151
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Talty MJ, Mott Lacroix K, Aplet GH, Belote RT. Conservation value of national forest roadless areas. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- McKinley J. Talty
- The Wilderness Society Bozeman Montana USA
- Talty Topography Bozeman Montana USA
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152
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Mori AS. Advancing nature-based approaches to address the biodiversity and climate emergency. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1729-1732. [PMID: 32959975 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity loss and climate change are often considered as intertwined issues. However, they do not receive equal attention. Even in the context of nature-based climate solutions, which consider ecosystems to be crucial to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change, the potential role of biodiversity has received little attention. Here this essay emphasizes biodiversity as the cause-not only the consequence-to help society and nature face challenges associated with the changing climate. Reconsidering and emphasizing the linkages between these twin environmental crises is urgently needed to make collective efforts for the environment truly effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira S Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
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153
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Pereira LM, Davies KK, Belder E, Ferrier S, Karlsson‐Vinkhuyzen S, Kim H, Kuiper JJ, Okayasu S, Palomo MG, Pereira HM, Peterson G, Sathyapalan J, Schoolenberg M, Alkemade R, Carvalho Ribeiro S, Greenaway A, Hauck J, King N, Lazarova T, Ravera F, Chettri N, Cheung WWL, Hendriks RJJ, Kolomytsev G, Leadley P, Metzger J, Ninan KN, Pichs R, Popp A, Rondinini C, Rosa I, Vuuren D, Lundquist CJ. Developing multiscale and integrative nature–people scenarios using the Nature Futures Framework. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Pereira
- Centre for Complex Systems in Transition Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn K. Davies
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Eefje Belder
- Agrosystems Research Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | | | - HyeJin Kim
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Jan J. Kuiper
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sana Okayasu
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Den Haag The Netherlands
| | - Maria G. Palomo
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia‐CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Henrique M. Pereira
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
- CIBIO (Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources)–InBIO (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology) Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Garry Peterson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - Rob Alkemade
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Den Haag The Netherlands
- Environmental Systems Analyses Group Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas King
- Research Unit for Environmental Science & Management North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - Tanya Lazarova
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Den Haag The Netherlands
| | - Federica Ravera
- Chair in Agroecology and Food Systems – University of VictoriaCentral University of Catalunya Vic Spain
- Department of Geography University of Girona Girona Spain
| | - Nakul Chettri
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu Nepal
| | - William W. L. Cheung
- Institute for the Oceans and FIsheries The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Rob J. J. Hendriks
- Department of Strategy, Knowledge and Innovation Nature‐Inclusive Society GroupMinistry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality The Hague The Netherlands
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Grigoriy Kolomytsev
- Department of Animal Monitoring and Conservation I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Paul Leadley
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution Bâtiment 360Univ. Paris‐Sud, AgroParisTechCNRSUniversité Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Jean‐Paul Metzger
- Department of Ecology Institute of Biosciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Ramon Pichs
- Centre for World Economy Studies (CIEM) Havana Cuba
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz Association Potsdam Germany
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment programme Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Isabel Rosa
- School of Natural Sciences Bangor University Bangor UK
| | - Detlef Vuuren
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Den Haag The Netherlands
| | - Carolyn J. Lundquist
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Hamilton New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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154
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Global correlates of terrestrial and marine coverage by protected areas on islands. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4438. [PMID: 32895381 PMCID: PMC7477099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many islands are biodiversity hotspots but also extinction epicenters. In addition to strong cultural connections to nature, islanders derive a significant part of their economy and broader wellbeing from this biodiversity. Islands are thus considered as the socio-ecosystems most vulnerable to species and habitat loss. Yet, the extent and key correlates of protected area coverage on islands is still unknown. Here we assess the relative influence of climate, geography, habitat diversity, culture, resource capacity, and human footprint on terrestrial and marine protected area coverage across 2323 inhabited islands globally. We show that, on average, 22% of terrestrial and 13% of marine island areas are under protection status, but that half of all islands have no protected areas. Climate, diversity of languages, human population density and development are strongly associated with differences observed in protected area coverage among islands. Our study suggests that economic development and population growth may critically limit the amount of protection on islands. Islands have disproportionate importance for biodiversity conservation, yet they may be underrepresented in protected areas. Here the authors assess how climate, geography, habitat diversity, and socio-economic conditions explain terrestrial and marine protected area coverage on inhabited islands and in the surrounding seas globally.
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155
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Naidoo R, Burton AC. Relative effects of recreational activities on a temperate terrestrial wildlife assemblage. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Naidoo
- WWF‐US Washington District of Columbia USA
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - A. Cole Burton
- Department of Forest Resources Management Forest Sciences Centre Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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156
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Williams BA, Venter O, Allan JR, Atkinson SC, Rehbein JA, Ward M, Di Marco M, Grantham HS, Ervin J, Goetz SJ, Hansen AJ, Jantz P, Pillay R, Rodríguez-Buriticá S, Supples C, Virnig AL, Watson JE. Change in Terrestrial Human Footprint Drives Continued Loss of Intact Ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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157
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Land use dynamics within the tallgrass prairie ecosystem: the case for the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). THEOR ECOL-NETH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-020-00452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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158
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Yang R, Cao Y, Hou S, Peng Q, Wang X, Wang F, Tseng TH, Yu L, Carver S, Convery I, Zhao Z, Shen X, Li S, Zheng Y, Liu H, Gong P, Ma K. Cost-effective priorities for the expansion of global terrestrial protected areas: Setting post-2020 global and national targets. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc3436. [PMID: 32917690 PMCID: PMC11206530 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity loss is a social and ecological emergency, and calls have been made for the global expansion of protected areas (PAs) to tackle this crisis. It is unclear, however, where best to locate new PAs to protect biodiversity cost-effectively. To answer this question, we conducted a spatial meta-analysis by overlaying seven global biodiversity templates to identify conservation priority zones. These are then combined with low human impact areas to identify cost-effective zones (CEZs) for PA designation. CEZs cover around 38% of global terrestrial area, of which only 24% is currently covered by existing PAs. To protect more CEZs, we propose three scenarios with conservative, moderate, and ambitious targets, which aim to protect 19, 26, and 43% of global terrestrial area, respectively. These three targets are set for each Convention on Biological Diversity party with spatially explicit CEZs identified, providing valuable decision support for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Hou
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinyi Peng
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyi Wang
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tz-Hsuan Tseng
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Steve Carver
- Wildland Research Institute, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ian Convery
- Centre for National Parks and Protected Areas, University of Cumbria, Cumbria, UK
| | - Zhicong Zhao
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaomin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Keping Ma
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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159
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Dinerstein E, Joshi AR, Vynne C, Lee ATL, Pharand-Deschênes F, França M, Fernando S, Birch T, Burkart K, Asner GP, Olson D. A "Global Safety Net" to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth's climate. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/36/eabb2824. [PMID: 32917614 PMCID: PMC7473742 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Global strategies to halt the dual crises of biodiversity loss and climate change are often formulated separately, even though they are interdependent and risk failure if pursued in isolation. The Global Safety Net maps how expanded nature conservation addresses both overarching threats. We identify 50% of the terrestrial realm that, if conserved, would reverse further biodiversity loss, prevent CO2 emissions from land conversion, and enhance natural carbon removal. This framework shows that, beyond the 15.1% land area currently protected, 35.3% of land area is needed to conserve additional sites of particular importance for biodiversity and stabilize the climate. Fifty ecoregions and 20 countries contribute disproportionately to proposed targets. Indigenous lands overlap extensively with the Global Safety Net. Conserving the Global Safety Net could support public health by reducing the potential for zoonotic diseases like COVID-19 from emerging in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A R Joshi
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C Vynne
- RESOLVE, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - T Birch
- Google, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - K Burkart
- One Earth, Rockefeller Philanthropy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - G P Asner
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - D Olson
- World Wildlife Fund, Hong Kong SAR
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160
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161
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Brennan A, Beytell P, Aschenborn O, Du Preez P, Funston PJ, Hanssen L, Kilian JW, Stuart‐Hill G, Taylor RD, Naidoo R. Characterizing multispecies connectivity across a transfrontier conservation landscape. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Brennan
- WWF‐US Washington DC USA
- Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- Institute for Environment, Resources and Sustainability University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Piet Beytell
- Directorate of Scientific Services Ministry of Environment and Tourism Windhoek Namibia
| | | | - Pierre Du Preez
- Ministry of Environment and Tourism Directorate of Wildlife and National Parks Okaukuejo Namibia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robin Naidoo
- WWF‐US Washington DC USA
- Institute for Environment, Resources and Sustainability University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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162
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Philipson CD, Cutler MEJ, Brodrick PG, Asner GP, Boyd DS, Moura Costa P, Fiddes J, Foody GM, van der Heijden GMF, Ledo A, Lincoln PR, Margrove JA, Martin RE, Milne S, Pinard MA, Reynolds G, Snoep M, Tangki H, Sau Wai Y, Wheeler CE, Burslem DFRP. Active restoration accelerates the carbon recovery of human-modified
tropical forests. Science 2020; 369:838-841. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay4490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
More than half of all tropical forests are degraded by human impacts,
leaving them threatened with conversion to agricultural plantations and
risking substantial biodiversity and carbon losses. Restoration could
accelerate recovery of aboveground carbon density (ACD), but adoption of
restoration is constrained by cost and uncertainties over effectiveness. We
report a long-term comparison of ACD recovery rates between naturally
regenerating and actively restored logged tropical forests. Restoration
enhanced decadal ACD recovery by more than 50%, from 2.9 to 4.4 megagrams
per hectare per year. This magnitude of response, coupled with modal values
of restoration costs globally, would require higher carbon prices to justify
investment in restoration. However, carbon prices required to fulfill the
2016 Paris climate agreement [$40 to $80 (USD) per tonne carbon dioxide
equivalent] would provide an economic justification for tropical forest
restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Philipson
- School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Philip G. Brodrick
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Gregory P. Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Doreen S. Boyd
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Pedro Moura Costa
- Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Joel Fiddes
- Mountainsense Consulting, 7249 Serneus, Switzerland
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research, CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Giles M. Foody
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Alicia Ledo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | | | - James A. Margrove
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roberta E. Martin
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sol Milne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Michelle A. Pinard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Glen Reynolds
- South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership, Danum Valley Field Centre, Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Hamzah Tangki
- Conservation & Environmental Management Division, Yayasan Sabah Group, 88817 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Yap Sau Wai
- Conservation & Environmental Management Division, Yayasan Sabah Group, 88817 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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163
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Riggio J, Baillie JEM, Brumby S, Ellis E, Kennedy CM, Oakleaf JR, Tait A, Tepe T, Theobald DM, Venter O, Watson JEM, Jacobson AP. Global human influence maps reveal clear opportunities in conserving Earth's remaining intact terrestrial ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4344-4356. [PMID: 32500604 PMCID: PMC7383735 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Leading up to the Convention on Biological Diversity Conference of the Parties 15, there is momentum around setting bold conservation targets. Yet, it remains unclear how much of Earth's land area remains without significant human influence and where this land is located. We compare four recent global maps of human influences across Earth's land, Anthromes, Global Human Modification, Human Footprint and Low Impact Areas, to answer these questions. Despite using various methodologies and data, these different spatial assessments independently estimate similar percentages of the Earth's terrestrial surface as having very low (20%-34%) and low (48%-56%) human influence. Three out of four spatial assessments agree on 46% of the non-permanent ice- or snow-covered land as having low human influence. However, much of the very low and low influence portions of the planet are comprised of cold (e.g., boreal forests, montane grasslands and tundra) or arid (e.g., deserts) landscapes. Only four biomes (boreal forests, deserts, temperate coniferous forests and tundra) have a majority of datasets agreeing that at least half of their area has very low human influence. More concerning, <1% of temperate grasslands, tropical coniferous forests and tropical dry forests have very low human influence across most datasets, and tropical grasslands, mangroves and montane grasslands also have <1% of land identified as very low influence across all datasets. These findings suggest that about half of Earth's terrestrial surface has relatively low human influence and offers opportunities for proactive conservation actions to retain the last intact ecosystems on the planet. However, though the relative abundance of ecosystem areas with low human influence varies widely by biome, conserving these last intact areas should be a high priority before they are completely lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Riggio
- National Geographic SocietyWashingtonDCUSA
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation BiologyMuseum of Wildlife and Fish BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | | | | | - Erle Ellis
- Department of Geography and Environmental SystemsUniversity of MarylandBaltimore CountyMDUSA
| | | | | | - Alex Tait
- National Geographic SocietyWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | | | - Oscar Venter
- Natural Resource and Environmental Studies InstituteUniversity of Northern British ColumbiaPrince GeorgeBCCanada
| | - James E. M. Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental ScienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
- Global ConservationWildlife Conservation SocietyBronxNYUSA
| | - Andrew P. Jacobson
- National Geographic SocietyWashingtonDCUSA
- Department of Environment and SustainabilityCatawba CollegeSalisburyNCUSA
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164
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Balzotti CS, Asner GP, Adkins ED, Parsons EW. Spatial drivers of composition and connectivity across endangered tropical dry forests. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Balzotti
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science (GDCS) Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Gregory P. Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science (GDCS) Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Edith D. Adkins
- Division of Forestry and Wildlife Hawai‘i State Department of Land and Natural Resources Hilo HI USA
- University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI USA
| | - Elliott W. Parsons
- Division of Forestry and Wildlife Hawai‘i State Department of Land and Natural Resources Hilo HI USA
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165
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Connectivity of Protected Areas: Effect of Human Pressure and Subnational Contributions in the Ecoregions of Tropical Andean Countries. LAND 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/land9080239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Conservationists recognize the value of protected area (PA) systems, with adequate coverage, ecological representation, connection, and management to deliver conservation benefits. Yet, governments primarily focus on coverage, disregarding quantification of the other criteria. While recent studies have assessed global representation and connectivity, they present limitations due to: (1) limited accuracy of the World Database of Protected Areas used, as governments may report areas that do not meet the IUCN or CBD PA definitions or omit subnational PAs, and (2) failure to include human impacts on the landscape in connectivity assessments. We constructed a validated PA database for Tropical Andean Countries (TAC; Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, and Venezuela) and used the existing Protected-Connected-Land (ProtConn) indicator—incorporating the Global Human Footprint as a spatial proxy for human pressure—to evaluate TAC ecoregions’ representation and connectivity. We found that just 27% of ecoregions in the TAC are both protected and connected on more than 17% of their lands. As we included human pressure, we conclude that previous global ProtConn studies overestimate PA connectivity. Subnational PAs are promising for strengthening the representation of PA systems. If nations seek to meet Aichi target 11, or an upcoming post-2020 30% target, further efforts are needed to implement and report subnational conservation areas and appropriately evaluate PA systems.
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166
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Buchmann-Duck J, Beazley KF. An urgent call for circular economy advocates to acknowledge its limitations in conserving biodiversity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138602. [PMID: 32325313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This discussion paper explores the relationship between biodiversity and the circular economy and the potential implications of this relationship. The circular economy has emerged as an alternative model to a traditional linear economy. It aims to tackle the resource exploitation that accompanies a linear economy and decouple economic growth from reliance on primary resources. In the face of global environmental degradation and an urgent need for change, the concept has become popular around the world and has led to the release of national policies and strategies on the circular economy. Problematically, while the basic concept is clear, it is ambiguous in how it will achieve some of its objectives, and it fails to address some key issues. In light of the accelerating rate of change, precipitous biodiversity decline is one such key issue. Through a content analysis of relevant circular economy publications, authors demonstrate that biodiversity protection is rarely mentioned in theory and policy. While the circular economy holds many benefits for society, its evasion of scrutiny has prevented it from manifesting in a comprehensive solution to environmental issues. The circular economy advocates for biomimicry, ecosystem service valuation, bioeconomy, and renewable energy. Each of these, however, has its own set of conflicts with biodiversity protection. Given the imminent need to protect biodiversity, the authors call for further research on the interaction between biodiversity and the circular economy, and for circular economy advocates to explicitly acknowledge the concept's limitations, thereby revealing the need for intersectional and complementary policies which aim to protect biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Buchmann-Duck
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Karen F Beazley
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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167
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Rounsevell MDA, Harfoot M, Harrison PA, Newbold T, Gregory RD, Mace GM. A biodiversity target based on species extinctions. Science 2020; 368:1193-1195. [PMID: 32527821 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba6592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D A Rounsevell
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany. .,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Mike Harfoot
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | | | - Tim Newbold
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Richard D Gregory
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, the Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Georgina M Mace
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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168
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Mokany K, Ferrier S, Harwood TD, Ware C, Di Marco M, Grantham HS, Venter O, Hoskins AJ, Watson JEM. Reconciling global priorities for conserving biodiversity habitat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9906-9911. [PMID: 32317385 PMCID: PMC7211919 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918373117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation and loss of natural habitat is the major driver of the current global biodiversity crisis. Most habitat conservation efforts to date have targeted small areas of highly threatened habitat, but emerging debate suggests that retaining large intact natural systems may be just as important. We reconcile these perspectives by integrating fine-resolution global data on habitat condition and species assemblage turnover to identify Earth's high-value biodiversity habitat. These are areas in better condition than most other locations predicted to have once supported a similar assemblage of species and are found within both intact regions and human-dominated landscapes. However, only 18.6% of this high-value habitat is currently protected globally. Averting permanent biodiversity loss requires clear, spatially explicit targets for retaining these unprotected high-value habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Mokany
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Simon Ferrier
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas D Harwood
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chris Ware
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Hedley S Grantham
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460
| | - Oscar Venter
- Natural Resources & Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Andrew J Hoskins
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - James E M Watson
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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169
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Stralberg D, Carroll C, Nielsen SE. Toward a climate‐informed North American protected areas network: Incorporating climate‐change refugia and corridors in conservation planning. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Stralberg
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Carlos Carroll
- Klamath Center for Conservation Research Orleans California United States
| | - Scott E. Nielsen
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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170
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Duarte CM, Agusti S, Barbier E, Britten GL, Castilla JC, Gattuso JP, Fulweiler RW, Hughes TP, Knowlton N, Lovelock CE, Lotze HK, Predragovic M, Poloczanska E, Roberts C, Worm B. Rebuilding marine life. Nature 2020; 580:39-51. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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171
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Flower J, Ramdeen R, Estep A, Thomas LR, Francis S, Goldberg G, Johnson AE, McClintock W, Mendes SR, Mengerink K, O'Garro M, Rogers L, Zischka U, Lester SE. Marine spatial planning on the Caribbean island of Montserrat: Lessons for data‐limited small islands. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Flower
- Sustainable Fisheries Group, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management & Marine Science InstituteUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | | | | | - Lennon R. Thomas
- Sustainable Fisheries Group, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management & Marine Science InstituteUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | | | - Grace Goldberg
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis Santa Barbara California
| | | | - Will McClintock
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis Santa Barbara California
| | - Stephen R. Mendes
- Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Land, Housing and the EnvironmentGovernment of Montserrat Brades Montserrat
| | | | - Melissa O'Garro
- Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Land, Housing and the EnvironmentGovernment of Montserrat Brades Montserrat
| | - Lavern Rogers
- GIS Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Land, Housing and the EnvironmentGovernment of Montserrat Brades Montserrat
| | | | - Sarah E. Lester
- Department of GeographyFlorida State University Tallahassee Florida
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172
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Belote RT, Wilson MB. Delineating greater ecosystems around protected areas to guide conservation. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa B. Wilson
- Harvard University Extension School Sustainability Graduate Program Cambridge Massachusetts
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173
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Tickner D, Opperman JJ, Abell R, Acreman M, Arthington AH, Bunn SE, Cooke SJ, Dalton J, Darwall W, Edwards G, Harrison I, Hughes K, Jones T, Leclère D, Lynch AJ, Leonard P, McClain ME, Muruven D, Olden JD, Ormerod SJ, Robinson J, Tharme RE, Thieme M, Tockner K, Wright M, Young L. Bending the Curve of Global Freshwater Biodiversity Loss: An Emergency Recovery Plan. Bioscience 2020; 70:330-342. [PMID: 32284631 PMCID: PMC7138689 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their limited spatial extent, freshwater ecosystems host remarkable biodiversity, including one-third of all vertebrate species. This biodiversity is declining dramatically: Globally, wetlands are vanishing three times faster than forests, and freshwater vertebrate populations have fallen more than twice as steeply as terrestrial or marine populations. Threats to freshwater biodiversity are well documented but coordinated action to reverse the decline is lacking. We present an Emergency Recovery Plan to bend the curve of freshwater biodiversity loss. Priority actions include accelerating implementation of environmental flows; improving water quality; protecting and restoring critical habitats; managing the exploitation of freshwater ecosystem resources, especially species and riverine aggregates; preventing and controlling nonnative species invasions; and safeguarding and restoring river connectivity. We recommend adjustments to targets and indicators for the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Sustainable Development Goals and roles for national and international state and nonstate actors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin Abell
- Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Mike Acreman
- Director of Hydroecology Consulting, Wallingford, and a fellow of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Angela H Arthington
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart E Bunn
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Environmental science and biology for the Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Dalton
- Global Water Programme for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland
| | - Will Darwall
- Head of the IUCN Freshwater Biodiversity Unit, Global Species Programme, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Edwards
- Global coordinator of Nature 2020, WWF International in Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Harrison
- IUCN-SSC Freshwater Conservation Committee and Conservation International, Arlington Virgnina
| | - Kathy Hughes
- Freshwater specialist for WWF-UK in Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Jones
- DJEnvironmental, Harpers Mill, United Kingdom
| | - David Leclère
- International Institute for Applied System Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Abigail J Lynch
- National Climate Adaptation Science Center, US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia
| | - Philip Leonard
- Freshwater Practice, WWF International in Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E McClain
- Ecohydrology, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education and with the Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dean Muruven
- Freshwater Practice of WWF International, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Julian D Olden
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Steve J Ormerod
- Ecology, Cardiff School of Biosciences and the Water Research Institute, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James Robinson
- Director of conservation, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Klement Tockner
- Liebniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries and with the Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Wright
- Director of science for WWF-UK, in Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Young
- Science adviser for WWF-UK, in Woking, United Kingdom
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174
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Belote RT, Beier P, Creech T, Wurtzebach Z, Tabor G. A Framework for Developing Connectivity Targets and Indicators to Guide Global Conservation Efforts. Bioscience 2020; 70:122-125. [PMID: 32063648 PMCID: PMC7012772 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Beier
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Tyler Creech
- Center for Large Landscape Conservation, Bozeman, Montana
| | | | - Gary Tabor
- Center for Large Landscape Conservation, Bozeman, Montana
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175
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Abstract
Biodiversity has always responded dynamically to environmental perturbations in the geological past, through changes to the abundances and distributions of genes and species, to the composition of biological communities, and to the cover and locations of different ecosystem types. This is how the 'nature' that exists today has survived. The same is true in the Anthropocene. The entire planet surface has been altered by humans, ranging from direct vegetation transformation and removal of most of the world's megafauna, through to atmospheric changes in greenhouse gasses and consequent climatic changes and ocean acidification. These anthropogenic perturbations have led to the establishment of genes and species in new locations, thus generating novel communities and ecosystems. In this historical context, recent biological changes should be seen as responses to multiple drivers of change, rather than being a problem per se. These changes are the means by which the biosphere is adjusting to and will ultimately survive the Anthropocene. Thus, management and conservation of the biological world, and our place in it, requires a transition from trying to minimize biological change to one in which we facilitate dynamism that accelerates the rates at which species and ecosystems adjust to human-associated drivers of change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Thomas
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
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176
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Roberts CM, O'Leary BC, Hawkins JP. Climate change mitigation and nature conservation both require higher protected area targets. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190121. [PMID: 31983343 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nations of the world have, to date, pursued nature protection and climate change mitigation and adaptation policies separately. Both efforts have failed to achieve the scale of action needed to halt biodiversity loss or mitigate climate change. We argue that success can be achieved by aligning targets for biodiversity protection with the habitat protection and restoration necessary to bring down greenhouse gas concentrations and promote natural and societal adaptation to climate change. Success, however, will need much higher targets for environmental protection than the present 10% of sea and 17% of land. A new target of 30% of the sea given high levels of protection from exploitation and harm by 2030 is under consideration and similar targets are being discussed for terrestrial habitats. We make the case here that these higher targets, if achieved, would make the transition to a warmer world slower and less damaging for nature and people. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum M Roberts
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Bethan C O'Leary
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Julie P Hawkins
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
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177
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Llopis JC, Diebold CL, Schneider F, Harimalala PC, Patrick L, Messerli P, Zaehringer JG. Capabilities Under Telecoupling: Human Well-Being Between Cash Crops and Protected Areas in North-Eastern Madagascar. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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178
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Gorosábel A, Estigarribia L, Lopes LF, Martinez AM, Martínez-Lanfranco JA, Adenle AA, Rivera-Rebella C, Oyinlola MA. Insights for policy-based conservation strategies for the Rio de la Plata Grasslands through the IPBES framework. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2019-0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The Río de la Plata Grasslands (RPG) are one of the most modified biomes in the world. Changes in land use and cover affect the RPG’s rich biodiversity. In particular, the expansion of crops, overgrazing, afforestation, and the introduction of exotic species pose a major threat to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES). In this study, we applied the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) conceptual framework as a new lens to approach biodiversity conservation enactments in the RPG. First, we systematically reviewed published scientific literature to identify direct and indirect drivers that affect the RPG’s BES. Further, we conducted an extensive analysis of management policies affecting the BES directly in the region, at a national and international level. We conclude by offering recommendations for policy and praxis under the umbrella of the IPBES framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carla Rivera-Rebella
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Chile; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
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179
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Global no net loss of natural ecosystems. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 4:46-49. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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180
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Simmonds JS, Reside AE, Stone Z, Walsh JC, Ward MS, Maron M. Vulnerable species and ecosystems are falling through the cracks of environmental impact assessments. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S. Simmonds
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
| | - April E. Reside
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
| | - Zoe Stone
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
| | - Jessica C. Walsh
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Australia
| | - Michelle S. Ward
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
| | - Martine Maron
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
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181
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Simmonds JS, Sonter LJ, Watson JE, Bennun L, Costa HM, Dutson G, Edwards S, Grantham H, Griffiths VF, Jones JP, Kiesecker J, Possingham HP, Puydarrieux P, Quétier F, Rainer H, Rainey H, Roe D, Savy CE, Souquet M, ten Kate K, Victurine R, Hase A, Maron M. Moving from biodiversity offsets to a target‐based approach for ecological compensation. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S. Simmonds
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
| | - Laura J. Sonter
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
| | - James E.M. Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyGlobal Conservation Program New York New York
| | - Leon Bennun
- The Biodiversity Consultancy Cambridge United Kingdom
- Conservation Science Group, Department of ZoologyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Hugo M. Costa
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyGlobal Conservation Program New York New York
| | - Guy Dutson
- The Biodiversity Consultancy Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Edwards
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Gland Switzerland
| | - Hedley Grantham
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyGlobal Conservation Program New York New York
| | | | - Julia P.G. Jones
- College of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringBangor University Bangor United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Kiesecker
- Global Conservation Lands ProgramThe Nature Conservancy Boulder Colorado
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- The Nature Conservancy Arlington Virginia
| | | | | | | | - Hugo Rainey
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyGlobal Conservation Program New York New York
| | - Dilys Roe
- International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) London United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kerry ten Kate
- Forest Trends Washington, DC
- Forest Trends Hampshire United Kingdom
| | - Ray Victurine
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyGlobal Conservation Program New York New York
| | - Amrei Hase
- Forest Trends Washington, DC
- Forest Trends Cape Town South Africa
| | - Martine Maron
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
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182
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Rainforests Are in Peril, and So Are We. Trends Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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183
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184
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Enquist BJ, Feng X, Boyle B, Maitner B, Newman EA, Jørgensen PM, Roehrdanz PR, Thiers BM, Burger JR, Corlett RT, Couvreur TLP, Dauby G, Donoghue JC, Foden W, Lovett JC, Marquet PA, Merow C, Midgley G, Morueta-Holme N, Neves DM, Oliveira-Filho AT, Kraft NJB, Park DS, Peet RK, Pillet M, Serra-Diaz JM, Sandel B, Schildhauer M, Šímová I, Violle C, Wieringa JJ, Wiser SK, Hannah L, Svenning JC, McGill BJ. The commonness of rarity: Global and future distribution of rarity across land plants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaz0414. [PMID: 31807712 PMCID: PMC6881168 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of life's diversity is that some species are common but many more are rare. Nonetheless, at global scales, we do not know what fraction of biodiversity consists of rare species. Here, we present the largest compilation of global plant diversity to quantify the fraction of Earth's plant biodiversity that are rare. A large fraction, ~36.5% of Earth's ~435,000 plant species, are exceedingly rare. Sampling biases and prominent models, such as neutral theory and the k-niche model, cannot account for the observed prevalence of rarity. Our results indicate that (i) climatically more stable regions have harbored rare species and hence a large fraction of Earth's plant species via reduced extinction risk but that (ii) climate change and human land use are now disproportionately impacting rare species. Estimates of global species abundance distributions have important implications for risk assessments and conservation planning in this era of rapid global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd., Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Xiao Feng
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Brad Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Brian Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Erica A. Newman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | - Patrick R. Roehrdanz
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Barbara M. Thiers
- New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10348, USA
| | - Joseph R. Burger
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Richard T. Corlett
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden and Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Gilles Dauby
- AMAP, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Wendy Foden
- Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, Tokai, 7947 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jon C. Lovett
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Pablo A. Marquet
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd., Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 8331150 Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global and Centro de Cambio Global UC, Chile
| | - Cory Merow
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, CT 06269, USA
| | - Guy Midgley
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Danilo M. Neves
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ary T. Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathan J. B. Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel S. Park
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Robert K. Peet
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michiel Pillet
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Mark Schildhauer
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Irena Šímová
- Centre for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Prague 1, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Jan J. Wieringa
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Lee Hannah
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) and Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Brian J. McGill
- School of Biology and Ecology and Senator George J. Mitchell Center of Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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185
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Marquet PA, Naeem S, Jackson JBC, Hodges K. Navigating transformation of biodiversity and climate. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaba0969. [PMID: 31832538 PMCID: PMC6891924 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Marquet
- Pablo A. Marquet, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
- Shahid Naeem, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA.
- Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
- Kip Hodges, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Shahid Naeem
- Pablo A. Marquet, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
- Shahid Naeem, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA.
- Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
- Kip Hodges, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Jeremy B C Jackson
- Pablo A. Marquet, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
- Shahid Naeem, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA.
- Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
- Kip Hodges, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Kip Hodges
- Pablo A. Marquet, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
- Shahid Naeem, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA.
- Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
- Kip Hodges, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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186
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Tittensor DP, Beger M, Boerder K, Boyce DG, Cavanagh RD, Cosandey-Godin A, Crespo GO, Dunn DC, Ghiffary W, Grant SM, Hannah L, Halpin PN, Harfoot M, Heaslip SG, Jeffery NW, Kingston N, Lotze HK, McGowan J, McLeod E, McOwen CJ, O’Leary BC, Schiller L, Stanley RRE, Westhead M, Wilson KL, Worm B. Integrating climate adaptation and biodiversity conservation in the global ocean. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaay9969. [PMID: 31807711 PMCID: PMC6881166 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of climate change and the socioecological challenges they present are ubiquitous and increasingly severe. Practical efforts to operationalize climate-responsive design and management in the global network of marine protected areas (MPAs) are required to ensure long-term effectiveness for safeguarding marine biodiversity and ecosystem services. Here, we review progress in integrating climate change adaptation into MPA design and management and provide eight recommendations to expedite this process. Climate-smart management objectives should become the default for all protected areas, and made into an explicit international policy target. Furthermore, incentives to use more dynamic management tools would increase the climate change responsiveness of the MPA network as a whole. Given ongoing negotiations on international conservation targets, now is the ideal time to proactively reform management of the global seascape for the dynamic climate-biodiversity reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek P. Tittensor
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Maria Beger
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kristina Boerder
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Daniel G. Boyce
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | - Guillermo Ortuño Crespo
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel C. Dunn
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Lee Hannah
- The Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Patrick N. Halpin
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mike Harfoot
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan G. Heaslip
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Nicholas W. Jeffery
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Naomi Kingston
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heike K. Lotze
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | - Chris J. McOwen
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bethan C. O’Leary
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Laurenne Schiller
- Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Ocean Wise, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan R. E. Stanley
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Maxine Westhead
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | | | - Boris Worm
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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187
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Bonebrake TC, Guo F, Dingle C, Baker DM, Kitching RL, Ashton LA. Conservation Success through IPBES-Guided Transformative Change. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:970-971. [PMID: 31601447 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Bonebrake
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Fengyi Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Caroline Dingle
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - David M Baker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Roger L Kitching
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Louise A Ashton
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.
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188
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Jacobson AP, Riggio J, M Tait A, E M Baillie J. Global areas of low human impact ('Low Impact Areas') and fragmentation of the natural world. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14179. [PMID: 31578431 PMCID: PMC6775135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation due to human activities is the leading cause of the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Protected areas are the primary response to this challenge and are the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation efforts. Roughly 15% of land is currently protected although there is momentum to dramatically raise protected area targets towards 50%. But, how much land remains in a natural state? We answer this critical question by using open-access, frequently updated data sets on terrestrial human impacts to create a new categorical map of global human influence ('Low Impact Areas') at a 1 km2 resolution. We found that 56% of the terrestrial surface, minus permanent ice and snow, currently has low human impact. This suggests that increased protected area targets could be met in areas minimally impacted by people, although there is substantial variation across ecoregions and biomes. While habitat loss is well documented, habitat fragmentation and differences in fragmentation rates between biomes has received little attention. Low Impact Areas uniquely enabled us to calculate global fragmentation rates across biomes, and we compared these to an idealized globe with no human-caused fragmentation. The land in Low Impact Areas is heavily fragmented, compromised by reduced patch size and core area, and exposed to edge effects. Tropical dry forests and temperate grasslands are the world's most impacted biomes. We demonstrate that when habitat fragmentation is considered in addition to habitat loss, the world's species, ecosystems and associated services are in worse condition than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Jacobson
- National Geographic Society, Washington D.C., 20036, USA.
- Department of Environment and Sustainability, Catawba College, Salisbury, NC, 28144, USA.
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Jason Riggio
- National Geographic Society, Washington D.C., 20036, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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189
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190
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Ardoin NM, Gould RK, Lukacs H, Sponarski CC, Schuh JS. Scale and sense of place among urban dwellers. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Ardoin
- Graduate School of Education Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
- Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Rachelle K. Gould
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources and Environmental Program University of Vermont Burlington Vermont 05405 USA
| | - Heather Lukacs
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
- Community Water Center Watsonville California 95076 USA
| | - Carly C. Sponarski
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono Maine 04469 USA
| | - Janel S. Schuh
- Graduate School of Education Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
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191
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Woodley S, Baillie JEM, Dudley N, Hockings M, Kingston N, Laffoley D, Locke H, Lubchenco J, MacKinnon K, Meliane I, Sala E, Spalding M. A bold successor to Aichi Target 11. Science 2019; 365:649-650. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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192
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Pedro Brancalion
- Department of Forest Science, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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193
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Affiliation(s)
- Erle C. Ellis
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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194
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Tollefson J. 'Global deal for nature' fleshed out with specific conservation goals. Nature 2019:10.1038/d41586-019-01253-z. [PMID: 32303727 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-01253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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