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Cruchaga C, Karch CM, Jin SC, Benitez BA, Cai Y, Guerreiro R, Harari O, Norton J, Budde J, Bertelsen S, Jeng AT, Cooper B, Skorupa T, Carrell D, Levitch D, Hsu S, Choi J, Ryten M, Sassi C, Bras J, Gibbs RJ, Hernandez DG, Lupton MK, Powell J, Forabosco P, Ridge PG, Corcoran CD, Tschanz JT, Norton MC, Munger RG, Schmutz C, Leary M, Demirci FY, Bamne MN, Wang X, Lopez OL, Ganguli M, Medway C, Turton J, Lord J, Braae A, Barber I, Brown K, Pastor P, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Brkanac Z, Scott E, Topol E, Morgan K, Rogaeva E, Singleton A, Hardy J, Kamboh MI, George-Hyslop PS, Cairns N, Morris JC, Kauwe JS, Goate AM. Rare coding variants in the phospholipase D3 gene confer risk for Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2014; 505:550-554. [PMID: 24336208 PMCID: PMC4050701 DOI: 10.1038/nature12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk variants for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). These common variants have replicable but small effects on LOAD risk and generally do not have obvious functional effects. Low-frequency coding variants, not detected by GWAS, are predicted to include functional variants with larger effects on risk. To identify low-frequency coding variants with large effects on LOAD risk, we carried out whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 14 large LOAD families and follow-up analyses of the candidate variants in several large LOAD case-control data sets. A rare variant in PLD3 (phospholipase D3; Val232Met) segregated with disease status in two independent families and doubled risk for Alzheimer's disease in seven independent case-control series with a total of more than 11,000 cases and controls of European descent. Gene-based burden analyses in 4,387 cases and controls of European descent and 302 African American cases and controls, with complete sequence data for PLD3, reveal that several variants in this gene increase risk for Alzheimer's disease in both populations. PLD3 is highly expressed in brain regions that are vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease pathology, including hippocampus and cortex, and is expressed at significantly lower levels in neurons from Alzheimer's disease brains compared to control brains. Overexpression of PLD3 leads to a significant decrease in intracellular amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) and extracellular Aβ42 and Aβ40 (the 42- and 40-residue isoforms of the amyloid-β peptide), and knockdown of PLD3 leads to a significant increase in extracellular Aβ42 and Aβ40. Together, our genetic and functional data indicate that carriers of PLD3 coding variants have a twofold increased risk for LOAD and that PLD3 influences APP processing. This study provides an example of how densely affected families may help to identify rare variants with large effects on risk for disease or other complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and
Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and
Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruno A. Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yefei Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - John Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amanda T. Jeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Breanna Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tara Skorupa
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Carrell
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Denise Levitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Simon Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jiyoon Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- on behalf of UKBEC (UK Brain Expression Consortium)
| | - Celeste Sassi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Raphael J. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle K. Lupton
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London,
UK
- Neuroimaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research
Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John Powell
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London,
UK
| | - Paola Forabosco
- Istituto di Genetica delle Popolazioni – CNR,
Sassari, Italy
| | - Perry G. Ridge
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo,
UT, 84602
| | - Christopher D. Corcoran
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State
University, Logan, UT
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University,
Logan, UT
| | - JoAnn T. Tschanz
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University,
Logan, UT
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan,
UT
| | - Maria C. Norton
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University,
Logan, UT
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan,
UT
- Department of Family Consumer and Human Development,
Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Ronald G. Munger
- Department of Family Consumer and Human Development,
Utah State University, Logan, UT
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences,
Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Cameron Schmutz
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo,
UT, 84602
| | - Maegan Leary
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo,
UT, 84602
| | - F. Yesim Demirci
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mikhil N. Bamne
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xingbin Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mary Ganguli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Christopher Medway
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - James Turton
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jenny Lord
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Anne Braae
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Imelda Barber
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Kristelle Brown
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Pau Pastor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences,
Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de
Navarra, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud
Carlos III, Spain
| | - Oswaldo Lorenzo-Betancor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences,
Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Erick Scott
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, US
| | - Eric Topol
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, US
| | - Kevin Morgan
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases,
University of Toronto
| | - Andy Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases,
University of Toronto
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, and the
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge
| | - Nigel Cairns
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and
Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C. Morris
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis,
MO, USA
- Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, MO,
USA
| | - John S.K. Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo,
UT, 84602
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and
Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis,
MO, USA
- Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, MO,
USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis,
MO, USA
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102
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Scott SA, Mathews TP, Ivanova PT, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Chemical modulation of glycerolipid signaling and metabolic pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1060-84. [PMID: 24440821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, glycerolipids captured the attention of biochemical researchers as novel cellular signaling entities. We now recognize that these biomolecules occupy signaling nodes critical to a number of physiological and pathological processes. Thus, glycerolipid-metabolizing enzymes present attractive targets for new therapies. A number of fields-ranging from neuroscience and cancer to diabetes and obesity-have elucidated the signaling properties of glycerolipids. The biochemical literature teems with newly emerging small molecule inhibitors capable of manipulating glycerolipid metabolism and signaling. This ever-expanding pool of chemical modulators appears daunting to those interested in exploiting glycerolipid-signaling pathways in their model system of choice. This review distills the current body of literature surrounding glycerolipid metabolism into a more approachable format, facilitating the application of small molecule inhibitors to novel systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas P Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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103
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Zhang F, Wang Z, Lu M, Yonekubo Y, Liang X, Zhang Y, Wu P, Zhou Y, Grinstein S, Hancock JF, Du G. Temporal production of the signaling lipid phosphatidic acid by phospholipase D2 determines the output of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:84-95. [PMID: 24164897 PMCID: PMC3911278 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00987-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade is an important signaling module in cells. One regulator of the Ras-ERK cascade is phosphatidic acid (PA) generated by phospholipase D (PLD) and diacylglycerol kinase (DGK). Using a newly developed PA biosensor, PASS (phosphatidic acid biosensor with superior sensitivity), we found that PA was generated sequentially by PLD and DGK in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated HCC1806 breast cancer cells. Inhibition of PLD2, one of the two PLD members, was sufficient to eliminate most of the PA production, whereas inhibition of DGK decreased PA production only at the later stages of EGF stimulation, suggesting that PLD2 precedes DGK activation. The temporal production of PA by PLD2 is important for the nuclear activation of ERK. While inhibition of both PLD and DGK had no effect on the overall ERK activity, inhibition of PLD2 but not PLD1 or DGK blocked the nuclear ERK activity in several cancer cell lines. The decrease of active ERK in the nucleus inhibited the activation of Elk1, c-fos, and Fra1, the ERK nuclear targets, leading to decreased proliferation of HCC1806 cells. Together, these findings reveal that PA production by PLD2 determines the output of ERK in cancer cell growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ziqing Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maryia Lu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yoshiya Yonekubo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqiang Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - John F. Hancock
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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104
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Effect of xiaoyaosan decoction on learning and memory deficit in rats induced by chronic immobilization stress. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:297154. [PMID: 24459529 PMCID: PMC3891437 DOI: 10.1155/2013/297154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Xiaoyaosan (XYS) decoction is a famous prescription which can protect nervous system from stress and treat liver stagnation and spleen deficiency syndrome (LSSDS). In this experiment, we observed the effect of XYS decoction on chronic immobilization stress (CIS) induced learning and memory deficit in rats from behaviors and changes of proteins in hippocampus. We used XYS decoction to treat CIS induced learning and memory deficit in rats with rolipram as positive control, used change of body weight and behavioral tests to determine whether the rats have LSSDS and have learning and memory deficit or not. We used Western blotting to determine the content of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) and synaptophysin (SYP) in hippocampus. Results showed that XYS could improve the situation of slow weight gain induced by CIS, improve the ability of learning and memory, reverse the symptom of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency syndrome (LSSDS) in rats, and increase the levels of PSD-95 and SYP on the hippocampal nerve synapses. These findings suggested that XYS decoction may be helpful in reversing CIS induced learning and memory deficit by increasing the levels of PSD-95 and SYP on the hippocampal nerve synapses and improving synaptic plasticity.
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105
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Bruntz RC, Taylor HE, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Phospholipase D2 mediates survival signaling through direct regulation of Akt in glioblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:600-16. [PMID: 24257753 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.532978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of innovative drug targets for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) limits patient survival to approximately 1 year following diagnosis. The pro-survival kinase Akt provides an ideal target for the treatment of GBM as Akt signaling is frequently activated in this cancer type. However, the central role of Akt in physiological processes limits its potential as a therapeutic target. In this report, we show that the lipid-metabolizing enzyme phospholipaseD(PLD) is a novel regulator of Akt inGBM.Studies using a combination of small molecule PLD inhibitors and siRNA knockdowns establish phosphatidic acid, the product of the PLD reaction, as an essential component for the membrane recruitment and activation of Akt. Inhibition of PLD enzymatic activity and subsequent Akt activation decreases GBM cell viability by specifically inhibiting autophagic flux. We propose a mechanism whereby phosphorylation of beclin1 by Akt prevents binding of Rubicon (RUN domain cysteine-rich domain containing beclin1-interacting protein), an interaction known to inhibit autophagic flux. These findings provide a novel framework through which Akt inhibition can be achieved without directly targeting the kinase.
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106
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Burkhardt U, Wojcik B, Zimmermann M, Klein J. Phospholipase D is a target for inhibition of astroglial proliferation by ethanol. Neuropharmacology 2013; 79:1-9. [PMID: 24262632 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of astrocytes during early brain development is driven by growth factors and is accompanied by the activation of phospholipase D (PLD). Ethanol disrupts PLD signaling in astrocytes, a process which may contribute to delayed brain growth of fetuses exposed to alcohol during pregnancy. We here report that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a strong mitogen for rat astrocytes (EC50 0.2 μg/ml) and a strong stimulator of astroglial PLD activity; both effects are inhibited by ethanol and 1-butanol, but not t-butanol, suggesting participation of PLD. Downregulation of PLD1 and exposure to the PLD1 inhibitor VU0359595 attenuated PLD activity and strongly reduced the mitogenic activity of serum and IGF-1. The PLD2 inhibitor VU0285655-1 also reduced PLD activity but had lesser effects on IGF-1-driven proliferation. PLD2 down-regulation affected serum - but not IGF-1-induced proliferation. In separate experiments, alcohol treatment of murine astrocytes taken from PLD-deficient animals revealed an insensitivity of PLD1(-/-) cells to 1-butanol whereas PLD2(-/-) cells were not affected. We conclude that astroglial proliferation induced by IGF-1 is critically dependent on the PLD signaling pathway, with a stronger contribution from PLD1 than PLD2. The teratogenic effects of ethanol may be explained, at least in part, by disruption of the IGF1-PLD signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Burkhardt
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Biocenter N260, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bartosch Wojcik
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Biocenter N260, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martina Zimmermann
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Biocenter N260, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Biocenter N260, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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107
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Marin R, Casañas V, Pérez JA, Fabelo N, Fernandez CE, Diaz M. Oestrogens as modulators of neuronal signalosomes and brain lipid homeostasis related to protection against neurodegeneration. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:1104-15. [PMID: 23795744 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogens trigger several pathways at the plasma membrane that exert beneficial actions against neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Part of these actions takes place in lipid rafts, which are membrane domains with a singular protein and lipid composition. These microdomains also represent a preferential site for signalling protein complexes, or signalosomes. A plausible hypothesis is that the dynamic interaction of signalosomes with different extracellular ligands may be at the basis of neuronal maintenance against different neuropathologies. Oestrogen receptors are localised in neuronal lipid rafts, taking part of macromolecular complexes together with a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), and other molecules. Oestradiol binding to its receptor at this level enhances neuroprotection against amyloid-β degeneration through the activation of different signal transduction pathways, including VDAC gating modulation. Moreover, part of the stability and functionality of signalling platforms lays on the distribution of lipid hallmarks in these microstructures, which modulate membrane physicochemical properties, thus favouring molecular interactions. Interestingly, recent findings indicate a potential role of oestrogens in the preservation of neuronal membrane physiology related to lipid homeostasis. Thus, oestrogens and docosahexaenoic acid may act synergistically to stabilise brain lipid structure by regulating neuronal lipid biosynthetic pathways, suggesting that part of the neuroprotective effects elicited by oestrogens occur through mechanisms aimed at preserving lipid homeostasis. Overall, oestrogen mechanisms of neuroprotection may occur not only by its interaction with neuronal protein targets through nongenomic and genomic mechanisms, but also through its participation in membrane architecture stabilisation via 'lipostatic' mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marin
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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108
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Puchkov D, Haucke V. Greasing the synaptic vesicle cycle by membrane lipids. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:493-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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109
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Abstract
The accumulation of intracellular β amyloid (Aβ) may be one of the factors leading to neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using a pyrazole called CNB-001, which was selected for its ability to reduce intracellular Aβ, we show that the activation of the eIF2α/ATF4 arm of the unfolded protein response is sufficient to degrade aggregated intracellular Aβ. CNB-001 is a potent inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), decreases 5-LOX expression, and increases proteasome activity. 5-LOX inhibition induces eIF2α and PERK (protein kinase R-like extracellular signal-regulated kinase) phosphorylation, and HSP90 and ATF4 levels. When fed to AD transgenic mice, CNB-001 also increases eIF2α phosphorylation and HSP90 and ATF4 levels, and limits the accumulation of soluble Aβ and ubiquitinated aggregated proteins. Finally, CNB-001 maintains the expression of synapse-associated proteins and improves memory. Therefore, 5-LOX metabolism is a key element in the promotion of endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, and its inhibition under conditions of stress is sufficient to reduce proteotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro.
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110
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Kádár E, Huguet G, Aldavert-Vera L, Morgado-Bernal I, Segura-Torres P. Intracranial self stimulation upregulates the expression of synaptic plasticity related genes and Arc protein expression in rat hippocampus. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:771-9. [PMID: 23898803 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Post-training lateral hypothalamus (LH) intracranial self stimulation (ICSS) has a reliable enhancing effect on explicit memory formation evaluated in hippocampus-dependent tasks such as the Morris water maze. In this study, the effects of ICSS on gene expression in the hippocampus are examined 4.5 h post treatment by using oligonucleotide microarray and real-time PCR, and by measuring Arc protein levels in the different layers of hippocampal subfields through immunofluorescence. The microarray data analysis resulted in 65 significantly regulated genes in rat ICSS hippocampi compared to sham, including cAMP-mediated signaling as one of the most significantly enriched Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) functional categories. In particular, expression of CREB-dependent synaptic plasticity related genes (c-Fos, Arc, Bdnf, Ptgs-2 and Crem and Icer) was regulated in a time-dependent manner following treatment administration. Immunofluorescence results showed that ICSS treatment induced a significant increase in Arc protein expression in CA1 and DG hippocampal subfields. This empirical evidence supports our hypothesis that the effect of ICSS on improved or restored memory functions might be mediated by increased hippocampal expression of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity related genes, including Arc protein expression, as neural mechanisms related to memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kádár
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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111
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Lam SM, Shui G. Lipidomics as a Principal Tool for Advancing Biomedical Research. J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:375-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Anand R, Gill KD, Mahdi AA. Therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease: Past, present and future. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt A:27-50. [PMID: 23891641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. The etiology is multifactorial, and pathophysiology of the disease is complex. Data indicate an exponential rise in the number of cases of AD, emphasizing the need for developing an effective treatment. AD also imposes tremendous emotional and financial burden to the patient's family and community. The disease has been studied over a century, but acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are the only drugs currently approved for its management. These drugs provide symptomatic improvement alone but do less to modify the disease process. The extensive insight into the molecular and cellular pathomechanism in AD over the past few decades has provided us significant progress in the understanding of the disease. A number of novel strategies that seek to modify the disease process have been developed. The major developments in this direction are the amyloid and tau based therapeutics, which could hold the key to treatment of AD in the near future. Several putative drugs have been thoroughly investigated in preclinical studies, but many of them have failed to produce results in the clinical scenario; therefore it is only prudent that lessons be learnt from the past mistakes. The current rationales and targets evaluated for therapeutic benefit in AD are reviewed in this article. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Synaptic Basis of Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, Tamilnadu, India.
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113
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Bennett SAL, Valenzuela N, Xu H, Franko B, Fai S, Figeys D. Using neurolipidomics to identify phospholipid mediators of synaptic (dys)function in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2013; 4:168. [PMID: 23882219 PMCID: PMC3712192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all of the mysteries of life lie in our genetic code. Some can be found buried in our membranes. These shells of fat, sculpted in the central nervous system into the cellular (and subcellular) boundaries of neurons and glia, are themselves complex systems of information. The diversity of neural phospholipids, coupled with their chameleon-like capacity to transmute into bioactive molecules, provides a vast repertoire of immediate response second messengers. The effects of compositional changes on synaptic function have only begun to be appreciated. Here, we mined 29 neurolipidomic datasets for changes in neuronal membrane phospholipid metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Three overarching metabolic disturbances were detected. We found that an increase in the hydrolysis of platelet activating factor precursors and ethanolamine-containing plasmalogens, coupled with a failure to regenerate relatively rare alkyl-acyl and alkenyl-acyl structural phospholipids, correlated with disease severity. Accumulation of specific bioactive metabolites [i.e., PC(O-16:0/2:0) and PE(P-16:0/0:0)] was associated with aggravating tau pathology, enhancing vesicular release, and signaling neuronal loss. Finally, depletion of PI(16:0/20:4), PI(16:0/22:6), and PI(18:0/22:6) was implicated in accelerating Aβ42 biogenesis. Our analysis further suggested that converging disruptions in platelet activating factor, plasmalogen, phosphoinositol, phosphoethanolamine (PE), and docosahexaenoic acid metabolism may contribute mechanistically to catastrophic vesicular depletion, impaired receptor trafficking, and morphological dendritic deformation. Together, this analysis supports an emerging hypothesis that aberrant phospholipid metabolism may be one of multiple critical determinants required for Alzheimer disease conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffany A L Bennett
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; CIHR Training Program in Neurodegenerative Lipidomics, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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114
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Kukkonen JP. Lipid signaling cascades of orexin/hypocretin receptors. Biochimie 2013; 96:158-65. [PMID: 23810911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Orexins - orexin-A and orexin-B - are neuropeptides with significant role in regulation of fundamental physiological processes such as sleep-wakefulness cycle. Orexins act via G-protein-coupled OX1 and OX2 receptors, which are found, in addition to the central nervous system, also in a number of peripheral organs. Orexin receptors show high degree of signaling promiscuity. One particularly prominent way of signaling for these receptors is via phospholipase cascades, including the phospholipase C, phospholipase D and phospholipase A2 cascades, and also diacylglycerol lipase and phosphoinositide-3-kinase pathways. Most analyses have been performed in recombinant cells; there are indications of some of these cascades in native cells while the significance of other cascades remains to be shown. In this review, I present these pathways, their activation mechanisms and their physiological significance.
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Key Words
- 2-AG
- 2-arachidonoylglycerol
- AA
- CNS
- DAG
- DAG lipase
- DAGL
- DOG
- ERK
- Endocannabinoid
- G-protein-coupled receptor
- GPCR
- GPL
- Hypocretin
- IP(3)
- Ion fluxes
- KB-R7943
- MAFP
- N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine
- N-arachidonoylethanolamine
- NAPE
- NSCC
- OX(1)
- OX(2)
- Orexin
- PA
- PC
- PC-PLC
- PC-specific PLC
- PDK1
- PI
- PI3K
- PIP
- PIP(2)
- PIP(3)
- PIs
- PKB, PKC and PKD
- PLA(1), PLA(2), PLB, PLC and PLD
- Phospholipase
- TRP (channel)
- U73122
- a NCX inhibitor
- a PLC inhibitor
- a cPLA(2)α/ζ inhibitor
- anandamide
- arachidonic acid
- cPLA(2) and iPLA(2)
- central nervous system
- cytosolic (Ca(2+)-dependent) and intracellular (Ca(2+)-independent) PLA(2), respectively
- diacylglycerol
- dioctanoylglycerol
- extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- glycerophospholipid
- inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate
- lyso(glycero)phospholipid
- lysoGPL
- lysoPA
- lysophosphatidic acid
- methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate
- non-selective cation channel
- orexin 1 receptor
- orexin 2 receptor
- phosphatidic acid
- phosphatidylcholine
- phosphatidylinositol
- phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
- phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
- phosphatidylinositolmonophosphate
- phosphatidylinositols (including differentially phosphorylated species PI, PIP, PIP(2) and PIP(3))
- phosphoinositide-3-kinase
- phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1
- phospholipase A(1), A(2), B, C and D, respectively
- protein kinase B, C and D, respectively
- pyrrophenone
- transient receptor potential (channel)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, POB 66, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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115
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Feng P, Huang C. Phospholipase D-mTOR signaling is compromised in a rat model of depression. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:579-85. [PMID: 23421961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Depression is associated with structural and neurochemical changes in limbic structures, including the hippocampus, that control emotion and mood. Structural abnormalities such as decrease in hippocampal cell proliferation, neurogenesis and hippocampal volume, and loss of neurons and glial cells have been widely reported in physical and psychosocial stress paradigms and animal model of depression, but corresponding neurochemical changes are largely unknown. Using neonatal clomipramine (CL)-treated rats as a model to elucidate the association of phospholipase D (PLD) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling with depressive pathology, we found that the hippocampus of CL-treated rats showed significantly down-regulation of PLD1 expression and attenuation of PLD activity which leads to the less formation of phosphatidic acid (PA), an activator of mTOR, and free choline, a potential biomarker for depression. With lower PA levels which could affect mTOR signaling, we further observed that the phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase, one of the downstream effectors of mTOR, was also significantly decreased in the hippocampus of CL-treated rats compared to the controls. Down-regulation of PLD1 expression, PLD activity and p70S6 phosphorylation was also found in the hypothalamus and frontal cortex with CL-treated rats. Our results indicate that PLD-mTOR signaling is associated with depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfu Feng
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
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116
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Park J, Jang M, Chang S. Deleterious effects of soluble amyloid-β oligomers on multiple steps of synaptic vesicle trafficking. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 55:129-39. [PMID: 23523634 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports a role for soluble amyloid-β oligomer intermediates in the synaptic dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. We found that acute treatment of cultured rat hippocampal neurons with nanomolar concentrations of Aβ oligomers reduced the recycling pool and increased the resting pool of synaptic vesicles. Endocytosis of synaptic vesicles and the regeneration of fusion-competent vesicles were also severely impaired. Furthermore, the release probability of the readily-releasable pool (RRP) was increased, and recovery of the RRP was delayed. All these effects were prevented by antibody against Aβ. Moreover reduction of the pool size was prevented by inhibiting calpain or CDK5, while the defects in endocytosis were averted by overexpressing phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate-5-kinase type I-γ, indicating that these two downstream pathways are involved in Aβ oligomers-induced presynaptic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyun Park
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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117
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O'Reilly MC, Scott SA, Brown KA, Oguin TH, Thomas PG, Daniels JS, Morrison R, Brown HA, Lindsley CW. Development of dual PLD1/2 and PLD2 selective inhibitors from a common 1,3,8-Triazaspiro[4.5]decane Core: discovery of Ml298 and Ml299 that decrease invasive migration in U87-MG glioblastoma cells. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2695-9. [PMID: 23445448 DOI: 10.1021/jm301782e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An iterative parallel synthesis effort identified a PLD2 selective inhibitor, ML298 (PLD1 IC50 > 20000 nM, PLD2 IC50 = 355 nM) and a dual PLD1/2 inhibitor, ML299 (PLD1 IC50 = 6 nM, PLD2 IC50 = 20 nM). SAR studies revealed that a small structural change (incorporation of a methyl group) increased PLD1 activity within this classically PLD2-preferring core and that the effect was enantiospecific. Both probes decreased invasive migration in U87-MG glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C O'Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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118
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Ali WH, Chen Q, Delgiorno KE, Su W, Hall JC, Hongu T, Tian H, Kanaho Y, Di Paolo G, Crawford HC, Frohman MA. Deficiencies of the lipid-signaling enzymes phospholipase D1 and D2 alter cytoskeletal organization, macrophage phagocytosis, and cytokine-stimulated neutrophil recruitment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55325. [PMID: 23383154 PMCID: PMC3557251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and phagocytosis ensue from extracellular-initiated signaling cascades that orchestrate dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. The reorganization is mediated by effector proteins recruited to the site of activity by locally-generated lipid second messengers. Phosphatidic acid (PA), a membrane phospholipid generated by multiple enzyme families including Phospholipase D (PLD), has been proposed to function in this role. Here, we show that macrophages prepared from mice lacking either of the classical PLD isoforms PLD1 or PLD2, or wild-type macrophages whose PLD activity has been pharmacologically inhibited, display isoform-specific actin cytoskeleton abnormalities that likely underlie decreases observed in phagocytic capacity. Unexpectedly, PA continued to be detected on the phagosome in the absence of either isoform and even when all PLD activity was eliminated. However, a disorganized phagocytic cup was observed as visualized by imaging PA, F-actin, Rac1, an organizer of the F-actin network, and DOCK2, a Rac1 activator, suggesting that PLD-mediated PA production during phagocytosis is specifically critical for the integrity of the process. The abnormal F-actin reorganization additionally impacted neutrophil migration and extravasation from the vasculature into interstitial tissues. Although both PLD1 and PLD2 were important in these processes, we also observed isoform-specific functions. PLD1-driven processes in particular were observed to be critical in transmigration of macrophages exiting the vasculature during immune responses such as those seen in acute pancreatitis or irritant-induced skin vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahida H. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathleen E. Delgiorno
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Wenjuan Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason C. Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Tsunaki Hongu
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Huasong Tian
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yasunori Kanaho
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Howard C. Crawford
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Frohman
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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119
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Mihali A, Subramani S, Kaunitz G, Rayport S, Gaisler-Salomon I. Modeling resilience to schizophrenia in genetically modified mice: a novel approach to drug discovery. Expert Rev Neurother 2012; 12:785-99. [PMID: 22853787 DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, arise from a combination of genetic, developmental, environmental and social factors. These vulnerabilities can be mitigated by adaptive factors in each of these domains engendering resilience. Modeling resilience in mice using transgenic approaches offers a direct path to intervention, as resilience mutations point directly to therapeutic targets. As prototypes for this approach, we discuss the three mouse models of schizophrenia resilience, all based on modulating glutamatergic synaptic transmission. This motivates the broader development of schizophrenia resilience mouse models independent of specific pathophysiological hypotheses as a strategy for drug discovery. Three guiding validation criteria are presented. A resilience-oriented approach should identify pharmacologically tractable targets and in turn offer new insights into pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Mihali
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 62, New York, NY 10032, USA
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120
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Chen Q, Hongu T, Sato T, Zhang Y, Ali W, Cavallo JA, van der Velden A, Tian H, Di Paolo G, Nieswandt B, Kanaho Y, Frohman MA. Key roles for the lipid signaling enzyme phospholipase d1 in the tumor microenvironment during tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra79. [PMID: 23131846 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibitors, which target tumor cells, confer only short-term benefits on tumor growth. We report that ablation of the lipid signaling enzyme phospholipase D1 (PLD1) in the tumor environment compromised the neovascularization and growth of tumors. PLD1 deficiency suppressed the activation of Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways by vascular endothelial growth factor in vascular endothelial cells, resulting in decreased integrin-dependent cell adhesion to, and migration on, extracellular matrices, as well as reduced tumor angiogenesis in a xenograft model. In addition, mice lacking PLD1 incurred fewer lung metastases than did wild-type mice. Bone marrow transplantation and binding studies identified a platelet-derived mechanism involving decreased tumor cell-platelet interactions, in part because of impaired activation of αIIbβ3 integrin in platelets, which decreased the seeding of tumor cells into the lung parenchyma. Treatment with a small-molecule inhibitor of PLD1 phenocopied PLD1 deficiency, efficiently suppressing both tumor growth and metastasis in mice. These findings reveal that PLD1 in the tumor environment promotes tumor growth and metastasis and, taken together with previous reports on the roles of PLD in tumor cell-intrinsic adaptations to stress, suggest the potential use of PLD inhibitors as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5140, USA
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121
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Thielmann I, Stegner D, Kraft P, Hagedorn I, Krohne G, Kleinschnitz C, Stoll G, Nieswandt B. Redundant functions of phospholipases D1 and D2 in platelet α-granule release. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:2361-72. [PMID: 22974101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet activation and aggregation are crucial for primary hemostasis, but can also result in occlusive thrombus formation. Agonist-induced platelet activation involves different signaling pathways leading to the activation of phospholipases, which produce second messengers. The role of phospholipase C (PLC) in platelet activation is well established, but less is known about the relevance of phospholipase D (PLD). OBJECTIVE AND METHODS The aim of this study was to determine a potential function of PLD2 in platelet physiology. Thus, we investigated the function of PLD2 in platelet signaling and thrombus formation, by generating mice lacking PLD2 or both PLD1 and PLD2. Adhesion, activation and aggregation of PLD-deficient platelets were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Whereas the absence of PLD2 resulted in reduced PLD activity in platelets, it had no detectable effect on the function of the cells in vitro and in vivo. However, the combined deficiency of both PLD isoforms resulted in defective α-granule release and protection in a model of FeCl3 -induced arteriolar thrombosis, effects that were not observed in mice lacking only one PLD isoform. CONCLUSION These results reveal redundant roles of PLD1 and PLD2 in platelet α-granule secretion, and indicate that this may be relevant for pathologic thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Thielmann
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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122
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McIntire LBJ, Berman DE, Myaeng J, Staniszewski A, Arancio O, Di Paolo G, Kim TW. Reduction of synaptojanin 1 ameliorates synaptic and behavioral impairments in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2012; 32:15271-6. [PMID: 23115165 PMCID: PMC3711720 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2034-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have correlated increased levels of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) with neuropathological progression in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and transgenic models. Aβ precipitates synaptic and neuronal anomalies by perturbing intracellular signaling, which, in turn, may underlie cognitive impairment. Aβ also alters lipid metabolism, notably causing a deficiency of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P(2)], a phospholipid that regulates critical neuronal functions. Haploinsufficiency of the gene encoding synaptojanin 1 (Synj1), a major PI(4,5)P(2) phosphatase in the brain, provided protection against PI(4,5)P(2) breakdown and electrophysiological deficits attributable to Aβ. Based on these data, we tested whether reduction of Synj1 could rescue cognitive deficits and Aβ-induced morphological alterations of synapses. We found that hemizygous deletion of Synj1 in the context of a mouse model expressing the Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein rescues deficits in learning and memory without affecting amyloid load. Synj1 heterozygosity also rescued PI(4,5)P(2) deficiency in a synaptosome-enriched fraction from the brain of Tg2576 mice. Genetic disruption of Synj1 attenuated Aβ oligomer-induced changes in dendritic spines of cultured hippocampal neurons, sparing mature spine classes, which corroborates the protective role for Synj1 reduction against Aβ insult at the synapse. These results indicate that Synj1 reduction ameliorates AD-associated behavioral and synaptic deficits, providing evidence that Synj1 and, more generally, phosphoinositide metabolism may be promising therapeutic targets. Our work expands on recent studies identifying lipid metabolism and lipid-modifying enzymes as targets of AD-associated synaptic and behavioral impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beth J. McIntire
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Diego E. Berman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Jennifer Myaeng
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Agnieszka Staniszewski
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Tae-Wan Kim
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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Ripoli C, Piacentini R, Riccardi E, Leone L, Li Puma DD, Bitan G, Grassi C. Effects of different amyloid β-protein analogues on synaptic function. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:1032-44. [PMID: 23046860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Perisynaptic accumulations of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) play a critical role in the synaptic dysfunction underlying the cognitive impairment observed in Alzheimer's disease. The methionine residue at position 35 (Met35) in Aβ is highly subject to oxidation in Alzheimer's disease brains. In hippocampal brain slices we found that long-term potentiation at CA3-CA1 synapses was significantly inhibited by wild type Aβ42 in which Met35 is reduced, but not by Aβ42 harboring Met35 sulfoxide. Similar differences were observed when basal synaptic transmission was investigated in autaptic hippocampal neurons. The significant decreases in excitatory postsynaptic current amplitude, vesicle release probability and miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency caused by 20-minute exposure to wild type Aβ42 were not observed after exposure to Aβ42 harboring Met35 sulfoxide. With longer (24-hour) Aβ treatments, this early impairment of the presynaptic terminal function extended to involve the postsynaptic side as well. The Met35 oxidation also affected Aβ42 negative impact on dendritic spine density and expression of pre- and postsynaptic proteins (synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein-95). Our findings suggest that oxidation of Met35 is critical for molecular, structural, and functional determinants of Aβ42 synaptotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Ripoli
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy
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124
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Abstract
The striking morphology of the Golgi complex has fascinated cell biologists since its discovery over 100 years ago. Yet, despite intense efforts to understand how membrane flow relates to Golgi form and function, this organelle continues to baffle cell biologists and biochemists alike. Fundamental questions regarding Golgi function, while hotly debated, remain unresolved. Historically, Golgi function has been described from a protein-centric point of view, but we now appreciate that conceptual frameworks for how lipid metabolism is integrated with Golgi biogenesis and function are essential for a mechanistic understanding of this fascinating organelle. It is from a lipid-centric perspective that we discuss the larger question of Golgi dynamics and membrane trafficking. We review the growing body of evidence for how lipid metabolism is integrally written into the engineering of the Golgi system and highlight questions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytas A Bankaitis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7090, USA.
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125
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Alex Brown H. Lipidomics: when apocrypha becomes canonical. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:221-6. [PMID: 22381642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipidomics is a branch of the field of metabolomics. Although only about a decade since its inception, lipidomics has already had a major influence on the way in which questions about lipid metabolism and signaling are posed. The field is intertwined in the culture and rich history of mass spectrometry. Early work emphasized analytical issues such as limits of detection and numbers of molecular species quantitated in single injections. Increased sophistication in applications of lipidomic analysis and emerging technologies, such as imaging mass spectrometry, are facilitating the study of lipid metabolism and signaling species in cellular functions and human diseases. In the coming years we anticipate a richer understanding of how specific lipid species mediate complex biological processes and interconnections between cellular pathways that were thought to be disparate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6600, USA.
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126
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Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD), a superfamily of signalling enzymes that most commonly generate the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid, is found in diverse organisms from bacteria to humans and functions in multiple cellular pathways. Since the early 1980s when mammalian PLD activities were first described, most of the important insights concerning PLD function have been gained from studies on cellular models. Reports on physiological and pathophysiological roles for members of the mammalian PLD superfamily are now starting to emerge from genetic models. In this review, we summarize recent findings on PLD functions in these model systems, highlighting newly appreciated connections of the superfamily to cancer, neuronal pathophysiology, cardiovascular topics, spermatogenesis and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Peng
- Department of Pharmacology & Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
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127
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128
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Kassas N, Tryoen-Tóth P, Corrotte M, Thahouly T, Bader MF, Grant NJ, Vitale N. Genetically encoded probes for phosphatidic acid. Methods Cell Biol 2012; 108:445-59. [PMID: 22325614 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386487-1.00020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In addition to forming bilayers to separate cellular compartments, lipids participate in vesicular trafficking and signal transduction. Among others, phosphatidic acid (PA) is emerging as an important signaling molecule. The spatiotemporal distribution of cellular PA appears to be tightly regulated by localized synthesis and a rapid metabolism. Although PA has been long proposed as a pleiotropic bioactive lipid, when and where PA is produced in the living cells have only recently been explored using biosensors that specifically bind to PA. The probes that we have generated are composed of the PA-binding domains of either Spo20p or Raf1 directly fused to GFP. In this chapter, we will describe the expression and purification of GST-fusion proteins of these probes, and the use of phospholipid strips to validate the specificity of their interaction with PA. We will then illustrate the use of GFP-tagged probes to visualize the synthesis of PA in the neurosecretory PC12 cells and RAW 267.4 macrophages. Interestingly, the two probes show a differential distribution in these cell types, indicating that they may have different affinities for PA or recognize different pools of PA. In conclusion, the development of a broader choice of probes may be required to adequately follow the complex dynamics of PA in different cell types, in order to determine the cellular distribution of PA and its role in various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Kassas
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR3212, Strasbourg, France
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129
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Abstract
Ribbon synapses continuously transmit graded membrane potential changes into changes of synaptic vesicle exocytosis and rely on intense synaptic membrane trafficking. The synaptic ribbon is considered central to this process. In the present study we asked whether tonically active ribbon synapses are associated with the generation of certain lipids, specifically the highly active signaling phospholipid phosphatidic acid (PA). Using PA-sensor proteins, we demonstrate that PA is enriched at mouse retinal ribbon synapses in close vicinity to the synaptic ribbon in situ. As shown by heterologous expression, RIBEYE, a main component of synaptic ribbons, is responsible for PA binding at synaptic ribbons. Furthermore, RIBEYE is directly involved in the synthesis of PA. Using various independent substrate binding and enzyme assays, we demonstrate that the B domain of RIBEYE possesses lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) acyltransferase (LPAAT) activity, which leads to the generation of PA from LPA. Since an LPAAT-deficient RIBEYE mutant does not recruit PA-binding proteins to artificial synaptic ribbons, whereas wild-type RIBEYE supports PA binding, we conclude that the LPAAT activity of the RIBEYE(B) domain is a physiologically relevant source of PA generation at the synaptic ribbon. We propose that PA generated at synaptic ribbons likely facilitates synaptic vesicle trafficking.
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130
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Desbène C, Malaplate-Armand C, Youssef I, Garcia P, Stenger C, Sauvée M, Fischer N, Rimet D, Koziel V, Escanyé MC, Oster T, Kriem B, Yen FT, Pillot T, Olivier JL. Critical role of cPLA2 in Aβ oligomer-induced neurodegeneration and memory deficit. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1123.e17-29. [PMID: 22188721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Soluble beta-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers are considered to putatively play a critical role in the early synapse loss and cognitive impairment observed in Alzheimer's disease. We previously demonstrated that Aβ oligomers activate cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), which specifically releases arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. We here observed that cPLA(2) gene inactivation prevented the alterations of cognitive abilities and the reduction of hippocampal synaptic markers levels noticed upon a single intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ oligomers in wild type mice. We further demonstrated that the Aβ oligomer-induced sphingomyelinase activation was suppressed and that phosphorylation of Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) was preserved in neuronal cells isolated from cPLA(2)(-/-) mice. Interestingly, expression of the Aβ precursor protein (APP) was reduced in hippocampus homogenates and neuronal cells from cPLA(2)(-/-) mice, but the relationship with the resistance of these mice to the Aβ oligomer toxicity requires further investigation. These results therefore show that cPLA(2) plays a key role in the Aβ oligomer-associated neurodegeneration, and as such represents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Desbène
- Lipidomix (EA 4422), INPL-ENSAIA, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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131
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Insights into the PX (phox-homology) domain and SNX (sorting nexin) protein families: structures, functions and roles in disease. Biochem J 2011; 441:39-59. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20111226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian genome encodes 49 proteins that possess a PX (phox-homology) domain, responsible for membrane attachment to organelles of the secretory and endocytic system via binding of phosphoinositide lipids. The PX domain proteins, most of which are classified as SNXs (sorting nexins), constitute an extremely diverse family of molecules that play varied roles in membrane trafficking, cell signalling, membrane remodelling and organelle motility. In the present review, we present an overview of the family, incorporating recent functional and structural insights, and propose an updated classification of the proteins into distinct subfamilies on the basis of these insights. Almost all PX domain proteins bind PtdIns3P and are recruited to early endosomal membranes. Although other specificities and localizations have been reported for a select few family members, the molecular basis for binding to other lipids is still not clear. The PX domain is also emerging as an important protein–protein interaction domain, binding endocytic and exocytic machinery, transmembrane proteins and many other molecules. A comprehensive survey of the molecular interactions governed by PX proteins highlights the functional diversity of the family as trafficking cargo adaptors and membrane-associated scaffolds regulating cell signalling. Finally, we examine the mounting evidence linking PX proteins to different disorders, in particular focusing on their emerging importance in both pathogen invasion and amyloid production in Alzheimer's disease.
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132
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Chan RB, Oliveira TG, Cortes EP, Honig LS, Duff KE, Small SA, Wenk MR, Shui G, Di Paolo G. Comparative lipidomic analysis of mouse and human brain with Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:2678-88. [PMID: 22134919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.274142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are key regulators of brain function and have been increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, a systems-based approach was employed to determine the lipidome of brain tissues affected by AD. Specifically, we used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to profile extracts from the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and cerebellum of late-onset AD (LOAD) patients, as well as the forebrain of three transgenic familial AD (FAD) mouse models. Although the cerebellum lacked major alterations in lipid composition, we found an elevation of a signaling pool of diacylglycerol as well as sphingolipids in the prefrontal cortex of AD patients. Furthermore, the diseased entorhinal cortex showed specific enrichment of lysobisphosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin, the ganglioside GM3, and cholesterol esters, all of which suggest common pathogenic mechanisms associated with endolysosomal storage disorders. Importantly, a significant increase in cholesterol esters and GM3 was recapitulated in the transgenic FAD models, suggesting that these mice are relevant tools to study aberrant lipid metabolism of endolysosomal dysfunction associated with AD. Finally, genetic ablation of phospholipase D(2), which rescues the synaptic and behavioral deficits of an FAD mouse model, fully normalizes GM3 levels. These data thus unmask a cross-talk between the metabolism of phosphatidic acid, the product of phospholipase D(2), and gangliosides, and point to a central role of ganglioside anomalies in AD pathogenesis. Overall, our study highlights the hypothesis generating potential of lipidomics and identifies novel region-specific lipid anomalies potentially linked to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B Chan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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133
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Ferreira ST, Klein WL. The Aβ oligomer hypothesis for synapse failure and memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:529-43. [PMID: 21914486 PMCID: PMC4390395 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the 3rd most costly disease and the leading cause of dementia. It can linger for many years, but ultimately is fatal, the 6th leading cause of death. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is fatal and affected individuals can sometimes linger many years. Current treatments are palliative and transient, not disease modifying. This article reviews progress in the search to identify the primary AD-causing toxins. We summarize the shift from an initial focus on amyloid plaques to the contemporary concept that AD memory failure is caused by small soluble oligomers of the Aβ peptide, toxins that target and disrupt particular synapses. Evidence is presented that links Aβ oligomers to pathogenesis in animal models and humans, with reference to seminal discoveries from cell biology and new ideas concerning pathogenic mechanisms, including relationships to diabetes and Fragile X. These findings have established the oligomer hypothesis as a new molecular basis for the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil,
| | - William L Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,
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134
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Selvy PE, Lavieri RR, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Phospholipase D: enzymology, functionality, and chemical modulation. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6064-119. [PMID: 21936578 PMCID: PMC3233269 DOI: 10.1021/cr200296t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Selvy
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37064, USA
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135
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Krishnan B, Genzer KM, Pollandt SW, Liu J, Gallagher JP, Shinnick-Gallagher P. Dopamine-induced plasticity, phospholipase D (PLD) activity and cocaine-cue behavior depend on PLD-linked metabotropic glutamate receptors in amygdala. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25639. [PMID: 21980514 PMCID: PMC3181343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine-cue associations induce synaptic plasticity with long lasting molecular and cellular changes in the amygdala, a site crucial for cue-associated memory mechanisms. The underlying neuroadaptations can include marked alterations in signaling via dopamine (DA) receptors (DRs) and metabotropic glutamate (Glu) receptors (mGluRs). Previously, we reported that DR antagonists blocked forms of synaptic plasticity in amygdala slices of Sprague-Dawley rats withdrawn from repeated cocaine administration. In the present study, we investigated synaptic plasticity induced by exogenous DA and its dependence on mGluR signaling and a potential role for phospholipase D (PLD) as a downstream element linked to mGluR and DR signaling. Utilizing a modified conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm as a functional behavioral measure, we studied the neurophysiological effects after two-weeks to the last cocaine conditioning. We recorded, electrophysiologically, a DR-induced synaptic potentiation in the basolateral to lateral capsula central amygdala (BLA-lcCeA) synaptic pathway that was blocked by antagonists of group I mGluRs, particularly, the PLD-linked mGluR. In addition, we observed 2–2.5 fold increase in PLD expression and 3.7-fold increase in basal PLD enzyme activity. The enhanced PLD activity could be further stimulated (9.3 fold) by a DA D1-like (D1/5R) receptor agonist, and decreased to control levels by mGluR1 and PLD-linked mGluR antagonists. Diminished CPP was observed by infusion of a PLD-linked mGluR antagonist, PCCG-13, in the amygdala 15 minutes prior to testing, two weeks after the last cocaine injection. These results imply a functional interaction between D1/5Rs, group I mGluRs via PLD in the amygdala synaptic plasticity associated with cocaine-cues.
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MESH Headings
- Amygdala/drug effects
- Amygdala/enzymology
- Amygdala/metabolism
- Amygdala/physiology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Benzazepines/pharmacology
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
- Cues
- Cyclopropanes/pharmacology
- Dopamine/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Glycine/analogs & derivatives
- Glycine/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects
- Male
- Memory/drug effects
- Memory/physiology
- Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects
- Phospholipase D/metabolism
- Raclopride/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D5/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D5/metabolism
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/metabolism
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/physiopathology
- Synapses/drug effects
- Synapses/metabolism
- gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Krishnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.
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136
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Yang JS, Valente C, Polishchuk RS, Turacchio G, Layre E, Moody DB, Leslie CC, Gelb MH, Brown WJ, Corda D, Luini A, Hsu VW. COPI acts in both vesicular and tubular transport. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:996-1003. [PMID: 21725317 PMCID: PMC3149785 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular transport occurs through two general types of carrier, either vesicles or tubules. Coat proteins act as the core machinery that initiates vesicle formation, but the counterpart that initiates tubule formation has been unclear. Here, we find that the coat protein I (COPI) complex initially drives the formation of Golgi buds. Subsequently, a set of opposing lipid enzymatic activities determines whether these buds become vesicles or tubules. Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase-γ (LPAATγ) promotes COPI vesicle fission for retrograde vesicular transport. In contrast, cytosolic phospholipase A2-α (cPLA2α) inhibits this fission event to induce COPI tubules, which act in anterograde intra-Golgi transport and Golgi ribbon formation. These findings not only advance a molecular understanding of how COPI vesicle fission is achieved, but also provide insight into how COPI acts in intra-Golgi transport and reveal an unexpected mechanistic relationship between vesicular and tubular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shu Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Carmen Valente
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roman S. Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriele Turacchio
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Emilie Layre
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Christina C. Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, and Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - William J. Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Daniela Corda
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Victor W. Hsu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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137
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Dall'Armi C, Hurtado-Lorenzo A, Tian H, Morel E, Nezu A, Chan RB, Yu WH, Robinson KS, Yeku O, Small SA, Duff K, Frohman MA, Wenk MR, Yamamoto A, Di Paolo G. The phospholipase D1 pathway modulates macroautophagy. Nat Commun 2011; 1:142. [PMID: 21266992 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although macroautophagy is known to be an essential degradative process whereby autophagosomes mediate the engulfment and delivery of cytoplasmic components into lysosomes, the lipid changes underlying autophagosomal membrane dynamics are undetermined. Here, we show that phospholipase D1 (PLD1), which is primarily associated with the endosomal system, partially relocalizes to the outer membrane of autophagosome-like structures upon nutrient starvation. The localization of PLD1, as well as the starvation-induced increase in PLD activity, are altered by wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, suggesting PLD1 may act downstream of Vps34. Pharmacological inhibition of PLD and genetic ablation of PLD1 in mouse cells decreased the starvation-induced expansion of LC3-positive compartments, consistent with a role of PLD1 in the regulation of autophagy. Furthermore, inhibition of PLD results in higher levels of Tau and p62 aggregates in organotypic brain slices. Our in vitro and in vivo findings establish a role for PLD1 in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dall'Armi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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138
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Abstract
Lipid-mediated signalling regulates a plethora of physiological processes, including crucial aspects of brain function. In addition, dysregulation of lipid pathways has been implicated in a growing number of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although much attention has been given to the link between cholesterol and AD pathogenesis, growing evidence suggests that other lipids, such as phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid, have an important role. Regulators of lipid metabolism (for example, statins) are a highly successful class of marketed drugs, and exploration of lipid dysregulation in AD and identification of novel therapeutic agents acting through relevant lipid pathways offers new and effective options for the treatment of this devastating disorder.
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