151
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Wagner G, Fenzl A, Lindroos-Christensen J, Einwallner E, Husa J, Witzeneder N, Rauscher S, Gröger M, Derdak S, Mohr T, Sutterlüty H, Klinglmüller F, Wolkerstorfer S, Fondi M, Hoermann G, Cao L, Wagner O, Kiefer FW, Esterbauer H, Bilban M. LMO3 reprograms visceral adipocyte metabolism during obesity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1151-1171. [PMID: 34018016 PMCID: PMC8313462 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Obesity and body fat distribution are important risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence has accumulated that this risk is related to intrinsic differences in behavior of adipocytes in different fat depots. We recently identified LIM domain only 3 (LMO3) in human mature visceral adipocytes; however, its function in these cells is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the potential involvement of LMO3-dependent pathways in the modulation of key functions of mature adipocytes during obesity. Based on a recently engineered hybrid rAAV serotype Rec2 shown to efficiently transduce both brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT), we delivered YFP or Lmo3 to epididymal WAT (eWAT) of C57Bl6/J mice on a high-fat diet (HFD). The effects of eWAT transduction on metabolic parameters were evaluated 10 weeks later. To further define the role of LMO3 in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, insulin signaling, adipocyte bioenergetics, as well as endocrine function, experiments were conducted in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and newly differentiated human primary mature adipocytes, engineered for transient gain or loss of LMO3 expression, respectively. AAV transduction of eWAT results in strong and stable Lmo3 expression specifically in the adipocyte fraction over a course of 10 weeks with HFD feeding. LMO3 expression in eWAT significantly improved insulin sensitivity and healthy visceral adipose tissue expansion in diet-induced obesity, paralleled by increased serum adiponectin. In vitro, LMO3 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes increased PPARγ transcriptional activity, insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake, as well as mitochondrial oxidative capacity in addition to fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, LMO3 induced the PPARγ coregulator Ncoa1, which was required for LMO3 to enhance glucose uptake and mitochondrial oxidative gene expression. In human mature adipocytes, LMO3 overexpression promoted, while silencing of LMO3 suppressed mitochondrial oxidative capacity. LMO3 expression in visceral adipose tissue regulates multiple genes that preserve adipose tissue functionality during obesity, such as glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial function, and adiponectin secretion. Together with increased PPARγ activity and Ncoa1 expression, these gene expression changes promote insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation, glucose uptake in addition to increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity, limiting HFD-induced adipose dysfunction. These data add LMO3 as a novel regulator improving visceral adipose tissue function during obesity. Key messages LMO3 increases beneficial visceral adipose tissue expansion and insulin sensitivity in vivo. LMO3 increases glucose uptake and oxidative mitochondrial activity in adipocytes. LMO3 increases nuclear coactivator 1 (Ncoa1). LMO3-enhanced glucose uptake and mitochondrial gene expression requires Ncoa1.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00109-021-02089-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Fenzl
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josefine Lindroos-Christensen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Elisa Einwallner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Husa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Witzeneder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Rauscher
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Gröger
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia Derdak
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hedwig Sutterlüty
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Klinglmüller
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Medicines & Medical Devices Agency, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silviya Wolkerstorfer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, 1100, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Fondi
- University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Oswald Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian W Kiefer
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Esterbauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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152
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Huang J, Linares JF, Duran A, Xia W, Saltiel AR, Müller TD, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J. NBR1 is a critical step in the repression of thermogenesis of p62-deficient adipocytes through PPARγ. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2876. [PMID: 34001883 PMCID: PMC8129077 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of non-shivering thermogenesis is considered a promising approach to lower body weight in obesity. p62 deficiency in adipocytes reduces systemic energy expenditure but its role in sustaining mitochondrial function and thermogenesis remains unresolved. NBR1 shares a remarkable structural similarity with p62 and can interact with p62 through their respective PB1 domains. However, the physiological relevance of NBR1 in metabolism, as compared to that of p62, was not clear. Here we show that whole-body and adipocyte-specific ablation of NBR1 reverts the obesity phenotype induced by p62 deficiency by restoring global energy expenditure and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Impaired adrenergic-induced browning of p62-deficient adipocytes is rescued by NBR1 inactivation, unveiling a negative role of NBR1 in thermogenesis under conditions of p62 loss. We demonstrate that upon p62 inactivation, NBR1 represses the activity of PPARγ, establishing an unexplored p62/NBR1-mediated paradigm in adipocyte thermogenesis that is critical for the control of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Huang
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juan F Linares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angeles Duran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenmin Xia
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Centre Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria T Diaz-Meco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Moscat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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153
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Liu J, Cao J, Li Y, Guo F. Beneficial Flavonoid in Foods and Anti-obesity Effect. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1923730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaoxian Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fujiang Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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154
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Yoneshiro T, Kataoka N, Walejko JM, Ikeda K, Brown Z, Yoneshiro M, Crown SB, Osawa T, Sakai J, McGarrah RW, White PJ, Nakamura K, Kajimura S. Metabolic flexibility via mitochondrial BCAA carrier SLC25A44 is required for optimal fever. eLife 2021; 10:66865. [PMID: 33944778 PMCID: PMC8137140 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Importing necessary metabolites into the mitochondrial matrix is a crucial step of fuel choice during stress adaptation. Branched chain-amino acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids needed for anabolic processes, but they are also imported into the mitochondria for catabolic reactions. What controls the distinct subcellular BCAA utilization during stress adaptation is insufficiently understood. The present study reports the role of SLC25A44, a recently identified mitochondrial BCAA carrier (MBC), in the regulation of mitochondrial BCAA catabolism and adaptive response to fever in rodents. We found that mitochondrial BCAA oxidation in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is significantly enhanced during fever in response to the pyrogenic mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and psychological stress in mice and rats. Genetic deletion of MBC in a BAT-specific manner blunts mitochondrial BCAA oxidation and non-shivering thermogenesis following intracerebroventricular PGE2 administration. At a cellular level, MBC is required for mitochondrial BCAA deamination as well as the synthesis of mitochondrial amino acids and TCA intermediates. Together, these results illuminate the role of MBC as a determinant of metabolic flexibility to mitochondrial BCAA catabolism and optimal febrile responses. This study also offers an opportunity to control fever by rewiring the subcellular BCAA fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yoneshiro
- Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Division of Metabolic Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Kataoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jacquelyn M Walejko
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Kenji Ikeda
- Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zachary Brown
- Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Momoko Yoneshiro
- Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Scott B Crown
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Tsuyoshi Osawa
- Division of Integrative Nutriomics and Oncology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juro Sakai
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Molecular Physiology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Robert W McGarrah
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Phillip J White
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyMetabolism and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Durham, United States
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155
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McNeill BT, Suchacki KJ, Stimson RH. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Human brown adipose tissue as a therapeutic target: warming up or cooling down? Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:R243-R259. [PMID: 33729178 PMCID: PMC8111330 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue leads to obesity and its associated metabolic health consequences such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Several approaches to treat or prevent obesity including public health interventions, surgical weight loss, and pharmacological approaches to reduce caloric intake have failed to substantially modify the increasing prevalence of obesity. The (re-)discovery of active brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans approximately 15 years ago led to a resurgence in research into whether BAT activation could be a novel therapy for the treatment of obesity. Upon cold stimulus, BAT activates and generates heat to maintain body temperature, thus increasing energy expenditure. Activation of BAT may provide a unique opportunity to increase energy expenditure without the need for exercise. However, much of the underlying mechanisms surrounding BAT activation are still being elucidated and the effectiveness of BAT as a therapeutic target has not been realised. Research is ongoing to determine how best to expand BAT mass and activate existing BAT; approaches include cold exposure, pharmacological stimulation using sympathomimetics, browning agents that induce formation of thermogenic beige adipocytes in white adipose depots, and the identification of factors secreted by BAT with therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss the caloric capacity and other metabolic benefits from BAT activation in humans and the role of metabolic tissues such as skeletal muscle in increasing energy expenditure. We discuss the potential of current approaches and the challenges of BAT activation as a novel strategy to treat obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben T McNeill
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karla J Suchacki
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roland H Stimson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to R H Stimson Email
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156
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Association of metabolites with obesity based on two gene variants, MC4R rs17782313 and BDNF rs6265. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166144. [PMID: 33862146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous genome-wide association analyses for obesity related genes demonstrated the association of BDNF gene variant rs6265 and MC4R gene variant rs17782313 with body mass index (BMI). However, the associated metabolite pathways are still behind the curtain. The aim of the current study is to investigate the associations of metabolic changes in obesity with MC4R gene variant rs17782313 and BDNF variant rs6265. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomics approach was used and 42 identified serum metabolites were selected for statistical analyses. Significant association of seven metabolites with MC4R gene variant rs17782313 based on obesity and thirty metabolites with obesity dependent BDNF variant rs6265 using additive model (adjusted p < 0.05) was observed. This study highlights the importance of alteration of fatty acid biosynthesis, probably due to high consumption of fats may cause to develop obesity. But obesity is a complex disorder and the full clarification of this complex machinery is still distant. To understand the obesity in a better way, more studies are required to identify remaining metabolites and also mechanism of these metabolic entities.
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157
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Lima VM, Liu J, Brandão BB, Lino CA, Balbino Silva CS, Ribeiro MAC, Oliveira TE, Real CC, de Paula Faria D, Cederquist C, Huang ZP, Hu X, Barreto-Chaves ML, Ferreira JCB, Festuccia WT, Mori MA, Kahn CR, Wang DZ, Diniz GP. miRNA-22 deletion limits white adipose expansion and activates brown fat to attenuate high-fat diet-induced fat mass accumulation. Metabolism 2021; 117:154723. [PMID: 33549579 PMCID: PMC8935324 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, characterized by excessive expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT), is associated with numerous metabolic complications. Conversely, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige fat are thermogenic tissues that protect mice against obesity and related metabolic disorders. We recently reported that deletion of miR-22 enhances energy expenditure and attenuates WAT expansion in response to a high-fat diet (HFD). However, the molecular mechanisms involved in these effects mediated by miR-22 loss are unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that miR-22 expression is induced during white, beige, and brown adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Deletion of miR-22 reduced white adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Loss of miR-22 prevented HFD-induced expression of adipogenic/lipogenic markers and adipocyte hypertrophy in murine WAT. In addition, deletion of miR-22 protected mice against HFD-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in WAT and BAT. Loss of miR-22 induced WAT browning. Gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that miR-22 did not affect brown adipogenesis in vitro. Interestingly, miR-22 KO mice fed a HFD displayed increased expression of genes involved in thermogenesis and adrenergic signaling in BAT when compared to WT mice fed the same diet. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings suggest that loss of miR-22 attenuates fat accumulation in response to a HFD by reducing white adipocyte differentiation and increasing BAT activity, reinforcing miR-22 as a potential therapeutic target for obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Lima
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jianming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruna B Brandão
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline A Lino
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila S Balbino Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio A C Ribeiro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago E Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline C Real
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele de Paula Faria
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Zhan-Peng Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Julio C B Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - William T Festuccia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriela P Diniz
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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158
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Liu L, Chen Y, Chen J, Lu M, Guo R, Han J, Zhang Y, Pei X, Ping Z. The relationship between PRDM16 promoter methylation in abdominal subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue and obesity. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:2278-2284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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159
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Afonso MS, Verma N, van Solingen C, Cyr Y, Sharma M, Perie L, Corr EM, Schlegel M, Shanley LC, Peled D, Yoo JY, Schmidt AM, Mueller E, Moore KJ. MicroRNA-33 Inhibits Adaptive Thermogenesis and Adipose Tissue Beiging. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1360-1373. [PMID: 33657886 PMCID: PMC8011606 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Milessa Silva Afonso
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Narendra Verma
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016
| | - Coen van Solingen
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Yannick Cyr
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Luce Perie
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016
| | - Emma M. Corr
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Martin Schlegel
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Lianne C. Shanley
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Daniel Peled
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Jenny Y. Yoo
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016
| | - Elisabetta Mueller
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
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160
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Jeon HJ, Choi DK, Choi J, Lee S, Lee H, Yu JH, Min SH. D-Mannitol Induces a Brown Fat-like Phenotype via a β3-Adrenergic Receptor-Dependent Mechanism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040768. [PMID: 33807329 PMCID: PMC8066535 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of brown adipocytes within white adipose tissue is associated with phenotypes that exhibit improved metabolism and proper body weight maintenance. Therefore, a variety of dietary agents that facilitate the browning of white adipocytes have been investigated. In this study, we screened a natural product library comprising 133 compounds with the potential to promote the browning of white adipocytes, and found that D-mannitol induces the browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes by enhancing the expression of brown fat-specific genes and proteins, and upregulating lipid metabolism markers. D-mannitol also increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC), suggesting a possible role in lipolysis and fat oxidation. Moreover, an increase in the expression of genes associated with D-mannitol-induced browning was strongly correlated with the activation of the β3-adrenergic receptor as well as AMPK, protein kinase A (PKA), and PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC1α). D-mannitol effectively reduced the body weight of mice fed a high-fat diet, and increased the expression of β1-oxidation and energy expenditure markers, such as Cidea, carnitine palmityl transferase 1 (CPT1), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), PGC1α, and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (ACOX1) in the inguinal white adipose tissue. Our findings suggest that D-mannitol plays a dual regulatory role by inducing the generation of a brown fat-like phenotype and enhancing lipid metabolism. These results indicate that D-mannitol can function as an anti-obesity supplement.
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161
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Zhang X, Zhang B, Zhang C, Sun G, Sun X. Effect of Panax notoginseng Saponins and Major Anti-Obesity Components on Weight Loss. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:601751. [PMID: 33841133 PMCID: PMC8027240 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.601751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of individuals who are overweight or obese is rising rapidly globally. Currently, majority of drugs used to treat obesity are ineffective or are accompanied by obvious side effects; hence, the options are very limited. Therefore, it is necessary to find more effective and safer anti-obesity drugs. It has been proven in vivo and in vitro that the active ingredient notoginsenosides isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen exhibits anti-obesity effects. Notoginsenosides can treat obesity by reducing lipid synthesis, inhibiting adipogenesis, promoting white adipose tissue browning, increasing energy consumption, and improving insulin sensitivity. Although notoginsenosides are potential drugs for the treatment of obesity, their effects and mechanisms have not been analyzed in depth. In this review, the anti-obesity potential and mechanism of action of notoginsenosides were analyzed; thus laying emphasis on the timely prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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162
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Shen Y, Su Y, Silva FJ, Weller AH, Sostre-Colón J, Titchenell PM, Steger DJ, Seale P, Soccio RE. Shared PPARα/γ Target Genes Regulate Brown Adipocyte Thermogenic Function. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3079-3091.e5. [PMID: 32130908 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) generates heat to maintain body temperature and suppress obesity. Agonists for nuclear receptors PPARα and PPARγ both affect brown adipocyte function, yet the interplay between these factors in BAT is uncertain. Here, we report that PPARα shares most genomic binding sites with PPARγ, and these common binding sites are more related to BAT function than PPARγ-selective sites without PPARα. Integrating PPARα and PPARγ genomic occupancy with cold-responsive BAT transcriptomes identifies a subset of 16 genes with potential relevance to BAT function. Among these, we focused on the lysosomal protease cathepsin Z (CTSZ) and showed it is necessary for mitochondrial respiration in both mouse and human brown adipocytes. Thus, CTSZ is a shared PPARα/γ target gene in BAT and a regulator of brown adipocyte thermogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Shen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yvonne Su
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Francisco J Silva
- Research and Development BioRestorative Therapies, New York, NY 11747, USA
| | - Angela H Weller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jaimarie Sostre-Colón
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David J Steger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raymond E Soccio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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163
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The effect of TGFβ1 on thermogenic markers is dependent on the degree of adipocyte differentiation. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:223097. [PMID: 32352511 PMCID: PMC7225410 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) a multifunctional cytokine is known to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival. Although there is variable expression of modulators of TGFβ action during differentiation, a differential effect on fat cell metabolism at the different stages of adipocyte differentiation was unclear. In the present study, 3T3L1 cells were used as an in vitro model to study the effect of TGFβ on adipogenic and thermogenic markers at various stages of preadipocyte to mature adipocyte differentiation. As in our earlier studies on the effect of TGFβ on CEBP’s, we used a standard differentiation mix, and one with the addition of rosiglitazone. RhTGFβ1 was added to undifferentiated adipocytes (preadipocytes) and to adipocytes at day 0 (commitment stage) as well as day 10 (terminal differentiation). Cellular responses in terms of Pref1, PPARγ, TLE3, PGC1α, PRDM16, UCP1 and UCP2 mRNA levels and selected protein products, were determined. Increases in PPARγ, PRDM16, UCP1 and UCP2 mRNA and decreases in Pref1 are good indicators of successful differentiation. The early addition of rhTGFβ1 during commitment stage decreased PPARγ, PRDM16, TLE3, UCP1 and UCP2 mRNA and decreased PRDM16 protein consistent with our earlier report on the inhibition of CEBP’s by TGFβ and CCN2. The addition of rhTGFβ1 to mature adipocyte at day 10 increased UCP1 mRNA and increased PRDM16 and UCP1 proteins. In the present study, our results suggest that TGFβ1 added late enhances the thermogenic potential of mature cells and causes 3T3L1 cells to differentiate to resemble brown or beige rather than white adipose tissue.
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164
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Finlin BS, Memetimin H, Zhu B, Confides AL, Vekaria HJ, El Khouli RH, Johnson ZR, Westgate PM, Chen J, Morris AJ, Sullivan PG, Dupont-Versteegden EE, Kern PA. Pioglitazone does not synergize with mirabegron to increase beige fat or further improve glucose metabolism. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143650. [PMID: 33571166 PMCID: PMC8026187 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beige and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are associated with improved metabolic homeostasis. We recently reported that the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist mirabegron induced beige adipose tissue in obese insulin-resistant subjects, and this was accompanied by improved glucose metabolism. Here we evaluated pioglitazone treatment with a combination pioglitazone and mirabegron treatment and compared these with previously published data evaluating mirabegron treatment alone. Both drugs were used at FDA-approved dosages. METHODS We measured BAT by PET CT scans, measured beige adipose tissue by immunohistochemistry, and comprehensively characterized glucose and lipid homeostasis and insulin sensitivity by euglycemic clamp and oral glucose tolerance tests. Subcutaneous white adipose tissue, muscle fiber type composition and capillary density, lipotoxicity, and systemic inflammation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, gene expression profiling, mass spectroscopy, and ELISAs. RESULTS Treatment with pioglitazone or the combination of pioglitazone and mirabegron increased beige adipose tissue protein marker expression and improved insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, but neither treatment induced BAT in these obese subjects. When the magnitude of the responses to the treatments was evaluated, mirabegron was found to be the most effective at inducing beige adipose tissue. Although monotherapy with either mirabegron or pioglitazone induced adipose beiging, combination treatment resulted in less beiging than either alone. The 3 treatments also had different effects on muscle fiber type switching and capillary density. CONCLUSION The addition of pioglitazone to mirabegron treatment does not enhance beiging or increase BAT in obese insulin-resistant research participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02919176. FUNDING NIH DK112282 and P20GM103527 and Clinical and Translational Science Awards grant UL1TR001998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Finlin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine.,Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center
| | - Hasiyet Memetimin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine.,Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine.,Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center
| | - Amy L Confides
- Department of Physical Therapy and Center for Muscle Biology, College of Health Sciences
| | | | | | - Zachary R Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine
| | | | - Jianzhong Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | | | - Philip A Kern
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine.,Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center
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165
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Yang F, Zhou N, Zhu X, Min C, Zhou W, Li X. n-3 PUFAs protect against adiposity and fatty liver by promoting browning in postnatally overfed male rats: a role for NRG4. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 93:108628. [PMID: 33705952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early-life nutrition plays an important role in regulating adult metabolism. This study evaluated the effects of early nutrition during the suckling and postweaning periods on expression of the adipocytokine Neuregulin 4 (Nrg4) and its relationship with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adulthood. In vivo, male rats were adjusted to litter sizes of three (small litter, SL) or ten (normal litter, NL) on postnatal day 3. Pups were fed control chow (NL and SL groups) or a high-fat diet (NL-HF and SL-HF groups), and SL pups specifically were fed a fish oil diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) (SL-FO group), from postnatal weeks 3 to 13. The results demonstrated that postnatal overnutrition increased weight, hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) gene expression and NAFLD and decreased body temperature and Nrg4, Ucp1 and Pgc1a mRNA expression in adipose tissues in SL, SL-HF and NL-HF rats compared to NL rats in adulthood. The opposite trends were observed in SL-FO rats. Moreover, in vitro, recombinant NRG4 protein reduced lipid accumulation by inhibiting DNL gene expression in fatty HepG2 cells stimulated with sodium oleate. In HPAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) treatment elevated NRG4 production and caused adipocyte browning, and these effects were abrogated by PPARG antagonism. In conclusion, a postweaning n-3 PUFA diet enhanced Nrg4 expression in adipose tissues, associated with attenuation of NAFLD induced by SL rearing. Additionally, external NRG4 reduced lipogenesis in steatotic hepatocytes. Thus, white adipose tissue browning induced by n-3 PUFAs may promote NRG4 production through the PPARG pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cuiting Min
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Pediatric Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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166
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Fischer AW, Jaeckstein MY, Gottschling K, Heine M, Sass F, Mangels N, Schlein C, Worthmann A, Bruns OT, Yuan Y, Zhu H, Chen O, Ittrich H, Nilsson SK, Stefanicka P, Ukropec J, Balaz M, Dong H, Sun W, Reimer R, Scheja L, Heeren J. Lysosomal lipoprotein processing in endothelial cells stimulates adipose tissue thermogenic adaptation. Cell Metab 2021; 33:547-564.e7. [PMID: 33357458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In response to cold exposure, thermogenic adipocytes internalize large amounts of fatty acids after lipoprotein lipase-mediated hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) in the capillary lumen of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, we show that in cold-exposed mice, vascular endothelial cells in adipose tissues endocytose substantial amounts of entire TRL particles. These lipoproteins subsequently follow the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, where they undergo lysosomal acid lipase (LAL)-mediated processing. Endothelial cell-specific LAL deficiency results in impaired thermogenic capacity as a consequence of reduced recruitment of brown and brite/beige adipocytes. Mechanistically, TRL processing by LAL induces proliferation of endothelial cells and adipocyte precursors via beta-oxidation-dependent production of reactive oxygen species, which in turn stimulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-dependent proliferative responses. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a physiological role for TRL particle uptake into BAT and WAT and establishes endothelial lipoprotein processing as an important determinant of adipose tissue remodeling during thermogenic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Y Jaeckstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Gottschling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Sass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Mangels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Bruns
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yucheng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Harald Ittrich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan K Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Patrik Stefanicka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Balaz
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Hua Dong
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Wenfei Sun
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Reimer
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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167
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Harney DJ, Cielesh M, Chu R, Cooke KC, James DE, Stöckli J, Larance M. Proteomics analysis of adipose depots after intermittent fasting reveals visceral fat preservation mechanisms. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108804. [PMID: 33657384 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting is a beneficial dietary treatment for obesity. But the response of each distinct adipose depot is currently poorly defined. Here we explore the response of key adipose depots to every-other-day fasting (EODF) in mice using proteomics. A key change in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) and visceral WAT (vWAT) depots is an increase in mitochondrial protein content after EODF. This effect is correlated with increased fatty acid synthesis enzymes in both WAT depots but not in brown adipose tissue. Strikingly, EODF treatment downregulates lipolysis specifically in vWAT, mediated by a large decrease in the abundance of the catecholamine receptor (ADRB3). Together, these changes are important for preservation of the visceral lipid store during EODF. Enrichment analysis highlights downregulation of inflammatory collagen IV specifically in vWAT, allowing improved insulin sensitivity. This resource for adipose-depot-specific fasting adaptations in mice is available using a web-based interactive visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Harney
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Cielesh
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Renee Chu
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristen C Cooke
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Stöckli
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Larance
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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168
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Evaluation of Browning Agents on the White Adipogenesis of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Contribution to Fighting Obesity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020403. [PMID: 33669222 PMCID: PMC7919793 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown-like adipocytes can be induced in white fat depots by a different environmental or drug stimuli, known as "browning" or "beiging". These brite adipocytes express thermogenin UCP1 protein and show different metabolic advantages, such as the ability to acquire a thermogenic phenotype corresponding to standard brown adipocytes that counteracts obesity. In this research, we evaluated the effects of several browning agents during white adipocyte differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Our in vitro findings identified two compounds that may warrant further in vivo investigation as possible anti-obesity drugs. We found that rosiglitazone and sildenafil are the most promising drug candidates for a browning treatment of obesity. These drugs are already available on the market for treating diabetes and erectile dysfunction, respectively. Thus, their off-label use may be contemplated, but it must be emphasized that some severe side effects are associated with use of these drugs.
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169
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Soni S, Torvund M, Mandal CC. Molecular insights into the interplay between adiposity, breast cancer and bone metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:119-138. [PMID: 33591548 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease, with various pre-existing health ailments enhancing its pathology. In cancer, the extracellular environment contains various intrinsic physiological factors whose levels are altered with aging and pre-existing conditions. In obesity, the tumor microenvironment and metastases are enriched with factors that are both derived locally, and from other physiological compartments. Similarly, in obesity, the cancer cell environment both at the site of origin and at the secondary site i.e., metastatic niche, contains significantly more phenotypically-altered adipocytes than that of un-obese cancer patients. Indeed, obesity has been linked with cancer progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Adipocytes not only interact with tumor cells, but also with adjacent stromal cells at primary and metastatic sites. This review emphasizes the importance of bidirectional interactions between adipocytes and breast tumor cells in breast cancer progression and its bone metastases. This paper not only chronicles the role of various adipocyte-derived factors in tumor growth, but also describes the significance of adipocyte-derived bone metastatic factors in the development of bone metastasis of breast cancer. It provides a molecular view of the interplay between the adipocytes and tumor cells involved in breast cancer bone metastasis. However, more research is needed to determine if targeting cancer-associated adipocytes holds promise as a potential therapeutic approach for breast cancer bone metastasis treatment. Interplay between adipocytes and breast cancer cells at primary cancer site and metastatic bone microenvironment. AMSC Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell, CAA Cancer associated adipocytes, CAF Cancer associated fibroblast, BMSC Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell, BMA Bone marrow adipocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Soni
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Meaghan Torvund
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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170
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Siannoto M, Nugraha GI, Lesmana R, Goenawan H, Tarawan VM, Khairani AF. The Nutraceuticals and White Adipose Tissue in Browning Process. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401316999200731004318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a prominent epidemic disease since its worldwide prevalence has
shown a continuous rise over the past few decades. The primary aim of obesity treatment is to effectively
reduce the intake of energy, while simultaneously increasing energy expenditure. Increasing
thermogenesis is one of the methods to increase energy expenditure. Thermogenesis, which primarily
occurs in brown adipose tissue, can also be produced by beige adipose tissue, through a process
known as browning. The browning process has recently been attracting a great deal of attention as
a potential anti-obesity agent. Many well-researched inducers of the browning process are readily
available, including cold exposure, agonist β3-adrenergic, agonist peroxisome proliferator activated
receptor γ, fibroblast growth factor 21, irisin and several nutraceuticals (including resveratrol,
curcumin, quercetin, fish oils, green tea, etc.). This mini review summarizes the current knowledge
and the latest research of some nutraceuticals that are potentially involved in the browning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Siannoto
- Graduate Program of Antiaging and Aesthetics Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Gaga I. Nugraha
- Division of Biochemistry and Biomolecular, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hanna Goenawan
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Vita M. Tarawan
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Astrid F. Khairani
- Graduate Program of Antiaging and Aesthetics Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Lee DH, Park SH, Lee E, Seo HD, Ahn J, Jang YJ, Ha TY, Im SS, Jung CH. Withaferin A exerts an anti-obesity effect by increasing energy expenditure through thermogenic gene expression in high-fat diet-fed obese mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 82:153457. [PMID: 33444942 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enhancement of energy expenditure has attracted attention as a therapeutic target for the management of body weight. Withaferin A (WFA), a major constituent of Withania somnifera extract, has been reported to possess anti-obesity properties, however the underlying mechanism remains unknown. PURPOSE To investigate whether WFA exerts anti-obesity effects via increased energy expenditure, and if so, to characterize the underlying pathway. METHODS C57BL/6 J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks, and WFA was orally administered for 7 days. The oxygen consumption rate of mice was measured at 9 weeks using an OxyletPro™ system. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and real-time PCR methods were used. RESULTS Treatment with WFA ameliorated HFD-induced obesity by increasing energy expenditure by improving of mitochondrial activity in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and promotion of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) browning via increasing uncoupling protein 1 levels. WFA administration also significantly increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in the BAT of obese mice. Additionally, WFA activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, including p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase MAPK, in both BAT and scWAT. CONCLUSION WFA enhances energy expenditure and ameliorates obesity via the induction of AMPK and activating p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase MAPK, which triggers mitochondrial biogenesis and browning-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Lee
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyun Park
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Deok Seo
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Jang
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Youl Ha
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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172
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Chen YJ, Lin CW, Peng YJ, Huang CW, Chien YS, Huang TH, Liao PX, Yang WY, Wang MH, Mersmann HJ, Wu SC, Chuang TY, Lin YY, Kuo WH, Ding ST. Overexpression of Adiponectin Receptor 1 Inhibits Brown and Beige Adipose Tissue Activity in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020906. [PMID: 33477525 PMCID: PMC7831094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult humans and mice possess significant classical brown adipose tissues (BAT) and, upon cold-induction, acquire brown-like adipocytes in certain depots of white adipose tissues (WAT), known as beige adipose tissues or WAT browning/beiging. Activating thermogenic classical BAT or WAT beiging to generate heat limits diet-induced obesity or type-2 diabetes in mice. Adiponectin is a beneficial adipokine resisting diabetes, and causing “healthy obese” by increasing WAT expansion to limit lipotoxicity in other metabolic tissues during high-fat feeding. However, the role of its receptors, especially adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1), on cold-induced thermogenesis in vivo in BAT and in WAT beiging is still elusive. Here, we established a cold-induction procedure in transgenic mice over-expressing AdipoR1 and applied a live 3-D [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose-PET/CT (18F-FDG PET/CT) scanning to measure BAT activity by determining glucose uptake in cold-acclimated transgenic mice. Results showed that cold-acclimated mice over-expressing AdipoR1 had diminished cold-induced glucose uptake, enlarged adipocyte size in BAT and in browned WAT, and reduced surface BAT/body temperature in vivo. Furthermore, decreased gene expression, related to thermogenic Ucp1, BAT-specific markers, BAT-enriched mitochondrial markers, lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation, and increased expression of whitening genes in BAT or in browned subcutaneous inguinal WAT of AdipoR1 mice are congruent with results of PET/CT scanning and surface body temperature in vivo. Moreover, differentiated brown-like beige adipocytes isolated from pre-adipocytes in subcutaneous WAT of transgenic AdipoR1 mice also had similar effects of lowered expression of thermogenic Ucp1, BAT selective markers, and BAT mitochondrial markers. Therefore, this study combines in vitro and in vivo results with live 3-D scanning and reveals one of the many facets of the adiponectin receptors in regulating energy homeostasis, especially in the involvement of cold-induced thermogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Beige/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/diagnostic imaging
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/diagnostic imaging
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/diagnostic imaging
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Energy Metabolism/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic/genetics
- Mice, Transgenic/metabolism
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Receptors, Adiponectin/genetics
- Thermogenesis/genetics
- Uncoupling Protein 1/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (S.-C.W.)
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-J.P.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.H.); (P.-X.L.); (W.-Y.Y.); (H.J.M.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-Y.L.); (W.-H.K.); (S.-T.D.); Tel.: +886-2-3366-4175 (S.-T.D.)
| | - Chiao-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (S.-C.W.)
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-J.P.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.H.); (P.-X.L.); (W.-Y.Y.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Yu-Ju Peng
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-J.P.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.H.); (P.-X.L.); (W.-Y.Y.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Chao-Wei Huang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-J.P.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.H.); (P.-X.L.); (W.-Y.Y.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Yi-Shan Chien
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-J.P.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.H.); (P.-X.L.); (W.-Y.Y.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-J.P.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.H.); (P.-X.L.); (W.-Y.Y.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Pei-Xin Liao
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-J.P.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.H.); (P.-X.L.); (W.-Y.Y.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Wen-Yuan Yang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-J.P.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.H.); (P.-X.L.); (W.-Y.Y.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Mei-Hui Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan;
| | - Harry J. Mersmann
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-J.P.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.H.); (P.-X.L.); (W.-Y.Y.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Shinn-Chih Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (S.-C.W.)
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-J.P.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.H.); (P.-X.L.); (W.-Y.Y.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Tai-Yuan Chuang
- Department of Athletics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Yu Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-J.P.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.H.); (P.-X.L.); (W.-Y.Y.); (H.J.M.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-Y.L.); (W.-H.K.); (S.-T.D.); Tel.: +886-2-3366-4175 (S.-T.D.)
| | - Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-Y.L.); (W.-H.K.); (S.-T.D.); Tel.: +886-2-3366-4175 (S.-T.D.)
| | - Shih-Torng Ding
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (S.-C.W.)
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-J.P.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-H.H.); (P.-X.L.); (W.-Y.Y.); (H.J.M.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-Y.L.); (W.-H.K.); (S.-T.D.); Tel.: +886-2-3366-4175 (S.-T.D.)
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173
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Lesmana R, Siannoto M, Nugraha GI, Goenawan H, Feinisa AK, Pratiwi YS, Veronica F, Tarawan VM, Susianti S, Supratman U. Nutmeg extract potentially alters characteristics of white adipose tissue in rats. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:512-520. [PMID: 33389818 PMCID: PMC8025630 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) is a promising approach to obesity treatment. During browning, WAT transforms into beige adipose tissue through stimulation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Nutmeg, one of the Indonesian herbs, reportedly has dual roles as a PPARα/γ partial agonist. Even though nutmeg has been traditionally used in body weight reduction, there is limited information regarding the potential role of nutmeg in browning of WAT. Objectives In this study, we explored the effect of nutmeg seed extract (NuSE) as a potential inductor of WAT browning. Methods Twelve male Wistar rats, 5–6 weeks old, were divided into control and nutmeg groups. The rats in nutmeg group were given NuSE for 12 weeks by oral gavage. After 12 weeks, the rat's inguinal WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT) were collected, weighed and stored at − 80°C until use. Results We observed that even though NuSE did not reduce the final body weight, it significantly reduced body weight gain. NuSE also increased protein levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) significantly and tended to increase UCP2 and UCP1 levels. Furthermore, NuSE induced macroscopic and microscopic morphological changes of inguinal WAT, marked by significantly increased adipocyte numbers and decreased adipocyte size. Conclusions Even though NuSE did not increase UCP1 significantly, it potentially alters inguinal WAT characteristics and leads to browning through PGC‐1α and UCP3 induction. However, UCP3’s specific mechanism in WAT browning remains unclear. Our findings could contribute to obesity treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Lesmana
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Biological Activity Division, Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Siannoto
- Graduate Program of Anti Aging and Aesthetics Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Gaga I Nugraha
- Division of Biochemistry and Biomolecular, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hanna Goenawan
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Biological Activity Division, Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Astrid K Feinisa
- Graduate Program of Anti Aging and Aesthetics Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yuni S Pratiwi
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Biological Activity Division, Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Fifi Veronica
- Anatomy Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Vita M Tarawan
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Susianti Susianti
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Unang Supratman
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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174
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Hernandez-Quiles M, Broekema MF, Kalkhoven E. PPARgamma in Metabolism, Immunity, and Cancer: Unified and Diverse Mechanisms of Action. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:624112. [PMID: 33716977 PMCID: PMC7953066 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.624112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is one of the most extensively studied ligand-inducible transcription factors. Since its identification in the early 1990s, PPARγ is best known for its critical role in adipocyte differentiation, maintenance, and function. Emerging evidence indicates that PPARγ is also important for the maturation and function of various immune system-related cell types, such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. Furthermore, PPARγ controls cell proliferation in various other tissues and organs, including colon, breast, prostate, and bladder, and dysregulation of PPARγ signaling is linked to tumor development in these organs. Recent studies have shed new light on PPARγ (dys)function in these three biological settings, showing unified and diverse mechanisms of action. Classical transactivation-where PPARγ activates genes upon binding to PPAR response elements as a heterodimer with RXRα-is important in all three settings, as underscored by natural loss-of-function mutations in FPLD3 and loss- and gain-of-function mutations in tumors. Transrepression-where PPARγ alters gene expression independent of DNA binding-is particularly relevant in immune cells. Interestingly, gene translocations resulting in fusion of PPARγ with other gene products, which are unique to specific carcinomas, present a third mode of action, as they potentially alter PPARγ's target gene profile. Improved understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying PPARγ activity in the complex regulatory networks in metabolism, cancer, and inflammation may help to define novel potential therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of obesity, diabetes, or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernandez-Quiles
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marjoleine F. Broekema
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Eric Kalkhoven,
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175
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Wang Z, Yu X, Chen Y. Recruitment of Thermogenic Fat: Trigger of Fat Burning. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:696505. [PMID: 34367068 PMCID: PMC8341719 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.696505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues possess the remarkable capacity to convert energy into heat, which potentially opens novel therapeutic perspectives targeting the epidemic of metabolic syndromes such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. These thermogenic fats implement mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and uncouple respiration to catabolize fatty acids and glucose, which leads to an increase in energy expenditure. In particular, beige adipocytes that arise in white adipose tissue display their thermogenic capacity through various noncanonical mechanisms. This review aims to summarize the general overview of thermogenic fat, especially including the UCP1-independent adaptive thermogenesis and the emerging mechanisms of "beiging", which may provide more evidence of targeting thermogenic fat to counteract obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Chen,
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176
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Watts AJ, Logan SM, Kübber-Heiss A, Posautz A, Stalder G, Painer J, Gasch K, Giroud S, Storey KB. Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Pathway During Torpor in the Garden Dormouse, Eliomys quercinus. Front Physiol 2020; 11:615025. [PMID: 33408645 PMCID: PMC7779809 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.615025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential levels of n-6 and n-3 essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are incorporated into the hibernator’s diet in the fall season preceding prolonged, multi-days bouts of torpor, known as hibernation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) transcriptional activators bind lipids and regulate genes involved in fatty acid transport, beta-oxidation, ketogenesis, and insulin sensitivity; essential processes for survival during torpor. Thus, the DNA-binding activity of PPARα, PPARδ, PPARγ, as well as the levels of PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and L-fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) were investigated in the hibernating garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus). We found that dormice were hibernating in a similar way regardless of the n-6/n-3 PUFA diets fed to the animals during the fattening phase prior to hibernation. Further, metabolic rates and body mass loss during hibernation did not differ between dietary groups, despite marked differences in fatty acid profiles observed in white adipose tissue prior and at mid-hibernation. Overall, maintenance of PPAR DNA-binding activity was observed during torpor, and across three n-6/n-3 ratios, suggesting alternate mechanisms for the prioritization of lipid catabolism during torpor. Additionally, while no change was seen in L-FABP, significantly altered levels of PGC-1α were observed within the white adipose tissue and likely contributes to enhanced lipid metabolism when the diet favors n-6 PUFAs, i.e., high n-6/n-3 ratio, in both the torpid and euthermic state. Altogether, the maintenance of lipid metabolism during torpor makes it likely that consistent activity or levels of the investigated proteins are in aid of this metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Kübber-Heiss
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Posautz
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabrielle Stalder
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Painer
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Gasch
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvain Giroud
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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177
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Thermogenic adipocytes: lineage, function and therapeutic potential. Biochem J 2020; 477:2071-2093. [PMID: 32539124 PMCID: PMC7293110 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic inflexibility, defined as the inability to respond or adapt to metabolic demand, is now recognised as a driving factor behind many pathologies associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in the ability of an organism to sense, adapt to and counteract environmental changes. It provides a buffer in times of nutrient excess, a fuel reserve during starvation and the ability to resist cold-stress through non-shivering thermogenesis. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing combined with lineage tracing, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have identified novel adipocyte progenitors that give rise to specialised adipocytes with diverse functions, some of which have the potential to be exploited therapeutically. This review will highlight the common and distinct functions of well-known adipocyte populations with respect to their lineage and plasticity, as well as introducing the most recent members of the adipocyte family and their roles in whole organism energy homeostasis. Finally, this article will outline some of the more preliminary findings from large data sets generated by single-cell transcriptomics of mouse and human adipose tissue and their implications for the field, both for discovery and for therapy.
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178
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Rocha AL, de Lima TI, de Souza GP, Corrêa RO, Ferrucci DL, Rodrigues B, Lopes-Ramos C, Nilsson D, Knittel TL, Castro PR, Fernandes MF, Dos Santos Martins F, Parmigiani RB, Silveira LR, Carvalho HF, Auwerx J, Vinolo MAR, Boucher J, Mori MA. Enoxacin induces oxidative metabolism and mitigates obesity by regulating adipose tissue miRNA expression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc6250. [PMID: 33268375 PMCID: PMC7710362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in oxidative metabolism and brown/beige adipocyte identity. Here, we tested whether widespread changes in miRNA expression promoted by treatment with the small-molecule enoxacin cause browning and prevent obesity. Enoxacin mitigated diet-induced obesity in mice, and this was associated with increased energy expenditure. Consistently, subcutaneous white and brown adipose tissues and skeletal muscle of enoxacin-treated mice had higher levels of markers associated with thermogenesis and oxidative metabolism. These effects were cell autonomous since they were recapitulated in vitro in murine and human cell models. In preadipocytes, enoxacin led to a reduction of miR-34a-5p expression and up-regulation of its target genes (e.g., Fgfr1, Klb, and Sirt1), thus increasing FGF21 signaling and promoting beige adipogenesis. Our data demonstrate that enoxacin counteracts obesity by promoting thermogenic signaling and inducing oxidative metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in a mechanism that involves, at least in part, miRNA-mediated regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Livia Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tanes Imamura de Lima
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerson Profeta de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renan Oliveira Corrêa
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Danilo Lopes Ferrucci
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rodrigues
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila Lopes-Ramos
- Center of Molecular Oncology, Sírio-Libanês Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thiago Leite Knittel
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Ribeiro Castro
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariane Font Fernandes
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Flaviano Dos Santos Martins
- Laboratory of Biotherapeutics Agents, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Reis Silveira
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Aurélio R Vinolo
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), Campinas, Brazil
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179
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Myers DA, Singleton K, Hyatt K, Kaushal KM, Ducsay CA. Long term hypoxia during gestation alters perirenal adipose tissue gene expression in the lamb. Adipocyte 2020; 9:223-233. [PMID: 32403966 PMCID: PMC7238872 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1763726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that following long-term hypoxia (LTH), the ovine foetus exhibits enhanced expression of brown/beige adipose genes. This study was designed to determine if these changes are preserved after birth. Pregnant ewes were divided among three groups, 1) Control, sea level, 2) LTH, high altitude (3,820 m, LTH-HA) from ~ day 40 of gestation through ~14 days post-delivery and 3) LTH from ⁓ day 40 through day 137 of gestation then returned to the laboratory where atory reduced maternal PO2 was maintained by nitrogen infusion. Following delivery, lambs remained at sea level (LTH-SL). Perirenal adipose tissue was collected at ~day 14, and qRT-PCR was used to quantify mRNA. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), PPAR gamma coactivator 1 (PGC1α), and deiodinase-2 (DIO2) mRNA levels were significantly lower in both LTH groups while PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16) levels did not differ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) was maintained in the LTH-HA group and significantly increased in the LTH-SL group, compared to control. Unlike our previous LTH foetal studies, the brown/beige fat phenotype was rapidly lost by day 14 postpartum compared to control, while PPARγ was maintained. This loss of the brown fat phenotype may promote obesity due to decreased energy expenditure, favouring fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A. Myers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Krista Singleton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kim Hyatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kanchan M. Kaushal
- Lawrence D. Longo M.D. Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Charles A. Ducsay
- Lawrence D. Longo M.D. Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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180
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Wu H, Li X, Shen C. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in white and brown adipocyte regulation and differentiation. Physiol Res 2020; 69:759-773. [PMID: 32901494 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In as early as 1997, the World Health Organization officially recognized obesity as a chronic disease. The current epidemic of obesity and overweightness has aroused great interest in the study of adipose tissue formation. The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) binds to the target gene promoter regulatory sequences, acting as a key factor in regulating the differentiation of preadipocytes in the adipose tissue, and plays an important role in regulating the adipocyte metabolism. A further understanding of the structure and expression characteristics of PPARgamma, in addition to its mechanisms of action in adipocyte differentiation, may be applied to control obesity and prevent obesity-related diseases. In this article, recent studies investigating the effect of regulating PPARgamma on adipocyte differentiation are reviewed. In particular, the structural characteristics, expression patterns, and molecular mechanisms of PPARgamma function in adipocyte differentiation are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wu
- Nutritional Department, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gaoqiao Town, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China.
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181
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Peiretti F, Montanari R, Capelli D, Bonardo B, Colson C, Amri EZ, Grimaldi M, Balaguer P, Ito K, Roeder RG, Pochetti G, Brunel JM. A Novel N-Substituted Valine Derivative with Unique Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Binding Properties and Biological Activities. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13124-13139. [PMID: 33142057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A proprietary library of novel N-aryl-substituted amino acid derivatives bearing a hydroxamate head group allowed the identification of compound 3a that possesses weak proadipogenic and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activating properties. The systematic optimization of 3a, in order to improve its PPARγ agonist activity, led to the synthesis of compound 7j (N-aryl-substituted valine derivative) that possesses dual PPARγ/PPARα agonistic activity. Structural and kinetic analyses reveal that 7j occupies the typical ligand binding domain of the PPARγ agonists with, however, a unique high-affinity binding mode. Furthermore, 7j is highly effective in preventing cyclin-dependent kinase 5-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ serine 273. Although less proadipogenic than rosiglitazone, 7j significantly increases adipocyte insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and efficiently promotes white-to-brown adipocyte conversion. In addition, 7j prevents oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation in hepatoma cells. The unique biochemical properties and biological activities of compound 7j suggest that it would be a promising candidate for the development of compounds to reduce insulin resistance, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Peiretti
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Roberta Montanari
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Capelli
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cécilia Colson
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Ez-Zoubir Amri
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Marina Grimaldi
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, University of Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, University of Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Robert G Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Giorgio Pochetti
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy
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182
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Qiu J, Zhang Z, Wang S, Chen Y, Liu C, Xu S, Wang D, Su J, Ni M, Yu J, Cui X, Ma L, Hu T, Hu Y, Gu X, Ma X, Wang J, Xu L. Transferrin Receptor Functionally Marks Thermogenic Adipocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:572459. [PMID: 33251209 PMCID: PMC7676909 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.572459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thermogenic adipocytes, including beige and brown adipocytes, are critical for thermogenesis and energy homeostasis. Identification of functional cell surface markers of thermogenic adipocytes is of significance for potential application in biological and clinical practices. Methods With a combination of RNA-sequencing of in vivo and in vitro models, we identified transferrin receptor (Tfr1), a receptor specialized for cellular iron uptake, as a previously unappreciated cell surface molecule for thermogenic adipocytes compared to white adipocytes. The alternation of Tfr1 levels under physiological and pathological stimuli was assessed, and the mitochondria functionality, browning capacity, and iron metabolism of mature adipocytes were examined with Tfr1 knockdown. Results Tfr1 was expressed predominantly in thermogenic adipocytes versus white adipocyte, and its expression levels were tightly correlated with the activation or inhibition status of thermogenic adipocytes under external stimuli. Besides, Tfr1 gene deficiency in thermogenic adipocytes led to reduced thermogenic gene programs and mitochondrial integrity. Conclusion Tfr1 functionally marks thermogenic adipocytes and could serve as a potential thermogenic adipocyte surface marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sainan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caizhi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sainan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junlei Su
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengshan Ni
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdi Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhui Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yepeng Hu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuejiang Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinran Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiqiu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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183
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Xu L, Ma X, Verma N, Perie L, Pendse J, Shamloo S, Marie Josephson A, Wang D, Qiu J, Guo M, Ping X, Allen M, Noguchi A, Springer D, Shen F, Liu C, Zhang S, Li L, Li J, Xiao J, Lu J, Du Z, Luo J, Aleman JO, Leucht P, Mueller E. PPARγ agonists delay age-associated metabolic disease and extend longevity. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13267. [PMID: 33219735 PMCID: PMC7681041 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging leads to a number of disorders caused by cellular senescence, tissue damage, and organ dysfunction. It has been reported that anti‐inflammatory and insulin‐sensitizing compounds delay, or reverse, the aging process and prevent metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative disease, and muscle atrophy, improving healthspan and extending lifespan. Here we investigated the effects of PPARγ agonists in preventing aging and increasing longevity, given their known properties in lowering inflammation and decreasing glycemia. Our molecular and physiological studies show that long‐term treatment of mice at 14 months of age with low doses of the PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone (Rosi) improved glucose metabolism and mitochondrial functionality. These effects were associated with decreased inflammation and reduced tissue atrophy, improved cognitive function, and diminished anxiety‐ and depression‐like conditions, without any adverse effects on cardiac and skeletal functionality. Furthermore, Rosi treatment of mice started when they were 14 months old was associated with lifespan extension. A retrospective analysis of the effects of the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone (Pio) on longevity showed decreased mortality in patients receiving Pio compared to those receiving a PPARγ‐independent insulin secretagogue glimepiride. Taken together, these data suggest the possibility of using PPARγ agonists to promote healthy aging and extend lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Xu
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and MetabolismNYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Xinran Ma
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and MetabolismNYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Narendra Verma
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA
| | - Luce Perie
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA
| | - Jay Pendse
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA
- Medical Service Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System New York NY USA
| | - Sama Shamloo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA
| | - Anne Marie Josephson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Jin Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Mingwei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Xiaodan Ping
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Michele Allen
- Murine Phenotyping Core facility NHLBI National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Audrey Noguchi
- Murine Phenotyping Core facility NHLBI National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Danielle Springer
- Murine Phenotyping Core facility NHLBI National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Fei Shen
- School of Physical Education & Health Care East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Caizhi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
- LANEH School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Shiwei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Lingyu Li
- LANEH School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Jin Li
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences School of Life Science Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences School of Life Science Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Jian Lu
- School of Physical Education & Health Care East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Zhenyu Du
- LANEH School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Jose O. Aleman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA
- Medical Service Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System New York NY USA
| | - Philipp Leucht
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA
| | - Elisabetta Mueller
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and MetabolismNYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences School of Life Science Shanghai University Shanghai China
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184
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Sudhakar M, Sasikumar SJ, Silambanan S, Natarajan D, Ramakrishnan R, Nair AJ, Kiran MS. Chlorogenic acid promotes development of brown adipocyte-like phenotype in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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185
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Aging and Immunometabolic Adaptations to Thermogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 63:101143. [PMID: 32810648 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brown and subcutaneous adipose tissues play a key role in non-shivering thermogenesis both in mice and human, and their activation by adrenergic stimuli promotes energy expenditure, reduces adiposity, and protects against age-related metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance characterize T2D. Even though the decline of thermogenic adipose tissues is well-established during ageing, the mechanisms by which this event affects immune system and contributes to the development of T2D is still poorly defined. It is emerging that activation of thermogenic adipose tissues promotes type 2 immunity skewing, limiting type 1 inflammation. Of note, metabolic substrates sustaining type 1 inflammation (e.g. glucose and succinate) are also used by activated adipocytes to promote thermogenesis. Keeping in mind this aspect, a nutrient competition between adipocytes and adipose tissue immune cell infiltrates could be envisaged. Herein, we reviewed the metabolic rewiring of adipocytes during thermogenesis in order to give important insight into the anti-inflammatory role of thermogenic adipose tissues and delineate how their decline during ageing may favor the setting of low-grade inflammatory states that predispose to type 2 diabetes in elderly. A brief description about the contribution of adipokines secreted by thermogenic adipocytes in modulation of immune cell activation is also provided. Finally, we have outlined experimental flow chart procedures and provided technical advices to investigate the physiological processes leading to thermogenic adipose tissue impairment that are behind the immunometabolic decline during aging.
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186
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Michurina S, Stafeev I, Podkuychenko N, Sklyanik I, Shestakova E, Yah'yaev K, Yurasov A, Ratner E, Menshikov M, Parfyonova Y, Shestakova M. Decreased UCP-1 expression in beige adipocytes from adipose-derived stem cells of type 2 diabetes patients associates with mitochondrial ROS accumulation during obesity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 169:108410. [PMID: 32882342 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose derived stem cells (ADSC) are defective in metabolic disorders in various functionalities and properties including differentiation, multipotent state, metabolism and immunomodulation. However, the role of ADSC beiging potential in promoting of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development remains unclear. Here we uncover association between potential of subcutaneous ADSC to beige differentiation and T2DM in patients with obesity. METHODS ADSC were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue of patients with long morbid obesity (BMI > 35 kg/m2) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or T2DM. ADSC were differentiated into white or beige adipocytes and levels of thermogenic markers, lipid metabolism and electron transport chain (ETC) genes was analyzed by Western blotting and RT-PCR. ROS production was estimated by fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS We have shown decreased UCP-1 expression in beige adipocytes from T2DM patients. Nevertheless, signal and expression activities of lipolysis were equal in NGT and T2DM beige adipocytes. Expression analysis of ETC genes also has not shown any statistically significant differences. Interestingly, we revealed increased mitochondrial ROS production in T2DM beige adipocytes during beige differentiation. CONCLUSIONS In summary, compromised UCP1 expression in beige adipocytes of T2DM patients may cause increase of mitochondrial ROS. Elevated oxidative level is liable to act as damaging mechanism leading to insulin resistance or, alternatively, serve as compensatory mechanism for thermogenesis activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Michurina
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia; M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Iurii Stafeev
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia; Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Nikita Podkuychenko
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia; M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Kamil Yah'yaev
- Central Clinical Hospital #1 of LLC Russian Railways, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoliy Yurasov
- Central Clinical Hospital #1 of LLC Russian Railways, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Ratner
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia; Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Yelena Parfyonova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia; M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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187
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Wang L, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Wagschal A, Wark AR, Camporez JP, Perry RJ, Ji F, Sohn Y, Oh J, Wu S, Chery J, Moud BN, Saadat A, Dankel SN, Mellgren G, Tallapragada DSP, Strobel SM, Lee MJ, Tewhey R, Sabeti PC, Schaefer A, Petri A, Kauppinen S, Chung RT, Soukas A, Avruch J, Fried SK, Hauner H, Sadreyev RI, Shulman GI, Claussnitzer M, Näär AM. A MicroRNA Linking Human Positive Selection and Metabolic Disorders. Cell 2020; 183:684-701.e14. [PMID: 33058756 PMCID: PMC8092355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Positive selection in Europeans at the 2q21.3 locus harboring the lactase gene has been attributed to selection for the ability of adults to digest milk to survive famine in ancient times. However, the 2q21.3 locus is also associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans, raising the possibility that additional genetic elements in the locus may have contributed to evolutionary adaptation to famine by promoting energy storage, but which now confer susceptibility to metabolic diseases. We show here that the miR-128-1 microRNA, located at the center of the positively selected locus, represents a crucial metabolic regulator in mammals. Antisense targeting and genetic ablation of miR-128-1 in mouse metabolic disease models result in increased energy expenditure and amelioration of high-fat-diet-induced obesity and markedly improved glucose tolerance. A thrifty phenotype connected to miR-128-1-dependent energy storage may link ancient adaptation to famine and modern metabolic maladaptation associated with nutritional overabundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Wang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,These authors contributed equally,Present address: Cardiovascular & Metabolism, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Alexandre Wagschal
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Present address: Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Abigail R. Wark
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joao-Paulo Camporez
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA,Present address: Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 14049-90, Brazil
| | - Rachel J. Perry
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Fei Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yoojin Sohn
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Present address: Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Justin Oh
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Present address: Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Su Wu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Present address: Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica Chery
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Present address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bahareh Nemati Moud
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center of Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alham Saadat
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Simon N. Dankel
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Divya Sri Priyanka Tallapragada
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sophie Madlen Strobel
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany
| | - Mi-Jeong Lee
- Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA,Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Ryan Tewhey
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA,Present address: The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anne Schaefer
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School ofMedicine atMount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Andreas Petri
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sakari Kauppinen
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alexander Soukas
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Medicine, Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joseph Avruch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Diabetes unit, Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Susan K. Fried
- Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA,Present address: Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center of Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany,Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruslan I. Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anders M. Näär
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Present address: Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,Lead Contact,Correspondence: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.017
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188
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Lysyl oxidase inhibition enhances browning of white adipose tissue and adaptive thermogenesis. Genes Dis 2020; 9:140-150. [PMID: 35005114 PMCID: PMC8720662 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that activation of beige fat increases cellular energy expenditure, ultimately reducing adiposity. Here, we report the central role of adipocyte-derived lysyl oxidase (Lox) in the formation of thermogenic beige fat. Mice exposed to cold or a β3 agonist showed drastically lower Lox expression in thermogenically activated beige fat. Importantly, inhibition of Lox activity with BAPN stimulated biogenesis of beige fat in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) under housing conditions and potentiated cold-induced adaptive thermogenesis and beiging in both iWAT and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Notably, white adipocytes with Lox repression undergo transdifferentiation into beige adipocytes which can be suppressed by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) via ERK activation. This work provides new insight into the molecular control to expand beige fat by Lox inhibition and suggest the potential for utilizing inhibitor of Lox to treat the emerging epidemics of obesity and diabetes.
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189
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Escalona-Garrido C, Vázquez P, Mera P, Zagmutt S, García-Casarrubios E, Montero-Pedrazuela A, Rey-Stolle F, Guadaño-Ferraz A, Rupérez FJ, Serra D, Herrero L, Obregon MJ, Valverde ÁM. Moderate SIRT1 overexpression protects against brown adipose tissue inflammation. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101097. [PMID: 33049408 PMCID: PMC7600394 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metainflammation is a chronic low-grade inflammatory state induced by obesity and associated comorbidities, including peripheral insulin resistance. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a therapeutic target against obesity, is an insulin target tissue sensitive to inflammation. Therefore, it is necessary to find strategies to protect BAT against the effects of inflammation in energy balance. In this study, we explored the impact of moderate sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) overexpression on insulin sensitivity and β-adrenergic responses in BAT and brown adipocytes (BA) under pro-inflammatory conditions. METHODS The effect of inflammation on BAT functionality was studied in obese db/db mice and lean wild-type (WT) mice or mice with moderate overexpression of SIRT1 (SIRT1Tg+) injected with a low dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic endotoxemia. We also conducted studies on differentiated BA (BA-WT and BA-SIRT1Tg+) exposed to a macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory conditioned medium (CM) to evaluate the protection of SIRT1 overexpression in insulin signaling and glucose uptake, mitochondrial respiration, fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and norepinephrine (NE)-mediated-modulation of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) expression. RESULTS BAT from the db/db mice was susceptible to metabolic inflammation manifested by the activation of pro-inflammatory signaling cascades, increased pro-inflammatory gene expression, tissue-specific insulin resistance, and reduced UCP-1 expression. Impairment of insulin and noradrenergic responses were also found in the lean WT mice upon LPS injection. In contrast, BAT from the mice with moderate overexpression of SIRT1 (SIRT1Tg+) was protected against LPS-induced activation of pro-inflammatory signaling, insulin resistance, and defective thermogenic-related responses upon cold exposure. Importantly, the decline in triiodothyronine (T3) levels in the circulation and intra-BAT after exposure of the WT mice to LPS and cold was markedly attenuated in the SIRT1Tg+ mice. In vitro BA experiments in the two genotypes revealed that upon differentiation with a T3-enriched medium and subsequent exposure to a macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory CM, only BA-SIRT1Tg+ fully recovered insulin and noradrenergic responses. CONCLUSIONS This study has ascertained the benefit of the moderate overexpression of SIRT1 to confer protection against defective insulin and β-adrenergic responses caused by BAT inflammation. Our results have potential therapeutic value in combinatorial therapies for BAT-specific thyromimetics and SIRT1 activators to combat metainflammation in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Escalona-Garrido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paula Mera
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastián Zagmutt
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester García-Casarrubios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Pedrazuela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERer), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universitiy, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERer), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Rupérez
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universitiy, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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190
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Hiradate R, Khalil IA, Matsuda A, Sasaki M, Hida K, Harashima H. A novel dual-targeted rosiglitazone-loaded nanoparticle for the prevention of diet-induced obesity via the browning of white adipose tissue. J Control Release 2020; 329:665-675. [PMID: 33038450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue in the body is classified as white adipose tissue (WAT); a fat-accumulating tissue, or brown adipose tissue (BAT); an energy-dissipating tissue. Transforming WAT-to-BAT (browning) is a promising strategy for the treatment of obesity, since it would lead to an increase in energy expenditure. Rosiglitazone (Rosi), an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), is known to be a potent browning inducer in subcutaneous WAT. However, the effectiveness of Rosi has been quite limited because of several off-target effects. The objective of this study was to develop locally administered Rosi-loaded nanoparticles (Rs-NPs) with the ability to target adipocytes to achieve the adipose tissue-specific activation of PPARγ, thus causing the browning of WAT. We prepared dual targeted Rs-NPs that were modified with a specific peptide that targets prohibitin that are expressed in adipocytes, and a cell penetrating peptide for enhancing cellular uptake and controlling intracellular trafficking. The Rs-NPs modified with a single ligand were internalized into mature adipocytes and induced browning activity in vitro but they failed to significantly affect the body weight of the diet-induced obese mice model. The dual-targeted Rs-NPs induced a strong browning activity, both in vitro and in vivo, and successfully inhibited the progression of obesity, as evidenced by the shrinkage of hypertrophied adipocytes without any detectable systemic adverse effects. Meanwhile, free Rosi aggravated hepatic steatosis and did not cause adipose tissue browning nor the inhibition of body weight gain. We conclude that the increased energy expenditure via adipose tissue browning using dual-targeted Rs-NP is a promising strategy for the treatment of obesity and its related metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Hiradate
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ikramy A Khalil
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Aya Matsuda
- Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Mika Sasaki
- Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hida
- Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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191
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Saha PK, Hamilton MP, Rajapakshe K, Putluri V, Felix JB, Masschelin P, Cox AR, Bajaj M, Putluri N, Coarfa C, Hartig SM. miR-30a targets gene networks that promote browning of human and mouse adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E667-E677. [PMID: 32799658 PMCID: PMC7864240 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00045.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-30a (miR-30a) impacts adipocyte function, and its expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) correlates with insulin sensitivity in obesity. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrates that miR-30a expression contributes to 2% of all miRNA expression in human tissues. However, molecular mechanisms of miR-30a function in fat cells remain unclear. Here, we expanded our understanding of how miR-30a expression contributes to antidiabetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist activity and metabolic functions in adipocytes. We found that WAT isolated from diabetic patients shows reduced miR-30a levels and diminished expression of the canonical PPARγ target genes ADIPOQ and FABP4 relative to lean counterparts. In human adipocytes, miR-30a required PPARγ for maximal expression, and the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone robustly induced miR-30a but not other miR-30 family members. Transcriptional activity studies in human adipocytes also revealed that ectopic expression of miR-30a enhanced the activity of rosiglitazone coupled with higher expression of fatty acid and glucose metabolism markers. Diabetic mice that overexpress ectopic miR-30a in subcutaneous WAT display durable reductions in serum glucose and insulin levels for more than 30 days. In agreement with our in vitro findings, RNA-seq coupled with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) suggested that miR-30a enabled activation of the beige fat program in vivo, as evidenced by enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and induction of UCP1 expression. Metabolomic and gene expression profiling established that the long-term effects of ectopic miR-30a expression enable accelerated glucose metabolism coupled with subcutaneous WAT hyperplasia. Together, we establish a putative role of miR-30a in mediating PPARγ activity and advancing metabolic programs of white to beige fat conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Saha
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark P Hamilton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Vasanta Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica B Felix
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter Masschelin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Aaron R Cox
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mandeep Bajaj
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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192
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Xu Y, Wang N, Tan HY, Li S, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Feng Y. Panax notoginseng saponins modulate the gut microbiota to promote thermogenesis and beige adipocyte reconstruction via leptin-mediated AMPKα/STAT3 signaling in diet-induced obesity. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11302-11323. [PMID: 33042284 PMCID: PMC7532683 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Activation of the thermogenic program in white and brown adipocytes presents a promising avenue for increasing energy expenditure during the treatment of obesity. The endogenous mechanism for promoting thermogenesis in brown adipocytes or browning in white adipocytes has indicated that the gut microbiota is a crucial regulator of the host energy balance. However, whether the effects of the therapeutic intervention-induced modulation of the gut microbiota on adipocyte browning involved the regulation of leptin remains unclear. Method: The adipose features were analyzed by body composition analysis, infrared camera observations, transmission electron microscopy and H&E staining. The gene and protein expression in adipose tissue were detected by qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. The gut microbiome signature was identified by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and both mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) and mice with antibiotics-induced microbiome depletion were subjected to fecal microbiota transplantation. Results: Treatment with Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) shaped the murine gut microbiome by increasing the abundances of Akkermansia muciniphila and Parabacteroides distasonis, and as a result, DIO mice harbored a distal gut microbiota with a significantly increased capacity to reduce host adiposity. The PNS-induced modulation of the gut microbiota in DIO mice could increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and beige adipocyte reconstruction by activating the leptin-AMPK/STAT3 signaling pathway, which results in the promotion of energy expenditure. Leptin has an essential influence on the anti-obesity effects of PNS. In cases of leptin deficiency, the PNS-induced modulation of the gut microbiota exerts negative effects on thermogenesis and browning in white adipose tissue (WAT), which indicates that PNS fail to reduce obesity in leptin gene-deficient mice. The PNS-induced modulation of the gut microbiota exerted a minimal effect on DIO mice with antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion, which confirmed the correlation between altered gut microbiota and the remodeling of adipose tissues in DIO mice. The direct influence of leptin on browning via the AMPKα/STAT3 signaling pathway in C3H101/2 cells supported our in vivo results that signalling through the leptin-AMPK/STAT3 pathway induced by the PNS-modulated gut microbiota was involved in beige adipocyte reconstruction. Conclusion: Our results revealed that leptin signaling is critical for alterations in microbiota-fat crosstalk and provide promising avenues for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of obesity.
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193
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Botezelli JD, Overby P, Lindo L, Wang S, Haïda O, Lim GE, Templeman NM, Pauli JR, Johnson JD. Adipose depot-specific upregulation of Ucp1 or mitochondrial oxidative complex proteins are early consequences of genetic insulin reduction in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E529-E539. [PMID: 32715748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00128.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia plays a causal role in adipose tissue expansion. Mice with reduced insulin have increased energy expenditure, but the mechanisms remained unclear. Here we investigated the effects of genetically reducing insulin production on uncoupling and oxidative mitochondrial proteins in liver, skeletal muscle, white adipose tissue (WAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Male Ins1+/+ or Ins1+/- littermates were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 wk, starting at 8 wk of age. Replicating our previous observations, HFD increased fasting hyperinsulinemia, and Ins1+/- mice had significantly lower circulating insulin compared with Ins1+/+ littermates. Fasting glucose and body weight were not different between genotypes. We did not observe robust significant differences in liver or skeletal muscle. In mesenteric WAT, Ins1+/- mice had reduced Ndufb8 and Sdhb, while Ucp1 was increased in the context of HFD. HFD alone had a dramatic inhibitory effect on Pparg abundance. In inguinal WAT, Ins1+/- mice exhibited significant increases in oxidative complex proteins, independent of diet, without affecting Ucp1, Pparg, or Prdm16:Pparg association. In BAT, lowered insulin increased Sdhb protein levels that had been reduced by HFD. Ucp1 protein, Prdm16:Pparg association, and Sirt3 abundance were all increased in the absence of diet-induced hyperinsulinemia. Our data show that reducing insulin upregulates oxidative proteins in inguinal WAT without affecting Ucp1, whereas in mesenteric WAT and BAT, reducing insulin upregulates Ucp1 in the context of HFD. Preventing hyperinsulinemia has early depot-specific effects on adipose tissue metabolism and helps explain the increased energy expenditure previously reported in Ins1+/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Diego Botezelli
- Department of Cellular Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Overby
- Department of Cellular Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Lindo
- Department of Cellular Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Cellular Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Obélia Haïda
- Department of Cellular Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gareth E Lim
- Cardiometabolic axis, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jose Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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194
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Molocea CE, Tsokanos FF, Herzig S. Exploiting common aspects of obesity and cancer cachexia for future therapeutic strategies. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:101-116. [PMID: 32871469 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and cancer cachexia are diseases at opposite ends of the BMI. However, despite the apparent dichotomy, these pathologies share some common underlying mechanisms that lead to profound metabolic perturbations. Insulin resistance, adipose tissue lipolysis, skeletal muscle atrophy and systemic inflammation are key players in both diseases. Several strategies for pharmacological treatments have been employed in obesity and cancer cachexia but demonstrated only limited effects. Therefore, there is still a need to develop novel, more effective strategies. In this review we summarize existing therapies and discuss potential novel strategies that could arise by bridging common aspects between obesity and cachexia. We discuss the potential role of macrophage manipulation and the modulation of inflammation by targeting Nuclear Receptors (NRs) as potential novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia-Eveline Molocea
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Foivos-Filippos Tsokanos
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University, Munich, Germany.
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195
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Kuryłowicz A, Puzianowska-Kuźnicka M. Induction of Adipose Tissue Browning as a Strategy to Combat Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176241. [PMID: 32872317 PMCID: PMC7504355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing obesity pandemic generates a constant need to develop new therapeutic strategies to restore the energy balance. Therefore, the concept of activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) in order to increase energy expenditure has been revived. In mammals, two developmentally distinct types of brown adipocytes exist; the classical or constitutive BAT that arises during embryogenesis, and the beige adipose tissue that is recruited postnatally within white adipose tissue (WAT) in the process called browning. Research of recent years has significantly increased our understanding of the mechanisms involved in BAT activation and WAT browning. They also allowed for the identification of critical molecules and critical steps of both processes and, therefore, many new therapeutic targets. Several non-pharmacological approaches, as well as chemical compounds aiming at the induction of WAT browning and BAT activation, have been tested in vitro as well as in animal models of genetically determined and/or diet-induced obesity. The therapeutic potential of some of these strategies has also been tested in humans. In this review, we summarize present concepts regarding potential therapeutic targets in the process of BAT activation and WAT browning and available strategies aiming at them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kuryłowicz
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-226086591; Fax: +48-226086410
| | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuźnicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland
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196
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Zhang X, Wang X, Yin H, Zhang L, Feng A, Zhang QX, Lin Y, Bao B, Hernandez LL, Shi GP, Liu J. Functional Inactivation of Mast Cells Enhances Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Browning in Mice. Cell Rep 2020; 28:792-803.e4. [PMID: 31315055 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue browning and systemic energy expenditure provide a defense mechanism against obesity and associated metabolic diseases. In high-cholesterol Western diet-fed mice, mast cell (MC) inactivation ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance and improves the metabolic rate, but a direct role of adipose tissue MCs in thermogenesis and browning remains unproven. Here, we report that adrenoceptor agonist norepinephrine-stimulated metabolic rate and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) browning are enhanced in MC-deficient Kitw-sh/w-sh mice and MC-stabilized wild-type mice on a chow diet. MC reconstitution to SAT in Kitw-sh/w-sh mice blocks these changes. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that MC inactivation elevates SAT platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRα+) adipocyte precursor proliferation and accelerates beige adipocyte differentiation. Using the tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) inhibitor and TPH1-deficient MCs, we show that MC-derived serotonin inhibits SAT browning and systemic energy expenditure. Functional inactivation of MCs or inhibition of MC serotonin synthesis in SAT promotes adipocyte browning and systemic energy metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Airong Feng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yan Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Bin Bao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Laura L Hernandez
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
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197
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Rahman MS, Imran KM, Hossain M, Lee TJ, Kim YS. Biochanin A induces a brown-fat phenotype via improvement of mitochondrial biogenesis and activation of AMPK signaling in murine C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells. Phytother Res 2020; 35:920-931. [PMID: 32840919 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of Biochanin A (BioA), an O-methylated isoflavone on the brown-fat phenotype formation and on the associated thermogenic program including mitochondrial biogenesis and lipolysis in C3H10T1/2 MSCs. Our data demonstrates that Treatment with BioA in an adipogenic differentiation cocktail induced formation of brown-fat-like adipocytes from C3H10T1/2 MSCs without treatment with a known browning inducer (rosiglitazone or T3) at an early stage of differentiation. The formation of brown-fat-like adipocytes by BioA treatment was evidenced by upregulation of key thermogenic markers: Ucp1, Pgc1α, Prdm16, and Pparγ. BioA also increased the expression of beige (Cd137 and Fgf21) and brown (Elovl3 and Zic1)-specific markers. Additionally, BioA treatment promoted mitochondrial biogenesis, judging by the upregulation of genes; Cox8b, Cidea, Dio2, Sirt1, Opa1, and Fis1. BioA treatment increased the amount of mitochondrial DNA and its encoded proteins: oxidative phosphorylation complexes (I-V); this change was associated with high oxygen consumption by C3H10T1/2 MSCs. A small-interfering-RNA-induced gene knockdown and experiments with dorsomorphin-driven competitive inhibition revealed that BioA exerts the thermogenic action via activation of AMPK signaling. Our study shows the mechanism of BioA-induced promotion of a brown-fat phenotype. Nonetheless, clinical research is necessary to validate BioA as a brown-fat-like signature inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Rahman
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chung-nam, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chung-nam, South Korea
| | - Khan Mohammad Imran
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chung-nam, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chung-nam, South Korea
| | - Monir Hossain
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chung-nam, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chung-nam, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sik Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chung-nam, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chung-nam, South Korea
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198
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Alleviation of salt-induced exacerbation of cardiac, renal, and visceral fat pathology in rats with metabolic syndrome by surgical removal of subcutaneous fat. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:28. [PMID: 32778644 PMCID: PMC7417575 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-00132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence suggests that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) should be considered as distinct types of white fat. Although VAT plays a key role in metabolic syndrome (MetS), the role of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) has been unclear. DahlS.Z-Leprfa/Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, an animal model of MetS, develop adipocyte hypertrophy and inflammation to similar extents in SAT and VAT. We have now investigated the effects of salt loading and SAT removal on cardiac, renal, and VAT pathology in DS/obese rats. METHODS DS/obese rats were subjected to surgical removal of inguinal SAT or sham surgery at 8 weeks of age. They were provided with a 0.3% NaCl solution as drinking water or water alone for 4 weeks from 9 weeks of age. RESULTS Salt loading exacerbated hypertension, insulin resistance, as well as left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, inflammation, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction in DS/obese rats. It also reduced both SAT and VAT mass but aggravated inflammation only in VAT. Although SAT removal did not affect LV hypertrophy in salt-loaded DS/obese rats, it attenuated hypertension, insulin resistance, and LV injury as well as restored fat mass and alleviated inflammation and the downregulation of adiponectin gene expression in VAT. In addition, whereas salt loading worsened renal injury as well as upregulated the expression of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-related genes in the kidney, these effects were suppressed by removal of SAT. CONCLUSIONS SAT removal attenuated salt-induced exacerbation of MetS and LV and renal pathology in DS/obese rats. These beneficial effects of SAT removal are likely attributable, at least in part, to inhibition of both VAT and systemic inflammation.
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199
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Phthalate exposure causes browning-like effects on adipocytes in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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200
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Maurer S, Harms M, Boucher J. The colorful versatility of adipocytes: white-to-brown transdifferentiation and its therapeutic potential in humans. FEBS J 2020; 288:3628-3646. [PMID: 32621398 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brown and brite adipocytes contribute to energy expenditure through nonshivering thermogenesis. Though these cell types are thought to arise primarily from the de novo differentiation of precursor cells, their abundance is also controlled through the transdifferentiation of mature white adipocytes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of white-to-brown transdifferentiation, as well as the conversion of brown and brite adipocytes to dormant, white-like fat cells. Converting mature white adipocytes into brite cells or reactivating dormant brown and brite adipocytes has emerged as a strategy to ameliorate human metabolic disorders. We analyze the evidence of learning from mice and how they translate to humans to ultimately scrutinize the relevance of this concept. Moreover, we estimate that converting a small percentage of existing white fat mass in obese subjects into active brite adipocytes could be sufficient to achieve meaningful benefits in metabolism. In conclusion, novel browning agents have to be identified before adipocyte transdifferentiation can be realized as a safe and efficacious therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Maurer
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew Harms
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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