101
|
Xu C, Gao L, Lyu Y, Qiao L, Huang D, Liu Y, Li D, Zheng M. Molecular characteristics, sources and environmental risk of aromatic compounds in particulate matter during COVID-2019: Nontarget screening by ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107421. [PMID: 35868078 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds, including many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are suspected carcinogens and may originate from different sources. To investigate the impact of anthropogenic emission reductions on unknown aromatic compounds in particulate matter, we collected samples during the pre-COVID period in 2020, the COVID-19 lockdown period in 2020, and the same period as the lockdown in 2019. Besides the 16 PAHs, other aromatic compounds were analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Four main compound classes were identified: CH, CHO, CHNO, and CHOS. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed the aromatic compounds varied during the different periods. Compared with before the pandemic, the relative abundances of aromatic compounds with low degrees of unsaturation and long alkyl chains (e.g., alkylbenzenes) increased. These compounds probably mainly arose from fossil fuel combustion and petrochemical industry emissions. The CHO compounds, which were dominated by those with high degrees of oxidation, might originate from secondary organic aerosols. Aromatic aldehydes (e.g., cyclamen aldehyde) and benzoates (e.g., 2-ethylhexyl benzoate) probably with high toxicity deserve more attention. During lockdown, nitro derivatives of condensed PAHs were the main CHNO compounds, and the numbers of homologs decreased perhaps because of significant reductions in NOx and PAHs. CHOS compounds with long carbon chains and low degrees of unsaturation were predominant and the numbers of homologs increased. Five compounds (e.g. 1,3-dimethyl pyrene) were predicted to possibly exhibit persistent and bio-accumulated by EPI Suite model, which need further research. The results provide insight on aromatic compounds and their source appointment in atmospheric particulate matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Bejing 100012, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Yibing Lyu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Bejing 100012, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Analytical Chemistry: Tasks, Resolutions and Future Standpoints of the Quantitative Analyses of Environmental Complex Sample Matrices. ANALYTICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica3030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the challenges that analytical chemistry has to face are ever greater and more complex both from the point of view of the selectivity of analytical methods and their sensitivity. This is especially true in quantitative analysis, where various methods must include the development and validation of new materials, strategies, and procedures to meet the growing need for rapid, sensitive, selective, and green methods. In this context, given the International Guidelines, which over time, are updated and which set up increasingly stringent “limits”, constant innovation is required both in the pre-treatment procedures and in the instrumental configurations to obtain reliable, accurate, and reproducible information. In addition, the environmental field certainly represents the greatest challenge, as analytes are often present at trace and ultra-trace levels. These samples containing analytes at ultra-low concentration levels, therefore, require very labor-intensive sample preparation procedures and involve the high consumption of organic solvents that may not be considered “green”. In the literature, in recent years, there has been a strong development of increasingly high-performing sample preparation techniques, often “solvent-free”, as well as the development of hyphenated instrumental configurations that allow for reaching previously unimaginable levels of sensitivity. This review aims to provide an update of the most recent developments currently in use in sample pre-treatment and instrument configurations in the environmental field, also evaluating the role and future developments of analytical chemistry in light of upcoming challenges and new goals yet to be achieved.
Collapse
|
103
|
Deller Z, Maniam S, Giustozzi F. Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods for Identifying Organic Compounds in Bituminous Emissions. Molecules 2022; 27:5068. [PMID: 36014307 PMCID: PMC9416622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitumen is a major construction material that can emit harmful fumes when heated. These fumes pose health risks to workers and communities near construction projects or asphalt mixing plants. The chemical complexity of bitumen fumes and the increasing use of additives add to the difficulty of analytically quantifying the harmful chemicals emitted using a single technique. Research on bitumen emissions consists of numerous sample preparation and analytical methods. There are a range of considerations to be made when deciding on an appropriate sample preparation method and instrumental configuration to optimise the analysis of specific organic contaminants in emissions. Researchers investigating emissions from bituminous materials may need to consider a range of analytical techniques to quantify harmful chemicals and assess the efficacy of new additives. This review summarises the primary methodologies for sample preparation and analytical techniques used in bitumen research and discusses future challenges and solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Deller
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Subashani Maniam
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Filippo Giustozzi
- Civil and Infrastructure, School of Engineering, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Haber LT, Pecquet AM, Vincent MJ, White LM. The Long Goodbye: Finally Moving on from the Relative Potency Approach to a Mixtures Approach for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9490. [PMID: 35954852 PMCID: PMC9368405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
For the past several decades, a relative potency approach has been used to estimate the human health risks from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mixtures. Risk estimates are derived using potency equivalence factors (PEFs; also called relative potency factors [RPFs]), based on the ratio of selected PAHs to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), expressed qualitatively by orders of magnitude. To quantify PEFs for 18 selected carcinogenic PAHs, a systematic approach with a priori and dose response criteria was developed, building on draft work by the US EPA in 2010 and its review by US EPA Science Advisory Board (SAB) in 2011. An exhaustive search for carcinogenicity studies that included both target PAHs and BaP with environmentally relevant exposure routes found only 48 animal bioassay datasets (mostly pre-1992 based on skin painting). Only eight datasets provided adequate low-response data, and of these only four datasets were appropriate for modeling to estimate PEFs; only benzo[b]fluoranthene and cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene had a PEF that could be quantified. Thus, current knowledge of PAH carcinogenicity is insufficient to support quantitative PEFs for PAH mixtures. This highlights the long-acknowledged need for an interdisciplinary approach to estimate risks from PAH mixtures. Use of alternative and short-term toxicity testing methods, improved mixture characterization, understanding the fate and bioavailability of PAH mixtures, and understanding exposure route-related differences in carcinogenicity are discussed as ways to improve the understanding of the risks of PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne T. Haber
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.M.P.); (M.J.V.)
| | - Alison M. Pecquet
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.M.P.); (M.J.V.)
- Syngenta AG, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA
| | - Melissa J. Vincent
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.M.P.); (M.J.V.)
- ChemRisk, Cincinnati, OH 45242, USA
| | - Louise M. White
- Environmental Health Program, Health Canada, Halifax, NS B3J 3Y6, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Grung M, Lindman S, Kringstad A, Girardin V, Meland S. Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Road Runoff Are an Environmental Risk and Should Be Included in Future Investigations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1838-1850. [PMID: 35678208 PMCID: PMC9543788 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and metals are important contaminants in road runoff. Vital mitigation measures against aquatic contamination from road runoff include the use of sedimentation ponds. However, it has been demonstrated that ecosystems in sedimentation ponds might be affected by road runoff. Sediments from six natural ponds and 27 sedimentation ponds were investigated to determine the environmental risk of contaminants. The amount of traffic on the respective roads associated with the sedimentation ponds was correlated with the environmental concentrations. Quantification included seven metals, the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylated PACs, dibenzothiophene, benzo[e]pyrene, and perylene. The environmental risk was assessed according to the European Union Water Framework Directive guidelines. Sedimentation ponds had a higher level of contaminants than natural ponds, and environmental risks were dominated by the concentration of PACs. Alkylated PACs contributed to the environmental risk posed by PACs and should be included in future monitoring. Only Cu and Zn were measured at concentrations above the environmental quality standards (EQSs), while 13 PACs exceeded the EQS. Sediment concentrations of Cu, Zn, and most PACs correlated significantly with the amount of traffic. The sources of PACs were determined by source apportionment ratios between PACs. Alkylation and pyrogenic indices showed that sources in natural ponds were of mostly pyrogenic origin, whereas in sedimentation ponds they were predominantly petrogenic. Asphalt was the probable main source of PACs. A hierarchical clustering technique was used to investigate both the environmental risks and the pattern of PACs in the ponds and revealed that a few sedimentation ponds were not protecting the environment as intended because the upper sediment layers had not been regularly dredged. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1838-1850. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merete Grung
- Norwegian Institute for Water ResearchOsloNorway
| | - Sofie Lindman
- Institute for BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | | | - Sondre Meland
- Norwegian Institute for Water ResearchOsloNorway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
de Oliveira Galvão MF, Sadiktsis I, Marques Pedro T, Dreij K. Determination of whole mixture-based potency factors for cancer risk assessment of complex environmental mixtures by in vitro testing of standard reference materials. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107345. [PMID: 35717713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whole mixture-based testing using in vitro new approach methodologies (NAMs) has been suggested to facilitate the hazard and risk assessment of complex environmental mixtures. Previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of DNA damage signaling proteins checkpoint kinase 1 (pChk1) and histone 2AX (γH2AX) are sensitive markers that can be used for estimating carcinogenicity potencies in vitro. Here, and with the aim to better validate the applicability, in vitro-based Mixture Potency Factors (MPFs) of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) from environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-containing mixtures were determined and compared to published mutagenicity and tumorigenicity data. Also, genotoxicity was assessed by a flow cytometry-based micronucleus (MN) assay which showed that only benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and coal tar SRM (SRM1597a) caused dose-dependent increases of MN formation, while extracts of diesel particulate matter (SRM1650b), diesel particulate extract (SRM1975), and urban dust (SRM1649b) did not. However, a dose-dependent activation of DNA damage signaling was observed for all PAHs and SRMs. The results demonstrated that all SRMs were more potent than B[a]P, at B[a]P-equivalent concentrations, to induce pChk1 and γH2AX, and that western blot was more sensitive than the In-Cell Western assay in detecting their activation in response to these complex mixtures. Relative MPFs, based on dose-response modelling of pChk1 and γH2AX, ranged 113 - 5270 for the SRMs, indicating several orders of magnitude higher genotoxic potential than B[a]P. Moreover, these MPFs were in good agreement with potency values based on published data from Salmonella mutagenicity and in vivo carcinogenicity studies. In conclusion, these comparisons further validate the feasibility of applying in vitro NAMs, such as whole-mixture based MPFs, in cancer risk assessment of complex mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Sadiktsis
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiago Marques Pedro
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Wietzoreck M, Bandowe BAM, Hofman J, Martiník J, Nežiková B, Kukučka P, Přibylová P, Lammel G. Nitro- and oxy-PAHs in grassland soils from decade-long sampling in central Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2743-2765. [PMID: 34415461 PMCID: PMC9213387 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated (NPAHs) and oxygenated (OPAHs) derivatives can cause adverse health effects due to their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and oxidative potential. The distribution of PAH derivatives in the terrestrial environment has hardly been studied, although several PAH derivatives are ubiquitous in air and long-lived in soil and water. We report the multi-annual variations in the concentrations of NPAHs, OPAHs and PAHs in soils sampled at a semi-urban (Mokrá, Czech Republic) and a regional background site (Košetice, Czech Republic) in central Europe. The concentrations of the Σ18NPAHs and the Σ11+2OPAHs and O-heterocycles were 0.31 ± 0.23 ng g-1 and 4.03 ± 3.03 ng g-1, respectively, in Košetice, while slightly higher concentrations of 0.54 ± 0.45 ng g-1 and 5.91 ± 0.45 ng g-1, respectively, were found in soil from Mokrá. Among the 5 NPAHs found in the soils, 1-nitropyrene and less so 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene were most abundant. The OPAHs were more evenly distributed. The ratios of the PAH derivatives to their parent PAHs in Košetice indicate that they were long-range transported to the background site. Our results show that several NPAHs and OPAHs are abundant in soil and that gas-particle partitioning is a major factor influencing the concentration of several semi-volatile NPAHs and OPAHs in the soils. Complete understanding of the long-term variations of NPAH and OPAH concentrations in soil is limited by the lack of kinetic data describing their formation and degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wietzoreck
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany
| | - B A M Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Hofman
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Martiník
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Nežiková
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Kukučka
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Přibylová
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - G Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany.
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Ghetu C, Rohlman D, Smith BW, Scott RP, Adams KA, Hoffman PD, Anderson KA. Wildfire Impact on Indoor and Outdoor PAH Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10042-10052. [PMID: 35803593 PMCID: PMC9301925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Air quality impacts from wildfires are poorly understood, particularly indoors. As frequencies increase, it is important to optimize methodologies to understand and reduce chemical exposures from wildfires. Public health recommendations use air quality estimates from outdoor stationary air monitors, discounting indoor air conditions, and do not consider chemicals in the vapor phase, known to elicit adverse effects. We investigated vapor-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air before, during, and after wildfires using a community-engaged research approach. Paired passive air samplers were deployed at 15 locations across four states. Twelve unique PAHs were detected only in outdoor air during wildfires, highlighting a PAH exposure mixture for future study. Heavy-molecular-weight (HMW) outdoor PAH concentrations and average Air Quality Index (AQI) values were positively correlated (p < 0.001). Indoor PAH concentrations were higher in 77% of samples across all sampling events. Even during wildfires, 58% of sampled locations still had higher indoor PAH air concentrations. When AQI values exceeded 140 (unhealthy for sensitive groups), outdoor PAH concentrations became similar to or higher than indoors. Cancer and noncancer inhalation risk estimates from vapor-phase PAHs were higher indoors than outdoors, regardless of the wildfire impact. Consideration of indoor air quality and vapor-phase PAHs could inform public health recommendations regarding wildfires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine
C. Ghetu
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Diana Rohlman
- College
of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Brian W. Smith
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Richard P. Scott
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kaley A. Adams
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Peter D. Hoffman
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kim A. Anderson
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Eriksson U, Titaley IA, Engwall M, Larsson M. Examination of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities, and levels of polyaromatic compounds (PACs) in tire granulates using in vitro bioassays and chemical analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134362. [PMID: 35307388 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tire granulates recovered from end-of-life tires contain a complex mixture of chemicals, amongst them polyaromatic compounds (PACs), of which many are recognized to be toxic and persistent in the environment. Only a few of these PACs are regularly monitored. In this study a combined approach of chemical analysis and a battery of CALUX® in vitro bioassays was used to determine PAC concentrations and estrogenic, (anti)-androgenic and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activities in tire granulates. Tire granulates from a recycling company was analyzed for PAHs, alkyl-PAHs, oxy-PAHs and heterocyclic PACs (NSO-PACs), in total 85 PACs. The concentrations of PACs were between 42 and 144 mg/kg, with major contribution from PAHs (74-88%) followed by alkyl-PAHs (6.6-20%) and NSO-PACs (1.8-7.0%). The sum of eight priority PAHs were between 2.3 and 8.6 mg/kg, contributing with 4.7-8.2% of ∑PACs. Bioassay analysis showed presence of AhR agonists, estrogen receptor (ERα) agonists, and androgen receptor (AR) antagonists in the tire granulate samples. Only 0.8-2.4% of AhR-mediated activities could be explained by the chemical analysis. Benzo[k+j]fluoranthenes, benzo[b]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 2-methylchrysene, and 3-methylchrysene were the major contributors to the AhR-mediated activities. The high contribution (98-99%) of unknown bioactive compounds to the bioassay effects in this study raises concerns and urges for further investigations of toxicants identification and source apportionment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Eriksson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden.
| | - Ivan A Titaley
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States.
| | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden.
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Souza MCO, Rocha BA, Ximenez JPB, Devóz PP, Santana A, Campíglia AD, Barbosa F. Urinary levels of monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brazilian children and health risk assessment: a human biomonitoring-based study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:47298-47309. [PMID: 35178633 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a public health concern. Children are a vulnerable subgroup of the population with limited human biomonitoring data worldwide. Thus, this study aimed to measure the levels of seven PAH metabolites in urine from Brazilian children and provide risk assessment values for this exposure. Our data show naphthalene was the major contributor to children's exposure to PAHs, with a 100% detection rate. Children in urban regions presented higher exposure to PAHs, with higher concentrations of 2-naphthol in the southeast (1.09 ng/mL, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the highest concentration of 2-naphthol was found in older children (p = 0.02), suggesting a possible difference in dietary habits. Exposure to the carbaryl insecticide is suggested based on the high concentrations of 1-naphthol (1.29 ng/mL) and considering the ratio 1-naphthol/2-naphthol (1.78). Moreover, the positive correlation between the metabolites of fluorine and pyrene also suggests exposure to PAHs by petrol combustion. The risk assessment of the PAH exposure was evaluated using the estimated daily intake (EDI) for two naphthalene metabolites in the study with a 100% detection rate. The EDI was 14.47 ng/kg BW/day. The risk assessment to the PAH exposure revealed a non-carcinogenic risk profile, with a hazard quotient of 0.71. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to provide levels of PAHs in Brazilian children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/nº, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/nº, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/nº, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Paula Picoli Devóz
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/nº, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | | | - Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/nº, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Melo PTS, Torres JPM, Ramos LRV, Fogaça FHS, Massone CG, Carreira RS. PAHs impacts on aquatic organisms: contamination and risk assessment of seafood following an oil spill accident. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20211215. [PMID: 35730899 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220211215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil spills, intrinsically related to the petroleum production chain, represent a risk to the marine environment and a potential threat to humans through seafood consumption. We revised the NE Brazil oil spill and other accidents along the Brazilian coast, with a focus on seafood contamination, covering topics such as bioaccumulation, bioaccessibility, and risk analysis. Comprehensive knowledge of the impacts of spills helps in the interpretation of the dynamics of hydrocarbons released into the sea, contributing to actions to control their negative impacts. Currently, no legal limits have been established permanently in Brazil for PAHs in seafood edible tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamella Talita S Melo
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km 07, Zona Rural, BR 465, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco G, Laboratório de Biofísica, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R V Ramos
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km 07, Zona Rural, BR 465, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.,Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Sereder, 13, Instituto de Zootecnia, Estação de Biologia Marinha, Itacuruçá, 23870-000 Mangaratiba, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Helena S Fogaça
- Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Av. das Américas, 29501, Guaratiba, 23020-470 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos G Massone
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato S Carreira
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Yang Y, Liu G, Zheng M, Liu S, Yang Q, Liu X, Wang M, Yang L. Discovery of significant atmospheric emission of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from secondary zinc smelting. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113594. [PMID: 35525118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl/Br-PAHs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants. Current knowledge on the emissions of Cl/Br- PAHs is far insufficient for source control, much less on their formation mechanisms. In this field study, Cl/Br-PAHs formation mechanisms were proposed from the macro perspective of practical secondary metal smelting industries. We found secondary zinc smelting as a significant source of Cl/Br-PAHs (9553 ng/m3 in stack gas), exceeding concentrations from other metal smelting sources by 1-2 orders of magnitude. Cl/Br-PAH emission characteristics differed between various secondary metal smelting processes, indicating dominance of different formation mechanisms. Cl/Br-PAHs with fewer rings were dominant from secondary zinc smelting and secondary copper smelting. Differently, emissions from secondary aluminum smelting were dominated by congeners with more rings. The differences in congener profiles were attributable to the catalytic effects of metal compounds during smelting activities. Zinc oxide and copper oxide dominantly catalyzed dehydrogenation reactions, contributing to the formation of intermediate radicals and subsequent dimerization to Cl/Br-PAHs with fewer rings. Differently, aluminum oxide induced alkylation reactions and accelerated ring growth, resulting in the formation of Cl-PAHs with more rings. The newly proposed mechanisms can successfully explain the emission characteristics of Cl/Br-PAHs during smelting activities, which should be important implication for Cl/Br-PAHs targeted source control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center of Eco-environmental Monitoring and Scientific Research, Administration of Ecology and Environment of Haihe River Basin and Beihai Sea Area, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Shuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Dat ND, Thuan NT, Hoang NTT, Tran HN, Hien TT, Tran KT, Chang MB. Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air of a tropical mega-area, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: concentration, distribution, gas/particle partitioning, potential sources and cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44054-44066. [PMID: 35122647 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This is the first investigation on overall characteristics of 25 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (15 PAHs regulated by US-EPA (excluding naphthalene) and 16 PAHs recommended by the European Union) in ambient air of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Their levels, congener profiles, gas/particle partitioning, potential sources of atmospheric PAHs (gas and particulate phases), and lung cancer risks in the dry and rainy seasons were examined. The ∑25 PAH concentration in the dry and rainy seasons ranged from 8.79 to 33.2 ng m-3 and 26.0 to 60.0 ng m-3, respectively. Phenanthrene and Indeno[123-cd]pyrene were major contributors to gaseous and particulate PAHs, respectively, while benzo[c]fluorene was dominant component of the total BaP-TEQ. The ∑16 EU-PAH concentration contributed to 13 ± 2.7% of the total ∑ 25 PAH concentration; however, they composed over 99% of the total ∑ 25 PAH toxic concentration. Adsorption mainly governed the phase partitioning of PAHs because the slope of correlation between logKp and logP0L was steeper than - 1. Vehicular emission was the primary source of PAHs in two seasons; however, PAHs in the dry season were also originated from biomass burning. Assessment of lung cancer risk showed that children possibly exposed to potential lung cancer risk via inhalation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Duy Dat
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 700000
| | - Ngo Thi Thuan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, International University, Linh TrungWard, Quarter 6Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Nhung Thi-Tuyet Hoang
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 700000
| | - Hiep Ngoc Tran
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 700000
| | - To Thi Hien
- Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Khoi Tien Tran
- Department of Environmental Engineering, International University, Linh TrungWard, Quarter 6Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Moo Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, Taiwan, 32001.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Fuchte HE, Beck N, Bieg E, Bayer VJ, Achten C, Krauss M, Schäffer A, Smith KEC. A look down the drain: Identification of dissolved and particle bound organic pollutants in urban runoff waters and sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119047. [PMID: 35227846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urban runoff contains a range of organic micropollutants which, if not removed during wastewater treatment, pose a risk to aquatic environments. These mixtures are complex and often site-specific. Street drains provide an ideal sampling point given they collect the runoff from local and defined catchments. In this study, runoff was collected and sampled in five street drains located in a medium sized town in Germany. A specially constructed trap was used to collect the particulate and total water fractions of the runoff. In addition, passive samplers were deployed to determine the freely dissolved concentrations of selected compounds in the runoff. In sum, 187 polar organic micropollutants could be quantified using LC-HRMS. Thirty of these could only be detected by the use of passive samplers. Traffic derived pollutants such as corrosion inhibitors, rubber- and plastic additives, but also pollutants of industrial origin were strongly represented with sum median concentrations of 100 μg/kg dry weight (DW) in the sediment and 400 ng/L in the water fraction. Several of these substances are of concern due to their environmental persistence and mobility. Perfluorinated compounds and pesticides occurred at lower levels of several μg/kg DW sediment or ng/L water. A number of substances including pharmaceuticals, sweeteners and stimulants indicated domestic wastewater influences. Furthermore, a total of 62 parent and alkylated PAHs were quantified by GC-MS and contributed 30-70% to the sum concentrations of the micropollutants. Non-EPA PAHs dominated the carcinogenic PAH toxicity. The increased PAH alkylation indices (0.7-0.9) showed these primarily came from combustion sources. The runoff particles were additionally microscopically characterized, and correlations were found between the rubber particle counts and the PAH alkylation-index as well as the levels of 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole, a marker compound for tire leaching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Fuchte
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Natascha Beck
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Evelyn Bieg
- Umwelt-Mikroskopie Evelyn Bieg, Greppstraße 64, 52159, Roetgen, Germany
| | - Viviane J Bayer
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Achten
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Kilian E C Smith
- Department of Water, Environment, Construction and Safety, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Jesus F, Pereira JL, Campos I, Santos M, Ré A, Keizer J, Nogueira A, Gonçalves FJM, Abrantes N, Serpa D. A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons distribution in freshwater ecosystems and their toxicity to benthic fauna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153282. [PMID: 35066033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds, found ubiquitously in all environmental compartments. PAHs are considered hazardous pollutants, being of concern to both the environmental and human health. In the aquatic environment, PAHs tend to accumulate in the sediment due to their high hydrophobicity, and thus sediments can be considered their ultimate sink. Concurrently, sediments comprise important habitats for benthic species. This raises concern over the toxic effects of PAHs to benthic communities. Despite PAHs have been the subject of several reviews, their toxicity to freshwater benthic species has not been comprehensively discussed. This review aimed to provide an overview on PAHs distribution in freshwater environments and on their toxicity to benthic fauna species. The distribution of PAHs between sediments and the overlying water column, given by the sediment-water partition coefficient, revealed that PAHs concentrations were 2 to 4 orders of magnitude higher in sediments than in water. The sediment-water partition coefficient was positively correlated to PAHs hydrophobicity. Toxicity of PAHs to benthic fauna was addressed through Species Sensitivity Distributions. The derived hazardous concentration for 5% of the species (HC5) decreased as follows: NAP (376 μg L-1) > PHE > PYR > FLT > ANT (0.854 μg L-1), varying by 3 orders of magnitude. The hazardous concentrations (HC5) to benthic species were inversely correlated to the hydrophobicity of the individual PAHs. These findings are pertinent for environmental risk assessment of these compounds. This review also identified future challenges regarding the environmental toxicity of PAHs to freshwater benthic communities, namely the need for updating the PAHs priority list and the importance of comprehensively and more realistically assess the toxicity of PAHs in combination with other stressors, both chemical and climate-related.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Jesus
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joana L Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Campos
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Martha Santos
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Ré
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jacob Keizer
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António Nogueira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando J M Gonçalves
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nelson Abrantes
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dalila Serpa
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Stoyanovich S, Yang Z, Hanson M, Hollebone BP, Orihel DM, Palace V, Rodriguez-Gil JR, Mirnaghi F, Shah K, Blais JM. Fate of polycyclic aromatic compounds from diluted bitumen spilled into freshwater limnocorrals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:151993. [PMID: 34848264 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diluted bitumens (dilbits) are produced by mixing highly viscous bitumen with lighter petroleum products to facilitate transport. The unique physical and chemical properties of dilbit may affect the environmental fate and effects of dilbit-derived chemical compounds when spilled. To further explore this, we monitored experimental spills of Cold Lake Winter Blend (CLWB) dilbit for 70 days in limnocorrals installed in a freshwater boreal lake. A regression design with 2 controls and 7 treatments was used to assess the fate and behaviour of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) as they partitioned from the dilbit into the air, water column and sediments. Treatments ranged from 1.5 to 180 L of CLWB, resulting in oil:water ratios ranging between 1:71000 to 1:500 (v:v). We began to detect elevated concentrations of PACs as early as 6 h post-addition in the air, 12 h post-addition in the water column, and 15-28 d post-addition in the sediments. By the end of the experiment, concentrations of PACs had largely declined in the water column but remained elevated in the sediments. Our results demonstrate that under conditions typical of temperate boreal lakes, only a small proportion of PACs from dilbit enters the aquatic system, but even so, may produce concentrations of ecotoxicological concern, especially in the sediments, which is the ultimate sink for dilbit-derived PACs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Stoyanovich
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Z Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Hanson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - B P Hollebone
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - D M Orihel
- Department of Biology and School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - V Palace
- International Institute for Sustainable Development, Experimental Lakes Area, 111 Lombard Avenue, Suite 325, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3N 0T4, Canada
| | - J R Rodriguez-Gil
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada; International Institute for Sustainable Development, Experimental Lakes Area, 111 Lombard Avenue, Suite 325, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3N 0T4, Canada
| | - F Mirnaghi
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Shah
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J M Blais
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Bateni F, Mehdinia A, Lundin L, Hashtroudi MS. Distribution, source and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of northern part of the Persian Gulf. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133859. [PMID: 35149014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Distribution, sources, and ecological risk of 43 compounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial sediments of the Persian Gulf were investigated. The sediments were sampled from 60 offshore stations during an oceanographic cruise in the winter of 2012. Gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for the PAHs determinations in sediment samples. The concentrations of 21 parent PAHs, 7 methylated PAHs, 11 oxygenated PAHs and 4 nitrated PAHs were 9.0-201.5 ng g-1 dw, 3.3-60.3 ng g-1 dw, 15.2-172.7 ng g-1 dw and 0.1-8.3 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Among 21 parental PAHs, naphthalene (29.35 ng g-1 dw), phenanthrene (4.6 ng g-1 dw), and pyrene (3.18 ng g-1 dw) were the most abundant compound. 1-acenaphthenone (43.41 ng g-1 dw) and 2-methylnaphthalene (7.15 ng g-1 dw) showed the highest concentration in the oxy- and methyl-PAHs, respectively. The concentrations of nitro-PAHs were between not detected to 4 ng g-1 dw. According to the ecological risk assessment, the calculated total toxicity of PAHs was at below the lethal level on benthic organisms in all stations in the Persian Gulf, but there is risk of toxicity for the benthic organism in the Gulf of Oman (from the Strait of Hormuz to Jask). In general, nitrogenated and oxygenated derivatives did not show a significant risk in the study area. Based on the diagnostic ratios, the mixed sources (both petrogenic and pyrogenic) and pyrogenic sources have been identified for PAHs. Biomass combustion source has been identified for the stations near flares and gas fields. Principle component analysis-multivariate linear regression analysis for source identification shows that maritime traffic, abundant flares that burn the gas in oil, gas fields and dust storms have a major impact on the production of PAHs in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bateni
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-4781, Iran
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-4781, Iran.
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mehri Seyed Hashtroudi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-4781, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Caumo S, Yera AB, Vicente A, Alves C, Roubicek DA, de Castro Vasconcellos P. Particulate matter-bound organic compounds: levels, mutagenicity, and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31293-31310. [PMID: 35001282 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased industrialization and consumption of fossil fuels in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP), Brazil, have caused a growth of the particulate matter emissions to the atmosphere and an increase in population health problems. Particulate and gaseous phase samples were collected in different short campaigns (2015, 2016, and 2017) near an urban-industrial area. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and its derivatives (nitro and oxy-PAH), n-alkanes, hopanes, and pesticides were determined. The Salmonella/microsome test confirmed the mutagenic activity of these samples. Among PAH, benzo(a)pyrene was detected as one of the most abundant compounds. Benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentrations for PAH and nitro-PAH, and the associated risk of lung cancer, showed values above those recommended in the literature. The profile of n-alkanes confirmed the predominance of anthropogenic sources. Pesticide concentrations and estimated risks, such as the daily inhalation exposure and hazard quotient, suggest that exposure to these compounds in this area may be dangerous to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caumo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Aleinnys B Yera
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Vicente
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Célia Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Deborah A Roubicek
- Dept. Environmental Analyses, São Paulo State Environmental Agency, CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
An Z, Li X, Yuan Y, Duan F, Jiang J. Large contribution of non-priority PAHs in atmospheric fine particles: Insights from time-resolved measurement and nontarget analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107193. [PMID: 35339920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), detrimental to human health, are key components contributing to the carcinogenicity of fine particles. The 16 priority PAHs listed by the United States Environment Protection Agency have been studied extensively. However, other than them, there is a large diversity of PAH species, whose atmospheric concentrations, risks, and variations remain elusive. Here, we carried out a time-resolved nontarget measurement in atmospheric PM2.5 using an improved comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The measurement conducted during a 5-day pollution episode at an urban site of Beijing with a time resolution of 2 h. The nontarget analysis of time-resolved chromatographic data was performed for screening PAHs. A total number of 85 PAHs were identified and quantified. We found that other than 16 EPA PAHs, other screened PAHs contributed 43.3% of the total PAH mass concentration and 40.8% poential health risks. Dynamic variations of mass concentrations and their potential health risks of the screened PAHs were captured during a short-term heavy pollution episode, during which the instantaneous PAHs concentrations were much higher than their average concentrations. This study shows the potential for application of nontarget analysis for online comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry and highlights the importance of time-resolved measurement of PAHs in PM2.5 and attention on extended PAHs species other than 16 EPA PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojin An
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Li C, Yang L, Wu J, Yang Y, Li Y, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Li D, Shi M, Liu G. Identification of emerging organic pollutants from solid waste incinerations by FT-ICR-MS and GC/Q-TOF-MS and their potential toxicities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128220. [PMID: 35016122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from the incineration of solid waste are a global public health concern, but little attention has been paid to previously unrecognized chemical compounds that are generated by waste incineration and released into the atmosphere. We conducted nontarget analysis of organic chemicals formed during waste incineration by Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Using toxicity data in the ToxCast library and predicted toxicity data for traditional priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, we prioritized 13 compounds including hexachloro-1,3-butadiene, 9 of which are reported here for the first time as constituents of emissions from the incineration of solid waste and hexachloro-1,3-butadiene was included in the Stockholm Convention in 2017. The predicted activity of these pollutants to androgen receptors and to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor were comparable to, or higher than, the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and benzo[a]pyrene. In addition, some alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heteroatom polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also identified in solid waste incineration processes, peak areas of which were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than dioxins and 1-3 orders of magnitude lower than their parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Our study can provide information for better recognizing and regulating the emissions of organic pollutants formed by the incineration of solid waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- Agilent Technologies (China), Inc., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yujue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Miwei Shi
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Geographic Information Application, Institute of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Gyasi H, Curry J, Browning J, Ha K, Thomas PJ, O'Brien JM. Microsatellite mutation frequencies in river otters (Lontra Canadensis) from the Athabasca Oil Sands region are correlated to polycyclic aromatic compound tissue burden. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:172-183. [PMID: 35452555 DOI: 10.1002/em.22482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mining activities in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR) have contributed to an increase of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) locally. However, many PACs found in the AOSR, and the combined effects of PAC mixtures have not been evaluated for genotoxicity in wildlife. Here, we examine whether mutation frequencies in AOSR river otters are correlated to PAC tissue burdens. We used single-molecule polymerase chain reaction (SM-PCR) to measure the mutant frequency of unstable DNA microsatellite loci in the bone marrow of wild river otters (n = 11) from the AOSR. Microsatellite mutation frequencies were regressed against liver PAC burden (total, low/high molecular weight [LMW/HMW], and parent/alkylated PACs), and to the distances from where the samples were collected to nearby bitumen upgraders. We found that microsatellite mutation frequency was positively correlated with total liver PAC burden. LMW and alkylated PACs were detected at higher levels and had a stronger positive relationship with mutation frequency than HMW (alkylated and parent) PACs. There were no significant relationships detected between mutation frequency and LMW parent PACs or the distance from bitumen upgraders. Furthermore, pyrogenic and petrogenic signatures suggest PACs in animals with high mutation frequencies were associated with combustion processes; although further investigation is warranted, due to limitations of diagnostic ratio determination with biotic models. Our findings support the hypothesis that PACs found in the AOSR increase mutation frequency in wildlife. Further investigation is required to determine if the elevated PAC levels associated with higher mutation frequency are due to natural exposure or elevated human activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helina Gyasi
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jory Curry
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jared Browning
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelsey Ha
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason M O'Brien
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Scopetani C, Chelazzi D, Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Leiniö V, Pellinen J. Hazardous contaminants in plastics contained in compost and agricultural soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133645. [PMID: 35051512 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Macro-, meso- and microplastic (MAP, MEP, MP) occurrence in compost is an environmental issue whose extent and effects are not yet understood. Here, we studied the occurrence of MAPs, MEPs and MPs in compost samples, and the transfer of hazardous contaminants from plastics to compost and soil. MAPs/MEPs and MPs concentrations in compost were 6.5 g/kg and 6.6 ± 1.5 pieces/kg; from common recommendations for compost application, we estimated ∼4-23 × 107 pieces MPs and 4-29 × 104 g MAPs/MEPs ha-1 per year ending into agricultural soils fertilized with such compost. Regarding contaminants, bis(ethylhexyl) phthalate, acetyl tributyl citrate, dodecane and nonanal were extracted in higher concentrations from plastics and plastic-contaminated compost than from compost where MAPs/MEPs had been removed prior to extraction and analysis. However, some contaminants were present even after MAPs/MEPs removal, ascribable to short- and long-term release by MAPs/MEPs, and to the presence of MPs. DEHP concentration was higher in soils where compost was applied than in fields where it was not used. These results, along with estimations of plastic load to soil from the use of compost, show that compost application is a source of plastic pollution into agricultural fields, and that plastic might transfer hazardous contaminants to soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Scopetani
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland.
| | - David Chelazzi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Ville Leiniö
- Muovipoli Ltd, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Jukka Pellinen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Fluorescence-based removal of higher molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution using tannic acid modified Fe3O4 nanoparticle. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
124
|
Wang L, Du W, Yun X, Chen Y, Zhu X, Shen H, Shen G, Liu J, Wang X, Tao S. On-site measured emission factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for different types of marine vessels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 297:118782. [PMID: 34979173 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A portable emission sampling system was used to perform on-site measurements of the emission factors (EFs; quantities of pollutants emitted per unit of energy consumed) of 29 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for five types of marine vessels using light diesel in Hainan Province, China. Both gaseous- and particulate-phase PAHs from vessel emissions were sampled and measured using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the PAH EFs were calculated based on the carbon mass balance method. The average EFs of gaseous- and particulate-phase PAHs were 6.2 ± 7.8 and 17 ± 26 mg/kg, with naphthalene (NAP) and phenanthrene (PHE) dominating the gaseous- and particulate-phase PAH emissions, respectively. Among the five types of vessels, the EFs for small fishing boats were significantly higher than those for other types of vessels, and the lowest EFs were found for tug boats. Composition profiles and typical isomer ratios of PAHs were calculated for five types of vessels. Particulate-phase PAHs accounted for 63 ± 16% of the total emissions of 29 PAH species, and the particulate/gaseous-phase partitioning of PAHs was dominated by organic carbon (OC) absorption rather than black carbon (BC) adsorption. Emission factors of PAHs under different activity conditions were measured and calculated, and relatively higher EFs were found in the maneuvering mode for medium fishing boats and in the operating mode for engineering vessels. No significant differences were found among the PAH composition profiles under different activity conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Wei Du
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiao Yun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Yu Z, Wang H, Zhang X, Gong S, Liu Z, Zhao N, Zhang C, Xie X, Wang K, Liu Z, Wang JS, Zhao X, Zhou J. Long-term environmental surveillance of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jinan, China (2014-2020): Health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127766. [PMID: 34916105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We established long-term surveillance sites in Jinan city to monitor PM2.5 particles (PM2.5) and PM2.5-bound PAHs (2014-2020). The range of PM2.5 was 15-230 µg/m3. The average annual ƩPAH16 were 433 ± 271 ng/m3 (industrial area) and 299 ± 171.8 ng/m3 (downtown). PAHs captured in winter accounted for 61.5% (industrial area) and 59.1% (downtown) of total PAHs. A hazardous seasonal benzo[a]pyrene level was detected in 2015-2016 winter as 14.03 ng/m3 (14 folds of EU standard). The dominant PM2.5-bound PAHs were benzo[b]fluoranthene (24-26%), chrysene (19-20%), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (15%), Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (12%) and Benzo[a]pyrene (10%). Toxic equivalent quotients of PAHs were 4.93 ng/m3 (industrial area) and 3.13 ng/m3 (downtown). Excess cancer risks (ECRs) were 4.3 × 10-4 ng/m3 and 2.7 × 10-4 ng/m3, respectively. The ECRs exceeded EPA regulatory limit of 1 × 10-6 ng/m3 largely. Non-negligible excess lifetime cancer risks were found as 36 and 26 related cancer incidences per 1,000,000 people. Consistently, local prevalence of lung cancer raise from 56.97/100,000 to 72.38/100,000; the prevalence of thyroid cancer raise from 10.12/100,000 to 45.26/100,000 from 2014 to 2020. Our findings suggest an urgent need to investigate the adverse health effects of PAHs on local population and we call for more strictly restriction on coal consumption and traffic tail gas emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yu
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250021, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Hospital, 250013, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250021, China.
| | - Shuping Gong
- Institute of Chronic and Non-communicable Disease, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250021, China.
| | - Zhen Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Ning Zhao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Cuiqin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Xiaorui Xie
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Kaige Wang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Zhong Liu
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250021, China.
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program and Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China; School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China; School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Application of individual response factors for accurate quantitation of alkylated PAH homologs in complex environmental samples using gas chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
127
|
Machado ME, Nascimento MM, Bomfim Bahia PV, Martinez ST, Bittencourt de Andrade J. Analytical advances and challenges for the determination of heterocyclic aromatic compounds (NSO-HET) in sediment: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
128
|
Moradi M, Hung H, Li J, Park R, Shin C, Alexandrou N, Iqbal MA, Takhar M, Chan A, Brook JR. Assessment of Alkylated and Unsubstituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air in Urban and Semi-Urban Areas in Toronto, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2959-2967. [PMID: 35148085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
22 alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (alk-PAHs) were characterized in ambient air individually for the first time in urban and semi-urban locations in Toronto, Canada. Five unsubstituted PAHs were included for comparison. Results from the measurements were used to estimate benzo[a]pyrene equivalent toxicity (BaPeq) of individual compounds in order to investigate the significance of a single compound in contributing to the overall toxic equivalency (TEQ) of air mixtures. To determine which compounds merit further investigation, BaPeq values of individual compounds were compared to the measured BaP toxicity. Our results showed that both unsubstituted and alkylated PAHs were more abundant in the urban area (38 and 30%, respectively). Benzo[a]pyrene levels at the urban location exceeded Ontario's 24 h guideline (40% of the events), and on average, it was 5 times higher than that at the semi-urban area. Gas-phase two- and three-ring compounds contributed up to 39% (urban) and 76% (semi-urban) of the TEQ of all compounds analyzed. Some alk-PAHs such as 7,12-dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene had a huge impact on the toxicity of urban air, and its BaPeq was on average 8 times higher than that of BaP. We emphasize that the toxic impact of alkylated and gaseous PAHs, which is not routinely included in many air monitoring programs, is significant and should not be neglected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moradi
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
- Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - James Li
- Civil Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Richard Park
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Cecilia Shin
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Nick Alexandrou
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Mohammed Asif Iqbal
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Manpreet Takhar
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Arthur Chan
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Hamzai L, Lopez Galvez N, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Matt GE, Quintana PJ. A systematic review of the use of silicone wristbands for environmental exposure assessment, with a focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:244-258. [PMID: 34302044 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure assessment is critical for connecting environmental pollutants to health outcomes and evaluating impacts of interventions or environmental policies. Silicone wristbands (SWBs) show promise for multi-pollutant exposure assessment, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a ubiquitous class of toxic environmental pollutants. OBJECTIVE To review published studies where SWBs were worn on the wrist for human environmental exposure assessments and evaluate the ability of SWBs to capture personal exposures, identify gaps which need to be addressed to implement this tool, and make recommendations for future studies to advance the field of exposure science through utilization of SWBs. METHODS We performed a systematic search and a cited reference search in Scopus and extracted key study descriptions. RESULTS Thirty-nine unique studies were identified, with analytes including PAHs, pesticides, flame retardants, and tobacco products. SWBs were shipped under ambient conditions without apparent analyte loss, indicating utility for global exposure and health studies. Nineteen articles detected a total of 60 PAHs in at least one SWB. Correlations with other concurrent biological and air measurements indicate the SWB captures exposure to flame retardants, tobacco products, and PAHs. SIGNIFICANCE SWBs show promise as a simple-to-deploy tool to estimate environmental and occupational exposures to chemical mixtures, including PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila Hamzai
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Reizer E, Viskolcz B, Fiser B. Formation and growth mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A mini-review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132793. [PMID: 34762891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mostly formed during the incomplete combustion of organic materials, but their importance and presence in materials science, and astrochemistry has also been proven. These carcinogenic persistent organic pollutants are essential in the formation of combustion generated particles as well. Due to their significant impact on the environment and human health, to understand the formation and growth of PAHs is essential. Therefore, the most important growth mechanisms are reviewed, and presented here from the past four decades (1981-2021) to initiate discussions from a new perspective. Although, the collected and analyzed observations are derived from both experimental, and computational studies, it is neither a systematic nor a comprehensive review. Nevertheless, the mechanisms were divided into three main categories, acetylene additions (e.g. HACA), vinylacetylene additions (HAVA), and radical reactions, and discussed accordingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edina Reizer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Béla Viskolcz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Béla Fiser
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; Ferenc Rákóczi II. Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education, UA, 90200, Beregszász, Transcarpathia, Ukraine.
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Johansson C, Bataillard P, Biache C, Lorgeoux C, Colombano S, Joubert A, Défarge C, Faure P. Permanganate oxidation of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs and polar PACs): column experiments with DNAPL at residual saturation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:15966-15982. [PMID: 34642882 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Permanganate is an oxidant usually applied for in situ soil remediation due to its persistence underground. It has already shown great efficiency for dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) degradation under batch experiment conditions. In the present study, experimental permanganate oxidation of a DNAPL - coal tar - sampled in the groundwater of a former coking plant was carried out in a glass bead column. Several glass bead columns were spiked with coal tar using the drainage-imbibition method to mimic on-site pollution spread at residual saturation as best as possible. The leaching of organic pollutants was monitored as the columns were flushed by successive sequences: successive injections of hot water, permanganate solution for oxidation, and ambient temperature water, completed by two injections of a tracer before and after oxidation. Sixteen conventional US-EPA PAHs and selected polar PACs were analyzed in the DNAPL remaining in the columns at the end of the experiment and in the particles collected at several steps of the flushing sequences. Permanganate oxidation of the pollutants was rapidly limited by interfacial aging of the DNAPL drops. Moreover, at the applied flow rate chosen to be representative of in situ injections and groundwater velocities, the reaction time was not sufficient to reach high degradation yields but induced the formation and the leaching of oxygenated PACs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Johansson
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000, Nancy, France
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), 45060, Orléans, France
- GeoRessources, CREGU, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, F-54000, Nancy, France
- SERPOL, 2 Chemin du Génie, BP 80, 69633, Vénissieux, France
| | | | - Coralie Biache
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Lorgeoux
- GeoRessources, CREGU, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Stéfan Colombano
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), 45060, Orléans, France
| | | | - Christian Défarge
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans, UMR 7327 Université d'Orléans-CNRS/INSU-BRGM, Polytech'Orléans, 45072, Orléans Cedex 2, France
- CETRAHE, Université d'Orléans, Polytech'Orléans, 45072, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Pierre Faure
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000, Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Khaustov A, Redina M, Goryainov S. Migration of PAHs and Phthalates from Package Materials during Water Storage: Glass or Plastic? Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1734033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Khaustov
- Department of Applied Ecology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita Redina
- Department of Applied Ecology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Goryainov
- Department of Applied Ecology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Hrdina AI, Kohale IN, Kaushal S, Kelly J, Selin NE, Engelward BP, Kroll JH. The Parallel Transformations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Body and in the Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:25004. [PMID: 35225689 PMCID: PMC8884122 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from combustion sources are known to be mutagenic, with more potent species also being carcinogenic. Previous studies show that PAHs can undergo complex transformations both in the body and in the atmosphere, yet these transformation processes are generally investigated separately. OBJECTIVES Drawing from the literature in atmospheric chemistry and toxicology, we highlight the parallel transformations of PAHs that occur in the atmosphere and the body and discuss implications for public health. We also examine key uncertainties related to the toxicity of atmospheric oxidation products of PAHs and explore critical areas for future research. DISCUSSION We focus on a key mode of toxicity for PAHs, in which metabolic processes (driven by cytochrome P450 enzymes), leads to the formation of oxidized PAHs that can damage DNA. Such species can also be formed abiotically in the atmosphere from natural oxidation processes, potentially augmenting PAH toxicity by skipping the necessary metabolic steps that activate their mutagenicity. Despite the large body of literature related to these two general pathways, the extent to which atmospheric oxidation affects a PAH's overall toxicity remains highly uncertain. Combining knowledge and promoting collaboration across both fields can help identify key oxidation pathways and the resulting products that impact public health. CONCLUSIONS Cross-disciplinary research, in which toxicology studies evaluate atmospheric oxidation products and their mixtures, and atmospheric measurements examine the formation of compounds that are known to be most toxic. Close collaboration between research communities can help narrow down which PAHs, and which PAH degradation products, should be targeted when assessing public health risks. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9984.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy I.H. Hrdina
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ishwar N. Kohale
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simran Kaushal
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie Kelly
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Noelle E. Selin
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Ekner H, Dreij K, Sadiktsis I. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in commercial olive oils by HPLC/GC/MS – Occurrence, composition and sources. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
135
|
Asadi P, Alaie E, Heidari A, Naidu R. Photodegradation of modified petroleum impregnated bentonite mulch under the effects of solar radiation simulating the outdoor condition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14754-14766. [PMID: 34617234 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were investigating the photodegradation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in modified petroleum impregnated bentonite mulch through solar radiation, determining PAHs' translocation in the soils that underlay the mulch and finding a solution to prevent the uncontrolled release of petroleum into the environment. For this research, various formulated mulches were prepared: mulch no. 1 was a mixture of 5:1 sandy soil: natural bentonite + petroleum; mulch no. 2 composed a mixture of 5:1 sandy soil: modified bentonite + natural bentonite + petroleum; and mulch no. 3 composed a mixture of 5:1:0.5 ratio of sandy soil: natural bentonite: modified bentonite mixed with petroleum at a ratio of 1:1. PAHs in surface mulches and subsurface sandy soil were monitored over 5, 20, 40 and 80 days. The results demonstrated that PAHs undergo numerous changes over time because of sunlight. Photodegradation is the most dominant process for low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs (≤ 3 fused aromatic rings) and high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs (≥ 4 fused aromatic rings). HMW PAHs could be sequestrated strongly within the soil particles because of their higher aromaticity and lower polarity; they were more resilient in the soil matrices than LMW PAHs. Mulch no. 2 retained more PAHs compounds (p > 95%) than mulch nos. 1 and 3, which could be attributed to the retention of numerous PAHs in its interlayers, preventing its movement into the underlying soil, environment and atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pari Asadi
- Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, West Blvd, Azadi Sports Complex, Tehran, 1485613111, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Alaie
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-77871, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Heidari
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-77871, Iran
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Research and Innovation Division, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Wallace ER, Ni Y, Loftus CT, Sullivan A, Masterson E, Szpiro AA, Day DB, Robinson M, Kannan K, Tylavsky FA, Sathyanarayana S, Bush NR, LeWinn KZ, Karr CJ. Prenatal urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and toddler cognition, language, and behavior. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107039. [PMID: 34902794 PMCID: PMC8748410 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal and epidemiological studies suggest that prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may negatively impact toddler neurodevelopment. METHODS We investigated this association in 835 mother-child pairs from CANDLE, a diverse pregnancy cohort in the mid-South region of the U.S. PAH metabolite concentrations were measured in mid-pregnancy maternal urine. Cognitive and Language composite scores at ages 2 and 3 years were derived from the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (Bayley-3). Behavior Problem and Competence scores at age 2 were derived from the Brief Infant and Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA). We used multivariate linear or Poisson regression to estimate associations with continuous scores and relative risks (RR) of neurodevelopment delay or behavior problems per 2-fold increase in PAH, adjusted for maternal health, nutrition, and socioeconomic status. Secondary analyses investigated associations with PAH mixture using Weighted Quantile Sum Regression (WQS) with a permutation test extension. RESULTS 1- hydroxypyrene was associated with elevated relative risk for Neurodevelopmental Delay at age 2 (RR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03,1.39). Contrary to hypotheses, 1-hydroxynaphthalene was associated with lower risk for Behavior Problems at age 2 (RR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83,0.98), and combined 1- and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene was associated with 0.52-point higher (95% CI: 0.11,0.93) Cognitive score at age 3. For PAH mixtures, a quintile increase in hydroxy-PAH mixture was associated with lower Language score at age 2 (βwqs = -1.59; 95% CI: -2.84, -0.34; ppermutation = 0.07) and higher Cognitive score at age 3 (βwqs = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.11, 1.82; ppermutation = 0.05). All other estimates were consistent with null associations. CONCLUSION In this large southern U.S. population we observed some support for adverse associations between PAHs and neurodevelopment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Wallace
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Yu Ni
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine T Loftus
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexis Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erin Masterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam A Szpiro
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Drew B Day
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Morgan Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fran A Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaja Z LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catherine J Karr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Fernandez-Marcos ML. Potentially Toxic Substances and Associated Risks in Soils Affected by Wildfires: A Review. TOXICS 2022; 10:31. [PMID: 35051073 PMCID: PMC8778774 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The presence of toxic substances is one of the major causes of degradation of soil quality. Wildfires, besides affecting various chemical, physical, and biological soil properties, produce a mixture of potentially toxic substances which can reach the soil and water bodies and cause harm to these media. This review intends to summarise the current knowledge on the generation by wildfires of potentially toxic substances, their effects on soil organisms, and other associated risks, addressing the effects of fire on metal mobilisation, the pyrolytic production of potentially toxic compounds, and the detoxifying effect of charcoal. Numerous studies ascertained inhibitory effects of ash on seed germination and seedling growth as well as its toxicity to soil and aquatic organisms. Abundant publications addressed the mobilisation of heavy metals and trace elements by fire, including analyses of total concentrations, speciation, availability, and risk of exportation to water bodies. Many publications studied the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and other organic pollutants in soils after fire, their composition, decline over time, the risk of contamination of surface and ground waters, and their toxicity to plants, soil, and water organisms. Finally, the review addresses the possible detoxifying role of charcoal in soils affected by fire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Fernandez-Marcos
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; ; Tel.: +34-982823119
- Institute of Agricultural Biodiversity and Rural Development, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Detoxification of phenanthrene in Arabidopsis thaliana involves a Dioxygenase For Auxin Oxidation 1 (AtDAO1). J Biotechnol 2021; 342:36-44. [PMID: 34610365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination has a negative impact on ecosystems. PAHs are a large group of toxins with two or more benzene rings that are persistent in the environment. Some PAHs can be cytotoxic, teratogenic, and/or carcinogenic. In the bacterium Pseudomonas, PAHs can be modified by dioxygenases, which increase the reactivity of PAHs. We hypothesize that some plant dioxygenases are capable of PAH biodegradation. Herein, we investigate the involvement of Arabidopsis thaliana At1g14130 in the degradation of phenanthrene, our model PAH. The At1g14130 gene encodes Dioxygenase For Auxin Oxidation 1 (AtDAO1), an enzyme involved in the oxidative inactivation of the hormone auxin. Expression analysis using a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter revealed that At1g14130 is prominently expressed in new leaves of plants exposed to media with phenanthrene. Analysis of the oxidative state of gain-of-function mutants showed elevated levels of H2O2 after phenanthrene treatments, probably due to an increase in the oxidation of phenanthrene by AtDAO1. Biochemical assays with purified AtDAO1 and phenanthrene suggest an enzymatic activity towards the PAH. Thus, data presented in this study support the hypothesis that an auxin dioxygenase, AtDAO1, from Arabidopsis thaliana contributes to the degradation of phenanthrene and that there is possible toxic metabolite accumulation after PAH exposure.
Collapse
|
139
|
Salowsky H, Schäfer W, Schneider AL, Müller A, Dreher C, Tiehm A. Beneficial effects of dynamic groundwater flow and redox conditions on Natural Attenuation of mono-, poly-, and NSO-heterocyclic hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 243:103883. [PMID: 34479119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural Attenuation (NA) processes have been demonstrated to reduce pollutant loads at different contaminated groundwater sites world-wide and are increasingly considered in contaminated site management concepts. However, data are mainly available for steady state groundwater flow and stable redox conditions as well as pollutants listed in standard regulatory schemes. In this study, the influence of transient groundwater flow and redox conditions on NA was examined at a former gas works site near the river Rhine in Germany. The investigated 78 pollutants included 40 mono- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs, PAHs) and 38 NSO-heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NSO-HET). In the highly polluted areas, the MAHs benzene, indene and indane, the PAHs naphthalene, acenaphthene, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene and the NSO-HET 2-methylquinoline, carbazole, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran and benzofuran were predominant. Pollutant concentrations decreased with increasing distance from the sources of contamination. At the plume fringes, the MAHs benzene and indane, the PAH acenaphthene, the NSO-HET carbazole, 5-methylbenzothiophene, 2- and 3-methylbenzofuran and 2-methyldibenzofuran were predominant, indicating low retention and slow intrinsic biodegradation of these compounds. The influence of surface water on groundwater level, pollutant concentrations, and redox conditions in the monitoring wells was observed with a permanently installed groundwater sensor. The temporary availability of oxygen was observed at the plume fringes, resulting in aerobic and ferric iron reducing biodegradation processes. Field and laboratory data were used to set-up a groundwater flow and reactive transport model used for quantification of the field mass transfer rates. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that NA is effective under transient flow and redox conditions. A conceptual model and reactive transport simulation can facilitate the interpretation of pronounced fluctuations of pollutant concentration in monitoring wells. Based on the analysis of 78 pollutants, indane, indene and several NSO-HET like carbazole, benzothiophene and 2-methyldibenzofuran are recommended for monitoring at tar oil polluted sites, besides EPA-PAHs and BTEX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Salowsky
- Department Water Microbiology, TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schäfer
- Steinbeis Transfercenter for Groundwater Modelling, Schustergasse 2, 69168 Wiesloch, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schneider
- Department Water Microbiology, TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Axel Müller
- Department Water Microbiology, TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carolin Dreher
- Department Water Microbiology, TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Tiehm
- Department Water Microbiology, TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Huynh K, Jensen AE, Sundberg J. Extended characterization of petroleum aromatics using off-line LC-GC-MS. PEERJ ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj-achem.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of crude oil remains a challenge for analytical chemists. With the development of multi-dimensional chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry, an impressive number of compounds can be identified in a single sample. However, the large diversity in structure and abundance makes it difficult to obtain full compound coverage. Sample preparation methods such as solid-phase extraction and SARA-type separations are used to fractionate oil into compound classes. However, the molecular diversity within each fraction is still highly complex. Thus, in the routine analysis, only a small part of the chemical space is typically characterized. Obtaining a more detailed composition of crude oil is important for production, processing and environmental aspects. We have developed a high-resolution fractionation method for isolation and preconcentration of trace aromatics, including oxygenated and nitrogen-containing species. The method is based on semi-preparative liquid chromatography. This yields high selectivity and efficiency with separation based on aromaticity, ring size and connectivity. By the separation of the more abundant aromatics, i.e., monoaromatics and naphthalenes, trace species were isolated and enriched. This enabled the identification of features not detectable by routine methods. We demonstrate the applicability by fractionation and subsequent GC-MS analysis of 14 crude oils sourced from the North Sea. The number of tentatively identified compounds increased by approximately 60 to 150% compared to solid-phase extraction and GC × GC-MS. Furthermore, the method was used to successfully identify an extended set of heteroatom-containing aromatics (e.g., amines, ketones). The method is not intended to replace traditional sample preparation techniques or multi-dimensional chromatography but acts as a complementary tool. An in-depth comparison to routine characterization techniques is presented concerning advantages and disadvantages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Huynh
- Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Annette E. Jensen
- Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Sundberg
- Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Lille-Langøy R, Jørgensen KB, Goksøyr A, Pampanin DM, Sydnes MO, Karlsen OA. Substituted Two- to Five-Ring Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Are Potent Agonists of Atlantic Cod ( Gadus morhua) Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors Ahr1a and Ahr2a. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15123-15135. [PMID: 34739213 PMCID: PMC8600679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most toxic and bioavailable components found in petroleum and represent a high risk to aquatic organisms. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other planar aromatic hydrocarbons, including certain PAHs. Ahr acts as a xenosensor and modulates the transcription of biotransformation genes in vertebrates, such as cytochrome P450 1A (cyp1a). Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) possesses two Ahr proteins, Ahr1a and Ahr2a, which diverge in their primary structure, tissue-specific expression, ligand affinities, and transactivation profiles. Here, a luciferase reporter gene assay was used to assess the sensitivity of the Atlantic cod Ahrs to 31 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including two- to five-ring native PAHs, a sulfur-containing heterocyclic PAC, as well as several methylated, methoxylated, and hydroxylated congeners. Notably, most parent compounds, including naphthalene, phenanthrene, and partly, chrysene, did not act as agonists for the Ahrs, while hydroxylated and/or alkylated versions of these PAHs were potent agonists. Importantly, the greater potencies of substituted PAH derivatives and their ubiquitous occurrence in nature emphasize that more knowledge on the toxicity of these environmentally and toxicologically relevant compounds is imperative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Lille-Langøy
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kåre Bredeli Jørgensen
- Department
of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniela M. Pampanin
- Department
of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Magne O. Sydnes
- Department
of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Müller MN, Yogui GT, Gálvez AO, Gustavo de Sales Jannuzzi L, Fidelis de Souza Filho J, de Jesus Flores Montes M, Mendes de Castro Melo PA, Neumann-Leitão S, Zanardi-Lamardo E. Cellular accumulation of crude oil compounds reduces the competitive fitness of the coral symbiont Symbiodinium glynnii. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117938. [PMID: 34391045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oil spill events in the marine environment can have a deleterious impact on the affected ecosystems, such as coral reefs, with direct consequences for their socioeconomic value. The mutualistic relationship between tropical corals and their dinoflagellate symbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) provide structural and nutritional basis for a high local biodiversity in oligotrophic waters. Here, we investigated effects of crude oil water-accommodated fraction on the competitive fitness of the model zooxanthellae species Symbiodinium glynnii. Results of laboratory essays demonstrate that crude oil carbon is incorporated into the cellular biomass with a concomitant change of δ13C isotopic value. Carcinogenic/mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were identified in the culture media and were responsible for a linear reduction in population growth of S. glynnii, presumably related to energy relocation for DNA repair. Additionally, the experiments revealed that physiological effects induced by crude oil compounds are genetically inherited by the following generations under non-contaminated growth conditions, and induce a reduction in the competitive fitness to cope with other environmental parameters, such as low salinity. We suggest that the effects of crude oil contamination represent an imparing factor for S. glynnii coping with anthropogenic drivers (e.g. warming and acidification) and interfere with the delicate symbiont-host relationship of tropical corals. This is especially relevant in the coastal areas of northeastern Brazil where an oil spill event deposited crude oil on shallow water sediments with the potential to be resuspended to the water column by physical and/or biological activity, enhancing the risk of future coral bleaching events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Nils Müller
- Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-550, Brazil.
| | - Gilvan Takeshi Yogui
- Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-550, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Olivera Gálvez
- Department of Fishing and Aquaculture, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sigrid Neumann-Leitão
- Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-550, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Titaley IA, Lam MM, Bülow R, Enell A, Wiberg K, Larsson M. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic compounds in historically contaminated soil by targeted and non-targeted chemical analysis combined with in vitro bioassay. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117910. [PMID: 34426193 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples from a contaminated site in Sweden were analyzed to identify the presence of 78 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The target analysis revealed large contributions not only from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but also from alkylated- and oxygenated-PAHs (alkyl- and oxy-PAHs, respectively), and N-heterocyclics (NPACs). PAC profiles indicated primarily pyrogenic sources, although contribution of petrogenic sources was also observed in one sample as indicated by a high ratio of alkylated naphthalene compared to naphthalene. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-activity of the soil extracts was assessed using the H4IIe-pGudluc 1.1 cells bioassay. When compared with the calculated total AhR-activity of the PACs in the target list, 35-97% of the observed bioassay activity could be explained by 62 PACs with relative potency factors (REPs). The samples were further screened using GC coupled with Orbitrap™ high resolution MS (GC-HRMS) to investigate the presence of other PACs that could potentially contribute to the AhR-activity of the extracts. 114 unique candidate compounds were tentatively identified and divided into four groups based on their AhR-activity and environmental occurrence. Twelve substances satisfied all the criteria, and these compounds are suggested to be included in regular screening in future studies, although their identities were not confirmed by standards in this study. High unexplained bio-TEQ fractions in three of the samples may be explained by tentatively identified compounds (n = 35) with high potential of being toxic. This study demonstrates the benefit of combining targeted and non-targeted chemical analysis with bioassay analysis to assess the diversity and effects of PACs at contaminated sites. The applied prioritization strategy revealed a number of tentatively identified compounds, which likely contributed to the overall bioactivity of the soil extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Titaley
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Monika M Lam
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Bülow
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anja Enell
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE-581 93, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Bandowe BAM, Shukurov N, Leimer S, Kersten M, Steinberger Y, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of an industrial area in semi-arid Uzbekistan: spatial distribution, relationship with trace metals and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4847-4861. [PMID: 34041653 PMCID: PMC8528758 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, composition patterns, transport and fate of PAHs in semi-arid and arid soils such as in Central Asia are not well known. Such knowledge is required to manage the risk posed by these toxic chemicals to humans and ecosystems in these regions. To fill this knowledge gap, we determined the concentrations of 21 parent PAHs, 4,5-methylenephenanthrene, 6 alkylated PAHs, and biphenyl in soils from 11 sampling locations (0-10, 10-20 cm soil depths) along a 20-km transect downwind from the Almalyk metal mining and metallurgical industrial complex (Almalyk MMC), Uzbekistan. The concentrations of Σ29 PAHs and Σ16 US-EPA PAHs were 41-2670 ng g-1 and 29-1940 ng g-1, respectively. The highest concentration of Σ29 PAHs occurred in the immediate vicinity of the copper smelting factory of the Almalyk MMC. The concentrations in topsoil decreased substantially to a value of ≤ 200 ng g-1 (considered as background concentration) at ≥ 2 km away from the factory. Low molecular weight PAHs dominated the PAH mixtures at less contaminated sites and high molecular weight PAHs at the most contaminated site. The concentration of Σ16 US-EPA PAHs did not exceed the precautionary values set by the soil quality guidelines of, e.g., Switzerland and Germany. Similarly, the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration in soils near the Almalyk MMC did not exceed the value set by the Canadian guidelines for the protection of humans from carcinogenic PAHs in soils. Consequently, the cancer risk due to exposure to PAHs in these soils can be considered as low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Nosir Shukurov
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Geology and Mineral Resources, Olimlar street 64, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 100041
- Geosciences Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sophia Leimer
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Kersten
- Geosciences Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yosef Steinberger
- The Mina and Everard Goodman, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Degrendele C, Kanduč T, Kocman D, Lammel G, Cambelová A, Dos Santos SG, Horvat M, Kukučka P, Holubová Šmejkalová A, Mikeš O, Nuñez-Corcuera B, Přibylová P, Prokeš R, Saňka O, Maggos T, Sarigiannis D, Klánová J. NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmosphere of two central European cities: Seasonality, urban-to-background gradients, cancer risks and gas-to-particle partitioning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148528. [PMID: 34328964 PMCID: PMC8434474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as nitrated- and oxygenated-PAHs (NPAHs and OPAHs) could be even more toxic and harmful for the environment and humans than PAHs. We assessed the spatial and seasonal variations of NPAHs and OPAHs atmospheric levels, their cancer risks and their gas-to-particle partitioning. To this end, about 250 samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and 50 gaseous samples were collected in 2017 in central Europe in the cities of Brno and Ljubljana (two traffic and two urban background sites) as well as one rural site. The average particulate concentrations were ranging from below limit of quantification to 593 pg m-3 for Σ9NPAHs and from 1.64 to 4330 pg m-3 for Σ11OPAHs, with significantly higher concentrations in winter compared to summer. In winter, the particulate levels of NPAHs and OPAHs were higher at the traffic site compared to the urban background site in Brno while the opposite was found in Ljubljana. NPAHs and OPAHs particulate levels were influenced by the meteorological parameters and co-varied with several air pollutants. The significance of secondary formation on the occurrence of some NPAHs and OPAHs is indicated. In winter, 27-47% of samples collected at all sites were above the acceptable lifetime carcinogenic risk. The gas-particle partitioning of NPAHs and OPAHs was influenced by their physico-chemical properties, the season and the site-specific aerosol composition. Three NPAHs and five OPAHs had higher particulate mass fractions at the traffic site, suggesting they could be primarily emitted as particles from vehicle traffic and subsequently partitioning to the gas phase along air transport. This study underlines the importance of inclusion of the gas phase in addition to the particulate phase when assessing the atmospheric fate of polycyclic aromatic compounds and also when assessing the related health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tjaša Kanduč
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | - David Kocman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Saul Garcia Dos Santos
- Área de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ondřej Mikeš
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Beatriz Nuñez-Corcuera
- Área de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | | | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Saňka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Maggos
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, NCSR "Demokritos", Greece
| | - Denis Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Thessaloniki, Greece; University School of Advanced Study, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Pradhap D, Gandhi KS, Krishnakumar S, Neelavannan K, Radhakrishnan K, Saravanan P. Baseline distributions and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in reef-associated sediments of Vembar group of Islands, Gulf of Mannar, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112727. [PMID: 34340147 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the source and concentration of PAH fractions in the reef sediments of the Vembar group of Islands, Gulf of Mannar, India. The concentration of PAHs ranged from 0.36 to 15.98 ng/g. The reef environment was less contaminated with low-molecular-weight PAH fractions. The accumulation of the LMW-PAH fraction was very less, whereas the HMW fraction was derived from pyrolytic sources. The level of low and high molecular weight PAHs was lower than the level of Effective Range Median (ERM) and Effective Range Low (ERL).The calculated total TEQ value ranged from ND to 10.24 ng/g in the reef sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Pradhap
- Department of Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Sanjai Gandhi
- Department of Geology, Periyar University, PG Extension Centre, Dharmapuri 636701, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Krishnakumar
- Department of Geology, Malankara Catholic college, Mariyagiri, Kaliyakkavilai, Kanyakumari District 629153, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - K Neelavannan
- Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India; Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, UP 208016, India
| | - K Radhakrishnan
- Department of Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Saravanan
- Department of Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Goksøyr SØ, Sørensen H, Grøsvik BE, Pampanin DM, Goksøyr A, Karlsen OA. Toxicity assessment of urban marine sediments from Western Norway using a battery of stress-activated receptors and cell-based bioassays from fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 87:103704. [PMID: 34273545 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A luciferase reporter gene-based bioassay battery consisting of stress-activated receptors from fish, complemented with traditional fish cell-based bioassays, were used to assess the toxicity of marine sediment samples from the Byfjorden area around the city of Bergen (Norway). The reporter assays covered a wide range of cellular signalling and metabolic pathways, representing different molecular initiating events in the adverse outcome pathway framework. Cytotoxicity, generation of reactive oxygen-species, and induction of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity were analysed using fish liver and gill cell lines. Chemical analyses of the sediment extracts revealed complex contamination profiles, especially at the innermost stations, which contained a wide array of persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. Sediment extracts from these sites were more potent in activating the stress-activated receptors than the other extracts, reflecting their toxicant profiles. Importantly, receptor- and cell-based bioassays complemented the chemical analyses and provided important data for future environmental risk assessments of urban marine sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Helene Sørensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Daniela M Pampanin
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Poulsen R, Gravert TKO, Tartara A, Bensen HK, Gunnarsen KC, Dicová K, Nielsen NJ, Christensen JH. A case study of PAH contamination using blue mussels as a bioindicator in a small Greenlandic fishing harbor. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112688. [PMID: 34271510 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of local anthropogenic activity on the marine environment around the remote harbor of Qeqertarsuaq, West Greenland. Blue mussels (Mytilus sp.) were used as a bioindicator, and their physiological condition was found to decrease with increasing proximity to the harbor. Subsequently, the distribution of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 9 groups of alkylated PAHs were measured in mussel and sediment samples. The highest values were found in a rocky collection area 15 m from a wooden pier frequented by small boats. A PAH source investigation, indicated a mixed source from light fuel oils and creosote used as boat coating. Finally, correlations between the mussels morphological condition and the PAH pollution were found to be significant for 4-, 5-, and 6-ring PAHs. In conclusion, the results indicate that pollution sources in harbors have significant effects on the local environment and should be considered in arctic conservation research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Poulsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Arianna Tartara
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henriette Kornmaaler Bensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Klara Cecilia Gunnarsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kristína Dicová
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nikoline Juul Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan Henning Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Hoang AQ, Suzuki G, Michinaka C, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Tu MB, Takahashi S. Characterization of unsubstituted and methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in settled dust: Combination of instrumental analysis and in vitro reporter gene assays and implications for cancer risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147821. [PMID: 34029822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 34 unsubstituted and methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs and Me-PAHs) and AhR-mediated activities in settled dust samples were determined by a combination of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and an in vitro reporter gene assay (PAH-CALUX). The levels of Σ34PAHs and bioassay-derived benzo[a]pyrene equivalents (CALUX BaP-EQs) were significantly higher in workplace dust from informal end-of-life vehicle dismantling workshops than in common house dust and road dust. In all the samples, the theoretical BaP-EQs of PAHs (calculated using PAH-CALUX relative potencies) accounted for 28 ± 19% of the CALUX BaP-EQs, suggesting significant contribution of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists and/or mixture effects. Interestingly, the bioassay-derived BaP-EQs in these samples were significantly correlated with not only unsubstituted PAHs with known carcinogenic potencies but also many Me-PAHs, which should be included in future monitoring and toxicity tests. The bioassay responses of many sample extracts were substantially reduced but not suppressed with sulfuric acid treatment, indicating contribution of persistent AhR agonists. Cancer risk assessment based on the CALUX BaP-EQs has revealed unacceptable level of risk in many cases. The application of bioassay-derived BaP-EQs may reduce underestimation in environmental management and risk evaluation regarding PAHs and their derivatives (notably Me-PAHs), suggesting a consideration of using in vitro toxic activity instead of conventional chemical-specific approach in such assessment practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 11000, Viet Nam
| | - Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Chieko Michinaka
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 11000, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Kramer AL, Dorn S, Perez A, Roper C, Titaley IA, Cayton K, Cook RP, Cheong PHY, Massey Simonich SL. Assessing the oxidative potential of PAHs in ambient PM 2.5 using the DTT consumption assay. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117411. [PMID: 34051568 PMCID: PMC9844052 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative potential (OP) of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been linked to organic content, which includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The OP of 135 individual PAHs (including six subclasses) was measured using the dithiolthreitol (DTT) consumption assay. The DTT assay results were used to compute the concentration of each PAH needed to consume 50% of the DTT concentration in the assay (DTT50), and the reduction potential of the PAHs (ΔGrxn). Computed reduction potential results were found to match literature reduction potential values (r2 = 0.97), while DTT50 results had no correlations with the computed ΔGrxn values (r2 < 0.1). The GINI equality index was used to assess the electron distribution across the surface of unreacted and reacted PAHs. GINI values correlated with ΔGrxn in UPAH, HPAH, and OHPAH subclasses, as well as with all 135 PAHs in this study but did not correlate with DTT50, indicating that electron dispersion is linked to thermodynamic reactions and structural differences in PAHs, but not linked to the OP of PAHs. Three ambient PM2.5 filters extracts were measured in the DTT assay, alongside mixtures of analytical standards prepared to match PAH concentrations in the filter extracts to test if the OP follows an additive model of toxicity. The additive prediction model did not accurately predict the DTT consumption in the assay for any of the prepared standard mixtures or ambient PM2.5 filter extracts, indicating a much more complex model of toxicity for the OP of PAHs in ambient PM2.5. This study combined computed molecular properties with toxicologically relevant assay results to probe the OP of anthropogenically driven portions of ambient PM2.5, and results in a better understanding of the complexity of ambient PM2.5 OP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Kramer
- Oregon State University, Department of Chemistry, USA; Oregon State University, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, USA.
| | - Shelby Dorn
- Oregon State University, Department of Chemistry, USA
| | - Allison Perez
- Oregon State University, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, USA
| | - Courtney Roper
- University of Mississippi, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, USA
| | - Ivan A Titaley
- Oregon State University, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, USA
| | - Kaylee Cayton
- Oregon State University, Department of Chemistry, USA
| | | | | | - Staci L Massey Simonich
- Oregon State University, Department of Chemistry, USA; Oregon State University, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, USA
| |
Collapse
|