cell Wall Crosstalk as Revealed by the Arabidopsis thaliana Cellulose Synthase Mutant Radially Swollen 1. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1487-1503. [PMID: 31004494 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells sheath themselves in a complex lattice of polysaccharides, proteins and enzymes forming an integral matrix known as the cell wall. Cellulose microfibrils, the primary component of cell walls, are synthesized at the plasma membrane by CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins throughout cellular growth and are responsible for turgor-driven anisotropic expansion. Associations between hormone signaling and cell wall biosynthesis have long been suggested, but recently direct links have been found revealing hormones play key regulatory roles in cellulose biosynthesis. The radially swollen 1 (rsw1) allele of Arabidopsis thaliana CESA1 harbors a single amino acid change that renders the protein unstable at high temperatures. We used the conditional nature of rsw1 to investigate how auxin contributes to isotropic growth. We found that exogenous auxin treatment reduces isotropic swelling in rsw1 roots at the restrictive temperature of 30�C. We also discovered decreases in auxin influx between rsw1 and wild-type roots via confocal imaging of AUX1-YFP, even at the permissive temperature of 19�C. Moreover, rsw1 displayed mis-expression of auxin-responsive and CESA genes. Additionally, we found altered auxin maxima in rsw1 mutant roots at the onset of swelling using DII-VENUS and DR5:vYFP auxin reporters. Overall, we conclude disrupted cell wall biosynthesis perturbs auxin transport leading to altered auxin homeostasis impacting both anisotropic and isotropic growth that affects overall root morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiel A Lehman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Karen A Sanguinet
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Group, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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116
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Li Z, Li P, Zhang J. Expression analysis of PIN-formed auxin efflux transporter genes in maize. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1632689. [PMID: 31208285 PMCID: PMC6768264 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1632689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The local auxin gradient has a decisive role in auxin signaling, auxin-mediated development and abiotic stress response. PINFORMED (PIN)-formed auxin efflux transporters are very important for determining the direction of auxin transport and maintaining a local auxin concentration gradient. In this study, all candidate PIN genes from the current maize genome sequence database were identified and categorized based on amino acid similarity. The expression pattern of these PINs was analyzed in maize inbred line DH4866, which was selected from the progeny of 7922 and 478, and served as the female parent line of many hybrids in Shandong Denghai Seeds Co Ltd (China). Tissue-specific expression patterns indicated that they may have different roles in different stages of development, especially in the root system. Promoter motif analysis of four maize PIN1 genes and their expression levels in response to NAA, low phosphate levels and PEG treatment indicated that ZmPIN1a and ZmPIN1b may contribute more than ZmPIN1c and ZmPIN1d to root growth regulation and abiotic stress response. Analysis of the ZmPIN1a and ZmPIN1b transgenic lines (in DH4866) indicated that they have different effects on root development and growth, with ZmPIN1a increasing the number of lateral roots and inhibiting their elongation to form a developed root system, while ZmPIN1b increases root biomass by promoting the growth of both lateral and seminal roots. These results indicated that maize PIN1 genes function in coordination during maize development and in response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Juren Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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117
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Kolachevskaya OO, Lomin SN, Arkhipov DV, Romanov GA. Auxins in potato: molecular aspects and emerging roles in tuber formation and stress resistance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:681-698. [PMID: 30739137 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of the effects of auxins on potato tuberization corresponds to one of the oldest experimental systems in plant biology, which has remained relevant for over 70 years. However, only recently, in the postgenomic era, the role of auxin in tuber formation and other vital processes in potatoes has begun to emerge. This review describes the main results obtained over the entire period of auxin-potato research, including the effects of exogenous auxin; the content and dynamics of endogenous auxins; the effects of manipulating endogenous auxin content; the molecular mechanisms of auxin signaling, transport and inactivation; the role and position of auxin among other tuberigenic factors; the effects of auxin on tuber dormancy; the prospects for auxin use in potato biotechnology. Special attention is paid to recent insights into auxin function in potato tuberization and stress resistance. Taken together, the data discussed here leave no doubt on the important role of auxin in potato tuberization, particularly in the processes of tuber initiation, growth and sprouting. A new integrative model for the stage-dependent auxin action on tuberization is presented. In addition, auxin is shown to differentially affects the potato resistance to biotrophic and necrotrophic biopathogens. Thus, the modern auxin biology opens up new perspectives for further biotechnological improvement of potato crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana O Kolachevskaya
- Laboratory of Signaling Systems, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Sergey N Lomin
- Laboratory of Signaling Systems, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Arkhipov
- Laboratory of Signaling Systems, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Georgy A Romanov
- Laboratory of Signaling Systems, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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118
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Xue S, Zou J, Liu Y, Wang M, Zhang C, Le J. Involvement of BIG5 and BIG3 in BRI1 Trafficking Reveals Diverse Functions of BIG-subfamily ARF-GEFs in Plant Growth and Gravitropism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092339. [PMID: 31083521 PMCID: PMC6539719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs) act as key regulators of vesicle trafficking in all eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis, there are eight ARF-GEFs, including three members of the GBF1 subfamily and five members of the BIG subfamily. These ARF-GEFs have different subcellular localizations and regulate different trafficking pathways. Until now, the roles of these BIG-subfamily ARF-GEFs have not been fully revealed. Here, analysis of the BIGs expression patterns showed that BIG3 and BIG5 have similar expression patterns. big5-1 displayed a dwarf growth and big3-1 big5-1 double mutant showed more severe defects, indicating functional redundancy between BIG3 and BIG5. Moreover, both big5-1 and big3-1 big5-1 exhibited a reduced sensitivity to Brassinosteroid (BR) treatment. Brefeldin A (BFA)-induced BR receptor Brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1) aggregation was reduced in big5-1 mutant, indicating that the action of BIG5 is required for BRI1 recycling. Furthermore, BR-induced dephosphorylation of transcription factor BZR1 was decreased in big3-1 big5-1 double mutants. The introduction of the gain-of-function of BZR1 mutant BZR1-1D in big3-1 big5-1 mutants can partially rescue the big3-1 big5-1 growth defects. Our findings revealed that BIG5 functions redundantly with BIG3 in plant growth and gravitropism, and BIG5 participates in BR signal transduction pathway through regulating BRI1 trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Junjie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Yangfan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Jie Le
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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119
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Wan J, Wang R, Wang R, Ju Q, Wang Y, Xu J. Comparative Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Toxic Effects of ZnO Nanoparticles on Plant Growth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4235-4244. [PMID: 30871319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (nZnO) are among the most commonly used nanoparticles (NPs), and they have been shown to have harmful effects on plants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying nZnO tolerance and root sensing of NP stresses have not been elucidated. Here, we compared the differential toxic effects of nZnO and Zn2+ toxicity on plants during exposure and recovery using a combination of transcriptomic and physiological analyses. Although both nZnO and Zn2+ inhibited primary root (PR) growth, nZnO had a stronger inhibitory effect on the growth of elongation zones, whereas Zn2+ toxicity had a stronger toxic effect on meristem cells. Timely recovery from stresses is critical for plant survival. Despite the stronger inhibitory effect of nZnO on PR growth, nZnO-exposed plants recovered from stress more rapidly than Zn2+-exposed plants upon transfer to normal conditions, and transcriptome data supported these results. In contrast to Zn2+ toxicity, nZnO induced endocytosis and caused microfilament rearrangement in the epidermal cells of elongation zones, thereby repressing PR growth. nZnO also repressed PR growth by disrupting cell wall organization and structure through both physical interactions and transcriptional regulation. The present study provides new insight into the comprehensive understanding and re-evaluation of NP toxicity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Wan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Menglun , Mengla, Yunnan 666303 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruting Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Menglun , Mengla, Yunnan 666303 , People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Forestry , Puer University , Puer , Yunnan 665000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruling Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Menglun , Mengla, Yunnan 666303 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Ju
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Menglun , Mengla, Yunnan 666303 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Utilization of Agricultural Solid Waste Resources, College of Bioengineering and Biotechnology , Tianshui Normal University , Tianshui , Gansu 741000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Menglun , Mengla, Yunnan 666303 , People's Republic of China
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Utilization of Agricultural Solid Waste Resources, College of Bioengineering and Biotechnology , Tianshui Normal University , Tianshui , Gansu 741000 , People's Republic of China
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120
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Guo H, Guo H, Zhang L, Fan Y, Fan Y, Tang Z, Zeng F. Dynamic TMT-Based Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Critical Initiation Process of Totipotency during Cotton Somatic Embryogenesis Transdifferentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1691. [PMID: 30987365 PMCID: PMC6480670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The somatic embryogenesis (SE) process of plants, as one of the typical responses to abiotic stresses with hormone, occurs through the dynamic expression of different proteins that constitute a complex regulatory network in biological activities and promotes plant totipotency. Plant SE includes two critical stages: primary embryogenic calli redifferentiation and somatic embryos development initiation, which leads to totipotency. The isobaric labels tandem mass tags (TMT) large-scale and quantitative proteomics technique was used to identify the dynamic protein expression changes in nonembryogenic calli (NEC), primary embryogenic calli (PEC) and globular embryos (GEs) of cotton. A total of 9369 proteins (6730 quantified) were identified; 805, 295 and 1242 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified in PEC versus NEC, GEs versus PEC and GEs versus NEC, respectively. Eight hundred and five differentially abundant proteins were identified, 309 of which were upregulated and 496 down regulated in PEC compared with NEC. Of the 295 DAPs identified between GEs and PEC, 174 and 121 proteins were up- and down regulated, respectively. Of 1242 differentially abundant proteins, 584 and 658 proteins were up- and down regulated, respectively, in GEs versus NEC. We have also complemented the authenticity and accuracy of the proteomic analysis. Systematic analysis indicated that peroxidase, photosynthesis, environment stresses response processes, nitrogen metabolism, phytohormone response/signal transduction, transcription/posttranscription and modification were involved in somatic embryogenesis. The results generated in this study demonstrate a proteomic molecular basis and provide a valuable foundation for further investigation of the roles of DAPs in the process of SE transdifferentiation during cotton totipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Huihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Yijie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Yupeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Zhengmin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Fanchang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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121
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Cao M, Chen R, Li P, Yu Y, Zheng R, Ge D, Zheng W, Wang X, Gu Y, Gelová Z, Friml J, Zhang H, Liu R, He J, Xu T. TMK1-mediated auxin signalling regulates differential growth of the apical hook. Nature 2019; 568:240-243. [PMID: 30944466 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin has crucial roles in almost all aspects of plant growth and development. Concentrations of auxin vary across different tissues, mediating distinct developmental outcomes and contributing to the functional diversity of auxin. However, the mechanisms that underlie these activities are poorly understood. Here we identify an auxin signalling mechanism, which acts in parallel to the canonical auxin pathway based on the transport inhibitor response1 (TIR1) and other auxin receptor F-box (AFB) family proteins (TIR1/AFB receptors)1,2, that translates levels of cellular auxin to mediate differential growth during apical-hook development. This signalling mechanism operates at the concave side of the apical hook, and involves auxin-mediated C-terminal cleavage of transmembrane kinase 1 (TMK1). The cytosolic and nucleus-translocated C terminus of TMK1 specifically interacts with and phosphorylates two non-canonical transcriptional repressors of the auxin or indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) family (IAA32 and IAA34), thereby regulating ARF transcription factors. In contrast to the degradation of Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors in the canonical pathway, the newly identified mechanism stabilizes the non-canonical IAA32 and IAA34 transcriptional repressors to regulate gene expression and ultimately inhibit growth. The auxin-TMK1 signalling pathway originates at the cell surface, is triggered by high levels of auxin and shares a partially overlapping set of transcription factors with the TIR1/AFB signalling pathway. This allows distinct interpretations of different concentrations of cellular auxin, and thus enables this versatile signalling molecule to mediate complex developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danfeng Ge
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuhui Wang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yangtao Gu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zuzana Gelová
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Heng Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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122
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Matthes MS, Best NB, Robil JM, Malcomber S, Gallavotti A, McSteen P. Auxin EvoDevo: Conservation and Diversification of Genes Regulating Auxin Biosynthesis, Transport, and Signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:298-320. [PMID: 30590136 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin has been shown to be of pivotal importance in growth and development of land plants. The underlying molecular players involved in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling are quite well understood in Arabidopsis. However, functional characterizations of auxin-related genes in economically important crops, specifically maize and rice, are still limited. In this article, we comprehensively review recent functional studies on auxin-related genes in both maize and rice, compared with what is known in Arabidopsis, and highlight conservation and diversification of their functions. Our analysis is illustrated by phylogenetic analysis and publicly available gene expression data for each gene family, which will aid in the identification of auxin-related genes for future research. Current challenges and future directions for auxin research in maize and rice are discussed. Developments in gene editing techniques provide powerful tools for overcoming the issue of redundancy in these gene families and will undoubtedly advance auxin research in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Sylvia Matthes
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 301 Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Norman Bradley Best
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 301 Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Janlo M Robil
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 301 Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Simon Malcomber
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Andrea Gallavotti
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Paula McSteen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 301 Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Méndez-Bravo A, Ruiz-Herrera LF, Cruz-Ramírez A, Guzman P, Martínez-Trujillo M, Ortiz-Castro R, López-Bucio J. CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 and PIN2 act in a coordinate manner to support the indeterminate root growth and meristem cell proliferating activity in Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:175-186. [PMID: 30823995 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene induces auxin biosynthesis and transport and modulates root growth and branching. However, its function on root stem cells and the identity of interacting factors for the control of meristem activity remains unclear. Genetic analysis for primary root growth in wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and ethylene-related mutants showed that the loss-of-function of CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) inhibits cell division and elongation. This phenotype is associated with an increase in the expression of the auxin transporter PIN2 and a drastic decrease in the expression of key factors for stem cell niche maintenance such as PLETHORA1, SHORT ROOT and SCARECROW. While the root stem cell niche is affected in ctr1 mutants, its maintenance is severely compromised in the ctr1-1eir1-1(pin2) double mutant, in which an evident loss of proliferative capacity of the meristematic cells leads to a fully differentiated root meristem shortly after germination. Root traits affected in ctr1-1 mutants could be restored in ctr1-1ein2-1 double mutants. These results reveal that ethylene perception via CTR1 and EIN2 in the root modulates the proliferative capacity of root stem cells via affecting the expression of genes involved in the two major pathways, AUX-PIN-PLT and SCR-SHR, which are key factors for proper root stem cell niche maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Méndez-Bravo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - León Francisco Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez
- Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Campus Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Plinio Guzman
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Campus Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Miguel Martínez-Trujillo
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Randy Ortiz-Castro
- Red de estudios moleculares avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, C. P. 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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Shirley NJ, Aubert MK, Wilkinson LG, Bird DC, Lora J, Yang X, Tucker MR. Translating auxin responses into ovules, seeds and yield: Insight from Arabidopsis and the cereals. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:310-336. [PMID: 30474296 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grain production in cereal crops depends on the stable formation of male and female gametes in the flower. In most angiosperms, the female gamete is produced from a germline located deep within the ovary, protected by several layers of maternal tissue, including the ovary wall, ovule integuments and nucellus. In the field, germline formation and floret fertility are major determinants of yield potential, contributing to traits such as seed number, weight and size. As such, stimuli affecting the timing and duration of reproductive phases, as well as the viability, size and number of cells within reproductive organs can significantly impact yield. One key stimulant is the phytohormone auxin, which influences growth and morphogenesis of female tissues during gynoecium development, gametophyte formation, and endosperm cellularization. In this review we consider the role of the auxin signaling pathway during ovule and seed development, first in the context of Arabidopsis and then in the cereals. We summarize the gene families involved and highlight distinct expression patterns that suggest a range of roles in reproductive cell specification and fate. This is discussed in terms of seed production and how targeted modification of different tissues might facilitate improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Shirley
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew K Aubert
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Laura G Wilkinson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Dayton C Bird
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Jorge Lora
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
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125
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Zwiewka M, Bielach A, Tamizhselvan P, Madhavan S, Ryad EE, Tan S, Hrtyan MN, Dobrev P, Vankovï R, Friml J, Tognetti VB. Root Adaptation to H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress by ARF-GEF BEN1- and Cytoskeleton-Mediated PIN2 Trafficking. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:255-273. [PMID: 30668780 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress poses constant challenges for plant survival and is a serious problem for global agricultural productivity. On a molecular level, stress conditions result in elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production causing oxidative stress associated with oxidation of proteins and nucleic acids as well as impairment of membrane functions. Adaptation of root growth to ROS accumulation is facilitated through modification of auxin and cytokinin hormone homeostasis. Here, we report that in Arabidopsis root meristem, ROS-induced changes of auxin levels correspond to decreased abundance of PIN auxin efflux carriers at the plasma membrane (PM). Specifically, increase in H2O2 levels affects PIN2 endocytic recycling. We show that the PIN2 intracellular trafficking during adaptation to oxidative stress requires the function of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) BEN1, an actin-associated regulator of the trafficking from the PM to early endosomes and, presumably, indirectly, trafficking to the vacuoles. We propose that H2O2 levels affect the actin dynamics thus modulating ARF-GEF-dependent trafficking of PIN2. This mechanism provides a way how root growth acclimates to stress and adapts to a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zwiewka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Bielach
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Prashanth Tamizhselvan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sharmila Madhavan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eman Elrefaay Ryad
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Shutang Tan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mï Nika Hrtyan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad. Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojov� 263, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radomira Vankovï
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad. Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojov� 263, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřï Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Vanesa B Tognetti
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
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126
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Feng J, Dai C, Luo H, Han Y, Liu Z, Kang C. Reporter gene expression reveals precise auxin synthesis sites during fruit and root development in wild strawberry. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:563-574. [PMID: 30371880 PMCID: PMC6322568 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The critical role of auxin in strawberry fruit set and receptacle enlargement was demonstrated previously. While fertilization is known to trigger auxin biosynthesis, the specific tissue source of fertilization-induced auxin is not well understood. Here, the auxin reporter DR5ver2::GUS was introduced into wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) to reveal auxin distribution in the seed and fruit receptacle pre- and post-fertilization as well as in the root. In addition, the expression of TAR and YUCCA genes coding for enzymes catalysing the two-step auxin biosynthesis pathway was investigated using their respective promoters fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter. Two FveTARs and four FveYUCs were shown to be expressed primarily in the endosperm and embryo inside the achenes as well as in root tips and lateral root primordia. Expression of these reporters in dissected tissues provided more detailed and precise spatial (cell and tissue) and temporal (pre- and post-fertilization) information on where auxin is synthesized and accumulates than previous studies in strawberry. Moreover, we generated CRISPR-mediated knock-out mutants of FveYUC10, the most abundant YUC in seeds; the mutants had a lower free auxin level in young fruit, but displayed no obvious morphological phenotypes. However, overexpression of FveYUC10 resulted in elongated hypocotyls in Arabidopsis caused by elevated auxin level. Overall, the study revealed auxin accumulation in the chalazal seed coat, embryo, receptacle vasculature, root tip, and lateral root primordia and highlighted the endosperm as the main auxin biosynthesis site for fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huifeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yafan Han
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chunying Kang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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127
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Zwiewka M, Bilanovičová V, Seifu YW, Nodzyński T. The Nuts and Bolts of PIN Auxin Efflux Carriers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:985. [PMID: 31417597 PMCID: PMC6685051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific proteins named PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers facilitate the direction of auxin flow and thus play a vital role in the establishment of local auxin maxima within plant tissues that subsequently guide plant ontogenesis. They are membrane integral proteins with two hydrophobic regions consisting of alpha-helices linked with a hydrophilic loop, which is usually longer for the plasma membrane-localized PINs. The hydrophilic loop harbors molecular cues important for the subcellular localization and thus auxin efflux function of those transporters. The three-dimensional structure of PIN has not been solved yet. However, there are scattered but substantial data concerning the functional characterization of amino acid strings that constitute these carriers. These sequences include motifs vital for vesicular trafficking, residues regulating membrane diffusion, cellular polar localization, and activity of PINs. Here, we summarize those bits of information striving to provide a reference to structural motifs that have been investigated experimentally hoping to stimulate the efforts toward unraveling of PIN structure-function connections.
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128
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Mello A, Efroni I, Rahni R, Birnbaum KD. The Selaginella rhizophore has a unique transcriptional identity compared to root and shoot meristems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 222:10.1111/nph.15630. [PMID: 30614003 PMCID: PMC6559876 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The genus Selaginella resides in an early branch of the land plant lineage that possesses a vasculature and roots. The majority of the Selaginella root system is shoot borne and emerges through a distinctive structure known as the rhizophore, the organ identity of which has been a long-debated question. The rhizophore of Selaginella moellendorffii - a model for the lycophytes - shows plasticity to develop into a root or shoot up until 8 d after angle meristem emergence, after which it is committed to root fate. We subsequently use morphology and plasticity to define the stage of rhizophore identity. Transcriptomic analysis of the rhizophore during its plastic stage reveals that, despite some resemblance to the root meristem, rhizophore gene expression patterns are largely distinct from both shoot and root meristems. Based on this transcriptomic analysis and on historical anatomical work, we conclude that the rhizophore is a distinct organ with unique features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mello
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Place, N.Y. 10003, USA
| | - Idan Efroni
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ramin Rahni
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Place, N.Y. 10003, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Birnbaum
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Place, N.Y. 10003, USA
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129
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Xuan L, Zhang C, Yan T, Wu D, Hussain N, Li Z, Chen M, Pan J, Jiang L. TRANSPARENT TESTA 4-mediated flavonoids negatively affect embryonic fatty acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2773-2790. [PMID: 29981254 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are involved in many physiological processes in plants. TRANSPARENT TESTA 4 (TT4) acts at the first step of flavonoid biosynthesis, and the loss of TT4 function causes a lack of flavonoid. Flavonoid deficiency is reportedly the main cause of increased fatty acid content in pale-coloured oilseeds, but details regarding the relationship between seed flavonoids and fatty acid biosynthesis are elusive. In this work, we applied a genetic strategy combined with biochemical and cytological assays to determine the effect of seed flavonoids on the biosynthesis of fatty acids in Arabidopsis thaliana. We showed that TT4-mediated flavonoids negatively affect embryonic fatty acid biosynthesis. A crossing experiment indicated that seed flavonoid biosynthesis and the impact of this process on fatty acid biosynthesis were controlled in a maternal line-dependent manner. Loss of TT4 function activated glycolysis in seed embryos, thereby enhancing fatty acid biosynthesis, but did not improve seed mucilage production. Moreover, loss of TT4 function reduced PIN-FORMED 4 expression and subsequently increased auxin accumulation in embryos. Pharmacologically and genetically elevated auxin levels enhanced seed fatty acid biosynthesis. These results indicated that flavonoids affect fatty acid biosynthesis by carbon source reallocation via regulation of WRINKLE1 and auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Xuan
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuicui Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhilan Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingxun Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Pan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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130
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Wang B, Liu G, Zhang J, Li Y, Yang H, Ren D. The RAF-like mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases RAF22 and RAF28 are required for the regulation of embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:734-747. [PMID: 30101424 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, embryonic development follows a stereotypical pattern of cell division. Although many factors have been reported to participate in establishment of the proper embryonic pattern, the molecular mechanisms underlying pattern formation are unclear. In this study we showed that RAF22 and RAF28, two RAF-like mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) in Arabidopsis, are involved in the regulation of embryogenesis. The double knockout mutant of RAF22 and RAF28 was embryo lethal. A large proportion of the raf22-/- raf28+/- mutant embryos exhibited various defects, including disordered proembryo cell divisions, disruption of the bilaterally symmetrical structure, abnormally formative divisions of hypophysis and exaggerated suspensor growth. Whereas the kinase active form of RAF22 could complement these embryonic aberrant phenotypes, the kinase inactive form could not. The restrictive expression of the basal cell fate marker WOX8 in the abnormally dividing suspensor cells and the apical cell linage marker WOX2 in the abnormal proembryos indicated that apical and basal cell fates were unchanged in the abnormal embryos. The polar distribution of the auxin maxima and the PIN1 and PIN7 auxin transporters was markedly altered in the abnormal embryos. Our results suggest that RAF22 and RAF28 are important components of embryogenesis and that auxin polar transport may be involved in this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hailian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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131
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García-Gaytán V, Hernández-Mendoza F, Coria-Téllez AV, García-Morales S, Sánchez-Rodríguez E, Rojas-Abarca L, Daneshvar H. Fertigation: Nutrition, Stimulation and Bioprotection of the Root in High Performance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 7:E88. [PMID: 30360461 PMCID: PMC6313855 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Temperature changes, drought, frost, and the presence of pest and diseases place enormous stress on crops, which implies that the potential performance of these crops may be affected. One of the main goals for agronomists, horticulturists, growers, physiologists, soil scientists, geneticists, plant breeders, phytopathologists, and microbiologists is to increase the food production on the same cultivable area and to ensure that they are safe and of high quality. Understanding the biophysical changes in soil will help to manage the crop's ability to cope with biotic and abiotic stress. Optimization is needed in the nutrition of crops, which involves the use of biostimulants to counter oxidative stress and the management of strain bioformulations (bacteria and fungi) that protect and stimulate roots for the acquisition of nutrients. The implementation of these strategies in fertigation programs improves crop yields. This article addresses the importance of the stimulation and the bioprotection of the root as a fundamental pillar in ensuring the high performance of a crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor García-Gaytán
- Laboratorio de Análisis y Diagnóstico del Patrimonio (LADIPA), Colegio de Michoacán, A.C., Cerro de Nahuatzen 85, La Piedad 59699, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Fanny Hernández-Mendoza
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Carretera México-Texcoco km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Ana Velia Coria-Téllez
- Laboratorio de Análisis y Diagnóstico del Patrimonio (LADIPA), Colegio de Michoacán, A.C., Cerro de Nahuatzen 85, La Piedad 59699, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Soledad García-Morales
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan 45019, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Esteban Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Análisis y Diagnóstico del Patrimonio (LADIPA), Colegio de Michoacán, A.C., Cerro de Nahuatzen 85, La Piedad 59699, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Luis Rojas-Abarca
- Laboratorio de Análisis y Diagnóstico del Patrimonio (LADIPA), Colegio de Michoacán, A.C., Cerro de Nahuatzen 85, La Piedad 59699, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Hadiseh Daneshvar
- Collage of Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of Tehran, Karaj 3158777871, Alborz, Iran.
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132
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Tank JG, Pandya RV, Thaker VS. Changes in radical scavenging activity of normal, endoreduplicated and depolyploid root tip cells of Allium cepa. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 24:1538-1546. [PMID: 30294223 PMCID: PMC6169515 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cell responds to abiotic stress conditions by adjusting its cellular metabolism and various defensive mechanisms. Cellular metabolism involves changes in the cell cycle, in which the cell undergoes repeated rounds of endocycles leading to polyploidization. Defense mechanisms such as role of antioxidants are a key to understand plant adaptation. The present work describes endoreduplication and radical scavenging activity as two different defense mechanisms adapted by plants for their survival under stress condition. The work describes linkage of these two processes with each other under abiotic stress. Endoreduplicated root tip cells of Allium cepa were depolyploidized by exogenous phytohormones. Further, free radical scavenging activity from normal, endoreduplicated and depolyploidized root tips cells was observed to understand the role of phytohormones. Elevated free radical scavenging potential was observed in endoreduplicated cells compared to normal and depolyploidized cells. Based on these results, it was concluded that endoreduplication and antioxidant pathways are linked with each other through phytohormonal activities. The concentration of auxin and cytokinin regulates the activity of ascorbate oxidase enzyme, which in turn maintains the concentration of AsA within the cell. AsA level directs the prolyl-hydroxylation process of cell division proteins in quiescent center cells either toward endoreduplication process or cell division process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna G. Tank
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Rohan V. Pandya
- Gujarat Biodiversity Gene Bank, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vrinda S. Thaker
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
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133
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Inahashi H, Shelley IJ, Yamauchi T, Nishiuchi S, Takahashi-Nosaka M, Matsunami M, Ogawa A, Noda Y, Inukai Y. OsPIN2, which encodes a member of the auxin efflux carrier proteins, is involved in root elongation growth and lateral root formation patterns via the regulation of auxin distribution in rice. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:216-225. [PMID: 29446441 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Auxin flow is important for different root developmental processes such as root formation, emergence, elongation and gravitropism. However, the detailed information about the mechanisms regulating the auxin flow is less well understood in rice. We characterized the auxin transport-related mutants, Ospin-formed2-1 (Ospin2-1) and Ospin2-2, which exhibited curly root phenotypes and altered lateral root formation patterns in rice. The OsPIN2 gene encodes a member of the auxin efflux carrier proteins that possibly regulates the basipetal auxin flow from the root tip toward the root elongation zone. According to DR5-driven GUS expression, there is an asymmetric auxin distribution in the mutants that corresponded with the asymmetric cell elongation pattern in the mutant root tip. Auxin transport inhibitor, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid and Ospin2-1 Osiaa13 double mutant rescued the curly root phenotype indicating that this phenotype results from a defect in proper auxin distribution. The typical curly root phenotype was not observed when Ospin2-1 was grown in distilled water as an alternative to tap water, although higher auxin levels were found at the root tip region of the mutant than that of the wild-type. Therefore, the lateral root formation zone in the mutant was shifted basipetally compared with the wild-type. These results reflect that an altered auxin flow in the root tip region is responsible for root elongation growth and lateral root formation patterns in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Inahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Israt J Shelley
- International Cooperation Center for Agricultural Education, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Nishiuchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Misuzu Takahashi-Nosaka
- International Cooperation Center for Agricultural Education, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Maya Matsunami
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ogawa
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Akita, 010-0146, Japan
| | - Yusaku Noda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Inukai
- International Cooperation Center for Agricultural Education, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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134
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Zhou JJ, Luo J. The PIN-FORMED Auxin Efflux Carriers in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2759. [PMID: 30223430 PMCID: PMC6164769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays crucial roles in multiple developmental processes, such as embryogenesis, organogenesis, cell determination and division, as well as tropic responses. These processes are finely coordinated by the auxin, which requires the polar distribution of auxin within tissues and cells. The intercellular directionality of auxin flow is closely related to the asymmetric subcellular location of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters. All PIN proteins have a conserved structure with a central hydrophilic loop domain, which harbors several phosphosites targeted by a set of protein kinases. The activities of PIN proteins are finely regulated by diverse endogenous and exogenous stimuli at multiple layers-including transcriptional and epigenetic levels, post-transcriptional modifications, subcellular trafficking, as well as PINs' recycling and turnover-to facilitate the developmental processes in an auxin gradient-dependent manner. Here, the recent advances in the structure, evolution, regulation and functions of PIN proteins in plants will be discussed. The information provided by this review will shed new light on the asymmetric auxin-distribution-dependent development processes mediated by PIN transporters in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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135
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Liu C, Zhang C, Fan M, Ma W, Chen M, Cai F, Liu K, Lin F. GmIDL2a and GmIDL4a, Encoding the Inflorescence Deficient in Abscission-Like Protein, Are Involved in Soybean Cell Wall Degradation during Lateral Root Emergence. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2262. [PMID: 30072588 PMCID: PMC6121880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of lateral roots (LRs) of a plant determines the efficiency of water and nutrient uptake. Soybean is a typical taproot crop which is deficient in LRs. The number of LRs is therefore an important agronomic trait in soybean breeding. It is reported that the inflorescence deficient in abscission (IDA) protein plays an important role in the emergence of Arabidopsis LRs. Previously, the genes which encode IDA-like (IDL) proteins have been identified in the soybean genome. However, the functions of these genes in LR development are unknown. Therefore, it is of great value to investigate the function of IDL genes in soybean. In the present study, the functions of two root-specific expressed IDL genes, GmIDL2a and GmIDL4a, are investigated. The expressions of GmIDL2a and GmIDL4a, induced by auxin, are located in the overlaying tissue, where LRs are initiated. Overexpression of GmIDL2a and GmIDL4a increases the LR densities of the primary roots, but not in the elder root. Abnormal cell layer separation has also been observed in GmIDL2a- and GmIDL4a-overexpressing roots. These results suggest that the overlaying tissues of GmIDL2a- and GmIDL4a-overexpressing roots are looser and are suitable for the emergence of the LR primordium. Further investigation shows that the expression of some of the cell wall remodeling (CWR) genes, such as xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases, expansins, and polygalacturonases, are increased when GmIDL2a and GmIDL4a are overexpressed in hairy roots. Here, we conclude that GmIDL2a and GmIDL4a function in LR emergence through regulating soybean CWR gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110086, China.
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110086, China.
| | - Mingxia Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110086, China.
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110086, China.
| | - Meiming Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110086, China.
| | - Fengchun Cai
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110086, China.
| | - Kuichen Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110086, China.
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110086, China.
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136
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Dragwidge JM, Ford BA, Ashnest JR, Das P, Gendall AR. Two Endosomal NHX-Type Na+/H+ Antiporters are Involved in Auxin-Mediated Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1660-1669. [PMID: 29788486 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the endosomal-localized Na+/H+ antiporters NHX5 and NHX6 regulate ion and pH homeostasis and are important for plant growth and development. However, the mechanism by which these endosomal NHXs function in plant development is not well understood. Auxin modulates plant growth and development through the formation of concentration gradients in plant tissue to control cell division and expansion. Here, we identified a role for NHX5 and NHX6 in the establishment and maintenance of auxin gradients in embryo and root tissues. We observed developmental impairment and abnormal cell division in embryo and root tissues in the double knockout nhx5 nhx6, consistent with these tissues showing high expression of NHX5 and NHX6. Through confocal microscopy imaging with the DR5::GFP auxin reporter, we identify defects in the perception, accumulation and redistribution of auxin in nhx5 nhx6 cells. Furthermore, we find that the steady-state levels of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers PIN1 and PIN2 are reduced in nhx5 nhx6 root cells. Our results demonstrate that NHX5 and NHX6 function in auxin-mediated plant development by maintaining PIN abundance at the plasma membrane, and provide new insight into the regulation of plant development by endosomal NHX antiporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Michael Dragwidge
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Brett Andrew Ford
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clunies Ross Street, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Joanne Rachel Ashnest
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Global Institute for Food Security, 110 Gymnasium Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Partha Das
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- College of Agriculture, Tripura, Lembucherra, India
| | - Anthony Richard Gendall
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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137
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Liu M, Zhang H, Fang X, Zhang Y, Jin C. Auxin Acts Downstream of Ethylene and Nitric Oxide to Regulate Magnesium Deficiency-Induced Root Hair Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1452-1465. [PMID: 29669031 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the association of auxin with ethylene and nitric oxide (NO) in regulating the magnesium (Mg) deficiency-induced root hair development in Arabidopsis thaliana. With Mg deficiency, both ethylene and NO promoted the elevation of root auxin levels in roots by inducing the expression of AUXIN-RESISTANT1 (AUX1), PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1) and PIN2 transporters. In turn, auxin stimulated ethylene and NO production by activating the activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase (ACO), ACC synthase (ACS), nitrate reductase (NR) and NO synthase-like (NOS-L). These processes constituted an NO/ethylene-auxin feedback loop. Interestingly, however, the roles of ethylene and NO in regulating Mg deficiency-induced root hair development required the action of auxin, but not vice versa. In summary, these results suggest that Mg deficiency induces a positive interaction between the accumulation of auxin and ethylene/NO in roots, with auxin acting downstream of ethylene and NO signals to regulate Mg deficiency-induced root hair morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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138
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Gaillochet C, Jamge S, van der Wal F, Angenent G, Immink R, Lohmann JU. A molecular network for functional versatility of HECATE transcription factors. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:57-70. [PMID: 29667268 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
During the plant life cycle, diverse signaling inputs are continuously integrated and engage specific genetic programs depending on the cellular or developmental context. Consistent with an important role in this process, HECATE (HEC) basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors display diverse functions, from photomorphogenesis to the control of shoot meristem dynamics and gynoecium patterning. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their functional versatility and the deployment of specific HEC subprograms remain elusive. To address this issue, we systematically identified proteins with the capacity to interact with HEC1, the best-characterized member of the family, and integrated this information with our data set of direct HEC1 target genes. The resulting core genetic modules were consistent with specific developmental functions of HEC1, including its described activities in light signaling, gynoecium development and auxin homeostasis. Importantly, we found that HEC genes also play a role in the modulation of flowering time, and uncovered that their role in gynoecium development may involve the direct transcriptional regulation of NGATHA1 (NGA1) and NGA2 genes. NGA factors were previously shown to contribute to fruit development, but our data now show that they also modulate stem cell homeostasis in the shoot apical meristem. Taken together, our results delineate a molecular network underlying the functional versatility of HEC transcription factors. Our analyses have not only allowed us to identify relevant target genes controlling shoot stem cell activity and a so far undescribed biological function of HEC1, but also provide a rich resource for the mechanistic elucidation of further context-dependent HEC activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Gaillochet
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Suraj Jamge
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, Wageningen, 6700AA, The Netherlands
| | - Froukje van der Wal
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, Wageningen, 6700AA, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco Angenent
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, Wageningen, 6700AA, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Immink
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, Wageningen, 6700AA, The Netherlands
| | - Jan U Lohmann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
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139
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Jiang J, Rodriguez-Furlan C, Wang JZ, de Souza A, Ke H, Pasternak T, Lasok H, Ditengou FA, Palme K, Dehesh K. Interplay of the two ancient metabolites auxin and MEcPP regulates adaptive growth. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2262. [PMID: 29891932 PMCID: PMC5995930 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ancient morphoregulatory hormone auxin dynamically realigns dedicated cellular processes that shape plant growth under prevailing environmental conditions. However, the nature of the stress-responsive signal altering auxin homeostasis remains elusive. Here we establish that the evolutionarily conserved plastidial retrograde signaling metabolite methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) controls adaptive growth by dual transcriptional and post-translational regulatory inputs that modulate auxin levels and distribution patterns in response to stress. We demonstrate that in vivo accumulation or exogenous application of MEcPP alters the expression of two auxin reporters, DR5:GFP and DII-VENUS, and reduces the abundance of the auxin-efflux carrier PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) at the plasma membrane. However, pharmacological intervention with clathrin-mediated endocytosis blocks the PIN1 reduction. This study provides insight into the interplay between these two indispensable signaling metabolites by establishing the mode of MEcPP action in altering auxin homeostasis, and as such, positioning plastidial function as the primary driver of adaptive growth. MEcPP is an evolutionarily conserved plastidial metabolite functioning as a retrograde signal to the nucleus in response to environmental stresses. Here Jiang et al. show that MEcPP can reduce the abundance of auxin and an auxin transporter, providing a mechanistic link between plastids and adaptive growth responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishan Jiang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92506, USA
| | - Cecilia Rodriguez-Furlan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92506, USA
| | - Jin-Zheng Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92506, USA
| | - Amancio de Souza
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92506, USA
| | - Haiyan Ke
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92506, USA
| | - Taras Pasternak
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies and ZBSA Centre for Biosystems Studies, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Lasok
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies and ZBSA Centre for Biosystems Studies, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franck A Ditengou
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies and ZBSA Centre for Biosystems Studies, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Palme
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies and ZBSA Centre for Biosystems Studies, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92506, USA.
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140
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Singh B, Khurana P, Khurana JP, Singh P. Gene encoding vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein from Triticum aestivum (TaVAP) confers tolerance to drought stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:411-428. [PMID: 29116579 PMCID: PMC5904086 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, high and low temperature, and submergence are major factors that limit the crop productivity. Hence, identification of genes associated with stress response in crops is a prerequisite for improving their tolerance to adverse environmental conditions. In an earlier study, we had identified a drought-inducible gene, vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein (TaVAP), in developing grains of wheat. In this study, we demonstrate that TaVAP is able to complement yeast and Arabidopsis mutants, which are impaired in their respective orthologs, signifying functional conservation. Constitutive expression of TaVAP in Arabidopsis imparted tolerance to water stress conditions without any apparent yield penalty. Enhanced tolerance to water stress was associated with maintenance of higher relative water content, photosynthetic efficiency, and antioxidant activities. Compared to wild type, the TaVAP-overexpressing plants showed enhanced lateral root proliferation that was attributed to higher endogenous levels of IAA. These studies are the first to demonstrate that TaVAP plays a critical role in growth and development in plants, and is a potential candidate for improving the abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinderjit Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Paramjit Khurana
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Jitendra P Khurana
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Prabhjeet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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141
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Zhao Y. Essential Roles of Local Auxin Biosynthesis in Plant Development and in Adaptation to Environmental Changes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:417-435. [PMID: 29489397 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been a dominant dogma in plant biology that the self-organizing polar auxin transport system is necessary and sufficient to generate auxin maxima and minima that are essential for almost all aspects of plant growth and development. However, in the past few years, it has become clear that local auxin biosynthesis is required for a suite of developmental processes, including embryogenesis, endosperm development, root development, and floral initiation and patterning. Moreover, it was discovered that local auxin biosynthesis maintains optimal plant growth in response to environmental signals, including light, temperature, pathogens, and toxic metals. In this article, I discuss the recent progress in auxin biosynthesis research and the paradigm shift in recognizing the important roles of local auxin biosynthesis in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
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142
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Kirschner GK, Stahl Y, Imani J, von Korff M, Simon R. Fluorescent reporter lines for auxin and cytokinin signalling in barley (Hordeum vulgare). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196086. [PMID: 29694399 PMCID: PMC5918912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormones auxin and cytokinin control development and maintenance of plant meristems and stem cell systems. Fluorescent protein reporter lines that monitor phytohormone controlled gene expression programmes have been widely used to study development and differentiation in the model species Arabidopsis, but equivalent tools are still missing for the majority of crop species. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is the fourth most abundant cereal crop plant, but knowledge on these important phytohormones in regard to the barley root and shoot stem cell niches is still negligible. We have now analysed the role of auxin and cytokinin in barley root meristem development, and present fluorescent protein reporter lines that allow to dissect auxin and cytokinin signalling outputs in vivo. We found that application of either auxin or cytokinin to barley seedlings negatively impacts root meristem growth. We further established a barley cytokinin reporter, TCSnew, which revealed significant cytokinin signalling in the stele cells proximal to the QC, and in the differentiated root cap cells. Application of exogenous cytokinin activated signalling in the root stem cell niche. Commonly employed auxin reporters DR5 or DR5v2 failed to respond to auxin in barley. However, analysis of putative auxin signalling targets barley PLETHORA1 (HvPLT1) is expressed in a similar pattern as its orthologue AtPLT1 from Arabidopsis, i.e. in the QC and the surrounding cells. Furthermore, the PINFORMED1 (HvPIN1) auxin efflux carrier was found to be expressed in root and shoot meristems, where it polarly localized to the plasma membrane. HvPIN1 expression is negatively regulated by cytokinin and its intracellular localisation is sensitive to brefeldinA (BFA). With this study, we provide the first fluorescent reporter lines as a tool to study auxin and cytokinin signalling and response pathways in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn K. Kirschner
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yvonne Stahl
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jafargholi Imani
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus Liebig University, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maria von Korff
- Institute for Plant Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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143
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WRKY23 is a component of the transcriptional network mediating auxin feedback on PIN polarity. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007177. [PMID: 29377885 PMCID: PMC5805370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is unique among plant hormones due to its directional transport that is mediated by the polarly distributed PIN auxin transporters at the plasma membrane. The canalization hypothesis proposes that the auxin feedback on its polar flow is a crucial, plant-specific mechanism mediating multiple self-organizing developmental processes. Here, we used the auxin effect on the PIN polar localization in Arabidopsis thaliana roots as a proxy for the auxin feedback on the PIN polarity during canalization. We performed microarray experiments to find regulators of this process that act downstream of auxin. We identified genes that were transcriptionally regulated by auxin in an AXR3/IAA17- and ARF7/ARF19-dependent manner. Besides the known components of the PIN polarity, such as PID and PIP5K kinases, a number of potential new regulators were detected, among which the WRKY23 transcription factor, which was characterized in more detail. Gain- and loss-of-function mutants confirmed a role for WRKY23 in mediating the auxin effect on the PIN polarity. Accordingly, processes requiring auxin-mediated PIN polarity rearrangements, such as vascular tissue development during leaf venation, showed a higher WRKY23 expression and required the WRKY23 activity. Our results provide initial insights into the auxin transcriptional network acting upstream of PIN polarization and, potentially, canalization-mediated plant development. The plant hormone auxin belongs to the major plant-specific developmental regulators. It mediates or modifies almost all aspects of plant life. One of the fascinating features of the auxin action is its directional movement between cells, whose direction can be regulated by auxin signaling itself. This plant-specific feedback regulation has been proposed decades ago and allows for the self-organizing formation of distinct auxin channels shown to be crucial for processes, such as the regular pattern formation of leaf venation, organ formation, and regeneration of plant tissues. Despite the prominent importance of this so called auxin canalization process, the insight into the underlying molecular mechanism is very limited. Here, we identified a number of genes that are transcriptionally regulated and act downstream of the auxin signaling to mediate the auxin feedback on the polarized auxin transport. One of them is the WRKY23 transcription factor that has previously been unsuspected to play a role in this process. Our work provides the first insights into the transcriptional regulation of the auxin canalization and opens multiple avenues to further study this crucial process.
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144
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Li N, Wu H, Ding Q, Li H, Li Z, Ding J, Li Y. The heterologous expression of Arabidopsis PAP2 induces anthocyanin accumulation and inhibits plant growth in tomato. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 18:341-353. [PMID: 29372433 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are naturally occurring secondary metabolites, responsible for the color of many plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana MYB90/PAP2 (production of anthocyanin pigment 2) was introduced into tomato to study its effect on anthocyanin accumulation. The transgenic tomato displayed much greater anthocyanin accumulation than wild type in all plant organs, but the organs were not fully purple in color except for the stamen. The expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and an anthocyanin-related basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene SlAN1 was significantly increased in the transgenic line, suggesting that ectopic expression of AtPAP2 increases the expression of anthocyanin-related structural and regulatory genes to enhance anthocyanin content. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that the endogenous MYB protein SlAN2 interacted with two putative bHLH partners, SlAN1 and SlJAF13, while AtPAP2 only interacted with SlJAF13, which may be why AtPAP2 transgenic plants showed limited anthocyanin accumulation in fruits. In addition to anthocyanin accumulation, the transgenic tomato plants were significantly smaller in size, and the length of primary roots and number of lateral roots were obviously decreased. The expression of lignin biosynthetic genes was downregulated in transgenic tomato plants, which may be the reason for the inhibited growth. The lateral organ boundaries-domain (LBD) genes, which regulate lateral root organogenesis in the auxin signaling pathway, were downregulated in transgenic tomato roots, which may partly account for the disturbed lateral root formation in the transformants. Taken together, the results demonstrate that heterologous expression of transcription factor AtPAP2 not only resulted in anthocyanin accumulation but also inhibited plant growth in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Han Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Qiangqiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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145
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Kohlen W, Ng JLP, Deinum EE, Mathesius U. Auxin transport, metabolism, and signalling during nodule initiation: indeterminate and determinate nodules. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:229-244. [PMID: 28992078 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Most legumes can form a unique type of lateral organ on their roots: root nodules. These structures host symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia. Several different types of nodules can be found in nature, but the two best-studied types are called indeterminate and determinate nodules. These two types differ with respect to the presence or absence of a persistent nodule meristem, which consistently correlates with the cortical cell layers giving rise to the nodule primordia. Similar to other plant developmental processes, auxin signalling overlaps with the site of organ initiation and meristem activity. Here, we review how auxin contributes to early nodule development. We focus on changes in auxin transport, signalling, and metabolism during nodule initiation, describing both experimental evidence and computer modelling. We discuss how indeterminate and determinate nodules may differ in their mechanisms for generating localized auxin response maxima and highlight outstanding questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Australia
| | - Eva E Deinum
- Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Australia
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146
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Vernon I, Liu J, Goldstein M, Rowe J, Topping J, Lindsey K. Bayesian uncertainty analysis for complex systems biology models: emulation, global parameter searches and evaluation of gene functions. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:1. [PMID: 29291750 PMCID: PMC5748965 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Many mathematical models have now been employed across every area of systems biology. These models increasingly involve large numbers of unknown parameters, have complex structure which can result in substantial evaluation time relative to the needs of the analysis, and need to be compared to observed data of various forms. The correct analysis of such models usually requires a global parameter search, over a high dimensional parameter space, that incorporates and respects the most important sources of uncertainty. This can be an extremely difficult task, but it is essential for any meaningful inference or prediction to be made about any biological system. It hence represents a fundamental challenge for the whole of systems biology. Methods Bayesian statistical methodology for the uncertainty analysis of complex models is introduced, which is designed to address the high dimensional global parameter search problem. Bayesian emulators that mimic the systems biology model but which are extremely fast to evaluate are embeded within an iterative history match: an efficient method to search high dimensional spaces within a more formal statistical setting, while incorporating major sources of uncertainty. Results The approach is demonstrated via application to a model of hormonal crosstalk in Arabidopsis root development, which has 32 rate parameters, for which we identify the sets of rate parameter values that lead to acceptable matches between model output and observed trend data. The multiple insights into the model’s structure that this analysis provides are discussed. The methodology is applied to a second related model, and the biological consequences of the resulting comparison, including the evaluation of gene functions, are described. Conclusions Bayesian uncertainty analysis for complex models using both emulators and history matching is shown to be a powerful technique that can greatly aid the study of a large class of systems biology models. It both provides insight into model behaviour and identifies the sets of rate parameters of interest. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0484-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Vernon
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Junli Liu
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Michael Goldstein
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - James Rowe
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.,Current address: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jen Topping
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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147
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Pařízková B, Pernisová M, Novák O. What Has Been Seen Cannot Be Unseen-Detecting Auxin In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122736. [PMID: 29258197 PMCID: PMC5751337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxins mediate various processes that are involved in plant growth and development in response to specific environmental conditions. Its proper spatio-temporal distribution that is driven by polar auxin transport machinery plays a crucial role in the wide range of auxins physiological effects. Numbers of approaches have been developed to either directly or indirectly monitor auxin distribution in vivo in order to elucidate the basis of its precise regulation. Herein, we provide an updated list of valuable techniques used for monitoring auxins in plants, with their utilities and limitations. Because the spatial and temporal resolutions of the presented approaches are different, their combination may provide a comprehensive outcome of auxin distribution in diverse developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pařízková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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148
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Liu J, Moore S, Chen C, Lindsey K. Crosstalk Complexities between Auxin, Cytokinin, and Ethylene in Arabidopsis Root Development: From Experiments to Systems Modeling, and Back Again. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:1480-1496. [PMID: 29162416 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how hormones and genes interact to coordinate plant growth in a changing environment is a major challenge in plant developmental biology. Auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene are three important hormones that regulate many aspects of plant development. This review critically evaluates the crosstalk between the three hormones in Arabidopsis root development. We integrate a variety of experimental data into a crosstalk network, which reveals multiple layers of complexity in auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene crosstalk. In particular, data integration reveals an additional, largely overlooked link between the ethylene and cytokinin pathways, which acts through a phosphorelay mechanism. This proposed link addresses outstanding questions on whether ethylene application promotes or inhibits receptor kinase activity of the ethylene receptors. Elucidating the complexity in auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene crosstalk requires a combined experimental and systems modeling approach. We evaluate important modeling efforts for establishing how crosstalk between auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene regulates patterning in root development. We discuss how a novel methodology that iteratively combines experiments with systems modeling analysis is essential for elucidating the complexity in crosstalk of auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene in root development. Finally, we discuss the future challenges from a combined experimental and modeling perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Liu
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Simon Moore
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Chunli Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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149
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Araniti F, Bruno L, Sunseri F, Pacenza M, Forgione I, Bitonti MB, Abenavoli MR. The allelochemical farnesene affects Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem altering auxin distribution. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 121:14-20. [PMID: 29078092 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Farnesene is a sesquiterpene with semiochemical activity involved in interspecies communication. This molecule, known for its phytotoxic potential and its effects on root morphology and anatomy, caused anisotropic growth, bold roots and a "left-handedness" phenotype. These clues suggested an alteration of auxin distribution, and for this reason, the aim of the present study was to evaluate its effects on: i) PIN-FORMED proteins (PIN) distribution, involved in polar auxin transport; ii) PIN genes expression iii) apical meristem anatomy of primary root, in 7 days old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings treated with farnesene 250 μM. The following GFP constructs: pSCR::SCR-GFP, pDR5::GFP,pPIN1::PIN1-GFP, pPIN2::PIN2-GFP, pPIN3::PIN3-GFP, pPIN4::PIN4-GFP and pPIN7::PIN7-GFP were used to evaluate auxin distribution. Farnesene caused a reduction in meristematic zone size, an advancement in transition zone, suggesting a premature exit of cells from the meristematic zone, a reduction in cell division and an impairment between epidermal and cortex cells. The auxin-responsive reporter pDR5::GFP highlighted that auxin distribution was impaired in farnesene-treated roots, where auxin distribution appeared maximum in the quiescent center and columella initial cells, without extending to mature columella cells. This finding was further confirmed by the analysis on PIN transport proteins distribution, assessed on individual constructs, which showed an extreme alteration mainly dependent on the PIN 3, 4 and 7, involved in pattern specification during root development and auxin redistribution. Finally, farnesene treatment caused a down-regulation of all the auxin transport genes studied. We propose that farnesene affected auxin transport and distribution causing the alteration of root meristem, and consequently the left-handedness phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Bruno
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra (DiBEST), Università della Calabria, 87040 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Francesco Sunseri
- Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Marianna Pacenza
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra (DiBEST), Università della Calabria, 87040 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Ivano Forgione
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra (DiBEST), Università della Calabria, 87040 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Bitonti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra (DiBEST), Università della Calabria, 87040 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Abenavoli
- Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
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150
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Olatunji D, Geelen D, Verstraeten I. Control of Endogenous Auxin Levels in Plant Root Development. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2587. [PMID: 29194427 PMCID: PMC5751190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the different biosynthesis-related pathways that contribute to the regulation of endogenous auxin in plants. We demonstrate that all known genes involved in auxin biosynthesis also have a role in root formation, from the initiation of a root meristem during embryogenesis to the generation of a functional root system with a primary root, secondary lateral root branches and adventitious roots. Furthermore, the versatile adaptation of root development in response to environmental challenges is mediated by both local and distant control of auxin biosynthesis. In conclusion, auxin homeostasis mediated by spatial and temporal regulation of auxin biosynthesis plays a central role in determining root architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Olatunji
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Danny Geelen
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Inge Verstraeten
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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