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Zheng Y, Verhoeff TA, Perez Pardo P, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD. The Gut-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Focus on the Metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010118. [PMID: 33374371 PMCID: PMC7796333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a spectrum of disorders that are characterized by problems in social interaction and repetitive behavior. The disease is thought to develop from changes in brain development at an early age, although the exact mechanisms are not known yet. In addition, a significant number of people with ASD develop problems in the intestinal tract. A Disintegrin And Metalloproteases (ADAMs) include a group of enzymes that are able to cleave membrane-bound proteins. ADAM10 and ADAM17 are two members of this family that are able to cleave protein substrates involved in ASD pathogenesis, such as specific proteins important for synapse formation, axon signaling and neuroinflammation. All these pathological mechanisms are involved in ASD. Besides the brain, ADAM10 and ADAM17 are also highly expressed in the intestines. ADAM10 and ADAM17 have implications in pathways that regulate gut permeability, homeostasis and inflammation. These metalloproteases might be involved in microbiota-gut-brain axis interactions in ASD through the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses in the intestinal tract. In this review, the potential roles of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the pathology of ASD and as targets for new therapies will be discussed, with a focus on the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Zheng
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Tessa A. Verhoeff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Paula Perez Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)3-02534509
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152
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The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Alzheimer's Disease: Neuroinflammation Is to Blame? Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010037. [PMID: 33374235 PMCID: PMC7824474 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For years, it has been reported that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Various external and internal factors may contribute to the early onset of AD. This review highlights a contribution of the disturbances in the microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis to the development of AD. Alteration in the gut microbiota composition is determined by increase in the permeability of the gut barrier and immune cell activation, leading to impairment in the blood–brain barrier function that promotes neuroinflammation, neuronal loss, neural injury, and ultimately AD. Numerous studies have shown that the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in brain function and changes in the behavior of individuals and the formation of bacterial amyloids. Lipopolysaccharides and bacterial amyloids synthesized by the gut microbiota can trigger the immune cells residing in the brain and can activate the immune response leading to neuroinflammation. Growing experimental and clinical data indicate the prominent role of gut dysbiosis and microbiota–host interactions in AD. Modulation of the gut microbiota with antibiotics or probiotic supplementation may create new preventive and therapeutic options in AD. Accumulating evidences affirm that research on MGB involvement in AD is necessary for new treatment targets and therapies for AD.
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153
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG soluble mediators ameliorate early life stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity and changes in spinal cord gene expression. Neuronal Signal 2020; 4:NS20200007. [PMID: 33343931 PMCID: PMC7726314 DOI: 10.1042/ns20200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral hypersensitivity is a hallmark of many functional and stress-related gastrointestinal disorders, and there is growing evidence that the gut microbiota may play a role in its pathophysiology. It has previously been shown that early life stress-induced visceral sensitivity is reduced by various probiotic strains of bacteria (including Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)) alone or in combination with prebiotic fibres in rat models. However, the exact mechanisms underpinning such effects remain unresolved. Here, we investigated if soluble mediators derived from LGG can mimic the bacteria's effects on visceral hypersensitivity and the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Rats were exposed to maternal separation (MS) from postnatal days 2-12. From weaning onwards both non-separated (NS) and MS offspring were provided drinking water with or without supplementation of standardized preparations of the LGG soluble mediators (LSM). Our results show that MS led to increased visceral sensitivity and exaggerated corticosterone plasma levels following restraint stress in adulthood, and both of these effects were ameliorated through LSM supplementation. Differential regulation of various genes in the spinal cord of MS versus NS rats was observed, 41 of which were reversed by LSM supplementation. At the microbiota composition level MS led to changes in beta diversity and abundance of specific bacteria including parabacteroides, which were ameliorated by LSM. These findings support probiotic soluble mediators as potential interventions in the reduction of symptoms of visceral hypersensitivity.
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154
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O'Connor R, van De Wouw M, Moloney GM, Ventura-Silva AP, O'Riordan K, Golubeva AV, Dinan TG, Schellekens H, Cryan JF. Strain differences in behaviour and immunity in aged mice: Relevance to Autism. Behav Brain Res 2020; 399:113020. [PMID: 33227245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The BTBR mouse model has been shown to be associated with deficits in social interaction and a pronounced engagement in repetitive behaviours. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental condition globally. Despite its ubiquity, most research into the disorder remains focused on childhood, with studies in adulthood and old age relatively rare. To this end, we explored the differences in behaviour and immune function in an aged BTBR T + Itpr3tf/J mouse model of the disease compared to a similarly aged C57bl/6 control. We show that while many of the alterations in behaviour that are observed in young animals are maintained (repetitive behaviours, antidepressant-sensitive behaviours, social deficits & cognition) there are more nuanced effects in terms of anxiety in older animals of the BTBR strain compared to C57bl/6 controls. Furthermore, BTBR animals also exhibit an activated T-cell system. As such, these results represent confirmation that ASD-associated behavioural deficits are maintained in ageing, and that that there may be need for differential interventional approaches to counter these impairments, potentially through targeting the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory O'Connor
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Gerard M Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Ken O'Riordan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland.
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155
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Béroule DG. Paradoxical Effects of a Cytokine and an Anticonvulsant Strengthen the Epigenetic/Enzymatic Avenue for Autism Research. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:585395. [PMID: 33262691 PMCID: PMC7686807 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.585395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal exposure to the valproate short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) during pregnancy is known to possibly induce autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in the offspring. By contrast, case studies have evidenced positive outcomes of this anticonvulsant drug in children with severe autism. Interestingly, the same paradoxical pattern applies to the IL-17a inflammatory cytokine involved in the immune system regulation. Such joint apparent contradictions can be overcome by pointing out that, among their respective signaling pathways, valproate and IL-17a share an enhancement of the “type A monoamine oxidase” (MAOA) enzyme carried by the X chromosome. In the Guided Propagation (GP) model of autism, such enzymatic rise triggers a prenatal epigenetic downregulation, which, without possible X-inactivation, and when coinciding with genetic expression variants of other brain enzymes, results in the delayed onset of autistic symptoms. The underlying imbalance of synaptic monoamines, serotonin in the first place, would reflect a mismatch between the environment to which the brain metabolism was prepared during gestation and the postnatal actual surroundings. Following a prenatal exposure to molecules that significantly elicit the MAOA gene expression, a daily treatment with the same metabolic impact would tend to recreate the fetal environment and contribute to rebalance monoamines, thus allowing proper neural circuits to gradually develop, provided behavioral re-education. Given the multifaceted other players than MAOA that are involved in the regulation of serotonin levels, potential compensatory effects are surveyed, which may underlie the autism heterogeneity. This explanatory framework opens up prospects regarding autism prevention and treatment, strikingly in line with current advances along the gut microbiome–brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Béroule
- CNRS, Bat.508, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, BP 133, Orsay, France.,CRIIGEN, Paris, France
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156
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Lach G, Fülling C, Bastiaanssen TFS, Fouhy F, Donovan ANO, Ventura-Silva AP, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Enduring neurobehavioral effects induced by microbiota depletion during the adolescent period. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:382. [PMID: 33159036 PMCID: PMC7648059 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is an essential regulator of many aspects of host physiology. Disruption of gut microbial communities affects gut-brain communication which ultimately can manifest as changes in brain function and behaviour. Transient changes in gut microbial composition can be induced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors, however, it is possible that enduring shifts in the microbiota composition can be achieved by perturbation at a timepoint when the gut microbiota has not fully matured or is generally unstable, such as during early life or ageing. In this study, we investigated the effects of 3-week microbiota depletion with antibiotic treatment during the adolescent period and in adulthood. Following a washout period to restore the gut microbiota, behavioural and molecular hallmarks of gut-brain communication were investigated. Our data revealed that transient microbiota depletion had long-lasting effects on microbiota composition and increased anxiety-like behaviour in mice exposed to antibiotic treatment during adolescence but not in adulthood. Similarly, gene expression in the amygdala was more severely affected in mice treated during adolescence. Taken together these data highlight the vulnerability of the gut microbiota during the critical adolescent period and the long-lasting impact manipulations of the microbiota can have on gene expression and behaviour in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilliard Lach
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Present Address: University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
| | - Christine Fülling
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Fouhy
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.6435.40000 0001 1512 9569Teagasc Food Research Centre, Food Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Aoife N. O’ Donovan
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.6435.40000 0001 1512 9569Teagasc Food Research Centre, Food Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Catherine Stanton
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.6435.40000 0001 1512 9569Teagasc Food Research Centre, Food Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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157
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The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 19:241-255. [PMID: 33093662 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 848] [Impact Index Per Article: 212.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In a striking display of trans-kingdom symbiosis, gut bacteria cooperate with their animal hosts to regulate the development and function of the immune, metabolic and nervous systems through dynamic bidirectional communication along the 'gut-brain axis'. These processes may affect human health, as certain animal behaviours appear to correlate with the composition of gut bacteria, and disruptions in microbial communities have been implicated in several neurological disorders. Most insights about host-microbiota interactions come from animal models, which represent crucial tools for studying the various pathways linking the gut and the brain. However, there are complexities and manifest limitations inherent in translating complex human disease to reductionist animal models. In this Review, we discuss emerging and exciting evidence of intricate and crucial connections between the gut microbiota and the brain involving multiple biological systems, and possible contributions by the gut microbiota to neurological disorders. Continued advances from this frontier of biomedicine may lead to tangible impacts on human health.
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158
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Ochoa-Repáraz J, Ramelow CC, Kasper LH. A Gut Feeling: The Importance of the Intestinal Microbiota in Psychiatric Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:510113. [PMID: 33193297 PMCID: PMC7604426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.510113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota constitutes a complex ecosystem in constant reciprocal interactions with the immune, neuroendocrine, and neural systems of the host. Recent molecular technological advances allow for the exploration of this living organ and better facilitates our understanding of the biological importance of intestinal microbes in health and disease. Clinical and experimental studies demonstrate that intestinal microbes may be intimately involved in the progression of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including those of affective and psychiatric nature. Gut microbes regulate neuroinflammatory processes, play a role in balancing the concentrations of neurotransmitters and could provide beneficial effects against neurodegeneration. In this review, we explore some of these reciprocal interactions between gut microbes and the CNS during experimental disease and suggest that therapeutic approaches impacting the gut-brain axis may represent the next avenue for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lloyd H. Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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159
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Gut microbial molecules in behavioural and neurodegenerative conditions. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:717-731. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-00381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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160
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Wu ZY, Huang SD, Zou JJ, Wang QX, Naveed M, Bao HN, Wang W, Fukunaga K, Han F. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Disturbance of the melatonin system and its implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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161
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Chronic minocycline treatment exerts antidepressant effect, inhibits neuroinflammation, and modulates gut microbiota in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3201-3213. [PMID: 32671421 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONAL Minocycline is a second-generation, semi-synthetic tetracycline, and has broad spectrum-antibacterial activity. Interestingly, many studies have demonstrated that minocycline is beneficial for depression, which may be due to its effects on neuroinflammation modulation. Recently, gut microbiota imbalance has been found in depression patient and animal models. OBJECTIVES Based on the fact of minocycline usually acting as an antibiotic and the relationship between depression, gut microbiota, and neuroinflammation, we designed this study to detect the effects of chronic minocycline treatment on antidepression, neuroinflammation, and gut microbiota modulation. RESULTS Our results showed that minocycline treatment for 4 weeks, not acute treatment, exerted antidepressant effect in mice exposed to unpredictable chronic mild stress (CUMS). Further results suggested that chronic minocycline treatment inhibited neuroinflammation of hippocampus and altered species abundance and metabolites of gut microbiota. Meantime, we found that chronic minocycline treatment ameliorated intestinal barrier disruption and reduced the bacteriological indexes, such as diamine oxidase, C-reaction protein, and endotoxin in peripheral blood of CUMS mice. CONCLUSIONS To sum up, our findings confirm that chronic minocycline treatment exerts the antidepressant effect, inhibits neuroinflammation, and modulates gut microbiota. All of these imply that the antidepressant mechanism of chronic minocycline treatment is maybe due to the combined action of neuroinflammation and gut microbiota modulation, which need further prospective studies.
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162
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Bistoletti M, Bosi A, Banfi D, Giaroni C, Baj A. The microbiota-gut-brain axis: Focus on the fundamental communication pathways. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 176:43-110. [PMID: 33814115 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Banfi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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163
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Roussin L, Prince N, Perez-Pardo P, Kraneveld AD, Rabot S, Naudon L. Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical and Preclinical Evidence. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091369. [PMID: 32906656 PMCID: PMC7563175 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1 in 160 people in the world. Although there is a strong genetic heritability to ASD, it is now accepted that environmental factors can play a role in its onset. As the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms is four-times higher in ASD patients, the potential implication of the gut microbiota in this disorder is being increasingly studied. A disturbed microbiota composition has been demonstrated in ASD patients, accompanied by altered production of bacterial metabolites. Clinical studies as well as preclinical studies conducted in rodents have started to investigate the physiological functions that gut microbiota might disturb and thus underlie the pathophysiology of ASD. The first data support an involvement of the immune system and tryptophan metabolism, both in the gut and central nervous system. In addition, a few clinical studies and a larger number of preclinical studies found that modulation of the microbiota through antibiotic and probiotic treatments, or fecal microbiota transplantation, could improve behavior. Although the understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in the physiopathology of ASD is only in its early stages, the data gathered in this review highlight that this role should be taken in consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Roussin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Naika Prince
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.P.); (P.P.-P.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Paula Perez-Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.P.); (P.P.-P.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.P.); (P.P.-P.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Sylvie Rabot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Laurent Naudon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Micalis Institute, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
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164
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Human Gut Microbiota and Mental Health: Advancements and Challenges in Microbe-Based Therapeutic Interventions. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:405-419. [PMID: 33087991 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes play prime role in human health and have shown to exert their influence on various physiological responses including neurological functions. Growing evidences in recent years have indicated a key role of gut microbiota in contributing to mental health. The connection between gut and brain is modulated by microbes via neural, neuroendocrinal and metabolic pathways that are mediated through various neurotransmitters and their precursors, hormones, cytokines and bioactive metabolites. Impaired functioning of this connection can lead to manifestation of mental disorders. Around 1 billion of the world population is reported to suffer from emotional, psychological and neurological imbalances, substance use disorders and cognitive, psychosocial and intellectual disabilities. Thus, it becomes imperative to understand the role of gut microbes in mental disorders. Since variations occur in the conditions associated with different mental disorders and some of them have overlapping symptoms, it becomes important to have a holistic understanding of gut dysbiosis in these disorders. In this review, we consolidate the recent data on alterations in the gut microbes and its consequences in various neurological, psychological and neurodegenerative disorders. Further, considering these evidences, several studies have been undertaken to specifically target the gut microbiota through different therapeutic interventions including administration of live microbes (psychobiotics) to treat mental health disorders and/or their symptoms. We review these studies and propose that an integrative and personalized approach, where combinations of microbe-based therapeutic interventions to modulate gut microbes and in-use psychological treatment practices can be integrated and based on patient's gut microbiome can be potentially adopted for effective treatment of the mental disorders.
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165
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Vitamin A deficiency exacerbates autism-like behaviors and abnormalities of the enteric nervous system in a valproic acid-induced rat model of autism. Neurotoxicology 2020; 79:184-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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166
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Hayes CL, Peters BJ, Foster JA. Microbes and mental health: Can the microbiome help explain clinical heterogeneity in psychiatry? Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 58:100849. [PMID: 32497560 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trillions of microbes cover the surfaces of our bodies and inhabit our gastrointestinal tract. In the past decade, research efforts examining the role of the microbiome in mental health have moved to the forefront of neuroscience and psychiatry. Based on a foundation of animal studies demonstrating the vital role for microbiota-brain communication in brain development, behavior, and brain function over the life span, clinical studies have started to consider the microbiome in psychiatric disorders. The composition, diversity and function of commensal microbes is influenced by genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. This review provides an overview of the factors contributing to individual differences in the microbiome, reviews recent work in psychiatric disorders, and considers what is needed to advance a better understanding of how the microbiome impacts mental health which may help us understand the heterogeneity observed in clinical psychiatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brett J Peters
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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167
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Heinzel S, Aho VTE, Suenkel U, von Thaler AK, Schulte C, Deuschle C, Paulin L, Hantunen S, Brockmann K, Eschweiler GW, Maetzler W, Berg D, Auvinen P, Scheperjans F. Gut Microbiome Signatures of Risk and Prodromal Markers of Parkinson Disease. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:320-331. [PMID: 32441370 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations of the gut microbiome in Parkinson disease (PD) have been repeatedly demonstrated. However, little is known about whether such alterations precede disease onset and how they relate to risk and prodromal markers of PD. We investigated associations of these features with gut microbiome composition. METHODS Established risk and prodromal markers of PD as well as factors related to diet/lifestyle, bowel function, and medication were studied in relation to bacterial α-/β-diversity, enterotypes, and differential abundance in stool samples of 666 elderly TREND (Tübingen Evaluation of Risk Factors for Early Detection of Neurodegeneration) study participants. RESULTS Among risk and prodromal markers, physical activity, occupational solvent exposure, and constipation showed associations with α-diversity. Physical activity, sex, constipation, possible rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), and smoking were associated with β-diversity. Subthreshold parkinsonism and physical activity showed an interaction effect. Among other factors, age and urate-lowering medication were associated with α- and β-diversity. Physical inactivity and constipation were highest in individuals with the Firmicutes-enriched enterotype. Constipation was lowest and subthreshold parkinsonism least frequent in individuals with the Prevotella-enriched enterotype. Differentially abundant taxa were linked to constipation, physical activity, possible RBD, smoking, and subthreshold parkinsonism. Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity, olfactory loss, depression, orthostatic hypotension, urinary/erectile dysfunction, PD family history, and the prodromal PD probability showed no significant microbiome associations. INTERPRETATION Several risk and prodromal markers of PD are associated with gut microbiome composition. However, the impact of the gut microbiome on PD risk and potential microbiome-dependent subtypes in the prodrome of PD need further investigation based on prospective clinical and (multi)omics data in incident PD cases. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:320-331.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heinzel
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Velma T E Aho
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulrike Suenkel
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina von Thaler
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Deuschle
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Hantunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard W Eschweiler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Geriatric Center at the University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Filip Scheperjans
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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168
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Bosi A, Banfi D, Bistoletti M, Giaroni C, Baj A. Tryptophan Metabolites Along the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: An Interkingdom Communication System Influencing the Gut in Health and Disease. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920928984. [PMID: 32577079 PMCID: PMC7290275 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920928984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘microbiota-gut-brain axis’ plays a fundamental role in maintaining host homeostasis, and different immune, hormonal, and neuronal signals participate to this interkingdom communication system between eukaryota and prokaryota. The essential aminoacid tryptophan, as a precursor of several molecules acting at the interface between the host and the microbiota, is fundamental in the modulation of this bidirectional communication axis. In the gut, tryptophan undergoes 3 major metabolic pathways, the 5-HT, kynurenine, and AhR ligand pathways, which may be directly or indirectly controlled by the saprophytic flora. The importance of tryptophan metabolites in the modulation of the gastrointestinal tract is suggested by several preclinical and clinical studies; however, a thorough revision of the available literature has not been accomplished yet. Thus, this review attempts to cover the major aspects on the role of tryptophan metabolites in host-microbiota cross-talk underlaying regulation of gut functions in health conditions and during disease states, with particular attention to 2 major gastrointestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), both characterized by psychiatric disorders. Research in this area opens the possibility to target tryptophan metabolism to ameliorate the knowledge on the pathogenesis of both diseases, as well as to discover new therapeutic strategies based either on conventional pharmacological approaches or on the use of pre- and probiotics to manipulate the microbial flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Banfi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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169
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The role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of mental and neurological disorders. Psychiatr Genet 2020; 30:87-100. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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170
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De Simone R, Butera A, Armida M, Pezzola A, Boirivant M, Potenza RL, Ricceri L. Beneficial Effects of Fingolimod on Social Interaction, CNS and Peripheral Immune Response in the BTBR Mouse Model of Autism. Neuroscience 2020; 435:22-32. [PMID: 32229233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social communication deficits and repetitive/stereotyped behaviours. We evaluated the effects of a chronic treatment with the immunomodulator drug Fingolimod (FTY720 - a non-selective Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor ligand) in an ASD model, the BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR) mouse strain. In adult BTBR males, chronic FTY720 treatment (4 weeks) increased social and vocal response during a male-female interaction and hippocampal expression of BDNF and Neuregulin 1, two trophic factors reduced in BTBR when compared to control C57 mice. FTY720 also re-established the expression of IL-1β and MnSOD in the hippocampus, whereas it did not modify IL-6 mRNA content. In addition to its central effect, FTY720 modulated the activation state of peripheral macrophages in the BTBR model, both in basal conditions and after stimulation with an immune challenge. Furthermore, IL-6 mRNA colonic content of BTBR mice, reduced when compared with C57 mice, was normalized by chronic treatment with FTY720. Our study, while indicating FTY720 as a tool to attenuate relevant alterations of the BTBR neurobehavioural phenotype, emphasizes the importance of gut mucosal immune evaluation as an additional target that deserve to be investigated in preclinical studies of anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta De Simone
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Butera
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Armida
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Pezzola
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Boirivant
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Luisa Potenza
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Ricceri
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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171
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van de Wouw M, Walsh AM, Crispie F, van Leuven L, Lyte JM, Boehme M, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cotter PD, Cryan JF. Distinct actions of the fermented beverage kefir on host behaviour, immunity and microbiome gut-brain modules in the mouse. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:67. [PMID: 32423436 PMCID: PMC7236220 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence suggests a role for the gut microbiota in modulating brain physiology and behaviour, through bi-directional communication, along the gut-brain axis. As such, the gut microbiota represents a potential therapeutic target for influencing centrally mediated events and host behaviour. It is thus notable that the fermented milk beverage kefir has recently been shown to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota in mice. It is unclear whether kefirs have differential effects on microbiota-gut-brain axis and whether they can modulate host behaviour per se. METHODS To address this, two distinct kefirs (Fr1 and UK4), or unfermented milk control, were administered to mice that underwent a battery of tests to characterise their behavioural phenotype. In addition, shotgun metagenomic sequencing of ileal, caecal and faecal matter was performed, as was faecal metabolome analysis. Finally, systemic immunity measures and gut serotonin levels were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc test or Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Fr1 ameliorated the stress-induced decrease in serotonergic signalling in the colon and reward-seeking behaviour in the saccharin preference test. On the other hand, UK4 decreased repetitive behaviour and ameliorated stress-induced deficits in reward-seeking behaviour. Furthermore, UK4 increased fear-dependent contextual memory, yet decreased milk gavage-induced improvements in long-term spatial learning. In the peripheral immune system, UK4 increased the prevalence of Treg cells and interleukin 10 levels, whereas Fr1 ameliorated the milk gavage stress-induced elevation in neutrophil levels and CXCL1 levels. Analysis of the gut microbiota revealed that both kefirs significantly changed the composition and functional capacity of the host microbiota, where specific bacterial species were changed in a kefir-dependent manner. Furthermore, both kefirs increased the capacity of the gut microbiota to produce GABA, which was linked to an increased prevalence in Lactobacillus reuteri. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data show that kefir can signal through the microbiota-gut-immune-brain axis and modulate host behaviour. In addition, different kefirs may direct the microbiota toward distinct immunological and behavioural modulatory effects. These results indicate that kefir can positively modulate specific aspects of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and support the broadening of the definition of psychobiotic to include kefir fermented foods. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel van de Wouw
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aaron M Walsh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- Microbiology Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Joshua M Lyte
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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172
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Wang JP, Xu YC, Hou JQ, Li JY, Xing J, Yang BX, Zhang ZH, Zhang BL, Li HH, Li P. Effects of Dietary Fat Profile on Gut Microbiota in Valproate Animal Model of Autism. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:151. [PMID: 32478081 PMCID: PMC7235405 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability which may cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges. Besides certain essential symptoms, a lot of ASD individuals also suffer the comorbidity of gut microbiota dysbiosis, which possibly causes a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) difficulties. Interestingly, evidence has indicated that behavioral output may be modulated through the communication between the central nervous system and gut microbiota via the gut-brain axis. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and n-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are structurally and functionally crucial components for the brain, and the state of n-3 PUFAs also affects the gut microbiota. However, how varying intake ratios of n-3/n6 PUFAs affect the gut microbiota composition in ASDs is not well-understood. Pregnant female Wistar rats with intraperitoneal administration of valproate acid (VPA) at embryonic day (E) 12.5 and their male offspring were grouped and fed three diets: a control chow (VPA group), omega-3 deficient (A group), and n-3/n6 (1:5) diet (B group). The diet of pregnant female Wistar rats with intraperitoneal administration of saline and their male offspring was a control chow (normal group). Microbial composition and species abundance were investigated accordingly by the 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomics analysis on the fecal samples. Results showed that fecal microbial abundance was decreased because of VPA administration in the period of pregnancy, and the changing pattern of gut microbiota was similar to that reported in ASD patients. Furthermore, the n-3/n6 (1:5) diet increased the fecal microbial abundance and decreased the elevated Firmicutes. In conclusion, n-3/n6 PUFAs (1:5) diet supplementation may alter gut microbiota composition in VPA-exposed rats. This study put forward a new strategy for the intervention and treatment of autism by n-3/n-6 PUFAs ratio supplementation intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Peng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang-Chun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ji-Qiu Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia-Yu Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Xing
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bao-Xia Yang
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ze-Hui Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bei-Lin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Hua Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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173
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Peterson VL, Richards JB, Meyer PJ, Cabrera-Rubio R, Tripi JA, King CP, Polesskaya O, Baud A, Chitre AS, Bastiaanssen TFS, Woods LS, Crispie F, Dinan TG, Cotter PD, Palmer AA, Cryan JF. Sex-dependent associations between addiction-related behaviors and the microbiome in outbred rats. EBioMedicine 2020; 55:102769. [PMID: 32403084 PMCID: PMC7218262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple factors contribute to the etiology of addiction, including genetics, sex, and a number of addiction-related behavioral traits. One behavioral trait where individuals assign incentive salience to food stimuli ("sign-trackers", ST) are more impulsive compared to those that do not ("goal-trackers", GT), as well as more sensitive to drugs and drug stimuli. Furthermore, this GT/ST phenotype predicts differences in other behavioral measures. Recent studies have implicated the gut microbiota as a key regulator of brain and behavior, and have shown that many microbiota-associated changes occur in a sex-dependent manner. However, few studies have examined how the microbiome might influence addiction-related behaviors. To this end, we sought to determine if gut microbiome composition was correlated with addiction-related behaviors determined by the GT/ST phenotype. METHODS Outbred male (N=101) and female (N=101) heterogeneous stock rats underwent a series of behavioral tests measuring impulsivity, attention, reward-learning, incentive salience, and locomotor response. Cecal microbiome composition was estimated using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Behavior and microbiome were characterized and correlated with behavioral phenotypes. Robust sex differences were observed in both behavior and microbiome; further analyses were conducted within sex using the pre-established goal/sign-tracking (GT/ST) phenotype and partial least squares differential analysis (PLS-DA) clustered behavioral phenotype. RESULTS Overall microbiome composition was not associated to the GT/ST phenotype. However, microbial alpha diversity was significantly decreased in female STs. On the other hand, a measure of impulsivity had many significant correlations to microbiome in both males and females. Several measures of impulsivity were correlated with the genus Barnesiella in females. Female STs had notable correlations between microbiome and attentional deficient. In both males and females, many measures were correlated with the bacterial families Ruminocococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate correlations between several addiction-related behaviors and the microbiome specific to sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Peterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 2.33, 2nd Floor, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jerry B Richards
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Paul J Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Raul Cabrera-Rubio
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jordan A Tripi
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amelie Baud
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Apurva S Chitre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 2.33, 2nd Floor, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Fiona Crispie
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 2.33, 2nd Floor, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland.
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175
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Wang Y, Li N, Yang JJ, Zhao DM, Chen B, Zhang GQ, Chen S, Cao RF, Yu H, Zhao CY, Zhao L, Ge YS, Liu Y, Zhang LH, Hu W, Zhang L, Gai ZT. Probiotics and fructo-oligosaccharide intervention modulate the microbiota-gut brain axis to improve autism spectrum reducing also the hyper-serotonergic state and the dopamine metabolism disorder. Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104784. [PMID: 32305492 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is increasing, but its etiology remains elusive and hence an effective treatment is not available. Previous research conducted on animal models suggests that microbiota-gut-brain axis may contribute to ASD pathology and more human research is needed. This study was divided into two stages,.At the discovery stage, we compared the differences in gut microbiota profiles (using 16S rRNA sequencing), fecal SCFAs (using GC-MS) and plasma neurotransmitters (using UHPLC-MS/MS) of 26 children with ASD and 24 normal children. All 26 children with ASD participated in the intervention stage, and we measured the gut microbiota profiles, SCFAs and neurotransmitters before and after probiotics + FOS (n = 16) or placebo supplementation (n = 10). We found that gut microbiota was in a state of dysbiosis and significantly lower levels of Bifidobacteriales and Bifidobacterium longum were observed at the discovery stage in children with ASD. An increase in beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacteriales and B. longum) and suppression of suspected pathogenic bacteria (Clostridium) emerged after probiotics + FOS intervention, with significant reduction in the severity of autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. Compared to children in the control group, significantly lower levels of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were found, and a hyperserotonergic state (increased serotonin) and dopamine metabolism disorder (decreased homovanillic acid) were observed in children with ASD. Interestingly, the above SCFAs in children with autism significantly elevated after probiotics + FOS intervention and approached those in the control group. In addition, our data demonstrated that decreased serotonin and increased homovanillic acid emerged after probiotics + FOS intervention. However, the above-mentioned changes did not appear in the placebo group for ASD children. Probiotics + FOS intervention can modulate gut microbiota, SCFAs and serotonin in association with improved ASD symptoms, including a hyper-serotonergic state and dopamine metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Research Institute of Pediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Child Health Care, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Jun-Jie Yang
- College of Life Science, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Dong-Mei Zhao
- Institute of Child Health Care, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Bin Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.
| | - Guo-Qing Zhang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuo Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Rui-Fang Cao
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai, China.
| | - Han Yu
- Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Research Institute of Pediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Chang-Ying Zhao
- Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Research Institute of Pediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Lu Zhao
- Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Research Institute of Pediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Yong-Sheng Ge
- Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Research Institute of Pediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Research Institute of Pediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Le-Hai Zhang
- Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Research Institute of Pediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China; Microbiome Research Center, Shandong Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Shandong Institute of Industrial Technology for Health Sciences and Precision Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhong-Tao Gai
- Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Research Institute of Pediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Zhang Y, Hu N, Cai Q, Zhang F, Zou J, Liu Y, Wei D, Zhu Q, Chen K, Zeng L, Huang X. Treatment with the traditional Chinese medicine BuYang HuanWu Tang induces alterations that normalize the microbiome in ASD patients. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2020; 39:109-116. [PMID: 32775128 PMCID: PMC7392916 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2019-032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are prevalent neurobiological conditions with complicated causes worldwide. Increasing researcher awareness of ASD and accumulated evidence
suggest that the development of ASD may be strongly linked to the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. In addition, most of the current studies have compared autistic children and
neurotypical children or have compared ASD patients before and after antibiotic treatment. Treatment of autism with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has increasingly been
promoted, but the relationship between its efficacy and intestinal flora has rarely been reported. Under the premise that treatment with the TCM BuYang HuanWu Tang
is effective, we conducted a comparative bioinformatics analysis to identify the overall changes in gut microbiota in relation to ASD by comparing the intestinal flora before and
after treatment with TCM and contrasting the intestinal flora with that of healthy controls. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria showed a significant increase in children with ASD,
which may be a signature of dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. At the genus level, Blautia, Coprococcus 1, the Lachnospiraceae
family, and the Ruminococcaceae family were found at the lowest levels of relative abundance in children with ASD, whereas the abundances of
Escherichia-Shigella, Klebsiella, and Flavonifractor were significantly increased compared with those in the healthy control group. In sum, this
study characterized the alterations of the intestinal microbiome in children with ASD and its normalization after TCM treatment (TCMT), which may provide novel insights into the
diagnosis and therapy of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China.,School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Niya Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Qinming Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zou
- Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Kaisen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China.,School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
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177
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Abstract
While there are numerous medical comorbidities associated with ASD, gastrointestinal (GI) issues have a significant impact on quality of life for these individuals. Recent findings continue to support the relationship between the gut microbiome and both GI symptoms and behavior, but the heterogeneity within the autism spectrum requires in-depth clinical characterization of these clinical cohorts. Large, diverse, well-controlled studies in this area of research are still needed. Although there is still much to discover about the brain-gut-microbiome axis in ASD, microbially mediated therapies, specifically probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation have shown promise in the treatment of GI symptoms in ASD, with potential benefit to the core behavioral symptoms of ASD as well. Future research and clinical trials must increasingly consider complex phenotypes in ASD in stratification of large datasets as well as in design of inclusion criteria for individual therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Saurman
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 620 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kara G. Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 620 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ruth Ann Luna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Feigin Tower, 1102 Bates Avenue, Suite 955, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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178
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Abstract
Investigation of gut microbiome composition and diversity with respect to human personality. Analyses targeted bacterial genera linked to behaviour in animal and human psychiatric studies. Bacterial genera were modelled (using negative binomial regression) with respect to personality. Genera linked to autism are also related to social behaviour in the general population. Sociability is associated with higher diversity, and anxiety and stress with reduced diversity.
The gut microbiome has a measurable impact on the brain, influencing stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms and social behaviour. This microbiome–gut–brain axis may be mediated by various mechanisms including neural, immune and endocrine signalling. To date, the majority of research has been conducted in animal models, while the limited number of human studies has focused on psychiatric conditions. Here the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome is investigated with respect to human personality. Using regression models to control for possible confounding factors, the abundances of specific bacterial genera are shown to be significantly predicted by personality traits. Diversity analyses of the gut microbiome reveal that people with larger social networks tend to have a more diverse microbiome, suggesting that social interactions may shape the microbial community of the human gut. In contrast, anxiety and stress are linked to reduced diversity and an altered microbiome composition. Together, these results add a new dimension to our understanding of personality and reveal that the microbiome–gut–brain axis may also be relevant to behavioural variation in the general population as well as to cases of psychiatric disorders.
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179
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Stasi C, Sadalla S, Milani S. The Relationship Between the Serotonin Metabolism, Gut-Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:646-655. [PMID: 31345143 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190725115503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonin (5-HT) has a pleiotropic function in gastrointestinal, neurological/psychiatric and liver diseases. The aim of this review was to elucidate whether the gut-microbiota played a critical role in regulating peripheral serotonin levels. METHODS We searched for relevant studies published in English using the PubMed database from 1993 to the present. RESULTS Several studies suggested that alterations in the gut-microbiota may contribute to a modulation of serotonin signalling. The first indication regarded the changes in the composition of the commensal bacteria and the intestinal transit time caused by antibiotic treatment. The second indication regarded the changes in serotonin levels correlated to specific bacteria. The third indication regarded the fact that decreased serotonin transporter expression was associated with a shift in gut-microbiota from homeostasis to inflammatory type microbiota. Serotonin plays a key role in the regulation of visceral pain, secretion, and initiation of the peristaltic reflex; however, its altered levels are also detected in many different psychiatric disorders. Symptoms of some gastrointestinal functional disorders may be due to deregulation in central nervous system activity, dysregulation at the peripheral level (intestine), or a combination of both (brain-gut axis) by means of neuro-endocrine-immune stimuli. Moreover, several studies have demonstrated the profibrogenic role of 5-HT in the liver, showing that it works synergistically with platelet-derived growth factor in stimulating hepatic stellate cell proliferation. CONCLUSION Although the specific interaction mechanisms are still unclear, some studies have suggested that there is a correlation between the gut-microbiota, some gastrointestinal and liver diseases and the serotonin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Stasi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Sinan Sadalla
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Milani
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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180
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Gasparini S, Del Vecchio G, Gioiosa S, Flati T, Castrignano T, Legnini I, Licursi V, Ricceri L, Scattoni ML, Rinaldi A, Presutti C, Mannironi C. Differential Expression of Hippocampal Circular RNAs in the BTBR Mouse Model for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2301-2313. [PMID: 32020500 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with unknown etiology. Recent experimental evidences suggest the contribution of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the pathophysiology of ASD. In this work, we aimed to investigate the expression profile of the ncRNA class of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the hippocampus of the BTBR T + tf/J (BTBR) mouse model and age-matched C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Alongside, we analyzed BTBR hippocampal gene expression profile to evaluate possible correlations between the differential abundance of circular and linear gene products. From RNA sequencing data, we identified circRNAs highly modulated in BTBR mice. Thirteen circRNAs and their corresponding linear isoforms were validated by RT-qPCR analysis. The BTBR-regulated circCdh9 was better characterized in terms of molecular structure and expression, highlighting altered levels not only in the hippocampus, but also in the cerebellum, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Finally, gene expression analysis of the BTBR hippocampus pinpointed altered biological and molecular pathways relevant for the ASD phenotype. By comparison of circRNA and gene expression profiles, we identified 6 genes significantly regulated at either circRNA or mRNA gene products, suggesting low overall correlation between circRNA and host gene expression. In conclusion, our results indicate a consistent deregulation of circRNA expression in the hippocampus of BTBR mice. ASD-related circRNAs should be considered in functional studies to identify their contribution to the etiology of the disorder. In addition, as abundant and highly stable molecules, circRNAs represent interesting potential biomarkers for autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gasparini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Del Vecchio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Gioiosa
- SCAI-Super Computing Applications and Innovation Department, CINECA, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, IBIOM, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziano Flati
- SCAI-Super Computing Applications and Innovation Department, CINECA, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, IBIOM, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Castrignano
- SCAI-Super Computing Applications and Innovation Department, CINECA, Rome, Italy
- Department of Ecological and Biological, Sciences University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ivano Legnini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Arianna Rinaldi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Presutti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Mannironi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
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181
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Kong G, Cao KAL, Judd LM, Li S, Renoir T, Hannan AJ. Microbiome profiling reveals gut dysbiosis in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 135:104268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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182
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O'Donovan SM, Crowley EK, Brown JRM, O'Sullivan O, O'Leary OF, Timmons S, Nolan YM, Clarke DJ, Hyland NP, Joyce SA, Sullivan AM, O'Neill C. Nigral overexpression of α-synuclein in a rat Parkinson's disease model indicates alterations in the enteric nervous system and the gut microbiome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13726. [PMID: 31576631 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the build-up of α-synuclein protein aggregates throughout the brain; however α-synuclein is also expressed in enteric neurons. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and pathology are frequently reported in PD, including constipation, increased intestinal permeability, glial pathology, and alterations to gut microbiota composition. α-synuclein can propagate through neuronal systems but the site of origin of α-synuclein pathology, whether it be the gut or the brain, is still unknown. Physical exercise is associated with alleviating symptoms of PD and with altering the composition of the gut microbiota. METHODS This study investigated the effects of bilateral nigral injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-α-synuclein on enteric neurons, glia and neurochemistry, the gut microbiome, and bile acid metabolism in rats, some of whom were exposed to voluntary exercise. KEY RESULTS Nigral overexpression of α-synuclein resulted in significant neuronal loss in the ileal submucosal plexus with no change in enteric glia. In contrast, the myenteric plexus showed a significant increase in glial expression, while neuronal numbers were maintained. Concomitant alterations were observed in the gut microbiome and related bile acid metabolism. Voluntary running protected against neuronal loss, increased enteric glial expression, and modified gut microbiome composition in the brain-injected AAV-α-synuclein PD model. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES These results show that developing nigral α-synuclein pathology in this PD model exerts significant alterations on the enteric nervous system (ENS) and gut microbiome that are receptive to modification by exercise. This highlights brain to gut communication as an important mechanism in PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M O'Donovan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Erin K Crowley
- Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Orla O'Sullivan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre Moorepark, Cork, Ireland
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Timmons
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Centre of Gerontology and Rehabilitation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David J Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall P Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan A Joyce
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cora O'Neill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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183
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Jaggar M, Rea K, Spichak S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. You've got male: Sex and the microbiota-gut-brain axis across the lifespan. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 56:100815. [PMID: 31805290 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex is a critical factor in the diagnosis and development of a number of mental health disorders including autism, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, anorexia nervosa and others; likely due to differences in sex steroid hormones and genetics. Recent evidence suggests that sex can also influence the complexity and diversity of microbes that we harbour in our gut; and reciprocally that our gut microbes can directly and indirectly influence sex steroid hormones and central gene activation. There is a growing emphasis on the role of gastrointestinal microbiota in the maintenance of mental health and their role in the pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we introduce mechanisms by which gastrointestinal microbiota are thought to mediate positive health benefits along the gut-brain axis, we report how they may be modulated by sex, the role they play in sex steroid hormone regulation, and their sex-specific effects in various disorders relating to mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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184
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Septyaningtrias DE, Lin CW, Ouchida R, Nakai N, Suda W, Hattori M, Morita H, Honda K, Tamada K, Takumi T. Altered microbiota composition reflects enhanced communication in 15q11-13 CNV mice. Neurosci Res 2019; 161:59-67. [PMID: 31863791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder. In addition to the core symptoms of ASD, many patients with ASD also show comorbid gut dysbiosis, which may lead to various gastrointestinal (GI) problems. Intriguingly, there is evidence that gut microbiota communicate with the central nervous system to modulate behavioral output through the gut-brain axis. To investigate how the microbiota composition is changed in ASD and to identify which microbes are involved in autistic behaviors, we performed a 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomics analysis in an ASD mouse model. Here, we focused on a model with human 15q11-13 duplication (15q dup), the most frequent chromosomal aberration or copy number variation found in ASD. Species diversity of the microbiome was significantly decreased in 15q dup mice. A combination of antibiotics treatment and behavioral analysis showed that neomycin improved social communication in 15q dup mice. Furthermore, comparison of the microbiota composition of mice treated with different antibiotics enabled us to identify beneficial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for ultrasonic vocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Eurike Septyaningtrias
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Chia-Wen Lin
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Rika Ouchida
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakai
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Wataru Suda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Morita
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kenya Honda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kota Tamada
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Toru Takumi
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; RIKEN Center for Science and Technology Hub, Medical Sciences Innovation Hub Program (MIH), Japan; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
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185
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Anesi A, Rubert J, Oluwagbemigun K, Orozco-Ruiz X, Nöthlings U, Breteler MMB, Mattivi F. Metabolic Profiling of Human Plasma and Urine, Targeting Tryptophan, Tyrosine and Branched Chain Amino Acid Pathways. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9110261. [PMID: 31683910 PMCID: PMC6918267 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9110261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism has a major effect on human health, and disorders have been associated with the development of several pathologies. Recently, gut microbial metabolism was found to be important for maintaining correct physiology. Here, we describe the development and validation of a UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for targeted quantification of 39 metabolites related to tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism, branched chain amino acids and gut-derived metabolites in human plasma and urine. Extraction from plasma was optimised using 96-well plates, shown to be effective in removing phospholipids. Urine was filtered and diluted ten-fold. Metabolites were separated with reverse phase chromatography and detected using triple quadrupole MS. Linear ranges (from ppb to ppm) and correlation coefficients (r2 > 0.990) were established for both matrices independently and the method was shown to be linear for all tested metabolites. At medium spiked concentration, recovery was over 80% in both matrices, while analytical precision was excellent (CV < 15%). Matrix effects were minimal and retention time stability was excellent. The applicability of the methods was tested on biological samples, and metabolite concentrations were found to be in agreement with available data. The method allows the analysis of up to 96 samples per day and was demonstrated to be stable for up to three weeks from acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Anesi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all' Adige, Italy.
| | - Josep Rubert
- CIBIO, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, Italy.
| | - Kolade Oluwagbemigun
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ximena Orozco-Ruiz
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1-Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Monique M B Breteler
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1-Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1-Building 11, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- CIBIO, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, Italy.
- University of Trento, Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo, Italy.
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186
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Sherwin E, Bordenstein SR, Quinn JL, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbiota and the social brain. Science 2019; 366:366/6465/eaar2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aar2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sociability can facilitate mutually beneficial outcomes such as division of labor, cooperative care, and increased immunity, but sociability can also promote negative outcomes, including aggression and coercion. Accumulating evidence suggests that symbiotic microorganisms, specifically the microbiota that reside within the gastrointestinal system, may influence neurodevelopment and programming of social behaviors across diverse animal species. This relationship between host and microbes hints that host-microbiota interactions may have influenced the evolution of social behaviors. Indeed, the gastrointestinal microbiota is used by certain species as a means to facilitate communication among conspecifics. Further understanding of how microbiota influence the brain in nature may be helpful for elucidating the causal mechanisms underlying sociability and for generating new therapeutic strategies for social disorders in humans, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Seth R. Bordenstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt Microbiome Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John L. Quinn
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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187
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Gheorghe CE, Martin JA, Manriquez FV, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Clarke G. Focus on the essentials: tryptophan metabolism and the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 48:137-145. [PMID: 31610413 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication system between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, in which serotonin (5-HT) functions as a key neurotransmitter. Recent research has increasingly concentrated on tryptophan, the precursor to 5-HT and on the microbial regulation of tryptophan metabolism, with an emphasis on host-microbe control over kynurenine pathway metabolism and microbial-specific pathways that generate bioactive tryptophan metabolites. Here, we critically assess recent progress made towards a mechanistic understanding of the microbial regulation of tryptophan metabolism and microbiota-gut-brain axis homeostasis highlighting the role tryptophan metabolism plays in preclinical and clinical neuroscience and in the challenge to improve our understanding of how perturbed tryptophan metabolism contributes to stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Elise Gheorghe
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jason A Martin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Francisca Villalobos Manriquez
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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188
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Cryan JF, O'Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, Codagnone MG, Cussotto S, Fulling C, Golubeva AV, Guzzetta KE, Jaggar M, Long-Smith CM, Lyte JM, Martin JA, Molinero-Perez A, Moloney G, Morelli E, Morillas E, O'Connor R, Cruz-Pereira JS, Peterson VL, Rea K, Ritz NL, Sherwin E, Spichak S, Teichman EM, van de Wouw M, Ventura-Silva AP, Wallace-Fitzsimons SE, Hyland N, Clarke G, Dinan TG. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1877-2013. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1243] [Impact Index Per Article: 248.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one of the key regulators of gut-brain function and has led to the appreciation of the importance of a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This axis is gaining ever more traction in fields investigating the biological and physiological basis of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, and neurodegenerative disorders. The microbiota and the brain communicate with each other via various routes including the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus nerve and the enteric nervous system, involving microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence microbiota composition in early life, including infection, mode of birth delivery, use of antibiotic medications, the nature of nutritional provision, environmental stressors, and host genetics. At the other extreme of life, microbial diversity diminishes with aging. Stress, in particular, can significantly impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis at all stages of life. Much recent work has implicated the gut microbiota in many conditions including autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models have been paramount in linking the regulation of fundamental neural processes, such as neurogenesis and myelination, to microbiome activation of microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing and will greatly enhance the field. Future studies will focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis and attempt to elucidate microbial-based intervention and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kenneth J. O'Riordan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitlin S. M. Cowan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiran V. Sandhu
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin G. Codagnone
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christine Fulling
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V. Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katherine E. Guzzetta
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M. Long-Smith
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joshua M. Lyte
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jason A. Martin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alicia Molinero-Perez
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuela Morelli
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Enrique Morillas
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rory O'Connor
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joana S. Cruz-Pereira
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica L. Peterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nathaniel L. Ritz
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily M. Teichman
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana Paula Ventura-Silva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shauna E. Wallace-Fitzsimons
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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189
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Dempsey JL, Little M, Cui JY. Gut microbiome: An intermediary to neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:41-69. [PMID: 31454513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that the gut microbiome is an important regulator for neurological functions. This review provides a summary on the role of gut microbiota in various neurological disorders including neurotoxicity induced by environmental stressors such as drugs, environmental contaminants, and dietary factors. We propose that the gut microbiome remotely senses and regulates CNS signaling through the following mechanisms: 1) intestinal bacteria-mediated biotransformation of neurotoxicants that alters the neuro-reactivity of the parent compounds; 2) altered production of neuro-reactive microbial metabolites following exposure to certain environmental stressors; 3) bi-directional communication within the gut-brain axis to alter the intestinal barrier integrity; and 4) regulation of mucosal immune function. Distinct microbial metabolites may enter systemic circulation and epigenetically reprogram the expression of host genes in the CNS, regulating neuroinflammation, cell survival, or cell death. We will also review the current tools for the study of the gut-brain axis and provide some suggestions to move this field forward in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Mallory Little
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States.
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190
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired communication and social interactions, and repetitive behavioural patterns. These patterns are believed to be dysfunctional symptoms in executive processing, which impact other cognitive functions such as attention or cognitive flexibility. In recent years, several studies have shown that certain intestinal bacteria may play a role in shaping cognitive networks encompassing emotional and social domains. A microbiota-gut-brain axis is known to exist, establishing several mechanisms by which microbiota may modulate brain development, function and behaviour, including immune, endocrine and neural pathways. As the aetiology of ASD is largely unknown, some studies have shown that intestinal bacteria may be involved in its pathogenesis. The aim of this review was to focus on the role of the gut-brain axis in ASD and, specifically, on its role in executive functions. First, we summarize the relationship between the gastrointestinal and cognitive symptoms of ASD patients. In addition, we highlight the evidence that supports and emphasizes the involvement of gut microbiota, and the putative underlying mechanisms in this population. Finally, we present evidence from preclinical and clinical studies on the modulation of microbiota and their effects on cognitive symptoms, specifically in relation to executive function. In conclusion, manipulation of microbiota could be a positive intervention to improve ASD symptoms. However, more research evaluating the role of microbiota in the cognitive symptoms ASD is needed.
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191
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Allen JM, Jaggers RM, Solden LM, Loman BR, Davies RH, Mackos AR, Ladaika CA, Berg BM, Chichlowski M, Bailey MT. Dietary Oligosaccharides Attenuate Stress-Induced Disruptions in Immune Reactivity and Microbial B-Vitamin Metabolism. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1774. [PMID: 31417554 PMCID: PMC6681768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exposure to stressful stimuli dysregulates inflammatory processes and alters the gut microbiota. Prebiotics, including long-chain fermentable fibers and milk oligosaccharides, have the potential to limit inflammation through modulation of the gut microbiota. To determine whether prebiotics attenuate stress-induced inflammation and microbiota perturbations, mice were fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with galactooligosaccharides, polydextrose and sialyllactose (GOS+PDX+SL) or sialyllactose (SL) for 2 weeks prior to and during a 6-day exposure to a social disruption stressor. Spleens were collected for immunoreactivity assays. Colon contents were examined for stressor- and diet- induced changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, shotgun metagenomic sequencing and UPLC-MS/MS. Results: Stress increased circulating IL-6 and enhanced splenocyte immunoreactivity to an ex vivo LPS challenge. Diets containing GOS+PDX+SL or SL alone attenuated these responses. Stress exposure resulted in large changes to the gut metabolome, including robust shifts in amino acids, peptides, nucleotides/nucleosides, tryptophan metabolites, and B vitamins. Multiple B vitamins were inversely associated with IL-6 and were augmented in mice fed either GOS+PDX+SL or SL diets. Stressed mice exhibited distinct microbial communities with lower abundances of Lactobacillus spp. and higher abundances of Bacteroides spp. Diet supplementation with GOS+PDX+SL, but not SL alone, orthogonally altered the microbiome and enhanced the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. Metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from mice fed the GOS+PDX+SL diet unveiled genes in a Bifidobacterium MAG for de novo B vitamin synthesis. B vitamers directly attenuated the stressor-induced exacerbation of cytokine production in LPS-stimulated splenocytes. Conclusions: Overall, these data indicate that colonic metabolites, including B vitamins, are responsive to psychosocial stress. Dietary prebiotics reestablish colonic B vitamins and limit stress-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Allen
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Robert M Jaggers
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lindsey M Solden
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brett R Loman
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ronald H Davies
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amy R Mackos
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher A Ladaika
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brian M Berg
- Mead Johnson Pediatric Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN, United States
| | - Maciej Chichlowski
- Mead Johnson Pediatric Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN, United States
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
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192
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Xu M, Xu X, Li J, Li F. Association Between Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:473. [PMID: 31404299 PMCID: PMC6673757 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by stereotyped behavior and deficits in communication and social interactions. Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is an ASD-associated comorbidity, implying a potential role of the gut microbiota in ASD GI pathophysiology. Several recent studies found that autistic individuals harbor an altered bacterial gut microbiota. In some cases, remodeling the gut microbiota by antibiotic administration and microbiota transfer therapy reportedly alleviated the symptoms of ASD. However, there is little consensus on specific bacterial species that are similarly altered across individual studies. The aim of this study is to summarize previously published data and analyze the alteration of the relative abundance of bacterial genera in the gut microbiota in controls and individuals with ASD using meta-analysis. We analyzed nine studies, including 254 patients with ASD, and found that children with ASD had lower percentages of Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Parabacteroides and a higher percentage of Faecalibacterium in the total detected microflora compared to controls. In contrast, children with ASD had lower abundance of Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides, and Bifidobacterium and higher abundance of Lactobacillus. This meta-analysis suggests an association between ASD and alteration of microbiota composition and warrants additional prospective cohort studies to evaluate the association of bacterial changes with ASD symptoms, which would provide further evidence for the precise microbiological treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Xu
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric & Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Department of Pulmonology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jijun Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine on Pediatrics, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric & Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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193
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Zhang L, Shi M, Ji J, Hu X, Chen F. Gut microbiota determines the prevention effects of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem supplementation against obesity and associated metabolic disorders induced by high-fat diet. FASEB J 2019; 33:10339-10352. [PMID: 31211921 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900488r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota, identified as the target for vegetables, can affect the development of obesity and associated metabolic syndromes. As a medicinal and edible plant, Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem (LC) has abundant nutrients that can effectively reduce obesity risk. However, the interaction between the prevention effects of LC against obesity and the modulating gut microbiota of LC remain obscure. This study demonstrated LC supplementation improved high-fat diet (HFD)-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and significantly enhanced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (e.g., Blautia) along with SCFA content accumulation in the gut. Meanwhile, LC supplementation substantially restored gut barrier damage in long-term HFD treatment. Moreover, LC supplementation improved HFD-induced overweight, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation. Gene expression profiles showed that LC displayed an important impact on hepatic lipid transport and lipid synthesis (sterol regulatory element binding transcriptional factor 1c-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ signaling pathway). More importantly, an antibiotic treatment experiment demonstrated that the beneficial effects of LC in reducing obesity risk largely depended on the gut microbiota, especially SCFA-producing bacteria (e.g., Blautia). Therefore, LC supplementation improved gut microbiota dysbiosis via enhancing SCFA-producing bacteria (e.g., Blautia), maintained gut barrier integrity, and alleviated the development of obesity. Overall, LC would provide a potential dietary intervention strategy against obesity and enteral homeostasis dysbiosis through modulating the gut microbiota.-Zhang, L., Shi, M., Ji, J., Hu, X., Chen, F. Gut microbiota determines the prevention effects of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem supplementation against obesity and associated metabolic disorders induced by high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health-China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering-National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture-Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education-China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxuan Shi
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering-National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture-Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education-China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfu Ji
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering-National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture-Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education-China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering-National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture-Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education-China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering-National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture-Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education-China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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194
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Sharon G, Cruz NJ, Kang DW, Gandal MJ, Wang B, Kim YM, Zink EM, Casey CP, Taylor BC, Lane CJ, Bramer LM, Isern NG, Hoyt DW, Noecker C, Sweredoski MJ, Moradian A, Borenstein E, Jansson JK, Knight R, Metz TO, Lois C, Geschwind DH, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Mazmanian SK. Human Gut Microbiota from Autism Spectrum Disorder Promote Behavioral Symptoms in Mice. Cell 2019; 177:1600-1618.e17. [PMID: 31150625 PMCID: PMC6993574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) manifests as alterations in complex human behaviors including social communication and stereotypies. In addition to genetic risks, the gut microbiome differs between typically developing (TD) and ASD individuals, though it remains unclear whether the microbiome contributes to symptoms. We transplanted gut microbiota from human donors with ASD or TD controls into germ-free mice and reveal that colonization with ASD microbiota is sufficient to induce hallmark autistic behaviors. The brains of mice colonized with ASD microbiota display alternative splicing of ASD-relevant genes. Microbiome and metabolome profiles of mice harboring human microbiota predict that specific bacterial taxa and their metabolites modulate ASD behaviors. Indeed, treatment of an ASD mouse model with candidate microbial metabolites improves behavioral abnormalities and modulates neuronal excitability in the brain. We propose that the gut microbiota regulates behaviors in mice via production of neuroactive metabolites, suggesting that gut-brain connections contribute to the pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Sharon
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Nikki Jamie Cruz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Dae-Wook Kang
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Erika M Zink
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Cameron P Casey
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Bryn C Taylor
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christianne J Lane
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Lisa M Bramer
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Nancy G Isern
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - David W Hoyt
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Cecilia Noecker
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael J Sweredoski
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Annie Moradian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Elhanan Borenstein
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biongineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Carlos Lois
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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195
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Strain differences in the susceptibility to the gut-brain axis and neurobehavioural alterations induced by maternal immune activation in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 29:181-198. [PMID: 29462110 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing realization that the severity of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia is associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying such comorbidities remain unknown. Several genetic and environmental factors have been linked to a higher susceptibility to neurodevelopmental abnormalities. The maternal immune activation (MIA) rodent model is a valuable tool for elucidating the basis of this interaction. We induced MIA with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) at gestational day 12.5 and assessed behavioural, physiological and molecular aspects relevant to the gut-brain axis in the offspring of an outbred (NIH Swiss) and an inbred (C57BL6/J) mouse strain. Our results showed that the specific MIA protocol employed induces social deficits in both strains. However, alterations in anxiety and depression-like behaviours were more pronounced in NIH Swiss mice. These strain-specific behavioural effects in the NIH Swiss mice were associated with marked changes in important components of gut-brain axis communication: the endocrine response to stress and gut permeability. In addition, MIA-induced changes in vasopressin receptor 1a mRNA expression in the hypothalamus were observed in NIH Swiss mice only. Taken together, these data suggest that genetic background is a critical factor in susceptibility to the gut-brain axis effects induced by MIA.
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196
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Leprun PMB, Clarke G. The gut microbiome and pharmacology: a prescription for therapeutic targeting of the gut-brain axis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 49:17-23. [PMID: 31082716 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
New frontiers for host-microbe interactions continue to emerge as our knowledge of the adult gut microbiome in health and disease is continually supplemented and improved. Alterations in the gut microbiota composition in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are now linked to symptom severity while population-based evidence linking gut microbiome signatures to depression is an important new landmark. The effects of drugs on gut microbiome composition are also becoming clearer. Meanwhile, preclinical studies have delineated the influence of the gut microbiome at a structural and activity level in distinct brain regions. Bacterial metabolites, such as tryptamine, can activate specific receptors to impact gastrointestinal motility. These recent studies bring into focus the future implications for therapeutic targeting of the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline M B Leprun
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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197
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Differential effects of psychotropic drugs on microbiome composition and gastrointestinal function. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1671-1685. [PMID: 30155748 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Growing evidence supports a role for the microbiota in regulating gut-brain interactions and, thus, psychiatric disorders. Despite substantial scientific efforts to delineate the mechanism of action of psychotropic medications at a central nervous system (CNS) level, there remains a critical lack of understanding on how these drugs might affect the microbiota and gut physiology. OBJECTIVES We investigated the antimicrobial activity of psychotropics against two bacterial strain residents in the human gut, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Escherichia coli. In addition, we examined the impact of chronic treatment with these drugs on microbiota and intestinal parameters in the rat. RESULTS In vitro fluoxetine and escitalopram showed differential antimicrobial effects. Lithium, valproate and aripiprazole administration significantly increased microbial species richness and diversity, while the other treatments were not significantly different from controls. At the genus level, several species belonging to Clostridium, Peptoclostridium, Intestinibacter and Christenellaceae were increased following treatment with lithium, valproate and aripiprazole when compared to the control group. Animals treated with escitalopram, venlafaxine, fluoxetine and aripiprazole exhibited an increased permeability in the ileum. CONCLUSIONS These data show that psychotropic medications differentially influence the composition of gut microbiota in vivo and that fluoxetine and escitalopram have specific antimicrobial activity in vitro. Interestingly, drugs that significantly altered gut microbial composition did not increase intestinal permeability, suggesting that the two factors are not causally linked. Overall, unravelling the impact of psychotropics on gastrointestinal and microbiota measures offers the potential to provide critical insight into the mechanism of action and side effects of these medications.
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198
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Zhou J, Huang N, Guo Y, Cui S, Ge C, He Q, Pan X, Wang G, Wang H, Hao H. Combined obeticholic acid and apoptosis inhibitor treatment alleviates liver fibrosis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:526-536. [PMID: 31193776 PMCID: PMC6542786 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obeticholic acid (OCA), the first FXR-targeting drug, has been claimed effective in the therapy of liver fibrosis. However, recent clinical trials indicated that OCA might not be effective against liver fibrosis, possibly due to the lower dosage to reduce the incidence of the side-effect of pruritus. Here we propose a combinatory therapeutic strategy of OCA and apoptosis inhibitor for combating against liver fibrosis. CCl4-injured mice, d-galactosamine/LPS (GalN/LPS)-treated mice and cycloheximide/TNFα (CHX/TNFα)-treated HepG2 cells were employed to assess the effects of OCA, or together with IDN-6556, an apoptosis inhibitor. OCA treatment significantly inhibited hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation/proliferation and prevented fibrosis. Elevated bile acid (BA) levels and hepatocyte apoptosis triggered the activation and proliferation of HSCs. OCA treatment reduced BA levels but could not inhibit hepatocellular apoptosis. An enhanced anti-fibrotic effect was observed when OCA was co-administrated with IDN-6556. Our study demonstrated that OCA inhibits HSCs activation/proliferation partially by regulating BA homeostasis and thereby inhibiting activation of HSCs. The findings in this study suggest that combined use of apoptosis inhibitor and OCA at lower dosage represents a novel therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BA, bile acid
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- Bile acid
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CA, cholic acid
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CHX, cycloheximide
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Col, collagen
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Farnesoid X receptor
- GalN, d-galactosamine
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- Hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatocellular apoptosis
- IDN-6556
- KCs, Kupffer cells
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Liver fibrosis
- OCA, obeticholic acid
- Obeticholic acid
- PBC, primary biliary cholangitis
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle action
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ningning Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yitong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chaoliang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Qingxian He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaojie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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199
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Das UN. Beneficial role of bioactive lipids in the pathobiology, prevention, and management of HBV, HCV and alcoholic hepatitis, NAFLD, and liver cirrhosis: A review. J Adv Res 2019; 17:17-29. [PMID: 31193303 PMCID: PMC6526165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that hepatitis B virus (HBV)- and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced hepatic damage and cirrhosis and associated hypoalbuminemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) are due to an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids. Increased tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production induced by HBV and HCV leads to a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency and hypoalbuminemia. Albumin mobilizes PUFAs from the liver and other tissues and thus may aid in enhancing the formation of anti-inflammatory lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory PGE2. As PUFAs exert anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects, the presence of adequate levels of PUFAs could inactivate HCV and HBV and prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis observed in cirrhosis. PUFAs, PGE1, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins suppress TNF-α and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, exert cytoprotective effects, and modulate stem cell proliferation and differentiation to promote recovery following hepatitis, NAFLD and AFLD. Based on this evidence, it is proposed that the administration of albumin in conjunction with PUFAs and their anti-inflammatory products could be beneficial for the prevention of and recovery from NAFLD, hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. NAFLD is common in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome, suggesting that even these diseases could be due to alterations in the metabolism of PUFAs and other bioactive lipids. Hence, PUFAs and co-factors needed for their metabolism and albumin may be of benefit in the prevention and management of HBV, HCV, alcoholic hepatitis and NAFLD, and liver cirrhosis.
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200
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Lin S, Yang X, Yuan P, Yang J, Wang P, Zhong H, Zhang X, Che L, Feng B, Li J, Zhuo Y, Lin Y, Xu S, Wu D, Burrin DG, Fang Z. Undernutrition Shapes the Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Profile in Association with Altered Gut-Liver FXR Signaling in Weaning Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3691-3701. [PMID: 30864445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids, synthesized in the liver and metabolized by microbiota, have emerged as important signaling molecules regulating immune responses and cell proliferation. However, the crosstalk among nutrition, microbiota, and bile acids remains unclear. Our study indicated that undernutrition in weaning piglets led to intestinal atrophy, increased colonic production, and systemic accumulation of lithocholic acid (LCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), or their conjugated forms, which might be associated with decreased Lactobacillus abundance. Moreover, undernutrition led to increased portal fibroblast growth factor 19 ( FGF19) level, upregulated hepatic heterodimer partner ( SHP), and downregulated cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase ( CYP7A1) expression. The detrimental effects of DCA and LCA on proliferation and barrier function were confirmed in porcine enterocytes, whereas their roles in weaning piglets warrant further research. In summary, undernutrition in weaning piglets led to increased secondary bile acids production, which might be related to altered gut microbiome and enhanced farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling while CYP7A1 expression was suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqiang Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiameng Yang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Heju Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
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