101
|
Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Milk's Role as an Epigenetic Regulator in Health and Disease. Diseases 2017; 5:diseases5010012. [PMID: 28933365 PMCID: PMC5456335 DOI: 10.3390/diseases5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is the intention of this review to characterize milk's role as an epigenetic regulator in health and disease. Based on translational research, we identify milk as a major epigenetic modulator of gene expression of the milk recipient. Milk is presented as an epigenetic "doping system" of mammalian development. Milk exosome-derived micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) that target DNA methyltransferases are implicated to play the key role in the upregulation of developmental genes such as FTO, INS, and IGF1. In contrast to miRNA-deficient infant formula, breastfeeding via physiological miRNA transfer provides the appropriate signals for adequate epigenetic programming of the newborn infant. Whereas breastfeeding is restricted to the lactation period, continued consumption of cow's milk results in persistent epigenetic upregulation of genes critically involved in the development of diseases of civilization such as diabesity, neurodegeneration, and cancer. We hypothesize that the same miRNAs that epigenetically increase lactation, upregulate gene expression of the milk recipient via milk-derived miRNAs. It is of critical concern that persistent consumption of pasteurized cow's milk contaminates the human food chain with bovine miRNAs, that are identical to their human analogs. Commercial interest to enhance dairy lactation performance may further increase the epigenetic miRNA burden for the milk consumer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7a, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Mizuno TM, Lew PS, Luo Y, Leckstrom A. Negative regulation of hepatic fat mass and obesity associated (Fto) gene expression by insulin. Life Sci 2017; 170:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
103
|
Li Z, Weng H, Su R, Weng X, Zuo Z, Li C, Huang H, Nachtergaele S, Dong L, Hu C, Qin X, Tang L, Wang Y, Hong GM, Huang H, Wang X, Chen P, Gurbuxani S, Arnovitz S, Li Y, Li S, Strong J, Neilly MB, Larson RA, Jiang X, Zhang P, Jin J, He C, Chen J. FTO Plays an Oncogenic Role in Acute Myeloid Leukemia as a N 6-Methyladenosine RNA Demethylase. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:127-141. [PMID: 28017614 PMCID: PMC5234852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1064] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) represents the most prevalent internal modification in mammalian mRNAs. Despite its functional importance in various fundamental bioprocesses, the studies of m6A in cancer have been limited. Here we show that FTO, as an m6A demethylase, plays a critical oncogenic role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). FTO is highly expressed in AMLs with t(11q23)/MLL rearrangements, t(15;17)/PML-RARA, FLT3-ITD, and/or NPM1 mutations. FTO enhances leukemic oncogene-mediated cell transformation and leukemogenesis, and inhibits all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced AML cell differentiation, through regulating expression of targets such as ASB2 and RARA by reducing m6A levels in these mRNA transcripts. Collectively, our study demonstrates the functional importance of the m6A methylation and the corresponding proteins in cancer, and provides profound insights into leukemogenesis and drug response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zejuan Li
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hengyou Weng
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Xiaocheng Weng
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chenying Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Huilin Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Sigrid Nachtergaele
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Chao Hu
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xi Qin
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Lichun Tang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yungui Wang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Gia-Ming Hong
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ping Chen
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sandeep Gurbuxani
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stephen Arnovitz
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shenglai Li
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer Strong
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Mary Beth Neilly
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard A Larson
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Pumin Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Chuan He
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Ronkainen J, Mondini E, Cinti F, Cinti S, Sebért S, Savolainen MJ, Salonurmi T. Fto-Deficiency Affects the Gene and MicroRNA Expression Involved in Brown Adipogenesis and Browning of White Adipose Tissue in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111851. [PMID: 27827997 PMCID: PMC5133851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in the fat mass- and obesity-associated gene Fto are linked to the onset of obesity in humans. The causal role of the FTO protein in obesity is supported by evidence obtained from transgenic mice; however, the underlying molecular pathways pertaining to the role of FTO in obesity have yet to be established. In this study, we investigate the Fto gene in mouse brown adipose tissue and in the browning process of white adipose tissue. We analyze distinct structural and molecular factors in brown and white fat depots of Fto-deficient mice under normal and obesogenic conditions. We report significant alterations in the morphology of adipose tissue depots and the expression of mRNA and microRNA related to brown adipogenesis and metabolism in Fto-deficient mice. Furthermore, we show that high-fat feeding does not attenuate the browning process of Fto-deficient white adipose tissue as observed in wild-type tissue, suggesting a triggering effect of the FTO pathways by the dietary environment.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adipogenesis/genetics
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/pathology
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/deficiency
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/genetics
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta/genetics
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
- Energy Metabolism/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/genetics
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Uncoupling Protein 1/genetics
- Uncoupling Protein 1/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justiina Ronkainen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Eleonora Mondini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, IT-60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, IT-60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, IT-60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Sylvain Sebért
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Center for Life-Course Health Research, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Markku J Savolainen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Tuire Salonurmi
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Wu Y, Zhang S, Yuan Q. N(6)-Methyladenosine Methyltransferases and Demethylases: New Regulators of Stem Cell Pluripotency and Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1050-9. [PMID: 27216987 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of mammalian N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) methyltransferases and demethylases has enriched our knowledge of the dynamic regulation of the most prevalent posttranscriptional RNA modification, m(6)A methylation. This reversible methylation process of adding and removing m(6)A marks on RNA has been shown to have broad biological functions in fine tuning cellular processes and gene expression. Recent studies have revealed a critical role for the currently known m(6)A methyltransferases and demethylases in regulating the pluripotency and differentiation of stem cells. These data establish a novel dimension in epigenetic regulation at the RNA level to affect mammalian cell fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunshu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Stratigopoulos G, Burnett LC, Rausch R, Gill R, Penn DB, Skowronski AA, LeDuc CA, Lanzano AJ, Zhang P, Storm DR, Egli D, Leibel RL. Hypomorphism of Fto and Rpgrip1l causes obesity in mice. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1897-910. [PMID: 27064284 DOI: 10.1172/jci85526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncoding polymorphisms in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene represent common alleles that are strongly associated with effects on food intake and adiposity in humans. Previous studies have suggested that the obesity-risk allele rs8050136 in the first intron of FTO alters a regulatory element recognized by the transcription factor CUX1, thereby leading to decreased expression of FTO and retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator-interacting protein-1 like (RPGRIP1L). Here, we evaluated the effects of rs8050136 and another potential CUX1 element in rs1421085 on expression of nearby genes in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSC-derived) neurons. There were allele-dosage effects on FTO, RPGRIP1L, and AKT-interacting protein (AKTIP) expression, but expression of other vicinal genes, including IRX3, IRX5, and RBL2, which have been implicated in mediating functional effects, was not altered. In vivo manipulation of CUX1, Fto, and/or Rpgrip1l expression in mice affected adiposity in a manner that was consistent with CUX1 influence on adiposity via remote effects on Fto and Rpgrip1l expression. In support of a mechanism, mice hypomorphic for Rpgrip1l exhibited hyperphagic obesity, as the result of diminished leptin sensitivity in Leprb-expressing neurons. Together, the results of this study indicate that the effects of FTO-associated SNPs on energy homeostasis are due in part to the effects of these genetic variations on hypothalamic FTO, RPGRIP1L, and possibly other genes.
Collapse
|
107
|
Maity A, Das B. N6-methyladenosine modification in mRNA: machinery, function and implications for health and diseases. FEBS J 2015; 283:1607-30. [PMID: 26645578 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m(6) A) modification in mRNA is extremely widespread, and functionally modulates the eukaryotic transcriptome to influence mRNA splicing, export, localization, translation, and stability. Methylated adenines are present in a large subset of mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Methylation is reversible, and this is accomplished by the orchestrated action of highly conserved methyltransferase (m(6) A writer) and demethylase (m(6) A eraser) enzymes to shape the cellular 'epitranscriptome'. The engraved 'methyl code' is subsequently decoded and executed by a group of m(6) A reader/effector components, which, in turn, govern the fate of the modified transcripts, thereby dictating their potential for translation. Reversible mRNA methylation thus adds another layer of regulation at the post-transcriptional level in the gene expression programme of eukaryotes that finely sculpts a highly dynamic proteome in order to respond to diverse cues during cellular differentiation, immune tolerance, and neuronal signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Maity
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswadip Das
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Barton SJ, Mosquera M, Cleal JK, Fuller AS, Crozier SR, Cooper C, Inskip HM, Holloway JW, Lewis RM, Godfrey KM. Relation of FTO gene variants to fetal growth trajectories: Findings from the Southampton Women's survey. Placenta 2015; 38:100-6. [PMID: 26907388 PMCID: PMC4776702 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Placental function is an important determinant of fetal growth, and fetal growth influences obesity risk in childhood and adult life. Here we investigated how FTO and MC4R gene variants linked with obesity relate to patterns of fetal growth and to placental FTO expression. Methods Southampton Women's Survey children (n = 1990) with measurements of fetal growth from 11 to 34 weeks gestation were genotyped for common gene variants in FTO (rs9939609, rs1421085) and MC4R (rs17782313). Linear mixed-effect models were used to analyse relations of gene variants with fetal growth. Results Fetuses with the rs9939609 A:A FTO genotype had faster biparietal diameter and head circumference growth velocities between 11 and 34 weeks gestation (by 0.012 (95% CI 0.005 to 0.019) and 0.008 (0.002–0.015) standard deviations per week, respectively) compared to fetuses with the T:T FTO genotype; abdominal circumference growth velocity did not differ between genotypes. FTO genotype was not associated with placental FTO expression, but higher placental FTO expression was independently associated with larger fetal size and higher placental ASCT2, EAAT2 and y + LAT2 amino acid transporter expression. Findings were similar for FTO rs1421085, and the MC4R gene variant was associated with the fetal growth velocity of head circumference. Discussion FTO gene variants are known to associate with obesity but this is the first time that the risk alleles and placental FTO expression have been linked with fetal growth trajectories. The lack of an association between FTO genotype and placental FTO expression adds to emerging evidence of complex biology underlying the association between FTO genotype and obesity. Variants in the FTO gene are previously known to be associated with obesity. discovered novel associations between FTO variants and growth trajectory of fetal head measures. also found novel associations between placental FTO expression and fetal size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Barton
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - M Mosquera
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - J K Cleal
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - A S Fuller
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - S R Crozier
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - H M Inskip
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J W Holloway
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - R M Lewis
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - K M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Melnik BC. Milk: an epigenetic amplifier of FTO-mediated transcription? Implications for Western diseases. J Transl Med 2015; 13:385. [PMID: 26691922 PMCID: PMC4687119 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms within intron 1 of the FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) gene are associated with enhanced FTO expression, increased body weight, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase FTO plays a pivotal regulatory role for postnatal growth and energy expenditure. The purpose of this review is to provide translational evidence that links milk signaling with FTO-activated transcription of the milk recipient. FTO-dependent demethylation of m6A regulates mRNA splicing required for adipogenesis, increases the stability of mRNAs, and affects microRNA (miRNA) expression and miRNA biosynthesis. FTO senses branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and activates the nutrient sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which plays a key role in translation. Milk provides abundant BCAAs and glutamine, critical components increasing FTO expression. CpG hypomethylation in the first intron of FTO has recently been associated with T2DM. CpG methylation is generally associated with gene silencing. In contrast, CpG demethylation generally increases transcription. DNA de novo methylation of CpG sites is facilitated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) 3A and 3B, whereas DNA maintenance methylation is controlled by DNMT1. MiRNA-29s target all DNMTs and thus reduce DNA CpG methylation. Cow´s milk provides substantial amounts of exosomal miRNA-29s that reach the systemic circulation and target mRNAs of the milk recipient. Via DNMT suppression, milk exosomal miRNA-29s may reduce the magnitude of FTO methylation, thereby epigenetically increasing FTO expression in the milk consumer. High lactation performance with increased milk yield has recently been associated with excessive miRNA-29 expression of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs). Notably, the galactopoietic hormone prolactin upregulates the transcription factor STAT3, which induces miRNA-29 expression. In a retrovirus-like manner milk exosomes may transfer DCMEC-derived miRNA-29s and bovine FTO mRNA to the milk consumer amplifying FTO expression. There is compelling evidence that obesity, T2DM, prostate and breast cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases are all associated with increased FTO expression. Maximization of lactation performance by veterinary medicine with enhanced miRNA-29s and FTO expression associated with increased exosomal miRNA-29 and FTO mRNA transfer to the milk consumer may represent key epigenetic mechanisms promoting FTO/mTORC1-mediated diseases of civilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, 49090, Osnabrück, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Sergiev PV, Golovina AY, Osterman IA, Nesterchuk MV, Sergeeva OV, Chugunova AA, Evfratov SA, Andreianova ES, Pletnev PI, Laptev IG, Petriukov KS, Navalayeu TI, Koteliansky VE, Bogdanov AA, Dontsova OA. N6-Methylated Adenosine in RNA: From Bacteria to Humans. J Mol Biol 2015; 428:2134-45. [PMID: 26707202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m(6)A) is ubiquitously present in the RNA of living organisms from Escherichia coli to humans. Methyltransferases that catalyze adenosine methylation are drastically different in specificity from modification of single residues in bacterial ribosomal or transfer RNA to modification of thousands of residues spread among eukaryotic mRNA. Interactions that are formed by m(6)A residues range from RNA-RNA tertiary contacts to RNA-protein recognition. Consequences of the modification loss might vary from nearly negligible to complete reprogramming of regulatory pathways and lethality. In this review, we summarized current knowledge on enzymes that introduce m(6)A modification, ways to detect m(6)A presence in RNA and the functional role of this modification everywhere it is present, from bacteria to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr V Sergiev
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Anna Ya Golovina
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Ilya A Osterman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | | | - Olga V Sergeeva
- Skolkovo Institute for Science and Technology, Moscow 143025, Russia
| | | | - Sergey A Evfratov
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Andreianova
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Philipp I Pletnev
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Ivan G Laptev
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Kirill S Petriukov
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Tsimafei I Navalayeu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | | | - Alexey A Bogdanov
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Olga A Dontsova
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Wang CY, Shie SS, Wen MS, Hung KC, Hsieh IC, Yeh TS, Wu D. Loss of FTO in adipose tissue decreases Angptl4 translation and alters triglyceride metabolism. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra127. [PMID: 26671148 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aab3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A common variant of the FTO (fat mass- and obesity-associated) gene is a risk factor for obesity. We found that mice with an adipocyte-specific deletion of FTO gained more weight than control mice on a high-fat diet. Analysis of mice lacking FTO in adipocytes fed a normal diet or adipocytes from these mice revealed alterations in triglyceride metabolism that would be expected to favor increased fatty acid storage by adipose tissue. Mice lacking FTO in adipocytes showed increased serum triglyceride breakdown and clearance, which was associated with lower serum triglyceride concentrations. In addition, lipolysis in response to β-adrenergic stimulation was decreased in adipocytes and ex vivo adipose explants from the mutant mice. FTO is a nucleic acid demethylase that removes N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) from mRNAs. We found that FTO bound to Angptl4, which encodes an adipokine that stimulates intracellular lipolysis in adipocytes. Unexpectedly, the adipose tissue of fasted or fed mice lacking FTO in adipocytes had greater Angptl4 mRNA abundance. However, after high-fat feeding, the mutant mice had less Angptl4 protein and more m(6)A-modified Angptl4 than control mice, suggesting that lack of FTO prevented the translation of Angptl4. Injection of Angptl4-encoding adenovirus into mice lacking FTO in adipocytes restored serum triglyceride concentrations and lipolysis to values similar to those in control mice and abolished excessive weight gain from a high-fat diet. These results reveal that FTO regulates fatty acid mobilization in adipocytes and thus body weight in part through posttranscriptional regulation of Angptl4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yung Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Shian-Sen Shie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shien Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chun Hung
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - I-Chang Hsieh
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Sen Yeh
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Delon Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Srivastava A, Mittal B, Prakash J, Srivastava P, Srivastava N, Srivastava N. Association of FTO and IRX3 genetic variants to obesity risk in north India. Ann Hum Biol 2015; 43:451-6. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2015.1103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, King George’s Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India,
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India,
| | - Balraj Mittal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India,
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Physiology, King George’s Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India,
| | - Pranjal Srivastava
- Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Karpuri Chowk, Benta Laheriasarai, Darbhanga, Bihar, India, and
| | - Nimisha Srivastava
- Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences (SMIMS), Upper Tadong, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Neena Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, King George’s Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India,
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Abstract
GWAS have yielded many candidate loci for complex diseases like obesity, but interpreting the biological context of these findings has been difficult. Claussnitzer et al. (2015) use a sophisticated combination of bioinformatic and experimental approaches to address this bottleneck for variants in the FTO locus that associate with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Herman
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Zhang M, Zhang Y, Ma J, Guo F, Cao Q, Zhang Y, Zhou B, Chai J, Zhao W, Zhao R. The Demethylase Activity of FTO (Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Protein) Is Required for Preadipocyte Differentiation. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218273 PMCID: PMC4517749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
FTO (fat mass and obesity associated gene) was genetically identified to be associated with body mass index (BMI), presumably through functional regulation of energy homeostasis. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which FTO functions remain largely unknown. Using 3T3-L1 preadipocyte as a model to study the role of FTO in adipogenesis, we demonstrated that FTO is functionally required for 3T3-L1 differentiation. FTO knock-down with siRNA inhibited preadipocyte differentiation, whereas ectopic over-expression of FTO enhanced the process. The demethylase activity of FTO is required for differentiation. Level of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is decreased in cells over-expressing FTO. In contrast, overexpression of R96Q, a FTO missense mutant lack of demethylase activity, had no effect on cellular m6A level and impeded differentiation. Treatment with Rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, could overcome the differentiation inhibition imposed by R96Q mutant, suggesting the effect of FTO is mediated through PPARγ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meizi Zhang
- Space Biology Research and Technology Center, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Space Biology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Space Biology Research and Technology Center, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Space Biology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Space Biology Research and Technology Center, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Space Biology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Feima Guo
- Space Biology Research and Technology Center, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Space Biology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Space Biology Research and Technology Center, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Space Biology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Space Biology Research and Technology Center, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Space Biology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenqing Zhao
- Space Biology Research and Technology Center, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Space Biology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Renbin Zhao
- Space Biology Research and Technology Center, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Space Biology, Beijing, 100190, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Mojaver M, Mokarian F, Kazemi M, Salehi M. Specific TaqMan allelic discrimination assay for rs1477196 and rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphisms of FTO gene demonstrated that there is no association between these SNPs and risk of breast cancer in Iranian women. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:136. [PMID: 26322284 PMCID: PMC4544116 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.161532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer (BC), is the most common cancer in women, that is the major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in women. Obesity is considered as a major risk factor for BC that increases both the rate and intensity of the disease. Polymorphisms in FTO gene, a known obesity related gene, is shown to be associated with obesity-related traits as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between previously reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of intron 1of FTO gene, rs1477196 and rs9939609 and risk of BC in a subset of Iranian BC patients. Materials and Methods: We genotyped 99 cases and 100 controls for the two SNPs of rs9939609 and rs1477196 by TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. For each sample in an allelic discrimination assay, a unique pair of fluorescent dye probe is used. One fluorescent dye probe has a perfect match with the wild type allele and the other fluorescent dye probe is perfectly matched to the mutated allele. Results: Our research has shown that the observed differences between case and control groups in the studied SNPs of FTO gene are not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that there is no association between rs9939609 and rs1477196 polymorphisms in FTO gene and increase in risk of BC in the studied Iranian population. These results were inconsistent with that of previously reported case–control studies with BC that means presence of these polymorphisms depends on ethnic group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Mojaver
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, and Medical Genetics Center of Genome, Shariati St., Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mokarian
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, and Medical Genetics Center of Genome, Shariati St., Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, and Medical Genetics Center of Genome, Shariati St., Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mansoor Salehi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, and Medical Genetics Center of Genome, Shariati St., Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Genetics of second-generation antipsychotic and mood stabilizer-induced weight gain in bipolar disorder. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2015; 25:354-62. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
117
|
Fan HQ, He W, Xu KF, Wang ZX, Xu XY, Chen H. FTO Inhibits Insulin Secretion and Promotes NF-κB Activation through Positively Regulating ROS Production in Pancreatic β cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127705. [PMID: 26018652 PMCID: PMC4446323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
FTO (Fat mass and obesity-associated) is associated with increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes incurrence. Pancreas islet β cells dysfunction and insulin resistance are major causes of type 2 diabetes. However, whether FTO plays an important functional role in pancreatic β cells as well as the related molecular mechanism is still unclear. In the present study, the tissue expression profile of FTO was firstly determined using quantitative PCR and western blot. FTO is widely expressed in various tissues and presented with relative high expression in pancreas tissue, especially in endocrine pancreas. FTO overexpression in MIN6 cells achieved by lentivirus delivery significantly inhibits insulin secretion in the presence of glucose stimulus as well as KCl. FTO silence has no effect on insulin secretion of MIN6 cells. However, FTO overexpression doesn’t affect the transcription of insulin gene. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NF-κB activation are significantly promoted by FTO overexpression. Inhibition of intracellular ROS production by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) can alleviate NF-κB activation and restore the insulin secretion mediated by FTO overexpression. A whole transcript-microarray is employed to analyze the differential gene expression mediated by FTO overexpression. The genes which are modulated by FTO are involved in many important biological pathways such as G-protein coupled receptor signaling and NF-κB signaling. Therefore, our study indicates that FTO may contribute to pancreas islet β cells dysfunction and the inhibition of FTO activity is a potential target for the treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qi Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Wei He
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kuan-Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Xiao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Yu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Merkestein M, Laber S, McMurray F, Andrew D, Sachse G, Sanderson J, Li M, Usher S, Sellayah D, Ashcroft FM, Cox RD. FTO influences adipogenesis by regulating mitotic clonal expansion. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6792. [PMID: 25881961 PMCID: PMC4410642 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene plays a pivotal role in regulating body weight and fat mass; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that primary adipocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from FTO overexpression (FTO-4) mice exhibit increased potential for adipogenic differentiation, while MEFs derived from FTO knockout (FTO-KO) mice show reduced adipogenesis. As predicted from these findings, fat pads from FTO-4 mice fed a high-fat diet show more numerous adipocytes. FTO influences adipogenesis by regulating events early in adipogenesis, during the process of mitotic clonal expansion. The effect of FTO on adipogenesis appears to be mediated via enhanced expression of the pro-adipogenic short isoform of RUNX1T1, which enhanced adipocyte proliferation, and is increased in FTO-4 MEFs and reduced in FTO-KO MEFs. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insight into how upregulation of FTO leads to obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myrte Merkestein
- MRC Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Oxford OX11 0RD, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Samantha Laber
- MRC Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Oxford OX11 0RD, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Fiona McMurray
- MRC Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Oxford OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Daniel Andrew
- MRC Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Oxford OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Gregor Sachse
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Jeremy Sanderson
- MRC Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Oxford OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Mengdi Li
- MRC Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Oxford OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Samuel Usher
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Dyan Sellayah
- MRC Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Oxford OX11 0RD, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Frances M. Ashcroft
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Roger D. Cox
- MRC Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Oxford OX11 0RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
McMurray F, Demetriades M, Aik W, Merkestein M, Kramer H, Andrew DS, Scudamore CL, Hough TA, Wells S, Ashcroft FM, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ, Cox RD. Pharmacological inhibition of FTO. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121829. [PMID: 25830347 PMCID: PMC4382163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2007, a genome wide association study identified a SNP in intron one of the gene encoding human FTO that was associated with increased body mass index. Homozygous risk allele carriers are on average three kg heavier than those homozygous for the protective allele. FTO is a DNA/RNA demethylase, however, how this function affects body weight, if at all, is unknown. Here we aimed to pharmacologically inhibit FTO to examine the effect of its demethylase function in vitro and in vivo as a first step in evaluating the therapeutic potential of FTO. We showed that IOX3, a known inhibitor of the HIF prolyl hydroxylases, decreased protein expression of FTO (in C2C12 cells) and reduced maximal respiration rate in vitro. However, FTO protein levels were not significantly altered by treatment of mice with IOX3 at 60 mg/kg every two days. This treatment did not affect body weight, or RER, but did significantly reduce bone mineral density and content and alter adipose tissue distribution. Future compounds designed to selectively inhibit FTO’s demethylase activity could be therapeutically useful for the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McMurray
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina Demetriades
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - WeiShen Aik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Myrte Merkestein
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Kramer
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel S. Andrew
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L. Scudamore
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Tertius A. Hough
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Wells
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M. Ashcroft
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. McDonough
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Roger D. Cox
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Fat mass- and obesity-associated gene Fto affects the dietary response in mouse white adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9233. [PMID: 25782772 PMCID: PMC4363842 DOI: 10.1038/srep09233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variants of human fat mass- and obesity-associated gene Fto have been linked with higher body mass index, but the biological explanation for the link has remained obscure. Recent findings suggest that these variants affect the homeobox protein IRX3. Here we report that FTO has a role in white adipose tissue which modifies its response to high-fat feeding. Wild type and Fto-deficient mice were exposed to standard or high-fat diet for 16 weeks after which metabolism, behavior and white adipose tissue morphology were analyzed together with adipokine levels and relative expression of genes regulating white adipose tissue adipogenesis and Irx3. Our results indicate that Fto deficiency increases the expression of genes related to adipogenesis preventing adipocytes from becoming hypertrophic after high-fat diet. In addition, we report a novel finding of increased Irx3 expression in Fto-deficient mice after high-fat feeding indicating a complex link between FTO, IRX3 and fat metabolism.
Collapse
|
121
|
Abstract
A cluster of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the first intron of the fat mass and obesity related (FTO) gene were the first common variants discovered to be associated with body mass index and body fatness. This review summarises what has been later discovered about the biology of FTO drawing together information from both human and animal studies. Subsequent work showed that the 'at risk' alleles of these SNPs are associated with greater food intake and increased hunger/lowered satiety, but are not associated with altered resting energy expenditure or low physical activity in humans. FTO is an FE (II) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent DNA/RNA methylase. Contrasting the impact of the SNPs on energy balance in humans, knocking out or reducing activity of the Fto gene in the mouse resulted in lowered adiposity, elevated energy expenditure with no impact on food intake (but the impact on expenditure is disputed). In contrast, overexpression of the gene in mice led to elevated food intake and adiposity, with no impact on expenditure. In rodents, the Fto gene is widely expressed in the brain including hypothalamic nuclei linked to food intake regulation. Since its activity is 2-oxoglutarate dependent it could potentially act as a sensor of citrate acid cycle flux, but this function has been dismissed, and instead it has been suggested to be much more likely to act as an amino acid sensor, linking circulating AAs to the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. This may be fundamental to its role in development but the link to obesity is less clear. It has been recently suggested that although the obesity related SNPs reside in the first intron of FTO, they may not only impact FTO but mediate their obesity effects via nearby genes (notably RPGRIP1L and IRX3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen xilu, Chaoyang, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
FTO is necessary for the induction of leptin resistance by high-fat feeding. Mol Metab 2015; 4:287-98. [PMID: 25830092 PMCID: PMC4354923 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loss of function FTO mutations significantly impact body composition in humans and mice, with Fto-deficient mice reported to resist the development of obesity in response to a high-fat diet (HFD). We aimed to further explore the interactions between FTO and HFD and determine if FTO can influence the adverse metabolic consequence of HFD. METHODS We studied mice deficient in FTO in two well validated models of leptin resistance (HFD feeding and central palmitate injection) to determine how Fto genotype may influence the action of leptin. Using transcriptomic analysis of hypothalamic tissue to identify relevant pathways affected by the loss of Fto, we combined data from co-immunoprecipitation, yeast 2-hybrid and luciferase reporter assays to identify mechanisms through which FTO can influence the development of leptin resistant states. RESULTS Mice deficient in Fto significantly increased their fat mass in response to HFD. Fto (+/-) and Fto (-/-) mice remained sensitive to the anorexigenic effects of leptin, both after exposure to a HFD or after acute central application of palmitate. Genes encoding components of the NFкB signalling pathway were down-regulated in the hypothalami of Fto-deficient mice following a HFD. When this pathway was reactivated in Fto-deficient mice with a single low central dose of TNFα, the mice became less sensitive to the effect of leptin. We identified a transcriptional coactivator of NFкB, TRIP4, as a binding partner of FTO and a molecule that is required for TRIP4 dependent transactivation of NFкB. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that, independent of body weight, Fto influences the metabolic outcomes of a HFD through alteration of hypothalamic NFкB signalling. This supports the notion that pharmacological modulation of FTO activity might have the potential for therapeutic benefit in improving leptin sensitivity, in a manner that is influenced by the nutritional environment.
Collapse
Key Words
- FTO, FaT mass and Obesity related
- Fto
- GWAS, Genome-wide association studies
- HFD, high-fat diet
- High-fat diet
- Hypothalamus
- ICV, intracerebroventricular injection
- Irx3, Iroquois Homeobox 3
- Leptin resistance
- MEF, Mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- NFкB
- Ob-R, leptin receptor
- PTPs, protein-tyrosine phosphatase
- SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- SOCS3
- SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signalling
- TRIP4
- Tlr4, Toll-like receptor 4
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- Y2H, Yeast two-hybrid
Collapse
|
123
|
Merkestein M, Sellayah D. Role of FTO in Adipocyte Development and Function: Recent Insights. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:521381. [PMID: 26788058 PMCID: PMC4695642 DOI: 10.1155/2015/521381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2007, FTO was identified as the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) gene associated with obesity in humans. Since then, various animal models have served to establish the mechanistic basis behind this association. Many earlier studies focussed on FTO's effects on food intake via central mechanisms. Emerging evidence, however, implicates adipose tissue development and function in the causal relationship between perturbations in FTO expression and obesity. The purpose of this mini review is to shed light on these new studies of FTO function in adipose tissue and present a clearer picture of its impact on obesity susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myrte Merkestein
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Dyan Sellayah
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AS, UK
- *Dyan Sellayah:
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
|
125
|
van Gestel MA, Sanders LE, de Jong JW, Luijendijk MCM, Adan RAH. FTO knockdown in rat ventromedial hypothalamus does not affect energy balance. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/12/e12152. [PMID: 25501432 PMCID: PMC4332191 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) clustered in the first intron of the fat mass and obesity‐associated (FTO) gene has been associated with obesity. FTO expression is ubiquitous, with particularly high levels in the hypothalamic area of the brain. To investigate the region‐specific role of FTO, AAV technology was applied to knockdown FTO in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). No effect of FTO knockdown was observed on bodyweight or parameters of energy balance. Animals were exposed twice to an overnight fast, followed by a high‐fat high‐sucrose (HFHS) diet for 1 week. FTO knockdown did not result in a different response to the diets. A region‐specific role for FTO in the VMH in the regulation of energy balance could not be found. Knocking down expression of the obesity‐associated gene FTO in rat ventromedial hypothalamus did not affect energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margriet A van Gestel
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Loek E Sanders
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W de Jong
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mieneke C M Luijendijk
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roger A H Adan
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Zhao X, Yang Y, Sun BF, Shi Y, Yang X, Xiao W, Hao YJ, Ping XL, Chen YS, Wang WJ, Jin KX, Wang X, Huang CM, Fu Y, Ge XM, Song SH, Jeong HS, Yanagisawa H, Niu Y, Jia GF, Wu W, Tong WM, Okamoto A, He C, Rendtlew Danielsen JM, Wang XJ, Yang YG. FTO-dependent demethylation of N6-methyladenosine regulates mRNA splicing and is required for adipogenesis. Cell Res 2014; 24:1403-19. [PMID: 25412662 PMCID: PMC4260349 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 838] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Fat Mass and Obesity-associated protein (FTO) and its substrate N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in mRNA processing and adipogenesis remains largely unknown. We show that FTO expression and m6A levels are inversely correlated during adipogenesis. FTO depletion blocks differentiation and only catalytically active FTO restores adipogenesis. Transcriptome analyses in combination with m6A-seq revealed that gene expression and mRNA splicing of grouped genes are regulated by FTO. M6A is enriched in exonic regions flanking 5′- and 3′-splice sites, spatially overlapping with mRNA splicing regulatory serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein exonic splicing enhancer binding regions. Enhanced levels of m6A in response to FTO depletion promotes the RNA binding ability of SRSF2 protein, leading to increased inclusion of target exons. FTO controls exonic splicing of adipogenic regulatory factor RUNX1T1 by regulating m6A levels around splice sites and thereby modulates differentiation. These findings provide compelling evidence that FTO-dependent m6A demethylation functions as a novel regulatory mechanism of RNA processing and plays a critical role in the regulation of adipogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Yang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao-Fa Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yue Shi
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Yang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ya-Juan Hao
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ping
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen-Jia Wang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kang-Xuan Jin
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Wang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun-Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shu-Hui Song
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hyun Seok Jeong
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yamei Niu
- Department of Pathology, Center for Experimental Animal Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Gui-Fang Jia
- Department of Chemical Biology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei-Min Tong
- Department of Pathology, Center for Experimental Animal Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Akimitsu Okamoto
- 1] Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan [2] RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Chuan He
- 1] Department of Chemical Biology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China [2] Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jannie M Rendtlew Danielsen
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiu-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Feng Y, Wang F, Pan H, Qiu S, Lü J, Wu L, Wang J, Lu C. Obesity-associated gene FTO rs9939609 polymorphism in relation to the risk of tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:592. [PMID: 25377722 PMCID: PMC4226896 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is known to affect cell-mediated immune responses. Recent studies have revealed that genetic polymorphisms in the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene are related to human obesity. We hypothesize that this gene may also play a role in the risk of immune-related infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. METHODS This case-control study included 1625 pulmonary tuberculosis cases and 1570 unaffected controls recruited from the Jiangsu province in China. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs9939609 and rs8050136, in the FTO gene were genotyped using TaqMan allelic discrimination assays. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the unconditional logistic regression model. RESULTS We observed a significant association between the genetic polymorphism rs9939609 and tuberculosis risk. Compared with the common genotype TT, individuals carrying AA had a significantly increased risk, with an OR of 3.77 (95% CI: 2.26-6.28). After adjusting for potential confounders, the relationship remains significant. An additive model showed that carriers of an allele A had a 26% increased risk of tuberculosis compared with the T allele (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08-1.48). Compared with the common haplotype rs9939609T-rs8050136C, the haplotype rs9939609A-rs8050136C was related to an increased risk of tuberculosis (OR = 6.09, 95% CI: 3.27-12.34). CONCLUSIONS The FTO polymorphism rs9939609 is associated with a risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Chinese population.
Collapse
|
128
|
Abstract
The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene was placed center stage when common intronic variants within the gene were robustly associated with human obesity. Murine models of perturbed Fto expression have shown effects on body weight and composition. However, a clear understanding of the link between FTO intronic variants and FTO activity has remained elusive. Two recent reports now indicate that obesity-associated SNPs appear functionally connected not with FTO but with two neighboring genes: IRX3 and RPGRIP1L. Here, we review these new findings and consider the implications for future analysis of GWAS hits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y C Loraine Tung
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P Coll
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Yeo GSH. The role of the FTO (Fat Mass and Obesity Related) locus in regulating body size and composition. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 397:34-41. [PMID: 25224490 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Genomewide association studies (GWAS) have indicated that SNPs on a chromosome 16 locus encompassing FTO, as well as IRX3, 5, 6, FTM and FTL are robustly associated with human obesity. GWAS, however, are by nature gene agnostic, and SNPs reaching the appropriate statistical threshold for a given phenotype can appear anywhere in the genome, within, near or far away from any coding sequence. Thus a major challenge in the field has been to translate these statistical hits into real biological insight. The key question is which of these genes are responsible for the association with obesity, and what is the underlying mechanism? With loss of function FTO mutations in both mice and humans resulting in severe growth retardation and mice globally over-expressing FTO being obese, the initial attention was focussed on this gene. We and others have shown that in vitro, recombinant FTO is able to catalyse the Fe(II)- and 2OG-dependent demethylation of single stranded nucleic-acids, with a preference for RNA. We have shown that FTO expression is regulated by essential amino acids (AAs) and that it couples amino acid levels to mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling, through a mechanism dependent on its ability to demethylate. Thus FTO is an AA sensor and plays a key role regulating appropriate growth and translation. However, recent data focussing on obesity associated variants within FTO have implicated two neighbouring genes, RPGRIP1L and IRX3, as having a functional link between the SNP and the observed human phenotypes. As with Fto, perturbing the expression of these genes in mice results in a bodyweight phenotype, with homozygous deletion of Irx3 resulting in a smaller mouse and heterozygous deletion of Rpgrip1l leading to a mild obesity phenotype. Thus it may be that a number of genes in this region play an important role in determining body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Zhang GW, Jia W, Chen SY, Jia XB, Wang J, Lai SJ. Association between the IRS1 and FTO genes regulates body weight in rabbits. Gene 2014; 548:75-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
131
|
FTO is a relevant factor for the development of the metabolic syndrome in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105349. [PMID: 25144618 PMCID: PMC4140775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a worldwide problem mainly caused by obesity. FTO was found to be a obesity-risk gene in humans and FTO deficiency in mice led to reduction in adipose tissue. Thus, FTO is an important factor for the development of obesity. Leptin-deficient mice are a well characterized model for analysing the metabolic syndrome. To determine the relevance of FTO for the development of the metabolic syndrome we analysed different parameters in combined homozygous deficient mice (Lep(ob/ob);Fto(-/-)). Lep(ob/ob);Fto(-/-) mice showed an improvement in analysed hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome in comparison to leptin-deficient mice wild type or heterozygous for Fto. Lep(ob/ob);Fto(-/-) mice did not develop hyperglycaemia and showed an improved glucose tolerance. Furthermore, extension of beta-cell mass was prevented in Lep(ob/ob);Fto(-/-)mice and accumulation of ectopic fat in the liver was reduced. In conclusion this study demonstrates that FTO deficiency has a protective effect not only on the development of obesity but also on the metabolic syndrome. Thus, FTO plays an important role in the development of metabolic disorders and is an interesting target for therapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
132
|
Genetic Dissection of the Physiological Role of Skeletal Muscle in Metabolic Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/635146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary deficiency underlying metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance, in which insulin-responsive peripheral tissues fail to maintain glucose homeostasis. Because skeletal muscle is the major site for insulin-induced glucose uptake, impairments in skeletal muscle’s insulin responsiveness play a major role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. For example, skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetes patients and their offspring exhibit reduced ratios of slow oxidative muscle. These observations suggest the possibility of applying muscle remodeling to recover insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome. Skeletal muscle is highly adaptive to external stimulations such as exercise; however, in practice it is often not practical or possible to enforce the necessary intensity to obtain measurable benefits to the metabolic syndrome patient population. Therefore, identifying molecular targets for inducing muscle remodeling would provide new approaches to treat metabolic syndrome. In this review, the physiological properties of skeletal muscle, genetic analysis of metabolic syndrome in human populations and model organisms, and genetically engineered mouse models will be discussed in regard to the prospect of applying skeletal muscle remodeling as possible therapy for metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
|
133
|
Harbron J, van der Merwe L, Zaahl MG, Kotze MJ, Senekal M. Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene polymorphisms are associated with physical activity, food intake, eating behaviors, psychological health, and modeled change in body mass index in overweight/obese Caucasian adults. Nutrients 2014; 6:3130-52. [PMID: 25102252 PMCID: PMC4145299 DOI: 10.3390/nu6083130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is currently recognized as the most robust predictor of polygenic obesity. We investigated associations between the FTO rs1421085 and rs17817449 polymorphisms and the FTO rs1421085–rs17817449 haplotype and dietary intake, eating behavior, physical activity, and psychological health, as well as the effect of these associations on BMI. N = 133 treatment seeking overweight/obese Caucasian adults participated in this study. Genotyping was performed from whole blood samples. Weight and height was measured and a non-quantified food frequency questionnaire was completed to assess food group intake. Validated questionnaires were completed to assess physical activity (Baecke questionnaire), psychological health (General Health questionnaire, Rosenburg self-esteem scale and Beck Depression Inventory), and eating behavior (Three Factor Eating questionnaire). The risk alleles of the FTO polymorphisms were associated with poorer eating behaviors (higher hunger, internal locus for hunger, and emotional disinhibition scores), a higher intake of high fat foods and refined starches and more depressive symptoms. The modeled results indicate that interactions between the FTO polymorphisms or haplotypes and eating behavior, psychological health, and physical activity levels may be associated with BMI. The clinical significance of these results for implementation as part of weight management interventions needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janetta Harbron
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Monique G Zaahl
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Maritha J Kotze
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Marjanne Senekal
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Wu J, Xu J, Zhang Z, Ren J, Li Y, Wang J, Cao Y, Rong F, Zhao R, Huang X, Du J. Association of FTO polymorphisms with obesity and metabolic parameters in Han Chinese adolescents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98984. [PMID: 24911064 PMCID: PMC4049598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have suggested that fat mass-and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is associated with body mass index (BMI) and the risk of obesity. This study aims to assess the association of five FTO polymorphisms (rs9939609, rs8050136, rs1558902, rs3751812 and rs6499640) with obesity and relative parameters in Han Chinese adolescents. Methods We examined a total of 401 adolescents, 223 normal weights (58.7% boys, 41.3% girls), 178 overweight (60.1% boys, 39.9% girls), aging from 14 to 18-years-old, recruited randomly from public schools in the central region of Wuxi, a southern city of China. DNA samples were genotyped for the five polymorphisms by Sequenom Plex MassARRAY. Association of the FTO polymorphisms with BMI, serum fasting plasm glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FIns), triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (TC) were investigated. Results 1) Serum FPG, FIns, TG and TC were statistically significant higher than that in normal control group. 2) We found that BMI was higher in the rs9939609 TA+AA, rs8050136 AC+AA, rs1558902 TA+AA and rs3751812 GT+TT genotypes than in wild TT genotypes (rs9939609: P = 0.038; rs1558902: P = 0.038;), CC genotypes(rs8050136: P = 0.024) and GG genotypes (rs3751812: P = 0.024), which were not significant on adjusting for multiple testing. 3) In case-control studies, five polymorphisms were not significantly associated with overweight (p>0.05), haplotype analyses showed non-haplotype is significantly associated with a higher risk of being overweight (p>0.05). 4) There existed no significant statistical difference about FPG, FIns, TG and TC in genotype model for any SNP. Conclusions Our study has conducted a genetic association study of the FTO polymorphisms with BMI, serum fasting plasm glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FIns), triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (TC). Our study found BMI of subjects with A allele of FTO rs9939609 is higher than that with T allele. Further studies on other polymorphisms from FTO and increasing the sample size are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wu
- WHO Collaborating Center on Human Research, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (J. Wu); (JD)
| | - Jianhua Xu
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Reproduction & Development, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhang
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Reproduction & Development, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingcao Ren
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, Henan, China
| | - Yuyan Li
- WHO Collaborating Center on Human Research, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Reproduction & Development, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunlei Cao
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Reproduction & Development, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Rong
- WHO Collaborating Center on Human Research, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- WHO Collaborating Center on Human Research, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianliang Huang
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Reproduction & Development, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Du
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Reproduction & Development, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (J. Wu); (JD)
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Merkestein M, McTaggart JS, Lee S, Kramer HB, McMurray F, Lafond M, Boutens L, Cox R, Ashcroft FM. Changes in gene expression associated with FTO overexpression in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97162. [PMID: 24842286 PMCID: PMC4026227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the first intron of the fat-mass-and-obesity-related gene FTO are associated with increased body weight and adiposity. Increased expression of FTO is likely underlying this obesity phenotype, as mice with two additional copies of Fto (FTO-4 mice) exhibit increased adiposity and are hyperphagic. FTO is a demethylase of single stranded DNA and RNA, and one of its targets is the m6A modification in RNA, which might play a role in the regulation of gene expression. In this study, we aimed to examine the changes in gene expression that occur in FTO-4 mice in order to gain more insight into the underlying mechanisms by which FTO influences body weight and adiposity. Our results indicate an upregulation of anabolic pathways and a downregulation of catabolic pathways in FTO-4 mice. Interestingly, although genes involved in methylation were differentially regulated in skeletal muscle of FTO-4 mice, no effect of FTO overexpression on m6A methylation of total mRNA was detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myrte Merkestein
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy; and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James S. McTaggart
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy; and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sheena Lee
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy; and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Holger B. Kramer
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy; and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona McMurray
- Medical Research Council Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mathilde Lafond
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy; and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lily Boutens
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy; and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Cox
- Medical Research Council Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M. Ashcroft
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy; and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α is a crucial regulator of human fat mass and obesity associated gene transcription and expression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:406909. [PMID: 24877091 PMCID: PMC4022073 DOI: 10.1155/2014/406909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several susceptibility loci have been reported associated with obesity and T2DM in GWAS. Fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) is the first gene associated with body mass index (BMI) and risk for diabetes in diverse patient populations. FTO is highly expressed in the brain and pancreas, and is involved in regulating dietary intake and energy expenditure. While much is known about the epigenetic mutations contributing to obesity and T2DM, less is certain with the expression regulation of FTO gene. In this study, a highly conserved canonical C/EBPα binding site was located around position −45~−54 bp relative to the human FTO gene transcriptional start site. Site-directed mutagenesis of the putative C/EBPα binding sites decreased FTO promoter activity. Overexpression and RNAi studies also indicated that C/EBPα was required for the expression of FTO. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiment was carried out and the result shows direct binding of C/EBPα to the putative binding regions in the FTO promoter. Collectively, our data suggest that C/EBPα may act as a positive regulator binding to FTO promoter and consequently, activates the gene transcription.
Collapse
|
137
|
Carnevali L, Graiani G, Rossi S, Al Banchaabouchi M, Macchi E, Quaini F, Rosenthal N, Sgoifo A. Signs of cardiac autonomic imbalance and proarrhythmic remodeling in FTO deficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95499. [PMID: 24743632 PMCID: PMC3990670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, variants of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene have recently been associated with obesity. However, the physiological function of FTO is not well defined. Previous investigations in mice have linked FTO deficiency to growth retardation, loss of white adipose tissue, increased energy metabolism and enhanced systemic sympathetic activation. In this study we investigated for the first time the effects of global knockout of the mouse FTO gene on cardiac function and its autonomic neural regulation. ECG recordings were acquired via radiotelemetry in homozygous knockout (n = 12) and wild-type (n = 8) mice during resting and stress conditions, and analyzed by means of time- and frequency-domain indexes of heart rate variability. In the same animals, cardiac electrophysiological properties (assessed by epicardial mapping) and structural characteristics were investigated. Our data indicate that FTO knockout mice were characterized by (i) higher heart rate values during resting and stress conditions, (ii) heart rate variability changes (increased LF to HF ratio), (iii) larger vulnerability to stress-induced tachyarrhythmias, (iv) altered ventricular repolarization, and (v) cardiac hypertrophy compared to wild-type counterparts. We conclude that FTO deficiency in mice leads to an imbalance of the autonomic neural modulation of cardiac function in the sympathetic direction and to a potentially proarrhythmic remodeling of electrical and structural properties of the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carnevali
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gallia Graiani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mumna Al Banchaabouchi
- Preclinical Phenotyping Facility, CSF-Campus Science Support Facilities GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Mouse Biology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Emilio Macchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Quaini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute/EMBL Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Mouse Biology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Andrea Sgoifo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Smemo S, Tena JJ, Kim KH, Gamazon ER, Sakabe NJ, Gómez-Marín C, Aneas I, Credidio FL, Sobreira DR, Wasserman NF, Lee JH, Puviindran V, Tam D, Shen M, Son JE, Vakili NA, Sung HK, Naranjo S, Acemel RD, Manzanares M, Nagy A, Cox NJ, Hui CC, Gomez-Skarmeta JL, Nóbrega MA. Obesity-associated variants within FTO form long-range functional connections with IRX3. Nature 2014; 507:371-5. [PMID: 24646999 PMCID: PMC4113484 DOI: 10.1038/nature13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 884] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reproducibly associated variants within introns of FTO with increased risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although the molecular mechanisms linking these noncoding variants with obesity are not immediately obvious, subsequent studies in mice demonstrated that FTO expression levels influence body mass and composition phenotypes. However, no direct connection between the obesity-associated variants and FTO expression or function has been made. Here we show that the obesity-associated noncoding sequences within FTO are functionally connected, at megabase distances, with the homeobox gene IRX3. The obesity-associated FTO region directly interacts with the promoters of IRX3 as well as FTO in the human, mouse and zebrafish genomes. Furthermore, long-range enhancers within this region recapitulate aspects of IRX3 expression, suggesting that the obesity-associated interval belongs to the regulatory landscape of IRX3. Consistent with this, obesity-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with expression of IRX3, but not FTO, in human brains. A direct link between IRX3 expression and regulation of body mass and composition is demonstrated by a reduction in body weight of 25 to 30% in Irx3-deficient mice, primarily through the loss of fat mass and increase in basal metabolic rate with browning of white adipose tissue. Finally, hypothalamic expression of a dominant-negative form of Irx3 reproduces the metabolic phenotypes of Irx3-deficient mice. Our data suggest that IRX3 is a functional long-range target of obesity-associated variants within FTO and represents a novel determinant of body mass and composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Smemo
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2]
| | - Juan J Tena
- 1] Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km1, Sevilla 41013, Spain [2]
| | - Kyoung-Han Kim
- 1] Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada [2]
| | - Eric R Gamazon
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Noboru J Sakabe
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Carlos Gómez-Marín
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Ivy Aneas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Flavia L Credidio
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Débora R Sobreira
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Nora F Wasserman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Vijitha Puviindran
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Davis Tam
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael Shen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Joe Eun Son
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Niki Alizadeh Vakili
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Silvia Naranjo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Rafael D Acemel
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Miguel Manzanares
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Nancy J Cox
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Marcelo A Nóbrega
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Expression of miR-33 from an SREBF2 intron targets the FTO gene in the chicken. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91236. [PMID: 24626192 PMCID: PMC3953336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 (SREBF2) gene encodes a transcription factor that activates the expression of many genes involved in the synthesis and uptake of cholesterol, fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Through bioinformatics, we found that intron 16 of the chicken SREBF2 gene might encode the chicken miR-33. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we detected the expression of miR-33 in a variety of chicken tissues including skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. Three hundred and seventy eight genes were predicted to be potential targets of miR-33 in chickens via miRNA target prediction programs “miRanda” and “TargetScan”. Among these targets, the gene FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) encodes a Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent nucleic acid demethylase that regulates lipid metabolism, and the possibility that its expression is negatively regulated by miR-33 in the chicken liver was therefore further studied. Co-transfection and dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that the expression of luciferase reporter gene linked to the 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR) of the chicken FTO mRNA was down-regulated by overexpression of the chicken miR-33 in the C2C12 cells (P<0.05). Furthermore, this down-regulation was completely abolished when the predicted miR-33 target site in the FTO 3′UTR was mutated. In contrast, the expression of FTO mRNA in the primary chicken hepatocytes was up-regulated after transfection with the miR-33 inhibitor LNA-anti-miR-33. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we also found that the expression of miR-33 was increased in the chicken liver from day 0 to day 49 of age, whereas that of the FTO mRNA was decreased during the same age period. These data together suggest that miR-33 might play an important role in lipid metabolism in the chicken liver by negatively regulating the expression of the FTO gene.
Collapse
|
140
|
Hess ME, Brüning JC. The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene: Obesity and beyond? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2039-47. [PMID: 24518103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome wide association studies undoubtedly linked variants of the fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) to obesity. To date, however, knowledge on the mechanisms coupling variants in the intron of the FTO gene to its expression or enzymatic activity to alter metabolism remains scarce. Until recently, the investigation of the molecular function of FTO had not led to conclusive results concerning the 'where', 'when' and 'how' of FTO activity. Finally, since FTO was identified as a RNA modifying enzyme, demethylating N6-methyladenosine on single stranded RNA, novel understanding of the molecular function is gathered. These and other studies suggest the requirement for a further reaching approach to further investigate FTO function, since the phenotype of aberrant FTO function may encompass more than just obesity. Taking these new insights and translating them into appropriate paradigms for functional research in humans may lead to a deeper understanding of the human physiology and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: From Genome to Function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Hess
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, D-50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), D-50674 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), D-50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, D-50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), D-50674 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), D-50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Garg G, Kumar J, McGuigan FE, Ridderstråle M, Gerdhem P, Luthman H, Åkesson K. Variation in the MC4R gene is associated with bone phenotypes in elderly Swedish women. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88565. [PMID: 24516669 PMCID: PMC3916440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. Fat mass is a determinant of bone strength and both phenotypes have a strong genetic component. In this study, we examined the association between obesity associated polymorphisms (SNPs) with body composition, BMD, Ultrasound (QUS), fracture and biomarkers (Homocysteine (Hcy), folate, Vitamin D and Vitamin B12) for obesity and osteoporosis. Five common variants: rs17782313 and rs1770633 (melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R); rs7566605 (insulin induced gene 2 (INSIG2); rs9939609 and rs1121980 (fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) were genotyped in 2 cohorts of Swedish women: PEAK-25 (age 25, n = 1061) and OPRA (age 75, n = 1044). Body mass index (BMI), total body fat and lean mass were strongly positively correlated with QUS and BMD in both cohorts (r2 = 0.2–0.6). MC4R rs17782313 was associated with QUS in the OPRA cohort and individuals with the minor C-allele had higher values compared to T-allele homozygotes (TT vs. CT vs. CC: BUA: 100 vs. 103 vs. 103; p = 0.002); (SOS: 1521 vs. 1526 vs. 1524; p = 0.008); (Stiffness index: 69 vs. 73 vs. 74; p = 0.0006) after adjustment for confounders. They also had low folate (18 vs. 17 vs. 16; p = 0.03) and vitamin D (93 vs. 91 vs. 90; p = 0.03) and high Hcy levels (13.7 vs 14.4 vs. 14.5; p = 0.06). Fracture incidence was lower among women with the C-allele, (52% vs. 58%; p = 0.067). Variation in MC4R was not associated with BMD or body composition in either OPRA or PEAK-25. SNPs close to FTO and INSIG2 were not associated with any bone phenotypes in either cohort and FTO SNPs were only associated with body composition in PEAK-25 (p≤0.001). Our results suggest that genetic variation close to MC4R is associated with quantitative ultrasound and risk of fracture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Garg
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jitender Kumar
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fiona E. McGuigan
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Ridderstråle
- Clinical Obesity Research, Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Paul Gerdhem
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Orthopaedics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holger Luthman
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina Åkesson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Osborn DPS, Roccasecca RM, McMurray F, Hernandez-Hernandez V, Mukherjee S, Barroso I, Stemple D, Cox R, Beales PL, Christou-Savina S. Loss of FTO antagonises Wnt signaling and leads to developmental defects associated with ciliopathies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87662. [PMID: 24503721 PMCID: PMC3913654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Common intronic variants in the Human fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) are found to be associated with an increased risk of obesity. Overexpression of FTO correlates with increased food intake and obesity, whilst loss-of-function results in lethality and severe developmental defects. Despite intense scientific discussions around the role of FTO in energy metabolism, the function of FTO during development remains undefined. Here, we show that loss of Fto leads to developmental defects such as growth retardation, craniofacial dysmorphism and aberrant neural crest cells migration in Zebrafish. We find that the important developmental pathway, Wnt, is compromised in the absence of FTO, both in vivo (zebrafish) and in vitro (Fto−/− MEFs and HEK293T). Canonical Wnt signalling is down regulated by abrogated β-Catenin translocation to the nucleus whilst non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway is activated via its key signal mediators CaMKII and PKCδ. Moreover, we demonstrate that loss of Fto results in short, absent or disorganised cilia leading to situs inversus, renal cystogenesis, neural crest cell defects and microcephaly in Zebrafish. Congruently, Fto knockout mice display aberrant tissue specific cilia. These data identify FTO as a protein-regulator of the balanced activation between canonical and non-canonical branches of the Wnt pathway. Furthermore, we present the first evidence that FTO plays a role in development and cilia formation/function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. S. Osborn
- Biomedical Sciences, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Maria Roccasecca
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona McMurray
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, MRC Harwell, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sriparna Mukherjee
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Stemple
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Cox
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, MRC Harwell, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Philip L. Beales
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonia Christou-Savina
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Johansson C, Tumber A, Che K, Cain P, Nowak R, Gileadi C, Oppermann U. The roles of Jumonji-type oxygenases in human disease. Epigenomics 2014; 6:89-120. [PMID: 24579949 PMCID: PMC4233403 DOI: 10.2217/epi.13.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases constitute a phylogenetically conserved class of enzymes that catalyze hydroxylation reactions in humans by acting on various types of substrates, including metabolic intermediates, amino acid residues in different proteins and various types of nucleic acids. The discovery of jumonji (Jmj), the founding member of a class of Jmj-type chromatin modifying enzymes and transcriptional regulators, has culminated in the discovery of several branches of histone lysine demethylases, with essential functions in regulating the epigenetic landscape of the chromatin environment. This work has now been considerably expanded into other aspects of epigenetic biology and includes the discovery of enzymatic steps required for methyl-cytosine demethylation as well as modification of RNA and ribosomal proteins. This overview aims to summarize the current knowledge on the human Jmj-type enzymes and their involvement in human pathological processes, including development, cancer, inflammation and metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catrine Johansson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anthony Tumber
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - KaHing Che
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Peter Cain
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Radoslaw Nowak
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
- Systems Approaches to Biomedical Sciences, Industrial Doctorate Center (SABS IDC) Oxford, UK
| | - Carina Gileadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
- Systems Approaches to Biomedical Sciences, Industrial Doctorate Center (SABS IDC) Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Bravard A, Vial G, Chauvin MA, Rouillé Y, Bailleul B, Vidal H, Rieusset J. FTO contributes to hepatic metabolism regulation through regulation of leptin action and STAT3 signalling in liver. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:4. [PMID: 24410832 PMCID: PMC3896784 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene is related to obesity and type 2 diabetes, but its function is still largely unknown. A link between leptin receptor-signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (LepR-STAT3) signalling pathway and FTO was recently suggested in the hypothalamus. Because of the presence of FTO in liver and the role of LepR-STAT3 in the control of hepatic metabolism, we investigated both in vitro and in vivo the potential interrelationship between FTO and LepR-STAT3 signalling pathway in liver and the impact of FTO overexpression on leptin action and glucose homeostasis in liver of mice. Results We found that FTO protein expression is regulated by both leptin and IL-6, concomitantly to an induction of STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, in leptin receptor (LepRb) expressing HuH7 cells. In addition, FTO overexpression in vitro altered both leptin-induced Y705 and S727 STAT3 phosphorylation, leading to dysregulation of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) expression and mitochondrial density, respectively. In vivo, liver specific FTO overexpression in mice induced a reducetion of Y705 phosphorylation of STAT3 in nuclear fraction, associated with reduced SOCS3 and LepR mRNA levels and with an increased G6P expression. Interestingly, FTO overexpression also induced S727 STAT3 phosphorylation in liver mitochondria, resulting in an increase of mitochondria function and density. Altogether, these data indicate that FTO promotes mitochondrial recruitment of STAT3 to the detriment of its nuclear localization, affecting in turn oxidative metabolism and the expression of leptin-targeted genes. Interestingly, these effects were associated in mice with alterations of leptin action and hyperleptinemia, as well as hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance. Conclusions Altogether, these data point a novel regulatory loop between FTO and leptin-STAT3 signalling pathways in liver cells, and highlight a new role of FTO in the regulation of hepatic leptin action and glucose metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Rieusset
- INSERM U-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, INRA 1235, INSA de Lyon, Facultés de médecine Charles Mérieux, Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France.
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Sarin LP, Leidel SA. Modify or die?--RNA modification defects in metazoans. RNA Biol 2014; 11:1555-67. [PMID: 25692999 PMCID: PMC4615230 DOI: 10.4161/15476286.2014.992279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical RNA modifications are present in all kingdoms of life and many of these post-transcriptional modifications are conserved throughout evolution. However, most of the research has been performed on single cell organisms, whereas little is known about how RNA modifications contribute to the development of metazoans. In recent years, the identification of RNA modification genes in genome wide association studies (GWAS) has sparked new interest in previously neglected genes. In this review, we summarize recent findings that connect RNA modification defects and phenotypes in higher eukaryotes. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of aberrant tRNA modification in various human diseases including metabolic defects, mitochondrial dysfunctions, neurological disorders, and cancer. As the molecular mechanisms of these diseases are being elucidated, we will gain first insights into the functions of RNA modifications in higher eukaryotes and finally understand their roles during development.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/metabolism
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/pathology
- Animals
- Dysautonomia, Familial/genetics
- Dysautonomia, Familial/metabolism
- Dysautonomia, Familial/pathology
- Epilepsy, Rolandic/genetics
- Epilepsy, Rolandic/metabolism
- Epilepsy, Rolandic/pathology
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Humans
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Intellectual Disability/metabolism
- Intellectual Disability/pathology
- Mutation
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Phenotype
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Mitochondrial
- RNA, Transfer/genetics
- RNA, Transfer/metabolism
- tRNA Methyltransferases/genetics
- tRNA Methyltransferases/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Peter Sarin
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine; Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine; Münster, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Münster; Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cluster in the first intron of fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene are associated obesity traits in genome-wide association studies. The minor allele increases BMI by 0.39 kg/m(2) (or 1,130 g in body weight) and risk of obesity by 1.20-fold. This association has been confirmed across age groups and populations of diverse ancestry; the largest effect is seen in young adulthood. The effect of FTO SNPs on obesity traits in populations of African and Asian ancestry is similar or somewhat smaller than in European ancestry populations. However, the BMI-increasing allele in FTO is substantially less prevalent in populations with non-European ancestry. FTO SNPs do not influence physical activity levels; yet, in physically active individuals, FTO's effect on obesity susceptibility is attenuated by approximately 30%. Evidence from epidemiological and functional studies suggests that FTO confers an increased risk of obesity by subtly changing food intake and preference. Moreover, emerging data suggest a role for FTO in nutrient sensing, regulation of mRNA translation and general growth. In this Review, we discuss the genetic epidemiology of FTO and discuss how its complex biology might link to the regulation of body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J F Loos
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Abstract
The Fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene is a newly identified genetic factor for obesity. However, the exact molecular mechanisms responsible for the effect of FTO on obesity remain largely unknown. Recent studies from genome-wide associated studies reveal that genetic variants in the FTO gene are associated not only with human adiposity and metabolic disorders, but also with cancer, a highly obesity-associated disease as well. Data from animal and cellular models further demonstrate that the perturbation of FTO enzymatic activity dysregulates genes related to energy metabolism, causing the malfunction of energy and adipose tissue homeostasis in mice. The most significant advance about FTO research is the recent discovery of FTO as the first N6-methyl-adenosine (m(6)A) RNA demethylase that catalyzes the m(6)A demethylation in α-ketoglutarate - and Fe(2+)-dependent manners. This finding provides the strong evidence that the dynamic and reversible chemical m(6)A modification on RNA may act as a novel epitranscriptomic marker. Furthermore, the FTO protein was observed to be partially localized onto nuclear speckles enriching mRNA processing factors, implying a potential role of FTO in regulating RNA processing. This review summarizes the recent progress about biological functions of FTO through disease-association studies as well as the data from in vitro and in vivo models, and highlights the biochemical features of FTO that might be linked to obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Laboratory of Genome Variations and Precision Biomedicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Namjou B, Keddache M, Marsolo K, Wagner M, Lingren T, Cobb B, Perry C, Kennebeck S, Holm IA, Li R, Crimmins NA, Martin L, Solti I, Kohane IS, Harley JB. EMR-linked GWAS study: investigation of variation landscape of loci for body mass index in children. Front Genet 2013; 4:268. [PMID: 24348519 PMCID: PMC3847941 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Common variations at the loci harboring the fat mass and obesity gene (FTO), MC4R, and TMEM18 are consistently reported as being associated with obesity and body mass index (BMI) especially in adult population. In order to confirm this effect in pediatric population five European ancestry cohorts from pediatric eMERGE-II network (CCHMC-BCH) were evaluated. METHOD Data on 5049 samples of European ancestry were obtained from the Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) of two large academic centers in five different genotyped cohorts. For all available samples, gender, age, height, and weight were collected and BMI was calculated. To account for age and sex differences in BMI, BMI z-scores were generated using 2000 Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts. A Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed with BMI z-score. After removing missing data and outliers based on principal components (PC) analyses, 2860 samples were used for the GWAS study. The association between each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and BMI was tested using linear regression adjusting for age, gender, and PC by cohort. The effects of SNPs were modeled assuming additive, recessive, and dominant effects of the minor allele. Meta-analysis was conducted using a weighted z-score approach. RESULTS The mean age of subjects was 9.8 years (range 2-19). The proportion of male subjects was 56%. In these cohorts, 14% of samples had a BMI ≥95 and 28 ≥ 85%. Meta analyses produced a signal at 16q12 genomic region with the best result of p = 1.43 × 10(-) (7) [p (rec) = 7.34 × 10(-) (8)) for the SNP rs8050136 at the first intron of FTO gene (z = 5.26) and with no heterogeneity between cohorts (p = 0.77). Under a recessive model, another published SNP at this locus, rs1421085, generates the best result [z = 5.782, p (rec) = 8.21 × 10(-) (9)]. Imputation in this region using dense 1000-Genome and Hapmap CEU samples revealed 71 SNPs with p < 10(-) (6), all at the first intron of FTO locus. When hetero-geneity was permitted between cohorts, signals were also obtained in other previously identified loci, including MC4R (rs12964056, p = 6.87 × 10(-) (7), z = -4.98), cholecystokinin CCK (rs8192472, p = 1.33 × 10(-) (6), z = -4.85), Interleukin 15 (rs2099884, p = 1.27 × 10(-) (5), z = 4.34), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1B [LRP1B (rs7583748, p = 0.00013, z = -3.81)] and near transmembrane protein 18 (TMEM18) (rs7561317, p = 0.001, z = -3.17). We also detected a novel locus at chromosome 3 at COL6A5 [best SNP = rs1542829, minor allele frequency (MAF) of 5% p = 4.35 × 10(-) (9), z = 5.89]. CONCLUSION An EMR linked cohort study demonstrates that the BMI-Z measurements can be successfully extracted and linked to genomic data with meaningful confirmatory results. We verified the high prevalence of childhood rate of overweight and obesity in our cohort (28%). In addition, our data indicate that genetic variants in the first intron of FTO, a known adult genetic risk factor for BMI, are also robustly associated with BMI in pediatric population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Namjou
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mehdi Keddache
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Keith Marsolo
- School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Todd Lingren
- School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Beth Cobb
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Cassandra Perry
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Kennebeck
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ingrid A Holm
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rongling Li
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy A Crimmins
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lisa Martin
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Imre Solti
- School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Isaac S Kohane
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital Informatics Program Boston, MA, USA
| | - John B Harley
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
MacKay H, Khazall R, Patterson ZR, Wellman M, Abizaid A. Rats perinatally exposed to food restriction and high-fat diet show differences in adipose tissue gene expression under chronic caloric restriction. Adipocyte 2013; 2:237-45. [PMID: 24052899 PMCID: PMC3774699 DOI: 10.4161/adip.24752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze how maternal diet during the lactational period influences the adipose tissue response to chronic caloric restriction in offspring. Lactating dams were subjected to one of three treatments: 50% food restriction (FR), ad lib standard chow (AL), or ad lib high-fat diet (HF). Juveniles were first weaned onto standard chow, then in adulthood 50% calorically restricted and maintained at 90% of normal body weight for 60 d. HF animals showed increased percent body fat compared with AL and FR animals despite equivalent body weights. HF animals showed alterations in the balance of adipose tissue lipogenic (FAS, LPL) and lipolytic (HSL) gene expression that may underlie their propensity to maintain fat stores under caloric restriction.
Collapse
|
150
|
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have revealed that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the first intron of the gene encoding fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) are robustly associated with BMI and obesity. Subsequently, this association with body weight, which is replicable across multiple populations and different age groups, has been unequivocally linked to increased food intake. Although evidence from a number of animal models with perturbed FTO expression indicates a role for FTO in energy homeostasis, to date, no conclusive link has been made between the risk alleles and FTO expression or its physiological role. FTO is a nucleic acid demethylase, and a deficiency in FTO leads to a complex phenotype highlighted by postnatal growth retardation, pointing to some fundamental developmental role. Recent emerging data now points to a role for FTO in the sensing of nutrients and the regulation of translation and growth. In this review, we explore the in vivo and in vitro evidence detailing the complex biology of FTO and discuss how these might link to the regulation of body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Gulati
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 289, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giles S. H. Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 289, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|