101
|
Gaston AF, Marti Peiro A, Hapkova I, Durand F. Exploring physiological parameters in ski mountaineering during world cup races. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1597399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Fleur Gaston
- Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Font-Romeu, France
- Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Adrià Marti Peiro
- Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Font-Romeu, France
- Nässjö Basket, Nässjö, Sweden
| | - Ilona Hapkova
- Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Font-Romeu, France
- ECOWAS Campus, Lomé, Togo
| | - Fabienne Durand
- Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Font-Romeu, France
- Catedra de Medicina de Muntanya i del Medi Natural i de Simulacio Clinica, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Grimaldi-Puyana M, Domínguez R. Evaluation and Behavior of Spanish Bodybuilders: Doping and Sports Supplements. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040122. [PMID: 30925786 PMCID: PMC6523090 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of doping agents has these days become a public health problem, as it also affects young and non-competitive amateurs in different sports. To prepare for competition, bodybuilders perform aggressive dietary protocols, so, bodybuilders frequently consume nutritional supplements (NS) and banned substances in large dosages. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of banned substances consumption and NS intake in competitive level bodybuilders. A total of 48 bodybuilders (44 males and 4 females) completed a validated online questionnaire on NS consumption. The quantitative data was presented as a mean (M) ± standard deviation (SD), as well as having minimum and maximum values. The categorical variables were expressed using frequencies and percentages. 83.3% of the participants declared that they had consumed or would consume banned substances, the most consumed being anabolic steroids (72.9%). One hundred percent of those sampled use NS. Whey protein (96%), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (94%), creatine (85%) and vitamin complexes (83%) were the most consumed, however, there is a low consumption of certain NS which could also increase athletic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Moisés Grimaldi-Puyana
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Universidad Isabel I, Universidad Isabel I, 09004 Burgos, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Forbes SC, Bell GJ. Whey Protein Isolate Supplementation While Endurance Training Does Not Alter Cycling Performance or Immune Responses at Rest or After Exercise. Front Nutr 2019; 6:19. [PMID: 30881958 PMCID: PMC6406070 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whey protein isolate supplementation combined with endurance training on cycling performance, aerobic fitness and immune cell responses. Eighteen male cyclists were randomly assigned to either placebo (PLA) or whey protein supplementation (WS; 1.0 g·kg body mass−1·d−1 in addition to their dietary intake). Both groups completed the identical endurance training program, 4 days per week for 6 weeks. Blood samples were obtained at rest and after 5 and 60 min of recovery from a simulated 40 km cycling time trial (TT) and were repeated after training. Baseline dietary intake of protein prior to supplementation was 1.52 ± 0.45 and 1.46 ± 0.44 g·kg body mass−1·d−1 for the WS and PLA groups, respectively. There were similar improvements in TT performance (WS: 71.47 ± 12.17 to 64.38 ± 8.09 min; PLA: 72.33 ± 12.79 to 61.13 ± 8.97 min), and peak oxygen uptake (WS: 52.3 ± 6.1 to 56.1 ± 5.4 mL·kg−1·min−1; PLA: 50.0 ± 7.1 to 54.9 ± 5.1 mL·kg−1·min−1) after training in both groups. White blood cells (WBC) and neutrophil counts were elevated 5 min after the TT and further increased after 60 min (P < 0.05). The exercise-induced increase in WBC and neutrophil counts at 5 and 60 min after the TT were attenuated after training compared to before training (P < 0.05). Lymphocytes increased 5 min after the TT and decreased below rest after 60 min of recovery (P < 0.05). Following training lymphocytes were lower after 60 min of recovery compared to before training. There was no change in natural killer cell activity with exercise, training or between groups. It was concluded that whey protein isolate supplementation while endurance training did not differentially change cycling performance or the immune response at rest or after exercise. However, endurance training did alter performance, aerobic fitness and some post exercise immune cell counts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Gordon J Bell
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Watson AD, Zabriskie HA, Witherbee KE, Sulavik A, Gieske BT, Kerksick CM. Determining a Resting Metabolic Rate Prediction Equation for Collegiate Female Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2426-2432. [PMID: 30741864 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Watson, AD, Zabriskie, HA, Witherbee, KE, Sulavik, A, Gieske, BT, and Kerksick, CM. Determining a resting metabolic rate prediction equation for collegiate female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2426-2432, 2019-A lack of evidence exists regarding the accuracy of common resting metabolic rate (RMR) prediction equations in athletic female populations. The purpose of this research was to measure RMR in a large cohort of NCAA Division II female athletes and use regression techniques to develop new prediction equations. Sixty-six female athletes from 11 different sports completed this protocol, which included skinfold measurements followed by an RMR assessment using indirect calorimetry. The average RMR was 1,466 ± 150 kcal·d. Many between-sport differences in body composition were identified, with gymnastics athletes having the lowest body fat percentage (p < 0.05) and basketball athletes having the greatest absolute fat-free mass (p < 0.05). Resting metabolic rate was moderately correlated (p < 0.05) with height (r = 0.52), total mass (r = 0.59), and fat-free mass (r = 0.54). Two equations were developed, both of which were more accurate for this population than other RMR prediction equations. One of the new equations, which used height and body mass as covariates (equation 1), was slightly more accurate than the equation using body composition parameters (equation 2). The new equations were cross-validated using a randomly selected subset (n = 22) of the original sample. The subset did not show statistically different results from the remainder of the sample (n = 44) between equation 1 (p = 0.083) and equation 2 (p = 0.22). Equation 1, which had more easily measurable parameters, exhibited heightened accuracy, which has important implications for implementation among athletes, coaches, and athletic support staff.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D Watson
- Department of Athletics, Sports Performance Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hannah A Zabriskie
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Kyle E Witherbee
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Andrea Sulavik
- Department of Athletics, Department of Sports Medicine, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Bradley T Gieske
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
|
106
|
Schadock I, Freitas BG, Moreira IL, Rincon JA, Correa MN, Zanella R, Silva ES, Araujo RC, Buchweitz MRD, Helbig E, Del Vecchio FB, Schneider A, Barros CC. Supplementation with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate impacts glucose homeostasis and increases liver size in trained mice. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2018; 90:113-123. [PMID: 30545278 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate (HMB) is a bioactive metabolite derived from the amino acid leucine, usually applied for muscle mass increase during physical training, as well as for muscle mass maintenance in debilitating chronic diseases. The hypothesis of the present study is that HMB is a safe supplement for muscle mass gain by strength training. Based on this, the objective was to measure changes in body composition, glucose homeostasis and hepatic metabolism of HMB supplemented mice during strength training. Two of four groups of male mice (n = 6/group) underwent an 8-week training period session (climbing stairs) with or without HMB supplementation (190 mg/kgBW per day). We observed lower body mass gain (4.9 ± 0.43% versus 1.2 ± 0.43, p < 0.001) and increased liver mass (40.9 ± 0.9 mg/gBW versus 44.8 ± 1.3, p < 0.001) in the supplemented trained group compared with the non-supplemented groups. The supplemented trained group had an increase in relative adipose tissue mass (12.4 ± 0.63 mg/gBW versus 16.1 ± 0.88, P < 0.01) compared to the non-supplemented untrained group, and an increase in fasting blood glucose (111 ± 4.58 mg/dL versus 122 ± 3.70, P < 0.05) and insulin resistance (3.79 ± 0.19 % glucose decay/min versus 2.45 ± 0.28, P < 0.05) comparing with non-supplemented trained group. Adaptive heart hypertrophy was observed only in the non-supplemented trained group (4.82 ± 0.05 mg/gBW versus 5.12 ± 0.13, P < 0.05). There was a higher hepatic insulin-like growth factor-1 expression (P = 0.002) in supplemented untrained comparing with non-supplemented untrained group. Gene expression of gluconeogenesis regulatory factors was increased by training and reduced by HMB supplementation. These results confirm that HMB supplementation associated with intensive training protocol drives changes in glucose homeostasis and liver metabolism in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Schadock
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Barbara G Freitas
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Irae L Moreira
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Joao A Rincon
- Veterinary School - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Zanella
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Evelise Sampaio Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Rubia D Buchweitz
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Elizabete Helbig
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fabricio B Del Vecchio
- Superior School of Physical Education - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Castilho Barros
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Matsuda T, Kato H, Suzuki H, Mizugaki A, Ezaki T, Ogita F. Within-Day Amino Acid Intakes and Nitrogen Balance in Male Collegiate Swimmers during the General Preparation Phase. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1809. [PMID: 30463354 PMCID: PMC6266158 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A higher protein intake is recommended for athletes compared to healthy non-exercising individuals. Additionally, the distribution and quality (i.e., leucine content) of the proteins consumed throughout the day should be optimized. This study aimed to determine the nitrogen balance and distribution of protein and amino acid intakes in competitive swimmers during the general preparation phase. Thirteen swimmers (age: 19.7 ± 1.0 years; VO₂max: 63.9 ± 3.7 mL·kg-1·min-1, mean ± standard deviation) participated in a five-day experimental training period. Nutrient intakes were assessed using dietary records. Nitrogen balance was calculated from the daily protein intake and urinary nitrogen excretion. The intake amounts of amino acids and protein at seven eating occasions were determined. The average and population-safe intakes for zero nitrogen balance were estimated at 1.43 and 1.92 g·kg-1·day-1, respectively. The intake amounts of protein and leucine at breakfast, lunch, and dinner satisfied current guidelines for the maximization of muscle protein synthesis, but not in the other four occasions. The population-safe protein intake level in competitive swimmers was in the upper range (i.e., 1.2⁻2.0 g·kg-1·day-1) of the current recommendations for athletes. The protein intake distribution and quality throughout the day may be suboptimal for the maximization of the skeletal muscle adaptive response to training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsuda
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, 1 Shiromizu-cho, Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Haruka Suzuki
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Ami Mizugaki
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Ezaki
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Futoshi Ogita
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, 1 Shiromizu-cho, Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Hoffman MD, Goulet EDB, Maughan RJ. Considerations in the Use of Body Mass Change to Estimate Change in Hydration Status During a 161-Kilometer Ultramarathon Running Competition. Sports Med 2018; 48:243-250. [PMID: 28895063 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0782-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydration guidelines found in the scientific and popular literature typically advise that body mass losses beyond 2% should be avoided during exercise. In this work, we demonstrate that these guidelines are not applicable to prolonged exercise of several hours where body mass loss does not reflect an equivalent loss of body water due to the effects of body mass change from substrate use, release of water bound with muscle and liver glycogen, and production of water during substrate metabolism. These effects on the body mass loss required to maintain body water balance are shown for a 161-km mountain ultramarathon running competition participant utilizing published data for the total energy cost, exogenous energy consumption and percentage from each fuel source, average participant body mass, and the extent of soft tissue fluid accumulation during an ultramarathon. We assumed that total energy derived from protein ranges from 5 to 10%, all exogenous energy is used to support the energy cost of the race, glycogen utilization ranges from 300 to 500 g, water linked with glycogen ranges from 1 to 3 g per g of glycogen, and the mass of the bladder and gastrointestinal tract is unchanged from pre-race to post-race body mass measurements. These calculations show that the average participant of 68.8 kg must lose 1.9-5.0% body mass to maintain the water supporting body water balance while also avoiding overhydration. Future hydration guidelines should consider these findings so that the proper hydration message is conveyed to those who participate in prolonged exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Hoffman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Sacramento, CA, 95655-1200, USA. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA. .,Ultra Sports Science Foundation, El Dorado Hills, CA, USA.
| | - Eric D B Goulet
- Research Centre on Aging and Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Kundert AML, Di Gangi S, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Jumping and throwing performance in the World Masters' Athletic Championships 1975-2016. Res Sports Med 2018; 27:374-411. [PMID: 30318929 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1528975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Participation and performance of elite age group athletes from 35-39 to 95-99 years competing in World Masters Athletics (WMA) Championships 1975-2016 were examined for throwing (discus, hammer, javelin and shot put) and jumping (high jump, long jump, pole vault and triple jump) events. Overall, 21,723 observations from 8,974 master athletes were analysed. A mixed regression model with sex, age group, calendar year and interactions terms (sex-age group; sex-year) defined as fixed effects was performed for each event separately. Performances over time were increasing overall for each event, with a cubic trend. Compared with women, men had better performances (e.g. in triple jump the estimated difference was 3.378 meters, p < 0.001). However, women improved their performance more than men across calendar years. Performances declined with age for each event (e.g. in triple jump, compared with age group 45-49 years, performance in age group 35-39 years was 1.041 meter better and in age group 85-89 years was 5.342 meter worse). In summary, performance in jumping and throwing events of WMA Championships improved across calendar years, whereas the decline of performance with age was dependent on sex and event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Di Gangi
- a Institute of Primary Care , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- a Institute of Primary Care , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,c Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Orrù S, Imperlini E, Nigro E, Alfieri A, Cevenini A, Polito R, Daniele A, Buono P, Mancini A. Role of Functional Beverages on Sport Performance and Recovery. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1470. [PMID: 30308976 PMCID: PMC6213308 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional beverages represent a palatable and efficient way to hydrate and reintegrate electrolytes, carbohydrates, and other nutrients employed and/or lost during physical training and/or competitions. Bodily hydration during sporting activity is one of the best indicators of health in athletes and can be a limiting factor for sport performance. Indeed, dehydration strongly decreases athletic performance until it is a risk to health. As for other nutrients, each of them is reported to support athletes' needs both during the physical activity and/or in the post-workout. In this study, we review the current knowledge of macronutrient-enriched functional beverages in sport taking into account the athletes' health, sports performance, and recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
- IRCCS SDN, via E. Gianturco 113, 80142 Napoli, Italy.
| | | | - Ersilia Nigro
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina e di Scienze della Salute "Vincenzo Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Andreina Alfieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Armando Cevenini
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina molecolare e Biotecnologie mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Rita Polito
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via G. Vivaldi 42, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via G. Vivaldi 42, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
- IRCCS SDN, via E. Gianturco 113, 80142 Napoli, Italy.
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Structural and functional body components in athletic health and performance phenotypes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 73:215-224. [PMID: 30287933 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
112
|
Jeon S, Cho K, Ok G, Lee S, Park H. Weight loss practice, nutritional status, bone health, and injury history: A profile of professional jockeys in Korea. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2018; 22:27-34. [PMID: 30343556 PMCID: PMC6199486 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2018.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of weight loss practices on nutritional status, bone health, and injury history among Korean professional jockeys. [Methods] Forty-three male jockeys completed a questionnaire to assess their weight loss practices. Of these, 10 jockeys were selected for in-depth assessment of their nutritional status, bone health, and injury history. [Results] The questionnaires revealed that 81.4% of jockeys lost weight every week mainly by dieting and/or exercising. None of the jockeys consumed enough food during the weight loss period. Two jockeys were diagnosed with osteopenia and one was diagnosed with osteoporosis. Only history of fracture showed a significant correlation with low bone mineral density. All jockeys had more than one injury experience throughout their career. Fracture was the most common type of injury, occurring during practice and/or competition and caused mainly by difficulties in handling the horses. [Conclusion] Professional jockeys in Korea use extreme weight loss methods. Their repeated periods of poor nutritional intake may result in seriously low bone mineral density, which may aggravate injuries sustained during horse races. Implementation of balanced dietary programs and delivery of health education on weight management are urgently required.
Collapse
|
113
|
Ad libitum drinking adequately supports hydration during 2 h of running in different ambient temperatures. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2687-2697. [PMID: 30267225 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine if ad libitum drinking will adequately support hydration during exertional heat stress. METHODS Ten endurance-trained runners ran for 2 h at 60% of maximum oxygen uptake under different conditions. Participants drank water ad libitum during separate trials at mean ambient temperatures of 22 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C. Participants also completed three trials at a mean ambient temperature of 35 °C while drinking water ad libitum in all trials, and with consumption of programmed glucose or whey protein hydrolysate solutions to maintain euhydration in two of these trials. Heart rate, oxygen uptake, rectal temperature, perceived effort, and thermal sensation were monitored, and nude body mass, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma osmolality were measured before and after exercise. Water and mass balance equations were used to calculate hydration-related variables. RESULTS Participants adjusted their ad libitum water intake so that the same decrease in body mass (1.1-1.2 kg) and same decrease in body water (0.8-0.9 kg) were observed across the range of ambient temperatures which yielded significant differences (p < .001) in sweat loss. Overall, water intake and total water gain replaced 57% and 66% of the water loss, respectively. The loss in body mass and body water associated with ad libitum drinking resulted in no alteration in physiological and psychophysiological variables compared with the condition when hydration was nearly fully maintained (0.3 L body water deficit) relative to pre-exercise status from programmed drinking. CONCLUSIONS Ad libitum drinking is an appropriate strategy for supporting hydration during running for 2 h duration under hot conditions.
Collapse
|
114
|
Winwood PW, Dudson MK, Wilson D, Mclaren-Harrison JKH, Redjkins V, Pritchard HJ, Keogh JWL. Tapering Practices of Strongman Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1181-1196. [PMID: 29373426 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Winwood, PW, Dudson, MK, Wilson, D, Mclaren-Harrison, JKH, Redjkins, V, Pritchard, HJ, and Keogh, JWL. Tapering practices of strongman athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1181-1196, 2018-This study provides the first empirical evidence of how strongman athletes taper for strongman competitions. Strongman athletes (n = 454) (mean ± SD: 33.2 ± 8.0 years, 178.1 ± 10.6 cm, 108.6 ± 27.9 kg, 12.6 ± 8.9 years general resistance training, 5.3 ± 5.0 years strongman implement training) completed a self-reported 4-page internet survey on tapering practices. Analysis by sex (male and female), age (≤30 and >30 years), body mass (≤105 and >105 kg), and competitive standard (local/regional amateur, national amateur and professional) was conducted. Eighty-seven percent (n = 396) of strongman athletes reported that they used a taper. Athletes stated that their typical taper length was 8.6 ± 5.0 days, with the step taper the most commonly performed taper (52%). Training volume decreased during the taper by 45.5 ± 12.9%, and all training ceased 3.9 ± 1.8 days out from competition. Typically, athletes reported that training frequency and training duration stayed the same or decreased and training intensity decreased to around 50% in the last week. Athletes generally stated that tapering was performed to achieve recovery, rest, and peak performance; the deadlift, yoke walk, and stone lifts/work took longer to recover from than other lifts; assistance exercises were reduced or removed in the taper; massage, foam rolling, nutritional changes, and static stretching were strategies used in the taper; and, poor tapering occurred when athletes trained too heavy/hard or had too short a taper. These data will assist strongman athletes and coaches in the optimization of tapering variables leading to more peak performances. Future research could investigate the priming and preactivation strategies strongman athletes use on competition day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Winwood
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Community Health and Wellness, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Mike K Dudson
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Community Health and Wellness, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Wilson
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Community Health and Wellness, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Justice K H Mclaren-Harrison
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Community Health and Wellness, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Vladislav Redjkins
- Department of Hospitality, Tourism and Sport Industry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia.,World Strongman Federation, Belorussian Information Center, Riga, Latvia
| | - Hayden J Pritchard
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health & Science, University College of Learning, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 30068354 PMCID: PMC6090881 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. Methods This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. Conclusions This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA.
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | | | - Abbie Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rick Collins
- Collins Gann McCloskey and Barry PLLC, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Mathew Cooke
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaci N Davis
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Department of Human Performance & Sport Business, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Hoffman MD, Stellingwerff T, Costa RJS. Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: part 2 - hydration. Res Sports Med 2018; 27:182-194. [PMID: 30056755 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1502189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is not unusual for those participating in ultra-endurance (> 4 hr) events to develop varying degrees of either hypohydration or hyperhydration. Yet, it is important for ultra-endurance athletes to avoid the performance limiting and potentially fatal consequences of these conditions. During short periods of exercise (< 1 hr), trivial effects on the relationship between body mass change and hydration status result from body mass loss due to oxidation of endogenous fuel stores, and water supporting the intravascular volume being generated from endogenous fuel oxidation and released with glycogen oxidation. However, these effects have meaningful implications during prolonged exercise. In fact, body mass loses well over 2% may be required during some ultra-endurance activities to avoid hyperhydration. Therefore, the typical hydration guidelines to avoid more than 2% body mass loss do not apply in ultra-endurance activities and can potentially result in hyperhydration. Fortunately, achieving the balance of proper hydration during ultra-endurance activities need not be complicated and has been well demonstrated to generally be achieved by simply drinking to thirst and avoiding excessive sodium supplementation with intention of replacing all sodium losses during the exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Hoffman
- a Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Department of Veterans Affairs , Northern California Health Care System , Sacramento , CA , USA.,b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , University of California Davis Medical Center , Sacramento , CA , USA.,c Ultra Sports Science Foundation , El Dorado Hills , CA , USA
| | | | - Ricardo J S Costa
- e Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food , Monash University , Notting Hill , Victoria , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Muros JJ, Sánchez-Muñoz C, Hoyos J, Zabala M. Nutritional intake and body composition changes in a UCI World Tour cycling team during the Tour of Spain. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:86-94. [PMID: 30016187 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1497088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the food intake of an International Cyclist Union (UCI) World Tour professional cyclist team and to analyse changes in body composition during the Tour of Spain. Nine male professional road cyclists (31.3 ± 3.0 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Nutritional data were collected each day throughout the 3-week Tour by two trained investigators who weighed the food ingested by the cyclists. Mean nutritional intake of the cyclists was as follows: carbohydrate, 12.5 ± 1.8 g/kg/day of body weight (BW) (65.0 ± 5.9%); fat, 1.5 ± 0.5 g/kg/day BW (17.9 ± 5.6%); and protein, 3.3 ± 0.3 g/kg/day BW (17.1 ± 1.6%). Intake of all micronutrients, except for folate, vitamin D and potassium (which were 78.7%, 46% and 84% of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), respectively), exceeded the RDA. Height, weight, skinfolds, circumferences and diameters were taken following the guidelines outlined by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Body density, body fat percentage, muscle mass, total muscle mass and fat mass of the arms and thighs were calculated. Percentage body fat, fat mass and upper arm fat mass significantly decreased (p < .05) after the Tour independent of the equation method used in the calculations. Total muscle mass remained unchanged. Generally, this sample of cyclists consumed more protein and less fat than the recommended amount and had low weight, BMI and fat mass. It is suggested that sports nutritionists design personalised diets in order to maintain a correct proportion of nutrients as well as controlling possible anthropometrical changes that could affect performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Muros
- a Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,b Cycling Research Center , Granada , Spain
| | - Cristóbal Sánchez-Muñoz
- b Cycling Research Center , Granada , Spain.,c Department of Physical Education, School of Sport Science , University of Granada , Melilla , Spain
| | | | - Mikel Zabala
- b Cycling Research Center , Granada , Spain.,d Movistar Cycling Team , Spain.,e Department of Physical Education, School of Sport Science , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Boldt P, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis P, Lechleitner C, Wirnitzer G, Leitzmann C, Rosemann T, Wirnitzer K. Quality of life of female and male vegetarian and vegan endurance runners compared to omnivores - results from the NURMI study (step 2). J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:33. [PMID: 30016961 PMCID: PMC6050691 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health-related effects of a vegetarian or vegan diet are known to support parameters positively affecting exercise performance in athletes, whereas knowledge about psyche and wellbeing is sparse. Therefore, the aim of the Nutrition and Running High Mileage (NURMI) Study (Step 2) was to compare Quality of Life (QOL) scores among endurance runners following a vegetarian or vegan diet against those who adhere to an omnivorous diet. Methods The study was conducted following a cross-sectional design. A total of 281 recreational runners (159 women, 122 men) completed the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire consisting of the domains physical health, psychological wellbeing, social relationships and environment, which generates scores on a scale from 4 to 20. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA. Results It was found that 123 subjects followed an omnivorous diet and 158 adhered to a vegetarian/vegan diet. There were 173 runners who met the inclusion criteria (‘NURMI-Runners’), among them 103 half-marathoners and 70 marathoners and ultramarathoners, as well as 108 10 km runners as control group. Overall QOL scores were high (~ 16.62 ± 1.91). Men had higher scores than women due to high scores in the physical health and psychological well-being dimensions. Adhering to an omnivorous diet affected environment scores for women and social relationships scores for men. A minor effect concerning race distance was observed in women, where half-marathoners had a higher environmental score than 10-km runners. A moderate diet×race distance interaction on environment scores was shown for men. Conclusions The results revealed that endurance runners had a high QOL regardless of the race distance or diet choice. These findings support the notion that adhering to a vegetarian or vegan diet can be an appropriate and equal alternative to an omnivorous diet. Trial registration ISRCTN73074080. Registered 12th June 2015, retrospectively registered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Boldt
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Claus Leitzmann
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Wirnitzer
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Management, Pedagogical University Tyrol, Feldstraße 1/II, 6010, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Effect of Glycemic Index of a Pre-exercise Meal on Endurance Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:1087-1101. [PMID: 27677914 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low glycemic index (GI) pre-exercise meals may enhance endurance performance by maintaining euglycemia and altering fuel utilization. However, evidence for performance benefits is equivocal. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a low GI (LGI) versus a high GI (HGI) pre-exercise meal on endurance performance using meta-analyses. METHODS Data sources included MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, AUSPORT, AusportMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Eligibility criteria were randomized, crossover trials with an endurance exercise (≥60 min) component, e.g., time trial (TT), time to exhaustion (TTE) test, or submaximal bout followed by TT or TTE. Participants were healthy, active individuals aged ≥16 years. Interventions included a LGI (≤55) and HGI (≥70) meal ingested 30-240 min before exercise. Study quality was assessed using an adapted version of the validated Downs and Black tool. Effect size (ES) and 95 % confidence interval were calculated for each study and pooled according to performance test type and whether exogenous carbohydrate (CHO) was given during exercise. Potential effect modifiers including exercise duration, pre-exercise meal timing, glycemic load (GL), and fitness were assessed using meta-regression. RESULTS The search netted 3431 citations with 19 studies eligible for inclusion (totaling 188 participants; 91 % male; VO2max: >50 ml/kg/min). Meals with 0.18-2 g CHO/kg body mass, and a mean GI and glycemic load of 82 (GL: 72) and 35 (GL: 32) for HGI and LGI, respectively, were given between 30 and 210 min before exercise. All test types without CHO ingestion during exercise showed slightly improved performance with LGI, but no significant pooled effects were observed (ES: -0.17 to -0.36; p > 0.05). Studies where exogenous CHO was ingested during exercise showed conflicting results (ES: -0.67 to 0.11; p = 0.04 to 0.94). No significant relationship was observed with any of the effect modifiers (p > 0.05). No consistent metabolic responses (glucose, insulin, lactate, respiratory exchange ratio) during exercise were observed with either meal type. LIMITATIONS There were small numbers of studies within each exercise testing protocol and limited statistical power within studies. Pre-exercise meal timing, GL, meal composition and participant fitness varied across studies, limiting the capacity to assess the influence of these factors on study outcomes. CONCLUSION There was no clear benefit of consuming a LGI pre-exercise meal for endurance performance regardless of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise.
Collapse
|
120
|
Bone Health Considerations for the Adolescent Female Athlete. CURRENT PEDIATRICS REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40124-018-0160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
121
|
Nunes CL, Matias CN, Santos DA, Morgado JP, Monteiro CP, Sousa M, Minderico CS, Rocha PM, St-Onge MP, Sardinha LB, Silva AM. Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2018; 54:E41. [PMID: 30344272 PMCID: PMC6122105 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective: For a high level athlete, it is essential to ensure optimal energy as well as macro- and micro-nutrient and fluid intakes, in order to improve their performance during training and competition. Protein intake should be 1.2⁻2.1 g/kg/d, whereas the requirements for carbohydrate and fat intakes should be >5g/kg/d and 20⁻35% of energy, respectively. The micronutrient and fluid intakes in athletes were compared to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations, respectively. This study aimed to characterize and compare the nutritional habits of athletes at the preparatory and competitive phase, and to test if their nutritional intakes were in accordance with the recommendations. Materials and methods: A total of 276 professional athletes were assessed. To evaluate their nutritional intake, the athletes completed a 7 days food record. Under reporting was defined using a ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 1.1. Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Almost half (49%) of the athletes from the final sample reported lower measured intakes of carbohydrates and 27% reported a higher consumption of proteins than what was recommended. In both the preparatory and competitive phases, the micronutrients with a higher mismatch between the actual and recommended intakes were vitamins D and E, magnesium, folate, calcium, and zinc for both sexes, and iron intake for females. A large proportion of athletes reported a lower water intake. Compared to the recommendations, males reported a higher intake of carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins E, calcium, and magnesium (p <0.05) in the competitive phase, while females reported a lower ingestion of water, vitamins A and D, and calcium (p <0.05) in the preparatory phase. Conclusions: Overall, in the preparatory and competitive phases of the season, athletes reported a macro- and micro-nutrient intake below the recommendations, especially in the female athletic population. Dietary intakes in athletes need to be optimized and adjusted to their requirements, according to sex and sport, so as to avoid compromising health and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina L Nunes
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Catarina N Matias
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Diana A Santos
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - José P Morgado
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Cristina P Monteiro
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Mónica Sousa
- Nutrition & Metabolism, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal.
- CINTESIS-Center for Health Technology and Services Research, R. Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia S Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Paulo M Rocha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Knuiman P, Hopman MTE, Verbruggen C, Mensink M. Protein and the Adaptive Response With Endurance Training: Wishful Thinking or a Competitive Edge? Front Physiol 2018; 9:598. [PMID: 29875696 PMCID: PMC5974122 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of carbohydrates for endurance training has been well established, whereas the role of protein and the adaptive response with endurance training is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this perspective is to discuss the current evidence on the role of dietary protein and the adaptive response with endurance training. On a metabolic level, a single bout of endurance training stimulates the oxidation of several amino acids. Although the amount of amino acids as part of total energy expenditure during exercise is relatively low compared to other substrates (e.g., carbohydrates and fat), it may depress the rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis, and thereby have a negative effect on training adaptation. A low supply of amino acids relative to that of carbohydrates may also have negative effects on the synthesis of capillaries, synthesis and turn-over of mitochondrial proteins and proteins involved in oxygen transport including hamoglobin and myoglobin. Thus far, the scientific evidence demonstrating the significance of dietary protein is mainly derived from research with resistance exercise training regimes. This is not surprising since the general paradigm states that endurance training has insignificant effects on skeletal muscle growth. This could have resulted in an underappreciation of the role of dietary protein for the endurance athlete. To conclude, evidence of the role of protein on endurance training adaptations and performance remains scarce and is mainly derived from acute exercise studies. Therefore, future human intervention studies must unravel whether dietary protein is truly capable of augmenting endurance training adaptations and ultimately performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pim Knuiman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Conor Verbruggen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco Mensink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Louis J, Vercruyssen F, Bernard T. Comment maintenir son niveau de performance physique avec l’âge ? L’exemple de l’athlète master. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
124
|
Hayakawa NMM, Reis RCG, Oliveira JPLD, Pereira JDAR, Abreu WCD. Drinking to thirst influences fluid replacement in adolescents judokas. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201800010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
125
|
PETRELLI F, GRAPPASONNI I, EVANGELISTA D, POMPEI P, BROGLIA G, CIOFFI P, KRACMAROVA L, SCURI S. Mental and physical effects of energy drinks consumption in an Italian young people group: a pilot study. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2018; 59:E80-E87. [PMID: 29938242 PMCID: PMC6009067 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2018.59.1.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The primary consumers of energy drinks were athletes, to combat fatigue, but in reality, thanks to their fast expansion and economic growth, young adults and teenagers represent the new target market. Consumption of energy drinks by both recreational and competitive athletes has increased dramatically in recent years, though they are often unaware of what is being ingested, believing to improve their physical and psychological performance. The literature shows contradictions about the capacity of energy drinks to enhance psychophysical results. In relation to probable adverse effects induced by the irregular consumption of energy drinks, which in several cases are not so clear, we decided to investigate the possible relationship between the intake of energy drinks and the presence of mental and physical stress in young people and athletes. METHODS Two experimental sessions, separated at least by 1 week, according to a randomized cross-over design, following this protocol were conducted: in the first session a mental and physical stress was conducted without the consumption of energy drinks, the second after energy drinks consumption. BAI (Beck Anxiety Inventory) and BDI (Beck Depression Inventory II) test have been used to test the mental stress, and a "cycle ergometer test" to test the physical stress. RESULTS BAI and BDI tests results showed that before the consumption of energy drinks, subjects are considered in the range of "minimal level of anxiety", (10 and 60 percentiles) and do not report a level of depression. After the energy drinks consumption, a "mild level of anxiety" has been recorded, and the BDI showed a case with a pathological profile. The physical test recorded a small increase in the maximum heart rate was verified with the intake of an energetic beverage. CONCLUSIONS The stimulating effect of Energy Drinks EDs on nervous system and cardiovascular system, must be checked and studied in deeper detail, because it may represent a risk for the health of young athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. PETRELLI
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - I. GRAPPASONNI
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - D. EVANGELISTA
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - P. POMPEI
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - G. BROGLIA
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - P. CIOFFI
- Internal Pharmacy Service of Pescara Hospital, Italy
| | - L. KRACMAROVA
- Regional Hospital of T. Bata in Zlin, Hospital Pharmacy, Czech Republic
| | - S. SCURI
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Nutrition and Supplementation Considerations to Limit Endotoxemia When Exercising in the Heat. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6010012. [PMID: 29910316 PMCID: PMC5969196 DOI: 10.3390/sports6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced heat production is further elevated by exercise performed in hot conditions and this can subsequently impact inflammation, and gastrointestinal (GI) health. Implementing nutrition and supplementation strategies under these conditions may support the hyperthermic response, the systemic inflammatory response, GI permeability and integrity, and exercise performance. Therefore, the aim of this brief review is to explore athletes' inflammatory response of two key biomarkers, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and provide nutrition and supplementation recommendations when exercising in hot conditions. There is emerging evidence that probiotics, glutamine, and vitamin C can preserve GI integrity, which may improve performance during exercise in the heat. Glucose rich food when consumed with water, before and during exercise in the heat, also appear to limit endotoxemia, preserve GI integrity, and reduce the incidence of GI disturbances compared with water alone. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may compromise GI integrity and this may result in greater leakage of endotoxins during long duration exercise in the heat. Further work is required to elucidate the impact of nutrition and supplementation strategies, in particular the use of NSAIDs, when exercising in the heat.
Collapse
|
127
|
Baseline glucose level is an individual trait that is negatively associated with lifespan and increases due to adverse environmental conditions during development and adulthood. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:517-526. [PMID: 29313093 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
High baseline glucose levels are associated with pathologies and shorter lifespan in humans, but little is known about causes and consequences of individual variation in glucose levels in other species. We tested to what extent baseline blood glucose level is a repeatable trait in adult zebra finches, and whether glucose levels were associated with age, manipulated environmental conditions during development (rearing brood size) and adulthood (foraging cost), and lifespan. We found that: (1) repeatability of glucose levels was 30%, both within and between years. (2) Having been reared in a large brood and living with higher foraging costs as adult were independently associated with higher glucose levels. Furthermore, the finding that baseline glucose was low when ambient temperature was high, and foraging costs were low, indicates that glucose is regulated at a lower level when energy turnover is low. (3) Survival probability decreased with increasing baseline glucose. We conclude that baseline glucose is an individual trait negatively associated with survival, and increases due to adverse environmental conditions during development (rearing brood size) and adulthood (foraging cost). Blood glucose may be, therefore, part of the physiological processes linking environmental conditions to lifespan.
Collapse
|
128
|
Holdsworth DA, Cox PJ, Kirk T, Stradling H, Impey SG, Clarke K. A Ketone Ester Drink Increases Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Synthesis in Humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 49:1789-1795. [PMID: 28398950 PMCID: PMC5556006 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Physical endurance can be limited by muscle glycogen stores, in that glycogen depletion markedly reduces external work. During carbohydrate restriction, the liver synthesizes the ketone bodies, d-β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate from fatty acids. In animals and in the presence of glucose, d-β-hydroxybutyrate promotes insulin secretion and increases glycogen synthesis. Here we determined whether a dietary ketone ester, combined with plentiful glucose, can increase postexercise glycogen synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Methods After an interval-based glycogen depletion exercise protocol, 12 well-trained male athletes completed a randomized, three-arm, blinded crossover recovery study that consisted of consumption of either a taste-matched, zero-calorie control or a ketone monoester drink, followed by a 10-mM glucose clamp or saline infusion for 2 h. The three postexercise conditions were control drink then saline infusion, control drink then hyperglycemic clamp, or ketone ester drink then hyperglycemic clamp. Skeletal muscle glycogen content was determined in muscle biopsies of vastus lateralis taken before and after the 2-h clamps. Results The ketone ester drink increased blood d-β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations to a maximum of 5.3 versus 0.7 mM for the control drink (P < 0.0001). During the 2-h glucose clamps, insulin levels were twofold higher (31 vs 16 mU·L−1, P < 0.01) and glucose uptake 32% faster (1.66 vs 1.26 g·kg−1, P < 0.001). The ketone drink increased by 61 g, the total glucose infused for 2 h, from 197 to 258 g, and muscle glycogen was 50% higher (246 vs 164 mmol glycosyl units per kilogram dry weight, P < 0.05) than after the control drink. Conclusion In the presence of constant high glucose concentrations, a ketone ester drink increased endogenous insulin levels, glucose uptake, and muscle glycogen synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Holdsworth
- 1Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM; and 2Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moore's University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Silva AM, Matias CN, Santos DA, Thomas D, Bosy-Westphal A, MüLLER MJ, Heymsfield SB, Sardinha LUB. Compensatory Changes in Energy Balance Regulation over One Athletic Season. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1229-1235. [PMID: 28121799 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mechanisms in energy balance (EB) regulation may include compensatory changes in energy intake (EI) and metabolic adaption (MA), but information is unavailable in athletes who often change EB components. We aim to investigate EB regulation compensatory mechanisms over one athletic season. METHODS Fifty-seven athletes (39 males/18 females; handball, volleyball, basketball, triathlon, and swimming) were evaluated from the beginning to the competitive phase of the season. Resting and total energy expenditure (REE and TEE, respectively) were assessed by indirect calorimetry and doubly labeled water, respectively, and physical activity energy expenditure was determined as TEE - 0.1(TEE) - REE. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and changed body energy stores was determined by 1.0(ΔFFM/Δtime) + 9.5(ΔFM/Δtime). EI was derived as TEE + EB. REE was predicted from baseline FFM, FM, sex, and sports. %MA was calculated as 100(measured REE/predicted REE-1) and MA (kcal) as %MA/100 multiplied by baseline measured REE. Average EI minus average physical activity energy expenditure was computed as a proxy of average energy availability, assuming that a constant nonexercise EE occurred over the season. RESULTS Body mass increased by 0.8 ± 2.5 kg (P < 0.05), but a large individual variability was found ranging from -6.1 to 5.2 kg. The TEE raise (16.8% ± 11.7%) was compensated by an increase EI change (16.3% ± 12.0%) for the whole group (P < 0.05). MA was found in triathletes, sparing 128 ± 168 kcal·d, and basketball players, dissipating 168 ± 205 kcal·d (P < 0.05). MA was associated (P < 0.05) with EB and energy availability (r = 0.356 and r = 0.0644, respectively). CONCLUSION TEE increased over the season without relevant mean changes in weight, suggesting that EI compensation likely occurred. The thrifty or spendthrift phenotypes observed among sports and the demanding workloads these athletes are exposed to highlight the need for sport-specific energy requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Analiza M Silva
- 1Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, PORTUGAL; 2Department of Mathematical Sciences, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY; 3Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, GERMANY; 4Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, GERMANY; and 5Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Wilson G, Lucas D, Hambly C, Speakman JR, Morton JP, Close GL. Energy expenditure in professional flat jockeys using doubly labelled water during the racing season: Implications for body weight management. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:235-242. [PMID: 29215970 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1406996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To formulate individualized dietary strategies for jockeys, it is vital that energy requirements are quantified. We measured total energy expenditure (TEE) over two separate weeks in spring and summer using doubly labelled water in a group of male flat jockeys (n = 8, 36.9 ± 5.7 years, 164 ± 8 cm, 54.6 ± 2.5 kg). Total energy intake (TEI) was self-recorded, as were all riding and structured exercise activity. Mean daily TEE was 10.83 (±2.3) and 10.66 (±1.76) MJ, (p = .61) respectively. Self-reported TEI were 6.03 (±1.7) and 5.37 (±1.1) MJ (p = .40), respectively, and were significantly lower than TEE (p = .01). Mean race rides were 17 (±6) and 13 (±3; p = 0.37) and horses ridden at morning exercise were 8 (±6) and 7 (±4; p = .77) respectively. Additional structured exercise was 76.25 (±95.1) and 52.5 (±80.9) min per week (p = .35), respectively. At the individual level, TEE was related to body mass and the level of non-racing physical activity, but not riding. Physical activity levels for TEE were 1.76 (±0.37) and 1.69 (±0.27; p = .59) and appear modest when compared with other athletes, and similar to age-matched non-athletes, suggesting that conventional sport-specific nutritional recommendations do not appear applicable. The large discrepancy between TEE and TEI suggests significant under reporting of dietary intake. These data now provide an appropriate framework from which to formulate jockey nutritional guidelines to promote the ability to achieve the daily weight target and improve athlete welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Wilson
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Daloni Lucas
- b Injured Jockeys Fund, Oaksey House , Lambourn , UK
| | - Catherine Hambly
- c School of Biological Sciences, Aberdeen University , Aberdeen , UK
| | - John R Speakman
- c School of Biological Sciences, Aberdeen University , Aberdeen , UK.,d School of Life Sciences , Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - James P Morton
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Consumption of high-protein diets is increasingly popular due to the benefits of protein on preserving lean mass and controlling appetite and satiety. The paper is to review recent clinical research assessing dietary protein on calcium metabolism and bone health. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiological studies show that long-term, high-protein intake is positively associated with bone mineral density and reduced risk of bone fracture incidence. Short-term interventional studies demonstrate that a high-protein diet does not negatively affect calcium homeostasis. Existing evidence supports that the negative effects of the acid load of protein on urinary calcium excretion are offset by the beneficial skeletal effects of high-protein intake. Future research should focus on the role and the degree of contribution of other dietary and physiological factors, such as intake of fruits and vegetables, in reducing the acid load and further enhancing the anabolic effects of protein on the musculoskeletal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Cao
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
- USDA ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Ave N, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9034, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Tillman EM, Opilla M. Considerations for Fueling an Endurance Athlete With Home Parenteral Nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32:782-788. [PMID: 29016220 DOI: 10.1177/0884533617735078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of clinicians managing nutrition support for patients with home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is to adapt nutrition needs to best serve the consumers, so they may have the best quality of life despite specialized nutrition needs. Some HPN consumers may desire to participate in endurance athletics, which will require special considerations. This review is intended to outline key nutrition differences in endurance athletes that a nutrition support team should consider when providing HPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Tillman
- 1 Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
RODRIGUES VB, RAVAGNANI CDFC, NABUCO HCG, RAVAGNANI FCDP, FERNANDES VLS, ESPINOSA MM. Adequacy of energy and macronutrient intake of food supplements for athletes. REV NUTR 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-98652017000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective To assess how much food supplements contribute to the nutritional adequacy of energy and macronutrients in relation those recommended for athletes. Methods This was a cross sectional study was composed of 182 athletes from 19 sports (150 men and 32 women) with a mean age, weight, height and body mass index of 23.8±7.5 years, 73.7±15.6kg, 1.7±0.1m, 24.2±4.0kg/m², respectively. The 24 hours dietary recall was applied to assess intake and the Multiple Source Method to evaluate usual intake. We used the t-test, Mann-Whitney test, Analysis of Variance and Kruskal-Wallis for comparative analysis among the diets, gender and types of groups, and the comparison of two-proportion test to assess the diets Food and Food and Supplementation. Results Of the athletes studied, less than half used dietary supplements (39.0%). Energy intake was below the recommended (52.7%) in Food diet, and 45.6% in Food and Supplementation diet. The mean total of carbohydrate inadequacy (g.kg-1.day-1) was high for athletes of both genders and between Food and Food and Supplementation diets. The protein intake was above the recommended levels in Food diet (23.1%) and in Food and Supplementation diet (33.5%). The lipid intake was also above the recommended dietary levels in Food (47.3%) and in Food and Supplementation diets (50.0%). Conclusion The use of supplements did not significantly reduce inadequacies of diet and the athletes’ intake of calories and carbohydrates was below the recommended for these groups. However, the protein intake was above the recommended levels for athletes.
Collapse
|
134
|
|
135
|
Druker I, Gesser-Edelsburg A. Identifying and assessing views among physically-active adult gym members in Israel on dietary supplements. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:37. [PMID: 28947895 PMCID: PMC5609049 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports dietary supplements are available for sale in public places including sports clubs. Although there is uncertainty regarding their safety, many gym members who regularly work out consume them. The present study aimed to identify the approaches and perspectives of the public who work out in gyms and take dietary supplements. It examined how professionals view sports dietary supplement consumption, and how they communicate this issue to gym members. The literature discusses the prevalence of SDS use among athletes, but rarely discusses or compares between the risk perceptions of gym members, trainers, and dietitians, who represent the physically-active general public, regarding SDS. METHODS We conducted constructivist qualitative research in semi-structured one-on-one interviews (n = 34). We held in-depth interviews (n = 20) with a heterogeneous population of adult gym members who take dietary supplements, and (n = 14) with dietitians and fitness trainers. RESULTS The main finding was a gap in risk perception of dietary supplement use between dietitians, gym members and fitness trainers. There was low risk perception among dietary supplements consumers. Trainers believed that benefits of supplement consumption exceeded risk, and therefore they did not convey a message to their clients about risk. In contrast, dietitians interviewed for this study renounced general use of sports dietary supplements and doubted whether trainers had proper nutritional knowledge to support it. CONCLUSION Lack of awareness of risks suggests that there is a need for communication on this issue. We recommend that professionals (physicians and dietitians) be present in sports clubs that sell such products in an uncontrolled way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Druker
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, 3498838 Haifa, Israel.,The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wingate Institute, 42902 Netanya, Israel
| | - Anat Gesser-Edelsburg
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, 3498838 Haifa, Israel.,Health Promotion Program, School of Public Health, Health and Risk Communication Research Center, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, 3498838 Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Rogerson D. Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:36. [PMID: 28924423 PMCID: PMC5598028 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growth of social media as a platform to share information, veganism is becoming more visible, and could be becoming more accepted in sports and in the health and fitness industry. However, to date, there appears to be a lack of literature that discusses how to manage vegan diets for athletic purposes. This article attempted to review literature in order to provide recommendations for how to construct a vegan diet for athletes and exercisers. While little data could be found in the sports nutrition literature specifically, it was revealed elsewhere that veganism creates challenges that need to be accounted for when designing a nutritious diet. This included the sufficiency of energy and protein; the adequacy of vitamin B12, iron, zinc, calcium, iodine and vitamin D; and the lack of the long-chain n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in most plant-based sources. However, via the strategic management of food and appropriate supplementation, it is the contention of this article that a nutritive vegan diet can be designed to achieve the dietary needs of most athletes satisfactorily. Further, it was suggested here that creatine and β-alanine supplementation might be of particular use to vegan athletes, owing to vegetarian diets promoting lower muscle creatine and lower muscle carnosine levels in consumers. Empirical research is needed to examine the effects of vegan diets in athletic populations however, especially if this movement grows in popularity, to ensure that the health and performance of athletic vegans is optimised in accordance with developments in sports nutrition knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Rogerson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, S10 2BP, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Becatti M, Mannucci A, Barygina V, Mascherini G, Emmi G, Silvestri E, Wright D, Taddei N, Galanti G, Fiorillo C. Redox status alterations during the competitive season in élite soccer players: focus on peripheral leukocyte-derived ROS. Intern Emerg Med 2017; 12:777-788. [PMID: 28361355 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-017-1653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that exercise training can deeply affect redox homeostasis by enhancing antioxidant defenses. However, exhaustive exercise can induce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to oxidative stress-related tissue injury and impaired muscle contractility. Hence, ROS represent important signaling molecules whose level has to be maintained to preserve normal cellular function, but which can also accumulate in response to repetitive muscle contraction. In fact, low levels of oxidants have been suggested to be essential for muscle contraction. Both aerobic and anaerobic exercise induce ROS production from several sources (mitochondria, NADPH oxidases and xanthine oxidases); however, the exact mechanisms underlying exercise-induced oxidative stress remain undefined. Professional athletes show a high risk for oxidative stress, and consequently muscle injury or decreased performance. Based on this background, we investigated leukocyte redox homeostasis alterations during the soccer season in élite soccer players. Overall blood redox status was investigated in twenty-seven male soccer players from primary division (Italian "Serie A" team) at four critical time points during the soccer season: T0: just before the first team training session; T1: at the beginning of the season; T2: in the middle of the season and T3: at the end of the season. The main markers of muscular damage (CK, myoglobin, LDH), assessed by standard routine methods, are significantly altered at the considered time points (T0 vs T1 P < 0.01). In peripheral leukocyte subpopulations, ROS production shows significant alterations at the considered time points during the soccer season, and strictly and significantly correlates with CK values at every considered time point. Our experimental data indicate that deep redox homeostasis alterations are evident during the soccer season in élite soccer players, and that oxidative stress can be easily monitored, besides using the standard plasma biochemical parameters, by leukocyte ROS production analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Amanda Mannucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Victoria Barygina
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mascherini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Sports Medicine Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniel Wright
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Giorgio Galanti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Sports Medicine Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Fiorillo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, Stout JR, Campbell B, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Kalman D, Smith-Ryan AE, Kreider RB, Willoughby D, Arciero PJ, VanDusseldorp TA, Ormsbee MJ, Wildman R, Greenwood M, Ziegenfuss TN, Aragon AA, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:33. [PMID: 28919842 PMCID: PMC5596471 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review regarding the timing of macronutrients in reference to healthy, exercising adults and in particular highly trained individuals on exercise performance and body composition. The following points summarize the position of the ISSN:Nutrient timing incorporates the use of methodical planning and eating of whole foods, fortified foods and dietary supplements. The timing of energy intake and the ratio of certain ingested macronutrients may enhance recovery and tissue repair, augment muscle protein synthesis (MPS), and improve mood states following high-volume or intense exercise. Endogenous glycogen stores are maximized by following a high-carbohydrate diet (8–12 g of carbohydrate/kg/day [g/kg/day]); moreover, these stores are depleted most by high volume exercise. If rapid restoration of glycogen is required (< 4 h of recovery time) then the following strategies should be considered:aggressive carbohydrate refeeding (1.2 g/kg/h) with a preference towards carbohydrate sources that have a high (> 70) glycemic index the addition of caffeine (3–8 mg/kg) combining carbohydrates (0.8 g/kg/h) with protein (0.2–0.4 g/kg/h)
Extended (> 60 min) bouts of high intensity (> 70% VO2max) exercise challenge fuel supply and fluid regulation, thus carbohydrate should be consumed at a rate of ~30–60 g of carbohydrate/h in a 6–8% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (6–12 fluid ounces) every 10–15 min throughout the entire exercise bout, particularly in those exercise bouts that span beyond 70 min. When carbohydrate delivery is inadequate, adding protein may help increase performance, ameliorate muscle damage, promote euglycemia and facilitate glycogen re-synthesis. Carbohydrate ingestion throughout resistance exercise (e.g., 3–6 sets of 8–12 repetition maximum [RM] using multiple exercises targeting all major muscle groups) has been shown to promote euglycemia and higher glycogen stores. Consuming carbohydrate solely or in combination with protein during resistance exercise increases muscle glycogen stores, ameliorates muscle damage, and facilitates greater acute and chronic training adaptations. Meeting the total daily intake of protein, preferably with evenly spaced protein feedings (approximately every 3 h during the day), should be viewed as a primary area of emphasis for exercising individuals. Ingestion of essential amino acids (EAA; approximately 10 g)either in free form or as part of a protein bolus of approximately 20–40 g has been shown to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Pre- and/or post-exercise nutritional interventions (carbohydrate + protein or protein alone) may operate as an effective strategy to support increases in strength and improvements in body composition. However, the size and timing of a pre-exercise meal may impact the extent to which post-exercise protein feeding is required. Post-exercise ingestion (immediately to 2-h post) of high-quality protein sources stimulates robust increases in MPS. In non-exercising scenarios, changing the frequency of meals has shown limited impact on weight loss and body composition, with stronger evidence to indicate meal frequency can favorably improve appetite and satiety. More research is needed to determine the influence of combining an exercise program with altered meal frequencies on weight loss and body composition with preliminary research indicating a potential benefit. Ingesting a 20–40 g protein dose (0.25–0.40 g/kg body mass/dose) of a high-quality source every three to 4 h appears to most favorably affect MPS rates when compared to other dietary patterns and is associated with improved body composition and performance outcomes. Consuming casein protein (~ 30–40 g) prior to sleep can acutely increase MPS and metabolic rate throughout the night without influencing lipolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO USA
| | - Shawn Arent
- IFNH Center for Health & Human Performance, Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Health Science Department, Program of Exercise Science, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Bill Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Exercise Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Lem Taylor
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Exercise Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Doug Kalman
- Department of Athletics, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Darryn Willoughby
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX USA
| | - Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA USA
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Studies, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | | | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | | | - Alan A Aragon
- Department of Family Environmental Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL USA
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
De Sanctis V, Soliman N, Soliman AT, Elsedfy H, Di Maio S, El Kholy M, Fiscina B. Caffeinated energy drink consumption among adolescents and potential health consequences associated with their use: a significant public health hazard. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2017; 88:222-231. [PMID: 28845841 PMCID: PMC6166148 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v88i2.6664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Caffeinated energy drinks (EDs) are increasingly popular among adolescents despite growing evidence of their negative health effects. The consumption of EDs has seen a substantial increase during the past few decades, especially in the Western and Asian countries. EDs contain high levels of caffeine, sugar, and novel ingredients, and are often marketed through youth-oriented media and venues. The known and unknown pharmacology of the constituents of EDs poses a risk of caffeine toxicity and other ill effects when consumed by young people. Caffeine intoxication may result in tachycardia, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, and even death. Other health concerns related to consumption of EDs include obesity and dental enamel erosion resulting from the acidity of EDs. Coingestion of caffeine and ethanol has been associated with increased risk-taking behaviors in adolescent users, impaired driving, and increased use of other illicit substances. Several researchers have demonstrated that consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks leads to altered subjective states including decreased perceived intoxication, enhanced stimulation, and increased desire to drink/increased drinking compared to consuming alcohol alone. Caffeine’s effect on intoxication may be most pronounced when mixers are artificially sweetened, that is, lack sucrose which slows the rate of gastric emptying of alcohol. In conclusion: 1) health care providers should educate youth and their parents about the risks of caffeinated drinks; 2) emergency department clinicians should consider asking patients about ED and traditional caffeine usage and substance use when assessing patient symptoms; 3) policy makers should increase their attention on introducing regulatory policies on television food advertising to which youth are exposed; 4) failure to comply with standards for efficacious product labelling, and absence of broader education regarding guidelines, need to be addressed and 5) further studies must be done to improve our understanding of potential negative consequences of caffeinated energy drinks on health. (www.actabiomedica.it)
Collapse
|
140
|
Zempo-Miyaki A, Maeda S, Otsuki T. Effect of Chlorella-derived multicomponent supplementation on maximal oxygen uptake and serum vitamin B 2 concentration in young men. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2017; 61:135-139. [PMID: 28955131 PMCID: PMC5612820 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.17-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorella is a unicellular green alga that contains high levels of proteins, vitamins and minerals. The present study investigated the effects of a 4-week Chlorella-derived multicomponent supplementation on maximal oxygen uptake and circulating vitamin B2 levels in healthy men. Thirty-four participants were randomly divided into two groups: placebo or Chlorella. Prior to the intervention, we observed that the intake of several minerals and soluble vitamins did not satisfy the nutrient requirements of either group by assessing the frequency of daily food intake. There was a significant negative relationship between the pre-intervention maximal oxygen uptake and serum vitamin B2 concentrations in all subjects (r = −0.372). Maximal oxygen uptake significantly increased after Chlorella supplementation (before vs after, 42.1 ± 1.5 vs 44.9 ± 1.6 ml/kg/min), while serum vitamin B2 concentrations did not (14.6 ± 0.9 vs 14.0 ± 0.9 µg/L). In conclusion, Chlorella-derived multicomponent supplementation increases maximal oxygen uptake in individuals with an insufficient micronutrient status, although there was no association between the increase in aerobic capacity and serum levels of vitamin B2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asako Zempo-Miyaki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, 120 Ryugasaki, Ibaraki 301-8555, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Otsuki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, 120 Ryugasaki, Ibaraki 301-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Potter S, Boyd JM. Bridging the Performance Gap: Interdisciplinary Collaboration With Sports Dietitians. Strength Cond J 2017. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
142
|
van Ommen B, van den Broek T, de Hoogh I, van Erk M, van Someren E, Rouhani-Rankouhi T, Anthony JC, Hogenelst K, Pasman W, Boorsma A, Wopereis S. Systems biology of personalized nutrition. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:579-599. [PMID: 28969366 PMCID: PMC5914356 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized nutrition is fast becoming a reality due to a number of technological, scientific, and societal developments that complement and extend current public health nutrition recommendations. Personalized nutrition tailors dietary recommendations to specific biological requirements on the basis of a person's health status and goals. The biology underpinning these recommendations is complex, and thus any recommendations must account for multiple biological processes and subprocesses occurring in various tissues and must be formed with an appreciation for how these processes interact with dietary nutrients and environmental factors. Therefore, a systems biology-based approach that considers the most relevant interacting biological mechanisms is necessary to formulate the best recommendations to help people meet their wellness goals. Here, the concept of "systems flexibility" is introduced to personalized nutrition biology. Systems flexibility allows the real-time evaluation of metabolism and other processes that maintain homeostasis following an environmental challenge, thereby enabling the formulation of personalized recommendations. Examples in the area of macro- and micronutrients are reviewed. Genetic variations and performance goals are integrated into this systems approach to provide a strategy for a balanced evaluation and an introduction to personalized nutrition. Finally, modeling approaches that combine personalized diagnosis and nutritional intervention into practice are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben van Ommen
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Tim van den Broek
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Iris de Hoogh
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Marjan van Erk
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Eugene van Someren
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja Rouhani-Rankouhi
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | | | - Koen Hogenelst
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Wilrike Pasman
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - André Boorsma
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), Zeist, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Leonardo-Mendonça RC, Ocaña-Wilhelmi J, de Haro T, de Teresa-Galván C, Guerra-Hernández E, Rusanova I, Fernández-Ortiz M, Sayed RK, Escames G, Acuña-Castroviejo D. The benefit of a supplement with the antioxidant melatonin on redox status and muscle damage in resistance-trained athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:700-707. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous data showed that the administration of high doses of melatonin improved the circadian system in athletes. Here, we investigated in the same experimental paradigm whether the antioxidant properties of melatonin has also beneficial effects against exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle damage in athletes. Twenty-four athletes were treated with 100 mg·day−1 of melatonin or placebo 30 min before bedtime during 4 weeks in a randomized double-blind scheme. Exercise intensity was higher during the study that before starting it. Blood samples were collected before and after treatment, and plasma was used for oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitrite plus nitrate (NOx), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) determinations. Glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulphide (GSSG) levels, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase (GRd) activities, were measured in erythrocytes. Melatonin intake increased ORAC, reduced LPO and NOx levels, and prevented the increase of AOPP, compared to placebo group. Melatonin was also more efficient than placebo in reducing GSSG·GSH−1 and GPx·GRd−1 ratios. Melatonin, but not placebo, reduced creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, and total cholesterol levels. Overall, the data reflect a beneficial effect of melatonin treatment in resistance-training athletes, preventing extra- and intracellular oxidative stress induced by exercise, and yielding further skeletal muscle protection against exercise-induced oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto C. Leonardo-Mendonça
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Atlântica University Higher Institution, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Javier Ocaña-Wilhelmi
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Granada, 18071-Granada, Spain
| | - Tomás de Haro
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Laboratorios Clínicos, CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento, Ibs.Granada, Complejo Hospitalario de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos de Teresa-Galván
- Centro Andaluz de Medicina del Deporte, Granada, and Hospital San Juan de Dios, 18001-Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Guerra-Hernández
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, 18011-Granada, Spain
| | - Iryna Rusanova
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
| | - Marisol Fernández-Ortiz
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
| | - Ramy K.A. Sayed
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Germaine Escames
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Laboratorios Clínicos, CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento, Ibs.Granada, Complejo Hospitalario de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
| | - Darío Acuña-Castroviejo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Laboratorios Clínicos, CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento, Ibs.Granada, Complejo Hospitalario de Granada, 18016-Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
HSIAO CY, CHEN YM, HSU YJ, HUANG CC, SUNG HC, CHEN SS. Supplementation with Hualian No. 4 wild bitter gourd (Momordica charantia Linn. var. abbreviata ser.) extract increases anti-fatigue activities and enhances exercise performance in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1110-1119. [PMID: 28458274 PMCID: PMC5487792 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hualian No. 4 wild bitter gourd (WBG) is a specific vegetable cultivated by the Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station in Taiwan. WBG is commonly consumed as a vegetable and used as a popular folk medicine. However, few studies have demonstrated the effects of WBG supplementation on exercise performance, physical fatigue and the biochemical profile. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of WBG extract on fatigue and ergogenic functions following physiological challenge. Three groups of male ICR mice (n=8 per group) were orally administered 0, 1 or 2.5 g/kg/day of WBG for 4 weeks. They were respectively designated the vehicle, WBG-1X and WBG-2.5X groups. WBG significantly decreased body weight (BW) and epididymal fat pad (EFP) weight. Concerning physical performance, WBG supplementation dose-dependently increased grip strength and endurance swimming time. Concerning anti-fatigue activity, WBG decreased levels of serum lactate, ammonia, creatine kinase and blood urea nitrogen, and economized glucose metabolism after acute exercise challenge. Glycogen in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle dose-dependently increased with WBG treatment. Concerning the biochemical profile, WBG treatment significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urea acid (UA), and increased total protein (TP). Therefore, 4-week supplementation with WBG may decrease white adipose weight, enhance energy economy, increase glycogen storage to enhance exercise performance and reduce fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu HSIAO
- Department of Nutrition and Health
Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and
Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human
Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming CHEN
- Graduate Institute of Sports
Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju HSU
- Graduate Institute of Sports
Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang HUANG
- Graduate Institute of Sports
Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ching SUNG
- Department of Anatomy, College of
Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Shih CHEN
- Department of General Surgery,
Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Qiu J, Wang J, Xu Z, Liu H, Ren J. Quantitation of underivatized branched-chain amino acids in sport nutritional supplements by capillary electrophoresis with direct or indirect UV absorbance detection. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640882 PMCID: PMC5481027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) including leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val) play a pivotal role in the human body. Herein, we developed capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with conventional UV detector to quantify underivatized BCAAs in two kinds of sport nutritional supplements. For direct UV detection at 195 nm, the BCAAs (Leu, two enantiomers of Ile and Val) were separated in a background electrolyte (BGE) consisting of 40.0 mmol/L sodium tetraborate, and 40.0 mmol/L β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) at pH 10.2. In addition, the indirect UV detection at 264 nm was achieved in a BGE of 2.0 mmol/L Na2HPO4, 10.0 mmol/L p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) as UV absorbing probe, and 40.0 mmol/L β-CD at pH 12.2. The β-CD significantly benefited the isomeric separation of Leu, L- and D-Ile. The optimal conditions allowed the LODs (limit of detections) of direct and indirect UV absorption detection to be tens μmol/L level, which was comparable to the reported CE inline derivatization method. The RSDs (relative standard deviations) of migration time and peak area were less than 0.91% and 3.66% (n = 6). Finally, CE with indirect UV detection method was applied for the quantitation of BCAAs in two commercial sport nutritional supplements, and good recovery and precision were obtained. Such simple CE method without tedious derivatization process is feasible of quality control and efficacy evaluation of the supplemental proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qiu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhao Wang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqi Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZQX); (JR)
| | - Huiqing Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ren
- China Table Tennis College, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZQX); (JR)
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a prevalence of approximately 13% and is most frequently caused by diabetes and hypertension. In population studies, CKD etiology is often uncertain. Some experimental and observational human studies have suggested that high-protein intake may increase CKD progression and even cause CKD in healthy people. The protein source may be important. Daily red meat consumption over years may increase CKD risk, whereas white meat and dairy proteins appear to have no such effect, and fruit and vegetable proteins may be renal protective. Few randomized trials exist with an observation time greater than 6 months, and most of these were conducted in patients with preexisting diseases that dispose to CKD. Results conflict and do not allow any conclusion about kidney-damaging effects of long-term, high-protein intake. Until additional data become available, present knowledge seems to substantiate a concern. Screening for CKD should be considered before and during long-term, high-protein intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Kamper
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Svend Strandgaard
- Department of Nephrology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Baranauskas MN, Miller B, Olson JT, Boltz M, Richardson L, Juravich M, Otterstetter R. Differential in Maximal Aerobic Capacity by Sex in Collegiate Endurance Athletes Consuming a Marginally Low Carbohydrate Diet. J Am Coll Nutr 2017. [PMID: 28628396 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1311812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although current sports nutrition recommendations advocate for a high carbohydrate (CHO) intake among endurance athletes, recent research has suggested that training with low CHO availability may augment adaptations to aerobic training. The purpose of this study was to observe the dietary habits of collegiate distance runners and to investigate the effects of habitual CHO intake on aerobic performance [VO2max(post)] during a competitive season. METHODS During an 8-week trial period, 12 (N = 12) collegiate track athletes recorded their self-selected dietary intake via 24-hour recall. Analysis of CHO intake was conducted by a registered dietitian. Pre [VO2max (pre)] and post [VO2max (post)] season aerobic capacity assessments were performed using a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with 2 covariates controlling for VO2max (pre) and CHO intake compared to the variance in VO2max (pre) and VO2max (post) by sex. RESULTS The average CHO was 4.11 ± 1.03 g/kg body mass (BM), with only one female athlete meeting dietary recommendations, consuming ≥ 6 g/kg BM. Male distance runners on average had a lower CHO than females. After adjusting for VO2max (pre) and CHO, there were statistically significant differences between VO2max (post) group means by sex with a difference of 12.62 ml/kg/min (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.12-23.12, p = 0.02), with CHO accounting for 18% of the variance in VO2max (post). CONCLUSION Collegiate distance runners exhibited marked improvements in maximal aerobic capacity during the in-season while consuming a marginally low-CHO diet, with a predominant effect in males. Therefore, CHO intakes below current recommendations for endurance athletes might not be detrimental to aerobic training adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa N Baranauskas
- a School of Public Health , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana.,c School of Nutrition and Dietetics , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio
| | - Brian Miller
- a School of Public Health , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana.,b School of Sport Science and Wellness Education
| | | | - Michelle Boltz
- c School of Nutrition and Dietetics , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Protein Supplementation to Augment the Effects of High Intensity Resistance Training in Untrained Middle-Aged Males: The Randomized Controlled PUSH Trial. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3619398. [PMID: 28656141 PMCID: PMC5471590 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3619398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High intensity (resistance exercise) training (HIT) defined as a "single set resistance exercise to muscular failure" is an efficient exercise method that allows people with low time budgets to realize an adequate training stimulus. Although there is an ongoing discussion, recent meta-analysis suggests the significant superiority of multiple set (MST) methods for body composition and strength parameters. The aim of this study is to determine whether additional protein supplementation may increase the effect of a HIT-protocol on body composition and strength to an equal MST-level. One hundred and twenty untrained males 30-50 years old were randomly allocated to three groups: (a) HIT, (b) HIT and protein supplementation (HIT&P), and (c) waiting-control (CG) and (after cross-over) high volume/high-intensity-training (HVHIT). HIT was defined as "single set to failure protocol" while HVHIT consistently applied two equal sets. Protein supplementation provided an overall intake of 1.5-1.7 g/kg/d/body mass. Primary study endpoint was lean body mass (LBM). LBM significantly improved in all exercise groups (p ≤ 0.043); however only HIT&P and HVHIT differ significantly from control (p ≤ 0.002). HIT diverges significantly from HIT&P (p = 0.017) and nonsignificantly from HVHIT (p = 0.059), while no differences were observed for HIT&P versus HVHIT (p = 0.691). In conclusion, moderate to high protein supplementation significantly increases the effects of a HIT-protocol on LBM in middle-aged untrained males.
Collapse
|
149
|
Oliveira CC, Ferreira D, Caetano C, Granja D, Pinto R, Mendes B, Sousa M. Nutrition and Supplementation in Soccer. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5020028. [PMID: 29910389 PMCID: PMC5968974 DOI: 10.3390/sports5020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary elite soccer features increased physical demands during match-play, as well as a larger number of matches per season. Now more than ever, aspects related to performance optimization are highly regarded by both players and soccer coaches. Here, nutrition takes a special role as most elite teams try to provide an adequate diet to guarantee maximum performance while ensuring a faster recovery from matches and training exertions. It is currently known that manipulation and periodization of macronutrients, as well as sound hydration practices, have the potential to interfere with training adaptation and recovery. A careful monitoring of micronutrient status is also relevant to prevent undue fatigue and immune impairment secondary to a deficiency status. Furthermore, the sensible use of evidence-based dietary supplements may also play a role in soccer performance optimization. In this sense, several nutritional recommendations have been issued. This detailed and comprehensive review addresses the most relevant and up-to-date nutritional recommendations for elite soccer players, covering from macro and micronutrients to hydration and selected supplements in different contexts (daily requirements, pre, peri and post training/match and competition).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César Chaves Oliveira
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo - Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Viana do Castelo 4960-320, Portugal.
| | - Diogo Ferreira
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Caetano
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Diana Granja
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Pinto
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Mónica Sousa
- Instituto Politécnico de Leiria - Escola Superior de Saúde, Leiria 2411-901, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Rosset R, Egli L, Lecoultre V. Glucose-fructose ingestion and exercise performance: The gastrointestinal tract and beyond. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:874-884. [PMID: 28441908 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1317035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate ingestion can improve endurance exercise performance. In the past two decades, research has repeatedly reported the performance benefits of formulations comprising both glucose and fructose (GLUFRU) over those based on glucose (GLU). This has been usually related to additive effects of these two monosaccharides on the gastrointestinal tract whereby intestinal carbohydrate absorption is enhanced and discomfort limited. This is only a partial explanation, since glucose and fructose are also metabolized through different pathways after being absorbed from the gut. In contrast to glucose that is readily used by every body cell type, fructose is specifically targeted to the liver where it is mainly converted into glucose and lactate. The ingestion of GLUFRU may thereby profoundly alter hepatic function ultimately raising both glucose and lactate fluxes. During exercise, this particular profile of circulating carbohydrate may induce a spectrum of effects on muscle metabolism possibly resulting in an improved performance. Compared to GLU alone, GLUFRU ingestion could also induce several non-metabolic effects which are so far largely unexplored. Through its metabolite lactate, fructose may act on central fatigue and/or alter metabolic regulation. Future research could further define the effects of GLUFRU over other exercise modalities and different athletic populations, using several of the hypotheses discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Rosset
- a Department of Physiology , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Léonie Egli
- b Nestle Research Center Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Virgile Lecoultre
- c Centre for Metabolic Disease , Broye Intercantonal Hospital , Estavayer-le-Lac , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|