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Chen KR, Yu T, Lien YJ, Chou YY, Kuo PL. Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and maternal diabetes: A population-based cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022. [PMID: 36541040 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the risk of a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHOD This retrospective cohort study included 877 233 singletons born between 2004 and 2008 in Taiwan. Children were followed up to 2015 for diagnoses of NDDs, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental delay, intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy/infantile spasms using health insurance claims data. We performed Cox regression models to estimate the relative risks of NDDs associated with maternal diabetes. Covariates included parental age, year of birth, child sex, family income, urbanization level, hypertensive disorder, and preterm delivery status. RESULTS In utero there were 338 (0.04%) children exposed to T1DM, 8749 (1.00%) to T2DM, and 90 200 (10.28%) to GDM. The effect of T1DM on NDDs was the largest, followed by T2DM, then GDM. T1DM was associated with an increased risk of developmental delay, intellectual disability, and epilepsy/intellectual spasms in offspring. T2DM was associated with an increased risk of ASD, ADHD, developmental delay, intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy/intellectual spasms. GDM was associated with an increased risk of ASD, ADHD, and developmental delay. INTERPRETATION Maternal diabetes during pregnancy, including T1DM, T2DM, and GDM, is associated with an increased risk of some NDDs in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ru Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung Yu
- Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Ju Lien
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yin Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
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102
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Ramasubramanian B, Reddy VS, Chellappan V, Ramakrishna S. Emerging Materials, Wearables, and Diagnostic Advancements in Therapeutic Treatment of Brain Diseases. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1176. [PMID: 36551143 PMCID: PMC9775999 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Among the most critical health issues, brain illnesses, such as neurodegenerative conditions and tumors, lower quality of life and have a significant economic impact. Implantable technology and nano-drug carriers have enormous promise for cerebral brain activity sensing and regulated therapeutic application in the treatment and detection of brain illnesses. Flexible materials are chosen for implantable devices because they help reduce biomechanical mismatch between the implanted device and brain tissue. Additionally, implanted biodegradable devices might lessen any autoimmune negative effects. The onerous subsequent operation for removing the implanted device is further lessened with biodegradability. This review expands on current developments in diagnostic technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, angiography, and electroencephalogram while providing an overview of prevalent brain diseases. As far as we are aware, there hasn't been a single review article that addresses all the prevalent brain illnesses. The reviewer also looks into the prospects for the future and offers suggestions for the direction of future developments in the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brindha Ramasubramanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), #08-03, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Vundrala Sumedha Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Vijila Chellappan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), #08-03, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
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103
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Bucknor MC, Gururajan A, Dale RC, Hofer MJ. A comprehensive approach to modeling maternal immune activation in rodents. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1071976. [PMID: 36590294 PMCID: PMC9800799 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1071976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal brain development is a highly orchestrated process, making it a very vulnerable window to perturbations. Maternal stress and subsequent inflammation during pregnancy leads to a state referred to as, maternal immune activation (MIA). If persistent, MIA can pose as a significant risk factor for the manifestation of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. To further elucidate this association between MIA and NDD risk, rodent models have been used extensively across laboratories for many years. However, there are few uniform approaches for rodent MIA models which make not only comparisons between studies difficult, but some established approaches come with limitations that can affect experimental outcomes. Here, we provide researchers with a comprehensive review of common experimental variables and potential limitations that should be considered when designing an MIA study based in a rodent model. Experimental variables discussed include: innate immune stimulation using poly I:C and LPS, environmental gestational stress paradigms, rodent diet composition and sterilization, rodent strain, neonatal handling, and the inclusion of sex-specific MIA offspring analyses. We discuss how some aspects of these variables have potential to make a profound impact on MIA data interpretation and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C. Bucknor
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anand Gururajan
- The Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell C. Dale
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Markus J. Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Markus J. Hofer,
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104
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Alibek K, Niyazmetova L, Farmer S, Isakov T. Persistent Inflammation Initiated by TORCH Infections and Dysbiotic Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Prospect for Future Interventions. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.8.e91179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a range of neurodevelopmental conditions that are clinically present early in childhood with the symptoms of social withdrawal and repetitive behavior. Despite an extensive research on ASD, no commonly accepted theory on the disease etiology exists. Hence, we reviewed several scientific publications, including reviews, preclinical and clinical investigations, and published hypotheses to analyze various opinions on the nature and cause of the disorder. Many studies suggest that infections and inflammation during pregnancy play a significant role in genetic and epigenetic changes in the developing fetus, resulting in an autistic phenotype in a child. Still, there is a lack of comprehensive literature about the multitude of autism inducing factors. Therefore, this article reviews and discusses available scientific evidence on the roles of viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, overactivation of the immune system, and intestinal microflora in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of ASD. The overview of the scientific publications, including our own studies, suggests that TORCH infections, imbalanced microbiome, and persistent inflammation are significantly associated with the disruption of the social domain in ASD children. The ASD-related changes begin prenatally as maternal-to-fetal immune activation triggered by infection. It results in continuous low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress in a fetus, causing germline and somatic genetic changes in the developing brain and the establishment of the dysregulated immune system. These changes and dysregulations result in central and peripheral nervous systems dysfunctions as well as other comorbid conditions found in autistic children.
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105
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Murphy VE. Asthma in pregnancy - Management, maternal co-morbidities, and long-term health. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2022; 85:45-56. [PMID: 35871149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is the most prevalent chronic disease in pregnancy, and as symptoms can change with pregnancy, and exacerbations of asthma are common, regular review of asthma symptoms, the provision of self-management education, and appropriate medication use are the hallmarks of management. Co-morbidities are also prevalent among pregnant women with asthma, with obesity, gestational diabetes, hypertension, rhinitis, depression, and anxiety, more common among women with asthma than women without asthma. Less is known about reflux, obstructive sleep apnoea and vocal cord dysfunction, along with nutritional deficiencies to iron and vitamin D. Maternal asthma impacts the offspring's long-term health, particularly in increasing the risk of early life wheeze and asthma in childhood. While breastfeeding may modify the risk of infant wheeze, less is known about the mechanisms involved. More research is needed to further understand the relationship between asthma in pregnancy and the risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes, such as autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa E Murphy
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, and Asthma and Breathing Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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106
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Hatch HAM, Secombe J. Molecular and cellular events linking variants in the histone demethylase KDM5C to the intellectual disability disorder Claes-Jensen syndrome. FEBS J 2022; 289:7776-7787. [PMID: 34536985 PMCID: PMC8930784 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The widespread availability of genetic testing for those with neurodevelopmental disorders has highlighted the importance of many genes necessary for the proper development and function of the nervous system. One gene found to be genetically altered in the X-linked intellectual disability disorder Claes-Jensen syndrome is KDM5C, which encodes a histone demethylase that regulates transcription by altering chromatin. While the genetic link between KDM5C and cognitive (dys)function is clear, how KDM5C functions to control transcriptional programs within neurons to impact their growth and activity remains the subject of ongoing research. Here, we review our current knowledge of Claes-Jensen syndrome and discuss important new data using model organisms that have revealed the importance of KDM5C in regulating aspects of neuronal development and function. Continued research into the molecular and cellular activities regulated by KDM5C is expected to provide critical etiological insights into Claes-Jensen syndrome and highlight potential targets for developing therapies to improve the quality of life of those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden A M Hatch
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Julie Secombe
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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107
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Vilotić A, Nacka-Aleksić M, Pirković A, Bojić-Trbojević Ž, Dekanski D, Jovanović Krivokuća M. IL-6 and IL-8: An Overview of Their Roles in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314574. [PMID: 36498901 PMCID: PMC9738067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an acknowledged inflammatory cytokine with a pleiotropic action, mediating innate and adaptive immunity and multiple physiological processes, including protective and regenerative ones. IL-8 is a pro-inflammatory CXC chemokine with a primary function in attracting and activating neutrophils, but also implicated in a variety of other cellular processes. These two ILs are abundantly expressed at the feto-maternal interface over the course of a pregnancy and have been shown to participate in numerous pregnancy-related events. In this review, we summarize the literature data regarding their role in healthy and pathological pregnancies. The general information related to IL-6 and IL-8 functions is followed by an overview of their overall expression in cycling endometrium and at the feto-maternal interface. Further, we provide an overview of their involvement in pregnancy establishment and parturition. Finally, the implication of IL-6 and IL-8 in pregnancy-associated pathological conditions, such as pregnancy loss, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus and infection/inflammation is discussed.
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108
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Yang C, Zhang J, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Zhou J, Wang L. Trends of Tourette Syndrome in children from 2011 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:991805. [DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.991805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveAnalyze the research status of Tourette Syndrome (TS) in children by CiteSpace and determine the current research hotspots and frontiers.Materials and methodsWe chose publications indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database for studies related to TS in children from 2011 to 2021. We built online cooperation maps of countries/regions, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords by CiteSpace, and identified hotspots and frontiers of study for children’s TS.ResultsA total of 1,232 publications about TS in children were downloaded from the WoSCC. The USA (414) was the country with the highest rate of production, and University College London (87) was the institution that had the highest publication rate. Andrea Eugenio Cavanna was the most prolific author (39 papers). There was inactive cooperation between institutions, countries/regions, and authors. The Journal of European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry was the most active journal. Hot topics focused on epidemiology, comorbidities, deep brain stimulation, behavioral therapy, basal ganglia, pharmacological treatment, and risk factors of TS in children.ConclusionAccording to the CiteSpace results, this study found that authors, countries/regions, and institutions were not actively working together. Current research hotspots mainly consist of epidemiology, comorbidities, deep brain stimulation, behavior therapy, and basal ganglia. The main research trends include comorbidities, pharmacological treatment, and risk factors. Therefore, international cooperation should be strengthened in the future, and it should be mindful of the psychiatric comorbidities of TS, the choice of intervention measures, and early warning of risk factors.
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109
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Cipriani C, Tartaglione AM, Giudice M, D’Avorio E, Petrone V, Toschi N, Chiarotti F, Miele MT, Calamandrei G, Garaci E, Matteucci C, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Ricceri L, Balestrieri E. Differential Expression of Endogenous Retroviruses and Inflammatory Mediators in Female and Male Offspring in a Mouse Model of Maternal Immune Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213930. [PMID: 36430402 PMCID: PMC9695919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal infections during pregnancy and the consequent maternal immune activation (MIA) are the major risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Epidemiological evidence is corroborated by the preclinical models in which MIA leads to ASD-like behavioral abnormalities and altered neuroinflammatory profiles, with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial markers. In addition to neuroinflammatory response, an abnormal expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) has been identified in neurodevelopmental disorders and have been found to correlate with disease severity. Our aim was to evaluate the transcriptional profile of several ERV families, ERV-related genes, and inflammatory mediators (by RT real-time PCR) in mouse offspring of both sexes, prenatally exposed to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), a synthetic double-stranded RNA molecule targeting TLR-3 that mimics viral maternal infection during pregnancy. We found that prenatal exposure to Poly I:C deregulated the expression of some ERVs and ERV-related genes both in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, while no changes were detected in the blood. Interestingly, sex-related differences in the expression levels of some ERVs, ERV-related genes, and inflammatory mediators that were higher in females than in males emerged only in PFC. Our findings support the tissue specificity of ERV and ERV-related transcriptional profiles in MIA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cipriani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Tartaglione
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Giudice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Erica D’Avorio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vita Petrone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Flavia Chiarotti
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Martino Tony Miele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gemma Calamandrei
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- University San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Matteucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Sinibaldi-Vallebona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ricceri
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Balestrieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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110
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Siracusano M, Carloni E, Riccioni A, Ferrara M, Scoppola C, Arturi L, Niolu C, Marfia GA, Mazzone L. Maternal Multiple Sclerosis and Offspring's Cognitive and Behavioral Development: What Do We Know until Now? CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:1716. [PMID: 36360444 PMCID: PMC9689039 DOI: 10.3390/children9111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic pathological condition representing one of the main causes of neurological disability in the female young population. MS, as an immune disorder, could impact fetus development, and, considering the need for and the possibility of pharmacological treatment during pregnancy, the possible influence of medication on developmental trajectories represents a topic of great interest. We provide an overview of the available literature on the influence of maternal Multiple Sclerosis on offspring cognitive and behavioral development. A study was conducted on Pubmed, Medline and Google Scholar, considering empirical studies and reviews exclusively in the English language. Maternal MS appears not to be associated with emotional and behavioral problems, as evaluated through retrospective studies. However, a specific cognitive and behavioral phenotype, through the administration of standardized instruments, has not been delineated yet. Available studies on the topic are characterized by poor methodology and do not lead to conclusions. This overview highlights implications for further longitudinal studies which should delineate offspring developmental trajectories, taking into consideration maternal confounding factors and the exposure to pharmacological treatment in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Siracusano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Carloni
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Assia Riccioni
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Systems Medicine Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Montpellier Street 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marialaura Ferrara
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Scoppola
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Systems Medicine Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Montpellier Street 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Arturi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Systems Medicine Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Montpellier Street 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Niolu
- Systems Medicine Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Montpellier Street 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- MS Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Mazzone
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Systems Medicine Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Montpellier Street 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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111
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Hartmann A, Andrén P, Atkinson-Clement C, Czernecki V, Delorme C, Debes NM, Szejko N, Ueda K, Black K. Tourette syndrome research highlights from 2021. F1000Res 2022; 11:716. [PMID: 35923292 PMCID: PMC9315233 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.122708.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize selected research reports from 2021 relevant to Tourette syndrome that the authors consider most important or interesting. The authors welcome article suggestions and thoughtful feedback from readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hartmann
- Department of Neurology, APHP, Sorbonne University, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, 75013, France,
| | - Per Andrén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cyril Atkinson-Clement
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Virginie Czernecki
- Department of Neurology, APHP, Sorbonne University, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Cécile Delorme
- Department of Neurology, APHP, Sorbonne University, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, 75013, France
| | | | - Natalia Szejko
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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The intergenerational effects of parental physical activity on offspring brain and neurocognition in humans: a scoping review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104953. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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113
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Lin TL, Lu CC, Chen TW, Huang CW, Lu JJ, Lai WF, Wu TS, Lai CH, Lai HC, Chen YL. Amelioration of Maternal Immune Activation-Induced Autism Relevant Behaviors by Gut Commensal Parabacteroides goldsteinii. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113070. [PMID: 36361859 PMCID: PMC9657948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by cognitive inflexibility and social deficits. Probiotics have been demonstrated to play a promising role in managing the severity of ASD. However, there are no effective probiotics for clinical use. Identifying new probiotic strains for ameliorating ASD is therefore essential. Using the maternal immune activation (MIA)-based offspring ASD-like mouse model, a probiotic-based intervention strategy was examined in female mice. The gut commensal microbe Parabacteroides goldsteinii MTS01, which was previously demonstrated to exert multiple beneficial effects on chronic inflammation-related-diseases, was evaluated. Prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure induced leaky gut-related inflammatory phenotypes in the colon, increased LPS activity in sera, and induced autistic-like behaviors in offspring mice. By contrast, P. goldsteinii MTS01 treatment significantly reduced intestinal and systemic inflammation and ameliorated disease development. Transcriptomic analyses of MIA offspring indicated that in the intestine, P. goldsteinii MTS01 enhanced neuropeptide-related signaling and suppressed aberrant cell proliferation and inflammatory responses. In the hippocampus, P. goldsteinii MTS01 increased ribosomal/mitochondrial and antioxidant activities and decreased glutamate receptor signaling. Together, significant ameliorative effects of P. goldsteinii MTS01 on ASD relevant behaviors in MIA offspring were identified. Therefore, P. goldsteinii MTS01 could be developed as a next-generation probiotic for ameliorating ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Lung Lin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Microbiota Research Center and Emerging Viral Infections Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cha-Chen Lu
- Microbiota Research Center and Emerging Viral Infections Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Chest Medicine, Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wen Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Huang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Jih Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Lai
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Microbiota Research Center and Emerging Viral Infections Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
- Medical Research Center, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen 361028, China
- Correspondence: (H.-C.L.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Ya-Lei Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung 82446, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.L.); (Y.-L.C.)
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Nakhal MM, Aburuz S, Sadek B, Akour A. Repurposing SGLT2 Inhibitors for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on the Autism Spectrum Disorder. Molecules 2022; 27:7174. [PMID: 36364000 PMCID: PMC9653623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a substantially increasing incidence rate. It is characterized by repetitive behavior, learning difficulties, deficits in social communication, and interactions. Numerous medications, dietary supplements, and behavioral treatments have been recommended for the management of this condition, however, there is no cure yet. Recent studies have examined the therapeutic potential of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in neurodevelopmental diseases, based on their proved anti-inflammatory effects, such as downregulating the expression of several proteins, including the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1). Furthermore, numerous previous studies revealed the potential of the SGLT2 inhibitors to provide antioxidant effects, due to their ability to reduce the generation of free radicals and upregulating the antioxidant systems, such as glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB). These properties have led to significant improvements in the neurologic outcomes of multiple experimental disease models, including cerebral oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and epilepsy. Such diseases have mutual biomarkers with ASD, which potentially could be a link to fill the gap of the literature studying the potential of repurposing the SGLT2 inhibitors' use in ameliorating the symptoms of ASD. This review will look at the impact of the SGLT2 inhibitors on neurodevelopmental disorders on the various models, including humans, rats, and mice, with a focus on the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin. Furthermore, this review will discuss how SGLT2 inhibitors regulate the ASD biomarkers, based on the clinical evidence supporting their functions as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Moutaz Nakhal
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salahdein Aburuz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Akour
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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Mitchell AJ, Khambadkone SG, Dunn G, Bagley J, Tamashiro KLK, Fair D, Gustafsson H, Sullivan EL. Maternal Western-style diet reduces social engagement and increases idiosyncratic behavior in Japanese macaque offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 105:109-121. [PMID: 35809877 PMCID: PMC9987715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence in humans and animals indicates an association between maternal obesity and offspring behavioral outcomes. In humans, increased maternal body mass index has been linked to an increased risk of children receiving a diagnosis of early-emerging neurodevelopmental disorders such as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, a limited number of preclinical studies have examined associations between maternal Western-Style Diet (mWSD) exposure and offspring social behavior. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate relationships between mWSD exposure and social behavior in non-human primates. Since aberrant social behavior is a diagnostic criterion for several neurodevelopmental disorders, the current study focuses on examining the influence of maternal nutrition and metabolic state on offspring social behavior in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). We found that mWSD offspring initiated less affiliative social behaviors as well as proximity to a peer. Using path analysis, we found that the association between mWSD consumption and reduced offspring social engagement was statistically mediated by increased maternal interleukin (IL)-12 during the third trimester of pregnancy. Additionally, mWSD offspring displayed increased idiosyncratic behavior, which was related to alterations in maternal adiposity and leptin in the third trimester. Together, these results suggest that NHP offspring exposed to mWSD exhibit behavioral phenotypes similar to what is described in some early-emerging neurodevelopmental disorders. These results provide evidence that mWSD exposure during gestation may be linked to increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders and provides targets for prevention and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mitchell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, Beaverton, OR, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Seva G Khambadkone
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Geoffrey Dunn
- University of Oregon, Department of Human Physiology, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer Bagley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kellie L K Tamashiro
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Damien Fair
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Masonic Institute of Child Development, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hanna Gustafsson
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Psychiatry, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Elinor L Sullivan
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, Beaverton, OR, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland, OR, USA; University of Oregon, Department of Human Physiology, Eugene, OR, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Psychiatry, Portland, OR, USA.
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116
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Fenizia C, Vanetti C, Rana F, Cappelletti G, Cetin I, Biasin M, Savasi V. SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission during the first trimester of pregnancy in asymptomatic women. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 124:159-163. [PMID: 36122670 PMCID: PMC9477790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives It is now well established that in utero vertical SARS-CoV-2 transmission can occur during the late third trimester. However, little is known about other gestational ages. Recently, an increased risk of early miscarriage was reported in pregnant women who were SARS-CoV-2-positive. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the putative SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission during the first trimester of pregnancy. Design This is an observational study on pregnant women who were SARS-CoV-2-positive during the first trimester. Fetal and syncytiotrophoblastic specimens were collected by hysterosuction from 17 pregnant women who were SARS-CoV-2-positive and voluntarily terminated the pregnancy between week 8 and 12. We investigated the viral vertical transmission using SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in the fetus and syncytiotrophoblast by two different techniques. Results The results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission is indeed possible during the first trimester in asymptomatic women. Although maternal viremia was never detected, roughly 30% of the fetuses and 17% of the syncytiotrophoblasts were found to be SARS-CoV-2-positive. Conclusion Indeed, SARS-CoV-2 can spread to the fetus through the syncytiotrophoblast. Concerningly, this happens in asymptomatic pregnant women as well. Possible long-term detrimental consequences on fetal development still need to be assessed. This should be taken into consideration in the management of pregnant women by implementing preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy.
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Rana
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Gioia Cappelletti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Cetin
- Department of Woman, Mother and Neonate Buzzi Children's Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, via L. Castelvetro 32, 20154, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Savasi
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
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117
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Hanson KL, Grant SE, Funk LH, Schumann CM, Bauman MD. Impact of Maternal Immune Activation on Nonhuman Primate Prefrontal Cortex Development: Insights for Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:460-469. [PMID: 35773097 PMCID: PMC9888668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Late adolescence is a period of dynamic change in the brain as humans learn to navigate increasingly complex environments. In particular, prefrontal cortical (PFC) regions undergo extensive remodeling as the brain is fine-tuned to orchestrate cognitive control over attention, reasoning, and emotions. Late adolescence also presents a uniquely vulnerable period as neurodevelopmental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, become evident and worsen into young adulthood. Challenges in early development, including prenatal exposure to infection, may set the stage for a cascade of maladaptive events that ultimately result in aberrant PFC connectivity and function before symptoms emerge. A growing body of research suggests that activation of the mother's immune system during pregnancy may act as a disease primer, in combination with other environmental and genetic factors, contributing to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia. Animal models provide an invaluable opportunity to examine the course of brain and behavioral changes in offspring exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA). Although the vast majority of MIA research has been carried out in rodents, here we highlight the translational utility of the nonhuman primate (NHP) as a model species more closely related to humans in PFC structure and function. In this review, we consider the protracted period of brain and behavioral maturation in the NHP, describe emerging findings from MIA NHP offspring in the context of rodent preclinical models, and lastly explore the translational relevance of the NHP MIA model to expand understanding of the etiology and developmental course of PFC pathology in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari L Hanson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Simone E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Lucy H Funk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Cynthia M Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
| | - Melissa D Bauman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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Woolfenden S, Farrar MA, Eapen V, Masi A, Wakefield CE, Badawi N, Novak I, Nassar N, Lingam R, Dale RC. Delivering paediatric precision medicine: Genomic and environmental considerations along the causal pathway of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:1077-1084. [PMID: 35661141 PMCID: PMC9545914 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Precision medicine refers to treatments that are targeted to an individual's unique characteristics. Precision medicine for neurodevelopmental disorders (such as cerebral palsy, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder) in children has predominantly focused on advances in genomic sequencing technologies to increase our ability to identify single gene mutations, diagnose a multitude of rare neurodevelopmental disorders, and gain insights into pathogenesis. Although targeting specific gene variants with high penetrance will help some children with rare disease, this approach will not help most children with neurodevelopmental disorders. A 'pathway' driven approach targeting the cumulative influence of psychosocial, epigenetic, or cellular factors is likely to be more effective. To optimize the therapeutic potential of precision medicine, we present a biopsychosocial integrated framework to examine the 'gene-environment neuroscience interaction'. Such an approach would be supported through harnessing the power of big data, transdiagnostic assessment, impact and implementation evaluation, and a bench-to-bedside scientific discovery agenda with ongoing clinician and patient engagement. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Precision medicine has predominantly focused on genetic risk factors. The impact of environmental risk factors, particularly inflammatory, metabolic, and psychosocial risks, is understudied. A holistic biopsychosocial model of neurodevelopmental disorder causal pathways is presented. The model will provide precision medicine across the full spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Woolfenden
- Discipline of PaediatricsSchool of Clinical Medicine, UNSW SydneySydney
- Sydney Institute of Women, Children and their Families, Sydney Local Health DistrictSydney
| | - Michelle A. Farrar
- Discipline of PaediatricsSchool of Clinical Medicine, UNSW SydneySydney
- Department of NeurologySydney Children's Hospitals NetworkSydney
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, UNSW SydneySydney
- Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry South West Sydney (AUCS)SWSLHD & Ingham InstituteSydney
| | - Anne Masi
- School of Psychiatry, UNSW SydneySydney
| | - Claire E. Wakefield
- Discipline of PaediatricsSchool of Clinical Medicine, UNSW SydneySydney
- Behavioural Sciences UnitKids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's HospitalSydney
| | - Nadia Badawi
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Specialty of Child & Adolescent HealthThe University of SydneySydney
- Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydney
- The Grace Centre for Newborn Intensive CareThe Children's Hospital at WestmeadSydney
| | - Iona Novak
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Specialty of Child & Adolescent HealthThe University of SydneySydney
- Faculty of Medicine & HealthThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Natasha Nassar
- Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydney
| | - Raghu Lingam
- Discipline of PaediatricsSchool of Clinical Medicine, UNSW SydneySydney
| | - Russell C. Dale
- Department of NeurologySydney Children's Hospitals NetworkSydney
- Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydney
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Park JC, Im SH. The gut-immune-brain axis in neurodevelopment and neurological disorders. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2022; 1:23. [PMID: 38046904 PMCID: PMC10688819 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2022.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is gaining momentum as an interdisciplinary field addressing how intestinal microbes influence the central nervous system (CNS). Studies using powerful tools, including germ-free, antibiotic-fed, and fecal microbiota transplanted mice, demonstrate how gut microbiota perturbations alter the fate of neurodevelopment. Probiotics are also becoming more recognized as potentially effective therapeutic agents in alleviating symptoms of neurological disorders. While gut microbes may directly communicate with the CNS through their effector molecules, including metabolites, their influence on neuroimmune populations, including newly discovered brain-resident T cells, underscore the host immunity as a potent mediator of the gut-brain axis. In this review, we examine the unique immune populations within the brain, the effects of the gut microbiota on the CNS, and the efficacy of specific probiotic strains to propose the novel concept of the gut-immune-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chulhoon Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc., POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorders: potential target for mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-022-00525-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) include a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by repetitive behaviours and impairments in communication, emotional and social skills. This review gives an overview of ASD, focusing on the aetiological and clinical aspects. It also discusses the role of neuroinflammation in ASD, critically examines the current evidence on the therapeutic effects of MSCs in ASD and consolidates key findings in this area of research.
Results
Many environmental and genetic factors have been linked to the aetiology of ASD. It has become increasingly evident that neuroinflammation plays a role in ASD. Conventional treatment of ASD revolves around psychosocial approaches whereas recent studies have turned to alternative approaches such as mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy, owing to the well-recognised immunomodulatory characteristics of MSCs. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that MSCs were able to exert anti-inflammatory effects and alleviate ASD symptoms.
Conclusions
There are many preclinical studies that support the use of MSCs in ASD. However, there are relatively fewer clinical studies concerning the safety and efficacy of MSCs in ASD, which warrants more large-scale clinical studies for future research.
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121
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Tamayo JM, Rose D, Church JS, Schwartzer JJ, Ashwood P. Maternal Allergic Asthma Induces Prenatal Neuroinflammation. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081041. [PMID: 36009104 PMCID: PMC9405898 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a class of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interactions and communication skills and repetitive or stereotyped behaviors. Rates of ASD diagnosis continue to rise, with current estimates at 1 in 44 children in the US (Maenner 2021). Epidemiological studies have suggested a link between maternal allergic asthma and an increased likelihood of having a child diagnosed with ASD. However, a lack of robust laboratory models prevents mechanistic research from being carried out. We developed a novel mouse model of maternal asthma-allergy (MAA) and previously reported that offspring from these mothers exhibit behavioral deficits compared to controls. In addition, it was shown that epigenetic regulation of gene expression in microglia was altered in these offspring, including several autism candidate genes. To further elucidate if there is neuroinflammation in the fetus following MAA, we investigated how allergic asthma impacts the maternal environment and inflammatory markers in the placenta and fetal brain during gestation. Female C57Bl/6 mice were primed with ovalbumin (OVA) prior to allergic asthma induction during pregnancy by administering aerosolized ovalbumin or PBS control to pregnant dams at gestational days (GD)9.5, 12.5, and 17.5. Four hours after the final induction, placenta and fetal brains were collected and measured for changes in cytokines using a Luminex bead-based multiplex assay. Placental MAA tissue showed a decrease in interleukin (IL)-17 in male and female offspring. There was a sex-dependent decrease in female monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). In male placentas, IL-4, C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10)-also known as interferon γ-induced protein 10 kDa (IP-10)-and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (RANTES) were decreased. In fetal brains, elevated inflammatory cytokines were found in MAA offspring when compared to controls. Specifically, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were elevated in both males and females. In contrast, a decrease in the cytokine IL-9 was also observed. There were slight sex differences after OVA exposures. Male fetal brains showed elevated levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), whereas female brains showed increased keratinocytes-derived chemokine (KC). In addition, IL-1𝛽 and IP-10 in male fetal brains were decreased. Together, these data indicate that repeated exposure to allergic asthma during pregnancy alters cytokine expression in the fetal environment in a sex-dependent way, resulting in homeostatic and neuroinflammatory alterations in the fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Tamayo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Destanie Rose
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jamie S. Church
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Psychology and Education, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College Street, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
| | - Jared J. Schwartzer
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Psychology and Education, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College Street, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Correspondence:
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Sigurdardottir JN, White S, Flynn A, Singh C, Briley A, Rutherford M, Poston L. Longitudinal phenotyping of maternal antenatal depression in obese pregnant women supports multiple-hit hypothesis for fetal brain development, a secondary analysis of the UPBEAT study. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 50:101512. [PMID: 35784438 PMCID: PMC9241104 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal antenatal depression is associated with offspring psychological disorders, but obesity is also widely implicated in maternal depression and neurodevelopment. In pregnant women with obesity we explored interrelationships between antenatal depressive symptom trajectories and multiple exposures implicated in fetal neurodevelopment which could explain these associations, as a prelude to exploring associations with infant mental health. METHODS The UK Pregnancies Better Eating and Activity Trial (UPBEAT) recruited multi-ethnic pregnant women with obesity (BMI >= 30kg/m2) between March 2009 and June 2014 from 8 UK sites and 1369 were included to model longitudinal antenatal depressive symptoms from Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores using Latent Class Growth Analysis. Classes were compared on maternal baseline demography, biomarkers of metabolism, inflammation and placental function, infection, diet and by pregnancy and birth outcomes. Odds ratios, mean differences and 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated using robust auxiliary modelling techniques. FINDINGS The chosen model produced four classes: "Not Depressed" (n=575 [42%], "reference"), "Mild" (n=523 [37·5%]), "Moderate" (n=219 [16%]) and "Severe" (n=62 [4·5%]) symptom trajectories. Socio-economic deprivation and ethnic diversity were greater in Severe and Moderate classes. Dietary glycaemic load and saturated fat intake were higher in Severe and Moderate classes (at 17 and 27 weeks). Higher Interleukin-6, glycoprotein acetyls (17 weeks), glucose (34 weeks) and lower placental growth factor (PlGF, 17 and 27 weeks) was found in the Severe class. PlGF was lower in the Moderate class (27 weeks). Infection was least likely in the Not Depressed class across gestation. Risks of preterm birth were associated with Severe depressive symptoms (aOR 3·05[1·11 to 8·36]). INTERPRETATION Comprehensive phenotyping exposes important fetal exposures implicated in adverse neurodevelopment, differing by depression class. This study expands substantially on causal models of suboptimal fetal neurodevelopment and offers potential new targets for intervention in obese pregnant women. FUNDING JNS was funded by a PhD studentship from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. UPBEAT was supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), project EarlyNutrition; grant agreement no. 289346 and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (UK) Programme Grants for Applied Research Programme (RP-0407-10452), Medical Research Council UK Project Grant (MR/L002477/1). Support was also provided by the Chief Scientist Office Scotland, Guy's and St Thomas' Charity and Tommy's Charity (Registered charity no. 1060508). LP and SLW are funded by Tommy's Charity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nihouarn Sigurdardottir
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 1st Floor South Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author.
| | - Sara White
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Health Sciences, King's College London, 10th Floor, North Wing, St Thomas's, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Flynn
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Health Sciences, King's College London, 10th Floor, North Wing, St Thomas's, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Singh
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative Care, King's College London, 57 Waterloo Road, London SE1 8WA, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Briley
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Health Sciences, King's College London, 10th Floor, North Wing, St Thomas's, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
- Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Sturt Rd, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mary Rutherford
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 1st Floor South Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Lucilla Poston
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Health Sciences, King's College London, 10th Floor, North Wing, St Thomas's, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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Yusuf Ali A, Inyang B, Koshy FS, George K, Poudel P, Chalasani R, Goonathilake MR, Waqar S, George S, Jean-Baptiste W, Mohammed L. Elements That Influence the Development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children. Cureus 2022; 14:e27835. [PMID: 35982754 PMCID: PMC9376034 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Various factors may have a role in the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although the specific pathophysiology of this disease is still not entirely understood, it is believed to be caused by a mix of genetic, maternal, dietary, and environmental factors. The effect of these factors can determine the severity of ADHD; for example, some of them are dose-dependent, but there is a typical pattern that all are known to be associated with either early childhood exposure or maternal exposure during pregnancy. Some factors share a similar mechanism of affecting pathways and increasing the risk of ADHD. ADHD is not a disorder that can be detected before symptoms appear in a child, making it more challenging to anticipate even if a child has been exposed to a known trigger. Environmental pollutants were investigated, and it was shown that there was a link between ADHD in childhood and exposure to pollutants throughout childhood or during pregnancy. It is well known that maternal health is a significant factor in the unborn child's development in many health aspects. The central nervous system (CNS) is a primary system that can suffer irreversible damage from health conditions, stress, depression, or specific nutritional deficiency when the pregnant mother is subjected to these conditions. Even though numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the probable causes of ADHD, with some of them having robust findings, no conclusive explanation can be provided to identify a definitive cause or a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Yusuf Ali
- Pediatrics, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Bithaiah Inyang
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Feeba Sam Koshy
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Kitty George
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Prakar Poudel
- Internal Medicine, Chitwan Medical College of Medical Science, Chitwan, NPL
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Roopa Chalasani
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, fairfield, USA
| | - Mastiyage R Goonathilake
- Pediatrics/Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sara Waqar
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sheeba George
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Wilford Jean-Baptiste
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Lubna Mohammed
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Urbonaite G, Knyzeliene A, Bunn FS, Smalskys A, Neniskyte U. The impact of maternal high-fat diet on offspring neurodevelopment. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:909762. [PMID: 35937892 PMCID: PMC9354026 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.909762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A maternal high-fat diet affects offspring neurodevelopment with long-term consequences on their brain health and behavior. During the past three decades, obesity has rapidly increased in the whole human population worldwide, including women of reproductive age. It is known that maternal obesity caused by a high-fat diet may lead to neurodevelopmental disorders in their offspring, such as autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. A maternal high-fat diet can affect offspring neurodevelopment due to inflammatory activation of the maternal gut, adipose tissue, and placenta, mirrored by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both maternal and fetal circulation. Furthermore, a maternal high fat diet causes gut microbial dysbiosis further contributing to increased inflammatory milieu during pregnancy and lactation, thus disturbing both prenatal and postnatal neurodevelopment of the offspring. In addition, global molecular and cellular changes in the offspring's brain may occur due to epigenetic modifications including the downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and the activation of the endocannabinoid system. These neurodevelopmental aberrations are reflected in behavioral deficits observed in animals, corresponding to behavioral phenotypes of certain neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. Here we reviewed recent findings from rodent models and from human studies to reveal potential mechanisms by which a maternal high-fat diet interferes with the neurodevelopment of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintare Urbonaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agne Knyzeliene
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Fanny Sophia Bunn
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Adomas Smalskys
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Neniskyte
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- VU LSC-EMBL Partnership for Genome Editing Technologies, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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125
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Zhang T, Brander G, Isung J, Isomura K, Sidorchuk A, Larsson H, Chang Z, Mataix-Cols D, Fernández de la Cruz L. Prenatal and Early Childhood Infections and Subsequent Risk of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tic Disorders: A Nationwide, Sibling-Controlled Study. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 93:1023-1030. [PMID: 36155699 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postinfectious autoimmune processes are hypothesized to be causally related to both obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders, but current evidence is conflicting. This study examined whether prenatal maternal (and paternal, as an internal control) infections and early childhood infections in the offspring (i.e., during the first 3 years of life) were associated with a subsequent risk of OCD and Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder (TS/CTD). METHODS Individuals exposed to any prenatal maternal infection (n = 16,743) and early childhood infection (n = 264,346) were identified from a population-based birth cohort consisting of 2,949,080 singletons born in Sweden between 1973 and 2003 and were followed through 2013. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). Sibling analyses were performed to control for familial confounding. RESULTS At the population level, and after adjusting for parental psychiatric history and autoimmune diseases, a significantly increased risk of OCD and TS/CTD was found in individuals exposed to prenatal maternal (but not paternal) infections (OCD: HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.12-1.57; TS/CTD: HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.23-2.09) and early childhood infections (OCD: HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.14-1.25; TS/CTD: HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.24-1.44). However, these associations were no longer significant in the sibling analyses. CONCLUSIONS The results do not support the hypothesis that prenatal maternal or early-life infections play a direct causal role in the etiology of either OCD or TS/CTD. Instead, familial factors (e.g., genetic pleiotropy) may explain both the propensity to infections and the liability to OCD and TS/CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Zhang
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gustaf Brander
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef Isung
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kayoko Isomura
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Sidorchuk
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Örebro Universitet, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Zheng Chang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorena Fernández de la Cruz
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden
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Pregnancy as a Fundamental Determinant of Child Health: a Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2022; 11:457-485. [PMID: 35789475 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-022-00416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Maternal conditions and exposures during pregnancy including over- and undernutrition are associated with poor childbirth outcomes, growth, development and chronic childhood diseases. We examined contemporary pregnancy-related determinants of child health. RECENT FINDINGS While maternal undernutrition remains a major contributor to low birth weight, maternal obesity affects foetal growth, birth weight, survival and is associated with childhood obesity, asthma and autistic spectrum disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic changes, the prenatal microbiome and maternal immune activation (MIA), a neuroinflammatory process induced by diet and other exposures cause foetal programming resulting in these chronic childhood diseases. Maternal diet is potentially a modifiable risk factor for controlling low birth weight, obesity and chronic disease in childhood. Further studies are warranted to refine guidance on dietary restriction and physical activity during pregnancy and determine how MIA and prenatal microbiota can be applied to control childhood diseases arising from programming.
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The long-term impact of elevated C-reactive protein levels during pregnancy on brain morphology in late childhood. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 103:63-72. [PMID: 35378231 PMCID: PMC9149104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Animal studies show that Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) may have detrimental effects on fetal brain development. Clinical studies provide evidence for structural brain abnormalities in human neonates following MIA, but no study has investigated the long-term effects of MIA (as measured with biomarkers) on human brain morphology ten years after the exposure. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate the long-term impact of MIA on brain morphology in 10-year-old children, including the possible mediating role of gestational age at birth. DESIGN We leveraged data from Generation R, a large-scale prospective pregnancy cohort study. Pregnant women were included between 2002 and 2006, and their children were invited to participate in the MRI study between 2013 and 2015. To be included, mother-child dyads had to have data on maternal C-reactive protein levels during gestation and a good quality MRI-scan of the child's brain at age 10 years. Of the 3,992 children scanned, a total of 2,053 10-year-old children were included in this study. EXPOSURE Maternal C-reactive protein was measured in the first 18 weeks of gestation. For the analyses we used both a continuous approach as well as a categorical approach based on clinical cut-offs to determine if there was a dose-response relationship. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES High-resolution MRI brain morphology measures were used as the primary outcome. Gestational age at birth, established using ultrasound, was included as a mediator using a causal mediation analysis. Corrections were made for relevant confounders and multiple comparisons. Biological sex was investigated as moderator. RESULTS We found a direct association between continuous MIA and lower cerebellar volume. In girls, we demonstrated a negative indirect association between continuous MIA and total brain volume, through the mediator gestational age at birth. We observed no associations with categorical MIA after multiple testing correction. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Our results suggest sex-specific long-term effects in brain morphology after MIA. Categorical analyses suggest that this association might be driven by acute infections or other sources of severe inflammation, which is of clinical relevance given that the COVID-19 pandemic is currently affecting millions of pregnant women worldwide.
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Saadat N, Zhang L, Hyer S, Padmanabhan V, Woo J, Engeland CG, Misra DP, Giurgescu C. Psychosocial and behavioral factors affecting inflammation among pregnant African American women. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 22:100452. [PMID: 35403067 PMCID: PMC8990056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
African American women are reported to have greater inflammation compared with women from other racial groups. Higher inflammation during pregnancy has been associated with increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. We hypothesized that maternal inflammation is related to depressive symptoms and social and behavioral risk factors among pregnant African American women. Pregnant African American women (n = 187) were recruited at prenatal clinics in the Midwest. Women completed questionnaires and had blood drawn at a prenatal visit. Plasma levels of cytokines (interferon gamma [IFN]-γ, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by multiplex assays. Women had a mean age of 26.58±5.42 years and a mean gestational age at data collection of 16.35±5.95 weeks. Twenty-six percent of women had Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scores ≥23 (scores that have been correlated with clinical diagnosis of depression), 15.5% smoked cigarettes, 16.6% used marijuana, and 5.3% reported experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). Higher CES-D scores were correlated with higher plasma CRP levels (r = 0.16, p = 0.046). Women who reported any experiences of IPV during pregnancy had higher levels of IL-8 (p = 0.018) and lower levels of IFN-γ (p = 0.012) compared with women who did not report IPV. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy was associated with lower levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p = 0.003). These findings suggest that depressive symptoms, IPV, and cigarette smoking during pregnancy relate to select inflammatory markers in pregnant African American women. The relationships of inflammation with these factors should be further investigated to better understand the mechanisms which influence maternal and fetal health outcomes. Depressive symptoms are related to higher levels of CRP in pregnant African American Women. Intimate partner violence in pregnancy is related to higher interleukin 8 levels. Smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower interleukin 10 levels. Inflammation is related to depressive symptoms, intimate partner violence and smoking in pregnant African American women.
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129
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Perspective: Chicken Models for Studying the Ontogenetic Origin of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051155. [PMID: 35625892 PMCID: PMC9138209 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrients and xenobiotics cross the blood–placenta barrier, potentially depositing in the fetal brain. The prenatal exposure affects the neuroendocrine and microbial development. The mechanism underlying maternal risk factors reprograming the microbiota–gut–brain axis with long-term effects on psychosocial behaviors in offspring is not clear. In humans, it is not possible to assess the nutrient or xenobiotic deposition in the fetal brain and gastrointestinal system for ethical reasons. Moreover, the maternal–fetal microbe transfer during gestation, natural labor, and breast-feeding constitutes the initial gut microbiome in the progeny, which is inevitable in the most widely utilized rodent models. The social predisposition in precocial birds, including chickens, provides the possibility to test behavioral responses shortly after being hatched. Hence, chickens are advantageous in investigating the ontogenetic origin of behaviors. Chicken embryos are suitable for deposition assessment and mechanistic study due to the accessibility, self-contained development, uniform genetic background, robust microbiota, and easy in vivo experimental manipulation compared to humans and rodents. Therefore, chicken embryos can be used as an alternative to the rodent models in assessing the fetal exposure effect on neurogenesis and investigating the mechanism underlying the ontogenetic origin of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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130
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Breach MR, Dye CN, Galan A, Lenz KM. Prenatal allergic inflammation in rats programs the developmental trajectory of dendritic spine patterning in brain regions associated with cognitive and social behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:279-291. [PMID: 35245680 PMCID: PMC9070022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic inflammation during pregnancy increases risk for a diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders such as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the offspring. Previously, we found a model of such inflammation, allergy-induced maternal immune activation (MIA), produced symptoms analogous to those associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in rats, including reduced juvenile play behavior, hyperactivity, and cognitive inflexibility. These behaviors were preceded by perinatal changes in microglia colonization and phenotype in multiple relevant brain regions. Given the role that microglia play in synaptic patterning as well as evidence for altered synaptic architecture in neurodevelopmental disorders, we investigated whether allergic MIA altered the dynamics of dendritic spine patterning throughout key regions of the rat forebrain across neurodevelopment. Adult virgin female rats were sensitized to the allergen, ovalbumin, with alum adjuvant, bred, and allergically challenged on gestational day 15. Brain tissue was collected from male and female offspring on postnatal days (P) 5, 15, 30, and 100-120 and processed for Golgi-Cox staining. Mean dendritic spine density was calculated for neurons in brain regions associated with cognition and social behavior, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), basal ganglia, septum, nucleus accumbens (NAc), and amygdala. Allergic MIA reduced dendritic spine density in the neonatal (P5) and juvenile (P15) mPFC, but these mPFC spine deficits were normalized by P30. Allergic inflammation reduced spine density in the septum of juvenile (P30) rats, with an interaction suggesting increased density in males and reduced density in females. MIA-induced reductions in spine density were also found in the female basal ganglia at P15, as well as in the NAc at P30. Conversely, MIA-induced increases were found in the NAc in adulthood. While amygdala dendritic spine density was generally unaffected throughout development, MIA reduced density in both medial and basolateral subregions in adult offspring. Correlational analyses revealed disruption to amygdala-related networks in the neonatal animals and cortico-striatal related networks in juvenile and adult animals in a sex-specific manner. Collectively, these data suggest that communication within and between these cognitive and social brain regions may be altered dynamically throughout development after prenatal exposure to allergic inflammation. They also provide a basis for future intervention studies targeted at rescuing spine and behavior changes via immunomodulatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R. Breach
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Courtney N. Dye
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anabel Galan
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Lenz
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent evidence linking maternal body mass index and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with offspring health outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS It is now established that the rising prevalences of maternal obesity and GDM are both making substantial contributions to the growing burden of childhood obesity and associated disorders. Strengthening evidence also links maternal obesity with increased offspring risks of cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, lower respiratory tract infections during infancy, wheezing illnesses, asthma and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood, and with higher risks of psychiatric disorders and colorectal cancer in adulthood. GDM has been associated with increased offspring risks of cardiovascular disease, childhood wheeze/asthma (but not allergic sensitization), and with high refractive error, attention deficit hyperactivity and psychiatric disorders from childhood onwards. SUMMARY The long-term consequences of maternal obesity and GDM for the offspring in childhood and later adult life present major challenges for public health across the life course and for future generations. Tackling these challenges requires a systems-based approach to support achieving a healthy weight in young people prior to conception, alongside new insights into population based preventive measures against gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn V Dalrymple
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London
| | - Sarah El-Heis
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Bosco A, Dessì A, Zanza C, Pintus R, Fanos V. Resolvins' Obesity-Driven Deficiency: The Implications for Maternal-Fetal Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081662. [PMID: 35458224 PMCID: PMC9029397 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since pregnancy is already characterized by mild but significant inflammatory activity in physiological conditions, when complicated by obesity the probability of a persistent inflammatory state increases, with consequent multiple repercussions that add up to the complications associated with acute inflammation. In this context, the role of resolvins, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), deriving from omega-3 essential fatty acids, may be crucial. Indeed, differential production in numerous high-risk conditions associated with both childbirth and neonatal health, the correlation between maternal omega-3 intake and resolvin concentrations in maternal blood and at the placental level, and the high values found in breast milk in the first month of breastfeeding, are some of the most important hallmarks of these autacoids. In addition, a growing body of scientific evidence supports the lack of SPMs, at the level of immune-metabolic tissues, in the case of obesity. Furthermore, the obesity-related lack of SPMs seems to be decisive in the context of the current outbreak of COVID-19, as it appears to be one of the causes associated with the higher incidence of complications and negative outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The usefulness of metabolomics in this field appears clear, given that through the metabolome it is possible to observe the numerous and complex interactions between the mother, the placenta and the fetus in order to identify specific biomarkers useful in the prediction, diagnosis and monitoring of the various obstetric conditions. However, further investigations are needed in order to evaluate the possible use of some resolvins as biomarkers of maternal–fetal outcomes but also to establish adequate integration values in pregnant women with omega-3 fatty acids or with more active derivatives that guarantee optimal SPM production under risky conditions.
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Capitanio JP, Del Rosso LA, Gee N, Lasley BL. Adverse biobehavioral effects in infants resulting from pregnant rhesus macaques' exposure to wildfire smoke. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1774. [PMID: 35365649 PMCID: PMC8975955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As wildfires across the world increase in number, size, and intensity, exposure to wildfire smoke (WFS) is a growing health problem. To date, however, little is known for any species on what might be the behavioral or physiological consequences of prenatal exposure to WFS. Here we show that infant rhesus monkeys exposed to WFS in the first third of gestation (n = 52) from the Camp Fire (California, November, 2018) show greater inflammation, blunted cortisol, more passive behavior, and memory impairment compared to animals conceived after smoke had dissipated (n = 37). Parallel analyses, performed on a historical control cohort (n = 2490), did not support the alternative hypothesis that conception timing alone could explain the results. We conclude that WFS may have a teratogenic effect on the developing fetus and speculate on mechanisms by which WFS might affect neural development. Little is known about the consequences of prenatal exposure to wildfire smoke on biobehavioural outcomes. Here, the authors show that infant rhesus monkeys exposed early in gestation to wildfire smoke from the 2018 Camp Fire in California show more inflammation, blunted cortisol and altered behaviour outcomes compared to non-exposed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Capitanio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Laura A Del Rosso
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Gee
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bill L Lasley
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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DNA methylation mediates a randomized controlled trial home-visiting intervention during pregnancy and the Bayley infant's cognitive scores at 12 months of age. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2022; 13:556-565. [PMID: 35256034 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174421000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The crosstalk between maternal stress exposure and fetal development may be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation (DNAm). To address this matter, we collect 32 cord blood samples from low-income Brazilian pregnant adolescents participants of a pilot randomized clinical intervention study (ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT02807818). We hypothesized that the association between the intervention and infant neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12 months of age would be mediated by DNAm. First, we searched genome methylation differences between cases and controls using different approaches, as well as differences in age acceleration (AA), represented by the difference of methylation age and birth age. According to an adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05 we identified 3090 differentially methylated positions- CpG sites (DMPs), 21 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and one comethylated module weakly preserved between groups. The intervention group presented a smaller AA compared to the control group (p = 0.025). A logistic regression controlled by sex and with gestational age indicated a coefficient of -0.35 towards intervention group (p = 0.016) considering AA. A higher cognitive domain score from Bayley III scale was observed in the intervention group at 12 months of age. Then, we performed a potential causal mediation analysis selecting only DMPs highly associated with the cognitive domain (adj. R2 > 0.4), DMRs and CpGs of hub genes from the weakly preserved comethylated module and epigenetic clock as raw values. DMPs in STXBP6, and PF4 DMR, mediated the association between the maternal intervention and the cognitive domain at 12 months of age. In conclusion, DNAm in different sites and regions mediated the association between intervention and cognitive outcome.
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135
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Maria Merz W, Fischer-Betz R, Hellwig K, Lamprecht G, Gembruch U. Pregnancy and Autoimmune Disease. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 119:145-156. [PMID: 34874264 PMCID: PMC9201458 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancies in women with chronic disease are on the rise. This pertains to autoimmune diseases in particular since these tend to affect women of childbearing age. The interaction between pregnancy and autoimmune disease may increase the risk of maternal, fetal, and obstetric complications; additional care may be required. METHODS This review is based on a selective literature search in PubMed (2015-2020). RESULTS In women with autoimmune diseases, the course of pregnancy is highly variable. Some autoimmune diseases tend to improve during pregnancy and do not to result in any serious obstetric complications. Others may worsen during pregnancy, with deterioration of the maternal condition as well as obstetric and perinatal complications. In systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis, placental transfer of specific autoantibodies may cause fetal or neonatal disease. CONCLUSION The care of pregnant women with chronic diseases requires collaboration between specialists of the pertinent levels of care. A stable course of disease before conception, close interdisciplinary care, and pregnancy-compatible medication contribute to a reduction in maternal and perinatal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waltraut Maria Merz
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Bonn
| | - Rebecca Fischer-Betz
- Department of Rheumatology and Hiller, Forschungszentrum University Hospital Düsseldorf
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Neurology Clinic,Clinic of Ruhr-Universität Bochum
| | - Georg Lamprecht
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Rostock
| | - Ulrich Gembruch
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Bonn
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Velloso FJ, Wadhwa A, Kumari E, Carcea I, Gunal O, Levison SW. Modestly increasing systemic interleukin-6 perinatally disturbs secondary germinal zone neurogenesis and gliogenesis and produces sociability deficits. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:23-36. [PMID: 34954074 PMCID: PMC8885860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that infections during pregnancy increase the risk of offspring developing Schizophrenia, Autism, Depression and Bipolar Disorder and have implicated interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a causal agent. However, other cytokines have been associated with the developmental origins of psychiatric disorders; therefore, it remains to be established whether elevating IL-6 is sufficient to alter the trajectory of neural development. Furthermore, most rodent studies have manipulated the maternal immune system at mid-gestation, which affects the stem cells and progenitors in both the primary and secondary germinal matrices. Therefore, a question that remains to be addressed is whether elevating IL-6 when the secondary germinal matrices are most active will affect brain development. Here, we have increased IL-6 from postnatal days 3-6 when the secondary germinal matrices are rapidly expanding. Using Nestin-CreERT2 fate mapping we show that this transient increase in IL-6 decreased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus, reduced astrogliogenesis in the amygdala and decreased oligodendrogenesis in the body and splenium of the corpus callosum all by ∼ 50%. Moreover, the IL-6 treatment elicited behavioral changes classically associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. As adults, IL-6 injected male mice lost social preference in the social approach test, spent ∼ 30% less time socially engaging with sexually receptive females and produced ∼ 50% fewer ultrasonic vocalizations during mating. They also engaged ∼ 50% more time in self-grooming behavior and had an increase in inhibitory avoidance. Altogether, these data provide new insights into the biological mechanisms linking perinatal immune activation to complex neurodevelopmental brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Janczur Velloso
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Anna Wadhwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA 07103
| | - Ekta Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA 07103
| | - Ioana Carcea
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Ozlem Gunal
- Department of Psychiatry, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Steven W. Levison
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA 07103,Correspondence should be addressed to: Steven W. Levison, PhD, Department Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, Phone: 973-972-5162;
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137
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Increased Monocyte Production of IL-6 after Toll-like Receptor Activation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Is Associated with Repetitive and Restricted Behaviors. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020220. [PMID: 35203983 PMCID: PMC8870658 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has starkly increased, instigating research into risk factors for ASD. This research has identified immune risk factors for ASD, along with evidence of immune dysfunction and excess inflammation frequently experienced by autistic individuals. Increased innate inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, are seen repeatedly in ASD; however, the origin of excess IL-6 in ASD has not been identified. Here we explore specific responses of circulating monocytes from autistic children. We isolated CD14+ monocytes from whole blood and stimulated them for 24 h under three conditions: media alone, lipoteichoic acid to activate TLR2, and lipopolysaccharide to activate TLR4. We then measured secreted cytokine concentrations in cellular supernatant using a human multiplex bead immunoassay. We found that after TLR4 activation, CD14+ monocytes from autistic children produce increased IL-6 compared to monocytes from children with typical development. IL-6 concentration also correlated with worsening restrictive and repetitive behaviors. These findings suggest dysfunctional activation of myeloid cells, and may indicate that other cells of this lineage, including macrophages, and microglia in the brain, might have a similar dysfunction. Further research on myeloid cells in ASD is warranted.
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138
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Topal Z, Tufan AE, Karadag M, Gokcen C, Akkaya C, Sarp AS, Bahsi I, Kilinc M. Evaluation of peripheral inflammatory markers, serum B12, folate, ferritin levels and clinical correlations in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nord J Psychiatry 2022; 76:150-157. [PMID: 34232109 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2021.1946712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the current study is to compare serum B12, folate, and ferritin levels and peripheral inflammatory indicators between children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and healthy controls (HC) and to evaluate the correlation of those with symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 203 children were evaluated (ASD = 72; ADHD = 61; HC = 70). Diagnoses of ASD and ADHD were ascertained according to Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). Control group was chosen among the healthy children who applied to general pediatrics outpatient clinic. Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2 is used to assess autistic symptoms and Atilla Turgay DSM-IV Based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale is used for ADHD symptoms. RESULTS Neutrophil levels (p = 0.014) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (p = 0.016) were higher in the ADHD and ASD groups compared to HC. Neutrophil values explained 70.1% of the variance across groups while NLR explained a further 29.9% of the variance. NLR significantly correlated with social interaction problems in ASD (r = 0.26, p = 0.04). There were no significant differences between groups in terms of vitamin B12, folate and ferritin levels. CONCLUSION Our results may support involvement of inflammation in the underlying pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, these parameters should be analyzed in a wider population to clarify the effect on the etiology and symptomatology of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Topal
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ali Evren Tufan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karadag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Cem Gokcen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Canan Akkaya
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ayse Sevde Sarp
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Bahsi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Metin Kilinc
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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139
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Vanderplow AM, Kermath BA, Bernhardt CR, Gums KT, Seablom EN, Radcliff AB, Ewald AC, Jones MV, Baker TL, Watters JJ, Cahill ME. A feature of maternal sleep apnea during gestation causes autism-relevant neuronal and behavioral phenotypes in offspring. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001502. [PMID: 35113852 PMCID: PMC8812875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting epidemiologic and scientific evidence indicates that many psychiatric disorders originate from a complex interplay between genetics and early life experiences, particularly in the womb. Despite decades of research, our understanding of the precise prenatal and perinatal experiences that increase susceptibility to neurodevelopmental disorders remains incomplete. Sleep apnea (SA) is increasingly common during pregnancy and is characterized by recurrent partial or complete cessations in breathing during sleep. SA causes pathological drops in blood oxygen levels (intermittent hypoxia, IH), often hundreds of times each night. Although SA is known to cause adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, the long-term consequences of maternal SA during pregnancy on brain-based behavioral outcomes and associated neuronal functioning in the offspring remain unknown. We developed a rat model of maternal SA during pregnancy by exposing dams to IH, a hallmark feature of SA, during gestational days 10 to 21 and investigated the consequences on the offspring's forebrain synaptic structure, synaptic function, and behavioral phenotypes across multiples stages of development. Our findings represent a rare example of prenatal factors causing sexually dimorphic behavioral phenotypes associated with excessive (rather than reduced) synapse numbers and implicate hyperactivity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in contributing to the behavioral aberrations. These findings have implications for neuropsychiatric disorders typified by superfluous synapse maintenance that are believed to result, at least in part, from largely unknown insults to the maternal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Vanderplow
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bailey A. Kermath
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cassandra R. Bernhardt
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kimberly T. Gums
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erin N. Seablom
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Abigail B. Radcliff
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrea C. Ewald
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mathew V. Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tracy L. Baker
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jyoti J. Watters
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Cahill
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Han VX, Jones HF, Patel S, Mohammad SS, Hofer MJ, Alshammery S, Maple-Brown E, Gold W, Brilot F, Dale RC. Emerging evidence of Toll-like receptors as a putative pathway linking maternal inflammation and neurodevelopmental disorders in human offspring: A systematic review. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:91-105. [PMID: 34562595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is increasingly recognised to play a major role in gene-environment interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The effects of aberrant immune responses to environmental stimuli in the mother and in the child can affect neuroimmune signalling that is central to brain development. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are the best known innate immune pattern and danger recognition sensors to various environmental threats. In animal models, maternal immune activation (MIA), secondary to inflammatory factors including maternal gestational infection, obesity, diabetes, and stress activate the TLR pathway in maternal blood, placenta, and fetal brain, which correlate with offspring neurobehavioral abnormalities. Given the central role of TLR activation in animal MIA models, we systematically reviewed the human evidence for TLR activation and response to stimulation across the maternal-fetal interface. Firstly, we included 59 TLR studies performed in peripheral blood of adults in general population (outside of pregnancy) with six chronic inflammatory factors which have epidemiological evidence for increased risk of offspring NDDs, namely, obesity, diabetes mellitus, depression, low socio-economic status, autoimmune diseases, and asthma. Secondly, eight TLR studies done in human pregnancies with chronic inflammatory factors, involving maternal blood, placenta, and cord blood, were reviewed. Lastly, ten TLR studies performed in peripheral blood of individuals with NDDs were included. Despite these studies, there were no studies which examined TLR function in both the pregnant mother and their offspring. Increased TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and/or protein levels in peripheral blood were common in obesity, diabetes mellitus, depression, autoimmune thyroid disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. To a lesser degree, TLR 3, 7, 8, and 9 activation were found in peripheral blood of humans with autoimmune diseases and depression. In pregnancy, increased TLR4 mRNA levels were found in the peripheral blood of women with diabetes mellitus and systemic lupus erythematosus. Placental TLR activation was found in mothers with obesity or diabetes. Postnatally, dysregulated TLR response to stimulation was found in peripheral blood of individuals with NDDs. This systematic review found emerging evidence that TLR activation may represent a mechanistic link between maternal inflammation and offspring NDD, however the literature is incomplete and longitudinal outcome studies are lacking. Identification of pathogenic mechanisms in MIA could create preventive and therapeutic opportunities to mitigate NDD prevalence and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velda X Han
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Khoo-Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hannah F Jones
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neuroservices, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shrujna Patel
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shekeeb S Mohammad
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah Alshammery
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Molecular Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Kids Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, and The Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Maple-Brown
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Molecular Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Kids Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, and The Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wendy Gold
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Molecular Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Kids Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, and The Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Molecular Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Kids Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, and The Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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141
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Hu C, Li H, Li J, Luo X, Hao Y. Microglia: Synaptic modulator in autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:958661. [PMID: 36465285 PMCID: PMC9714329 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.958661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by variable impairment of social communication and repetitive behaviors, highly restricted interests, and/or sensory behaviors beginning early in life. Many individuals with ASD have dysfunction of microglia, which may be closely related to neuroinflammation, making microglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of ASD. Mounting evidence indicates that microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are required for proper brain function, especially in the maintenance of neuronal circuitry and control of behavior. Dysfunction of microglia will ultimately affect the neural function in a variety of ways, including the formation of synapses and alteration of excitatory-inhibitory balance. In this review, we provide an overview of how microglia actively interact with neurons in physiological conditions and modulate the fate and functions of synapses. We put a spotlight on the multi-dimensional neurodevelopmental roles of microglia, especially in the essential influence of synapses, and discuss how microglia are currently thought to influence ASD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heli Li
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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142
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Koshko L, Scofield S, Mor G, Sadagurski M. Prenatal Pollutant Exposures and Hypothalamic Development: Early Life Disruption of Metabolic Programming. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:938094. [PMID: 35909533 PMCID: PMC9327615 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental contaminants in ambient air pollution pose a serious risk to long-term metabolic health. Strong evidence shows that prenatal exposure to pollutants can significantly increase the risk of Type II Diabetes (T2DM) in children and all ethnicities, even without the prevalence of obesity. The central nervous system (CNS) is critical in regulating whole-body metabolism. Within the CNS, the hypothalamus lies at the intersection of the neuroendocrine and autonomic systems and is primarily responsible for the regulation of energy homeostasis and satiety signals. The hypothalamus is particularly sensitive to insults during early neurodevelopmental periods and may be susceptible to alterations in the formation of neural metabolic circuitry. Although the precise molecular mechanism is not yet defined, alterations in hypothalamic developmental circuits may represent a leading cause of impaired metabolic programming. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the links between prenatal pollutant exposure and the hypothalamic programming of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Koshko
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sydney Scofield
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Marianna Sadagurski
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Marianna Sadagurski,
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143
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Fujitani M, Miyajima H, Otani Y, Liu X. Maternal and Adult Interleukin-17A Exposure and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:836181. [PMID: 35211045 PMCID: PMC8861354 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.836181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence in humans has suggested that maternal infections and maternal autoimmune diseases are involved in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. Animal studies supporting human results have shown that maternal immune activation causes brain and behavioral alterations in offspring. Several underlying mechanisms, including interleukin-17A imbalance, have been identified. Apart from the pro-inflammatory effects of interleukin-17A, there is also evidence to support the idea that it activates neuronal function and defines cognitive behavior. In this review, we examined the signaling pathways in both immunological and neurological contexts that may contribute to the improvement of autism spectrum disorder symptoms associated with maternal blocking of interleukin-17A and adult exposure to interleukin-17A. We first describe the epidemiology of maternal immune activation then focus on molecular signaling of the interleukin-17 family regarding its physiological and pathological roles in the embryonic and adult brain. In the future, it may be possible to use interleukin-17 antibodies to prevent autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Fujitani
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hisao Miyajima
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Otani
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Xinlang Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
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Samadi M, Gholami F, Seyedi M, Jalali M, Effatpanah M, Yekaninejad MS, Abdolahi M, Chamari M, Mohammadzadeh Honarvar N. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Inflammatory Biomarkers in School-Aged Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:1256408. [PMID: 36052304 PMCID: PMC9423974 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1256408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
METHOD This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 75 school-aged children with a diagnosis of ADHD based on DSM-V criteria. Children were randomly allocated to receive either vitamin D3 (2000 IU/day) or a placebo for 3 months. Serum IL-6, TNF-α, and 25(OH) D were assessed before and after the intervention to determine the effects of vitamin D on the highlighted parameters. RESULTS Serum levels of 25(OH) D increased significantly in the vitamin D group (P=0.01). However, no significant differences in serum IL-6 and TNF-α were found between both groups at the baseline and at the end of the intervention. CONCLUSION The findings revealed that vitamin D supplementation for 3 months is not efficacious in reducing inflammatory cytokines in children with ADHD. Further studies are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Samadi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gholami
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Seyedi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Jalali
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Effatpanah
- School of Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Saeid Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Abdolahi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Chamari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niyaz Mohammadzadeh Honarvar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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145
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Canitano R, Palumbi R. Excitation/Inhibition Modulators in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Clinical Research. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:753274. [PMID: 34916897 PMCID: PMC8669810 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.753274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social and communication abnormalities. Heterogeneity in the expression and severity of the core and associated symptoms poses difficulties in classification and the overall clinical approach. Synaptic abnormalities have been observed in preclinical ASD models. They are thought to play a major role in clinical functional abnormalities and might be modified by targeted interventions. An imbalance in excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmission (E/I imbalance), through altered glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, respectively, is thought to be implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD. Glutamatergic and GABAergic agents have been tested in clinical trials with encouraging results as to efficacy and tolerability. Further studies are needed to confirm the role of E/I modulators in the treatment of ASD and on the safety and efficacy of the current agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Canitano
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Palumbi
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs Department, University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Pitz Jacobsen D, Fjeldstad HE, Johnsen GM, Fosheim IK, Moe K, Alnæs-Katjavivi P, Dechend R, Sugulle M, Staff AC. Acute Atherosis Lesions at the Fetal-Maternal Border: Current Knowledge and Implications for Maternal Cardiovascular Health. Front Immunol 2021; 12:791606. [PMID: 34970270 PMCID: PMC8712939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Decidua basalis, the endometrium of pregnancy, is an important interface between maternal and fetal tissues, made up of both maternal and fetal cells. Acute atherosis is a uteroplacental spiral artery lesion. These patchy arterial wall lesions containing foam cells are predominantly found in the decidua basalis, at the tips of the maternal arteries, where they feed into the placental intervillous space. Acute atherosis is prevalent in preeclampsia and other obstetric syndromes such as fetal growth restriction. Causal factors and effects of acute atherosis remain uncertain. This is in part because decidua basalis is challenging to sample systematically and in large amounts following delivery. We summarize our decidua basalis vacuum suction method, which facilitates tissue-based studies of acute atherosis. We also describe our evidence-based research definition of acute atherosis. Here, we comprehensively review the existing literature on acute atherosis, its underlying mechanisms and possible short- and long-term effects. We propose that multiple pathways leading to decidual vascular inflammation may promote acute atherosis formation, with or without poor spiral artery remodeling and/or preeclampsia. These include maternal alloreactivity, ischemia-reperfusion injury, preexisting systemic inflammation, and microbial infection. The concept of acute atherosis as an inflammatory lesion is not novel. The lesions themselves have an inflammatory phenotype and resemble other arterial lesions of more extensively studied etiology. We discuss findings of concurrently dysregulated proteins involved in immune regulation and cardiovascular function in women with acute atherosis. We also propose a novel hypothesis linking cellular fetal microchimerism, which is prevalent in women with preeclampsia, with acute atherosis in pregnancy and future cardiovascular and neurovascular disease. Finally, women with a history of preeclampsia have an increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease. We review whether presence of acute atherosis may identify women at especially high risk for premature cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi Elisabeth Fjeldstad
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guro Mørk Johnsen
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Knutsdotter Fosheim
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjartan Moe
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken HF, Bærum, Norway
| | | | - Ralf Dechend
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meryam Sugulle
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Cathrine Staff
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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147
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Contractor A, Ethell IM, Portera-Cailliau C. Cortical interneurons in autism. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1648-1659. [PMID: 34848882 PMCID: PMC9798607 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic underpinnings of autism remain a subject of debate and controversy. Why do individuals with autism share an overlapping set of atypical behaviors and symptoms, despite having different genetic and environmental risk factors? A major challenge in developing new therapies for autism has been the inability to identify convergent neural phenotypes that could explain the common set of symptoms that result in the diagnosis. Although no striking macroscopic neuropathological changes have been identified in autism, there is growing evidence that inhibitory interneurons (INs) play an important role in its neural basis. In this Review, we evaluate and interpret this evidence, focusing on recent findings showing reduced density and activity of the parvalbumin class of INs. We discuss the need for additional studies that investigate how genes and the environment interact to change the developmental trajectory of INs, permanently altering their numbers, connectivity and circuit engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Contractor
- Department of Neuroscience Feinberg School of Medicine, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Iryna M. Ethell
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, UC Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Portera-Cailliau
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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148
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Boulton KA, Coghill D, Silove N, Pellicano E, Whitehouse AJO, Bellgrove MA, Rinehart NJ, Lah S, Redoblado‐Hodge M, Badawi N, Heussler H, Rogerson N, Burns J, Farrar MA, Nanan R, Novak I, Goldwater MB, Munro N, Togher L, Nassar N, Quinn P, Middeldorp CM, Guastella AJ. A national harmonised data collection network for neurodevelopmental disorders: A transdiagnostic assessment protocol for neurodevelopment, mental health, functioning and well‐being. JCPP ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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149
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The Role of Iron and Zinc in the Treatment of ADHD among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114059. [PMID: 34836314 PMCID: PMC8618748 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder common from childhood to adulthood, affecting 5% to 12% among the general population in developed countries. Potential etiological factors have been identified, including genetic causes, environmental elements and epigenetic components. Nutrition is currently considered an influencing factor, and several studies have explored the contribution of restriction and dietary supplements in ADHD treatments. Iron is an essential cofactor required for a number of functions, such as transport of oxygen, immune function, cellular respiration, neurotransmitter metabolism (dopamine production), and DNA synthesis. Zinc is also an essential trace element, required for cellular functions related to the metabolism of neurotransmitters, melatonin, and prostaglandins. Epidemiological studies have found that iron and zinc deficiencies are common nutritional deficits worldwide, with important roles on neurologic functions (poor memory, inattentiveness, and impulsiveness), finicky appetite, and mood changes (sadness and irritability). Altered levels of iron and zinc have been related with the aggravation and progression of ADHD. Objective: This is a systematic review focused on the contribution of iron and zinc in the progression of ADHD among children and adolescents, and how therapies including these elements are tolerated along with its effectiveness (according to PRISMA guidelines). Method: The scientific literature was screened for randomized controlled trials published between January 2000 to July 2021. The databases consulted were Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and assessed quality and risk of bias (CONSORT, NICE, and Cochrane checklists used). Conclusion: Nine studies met the eligibility criteria and were selected. Evidence was obtained regarding the contribution of iron-zinc supplementation in the treatment of ADHD among young individuals. The discussion was focused on how the deficits of these elements contribute to affectation on multiple ADHD correlates, and potential mechanisms explaining the mediational pathways. Evidence also suggested that treating ADHD with diet interventions might be particularly useful for specific subgroups of children and adolescents, but further investigations of the effects of these diet interventions are needed.
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150
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Kverno K. Brain Fog: A Bit of Clarity Regarding Etiology, Prognosis, and Treatment. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2021; 59:9-13. [PMID: 34714198 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20211013-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain fog is a lay term used to describe cognitive difficulties. Brain fog can be a response to lack of sleep, poor nutrition, medications, or drugs; however, the term is often used to describe the subjective experience of neuroinflammation. Chronic low-level inflammation is the most detrimental to the mind and body. The purpose of the current article is to examine the mechanisms, associated symptoms, and treatments for neuroinflammation and brain fog. The state of the science is lacking evidence for specific treatments targeting the mechanisms/pathways of neuroinflammation for precision-based care, yet there are pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions that can reduce inflammation and improve functioning. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59(11), 9-13.].
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