151
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Quiroga J, Alarcón P, Manosalva C, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Hidalgo MA, Carretta MD, Burgos RA. Glycolysis and mitochondrial function regulate the radical oxygen species production induced by platelet-activating factor in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 226:110074. [PMID: 32540687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows undergo metabolic disturbances in the peripartum period, during which infectious inflammatory diseases and detrimental polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) functions, such as radical oxygen species (ROS) production, are observed. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a key pro-inflammatory mediator that increases PMN ROS production. To date, the role of glycolysis and mitochondria in PAF-induced ROS production in bovine PMN has not been known. The aim of this study was to assess whether inhibition of glycolysis and disruption of mitochondrial function alter the oxidative response induced by PAF. We isolated PMN from non-pregnant Holstein Friesian heifers and pre-incubated them with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG; 2 mM, 30 min), carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP; 5 μM, 5 min), oligomycin (10 μM, 30 min) or rotenone (10 μM, 30 min). Respiratory burst was measured by luminol-chemiluminescence assay, while mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) were evaluated by MitoSOX probe and flow cytometry. Also, we detected the presence of mitochondria by MitoTracker Deep Red FM probe and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) were assessed by JC-1 probe and flow cytometry. We observed that all inhibitors separately were able to reduce PAF-induced ROS production. Presence of mitochondria was detected and PAF increased the Δψm, while CCCP reduced it. 2-DG and rotenone reduced the mtROS production induced by PAF. CCCP did not alter the mtROS and oligomycin administered independently increased mtROS production. We concluded that PAF-induced ROS production is glycolysis- and mitochondria-dependent. Bovine PMN have a functional mitochondrion and PAF induced mtROS via glycolysis and mitochondrial complex-I activity. Our results highlight an important modulation of cellular metabolism in the oxidative response induced by proinflammatory agents, which could contribute to PMN disfunction during peripartum in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quiroga
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Doctoral Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - María Angélica Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María Daniella Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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152
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Lu J, Jiang G, Wu Y, Antony S, Meitzler JL, Juhasz A, Liu H, Roy K, Makhlouf H, Chuaqui R, Butcher D, Konaté MM, Doroshow JH. NADPH oxidase 1 is highly expressed in human large and small bowel cancers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233208. [PMID: 32428030 PMCID: PMC7237001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To facilitate functional investigation of the role of NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and associated reactive oxygen species in cancer cell signaling, we report herein the development and characterization of a novel mouse monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the C-terminal region of the NOX1 protein. The antibody was validated in stable NOX1 overexpression and knockout systems, and demonstrates wide applicability for Western blot analysis, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. We employed our NOX1 antibody to characterize NOX1 expression in a panel of 30 human colorectal cancer cell lines, and correlated protein expression with NOX1 mRNA expression and superoxide production in a subset of these cells. Although a significant correlation between oncogenic RAS status and NOX1 mRNA levels could not be demonstrated in colon cancer cell lines, RAS mutational status did correlate with NOX1 expression in human colon cancer surgical specimens. Immunohistochemical analysis of a comprehensive set of tissue microarrays comprising over 1,200 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue cores from human epithelial tumors and inflammatory disease confirmed that NOX1 is overexpressed in human colon and small intestinal adenocarcinomas, as well as adenomatous polyps, compared to adjacent, uninvolved intestinal mucosae. In contradistinction to prior studies, we did not find evidence of NOX1 overexpression at the protein level in tumors versus histologically normal tissues in prostate, lung, ovarian, or breast carcinomas. This study constitutes the most comprehensive histopathological characterization of NOX1 to date in cellular models of colon cancer and in normal and malignant human tissues using a thoroughly evaluated monoclonal antibody. It also further establishes NOX1 as a clinically relevant therapeutic target in colorectal and small intestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamo Lu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guojian Jiang
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Smitha Antony
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Meitzler
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Agnes Juhasz
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Han Liu
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hala Makhlouf
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Chuaqui
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donna Butcher
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mariam M. Konaté
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James H. Doroshow
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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153
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The expression profile of redox genes in human monocytes exposed in vitro to γ radiation. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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154
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Bouzakri K, Veyrat-Durebex C, Holterman C, Arous C, Barbieux C, Bosco D, Altirriba J, Alibashe M, Tournier BB, Gunton JE, Mouche S, Bietiger W, Forterre A, Berney T, Pinget M, Christofori G, Kennedy C, Szanto I. Beta-Cell-Specific Expression of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 5 Aggravates High-Fat Diet-Induced Impairment of Islet Insulin Secretion in Mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:618-635. [PMID: 31931619 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX-es) produce reactive oxygen species and modulate β-cell insulin secretion. Islets of type 2 diabetic subjects present elevated expression of NOX5. Here, we sought to characterize regulation of NOX5 expression in human islets in vitro and to uncover the relevance of NOX5 in islet function in vivo using a novel mouse model expressing NOX5 in doxycycline-inducible, β-cell-specific manner (RIP/rtTA/NOX5 mice). Results:In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry employed on pancreatic sections demonstrated NOX5 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expressions in human islets. In cultures of dispersed islets, NOX5 protein was observed in somatostatin-positive (δ) cells in basal (2.8 mM glucose) conditions. Small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of NOX5 in human islets cultured in basal glucose concentrations resulted in diminished glucose-induced insulin secretion (GIIS) in vitro. However, when islets were preincubated in high (16.7 mM) glucose media for 12 h, NOX5 appeared also in insulin-positive (β) cells. In vivo, mice with β-cell NOX5 expression developed aggravated impairment of GIIS compared with control mice when challenged with 14 weeks of high-fat diet. Similarly, in vitro palmitate preincubation resulted in more severe reduction of insulin release in islets of RIP/rtTA/NOX5 mice compared with their control littermates. Decreased insulin secretion was most distinct in response to theophylline stimulation, suggesting impaired cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated signaling due to increased phosphodiesterase activation. Innovation and Conclusions: Our data provide the first insight into the complex regulation and function of NOX5 in islets implying an important role for NOX5 in δ-cell-mediated intraislet crosstalk in physiological circumstances but also identifying it as an aggravating factor in β-cell failure in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Bouzakri
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Chet Holterman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Caroline Arous
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Barbieux
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Altirriba
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Alibashe
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin B Tournier
- Vulnerability Biomarkers Unit, Division of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jenny E Gunton
- Centre for Diabetes, Obesity and Endocrinology, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Diabetes and Transcription Factors Group, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah Mouche
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thierry Berney
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Pinget
- Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Christopher Kennedy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ildiko Szanto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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155
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Oxidation-reduction mechanisms in psychiatric disorders: A novel target for pharmacological intervention. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107520. [PMID: 32165136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While neurotransmitter dysfunction represents a key component in mental illnesses, there is now a wide agreement for a central pathophysiological hub that includes hormones, neuroinflammation, redox mechanisms as well as oxidative stress. With respect to oxidation-reduction (redox) mechanisms, preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that an imbalance in the pro/anti-oxidative homeostasis toward the increased production of substances with oxidizing potential may contribute to the etiology and manifestation of different psychiatric disorders. The substantial and continous demand for energy renders the brain highly susceptible to disturbances in its energy supply, especially following exposure to stressful events, which may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under conditions of perturbed antioxidant defenses. This will eventually induce different molecular alterations, including extensive protein and lipid peroxidation, increased blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation, which may contribute to the changes in brain function and morphology observed in mental illnesses. This view may also reconcile different key concepts for psychiatric disorders, such as the neurodevelopmental origin of these diseases, as well as the vulnerability of selective cellular populations that are critical for specific functional abnormalities. The possibility to pharmacologically modulate the redox system is receiving increasing interest as a novel therapeutic strategy to counteract the detrimental effects of the unbalance in brain oxidative mechanisms. This review will describe the main mechanisms and mediators of the redox system and will examine the alterations of oxidative stress found in animal models of psychiatric disorders as well as in patients suffering from mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. In addition, it will discuss studies that examined the effects of psychotropic drugs, including antipsychotics and antidepressants, on the oxidative balance as well as studies that investigated the effectiveness of a direct modulation of oxidative mechanisms in counteracting the behavioral and functional alterations associated with psychiatric disorders, which supports the promising role of the redox system as a novel therapeutic target for the improved treatment of brain disorders.
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156
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Robinson AJ, Hopkins GL, Rastogi N, Hodges M, Doyle M, Davies S, Hole PS, Omidvar N, Darley RL, Tonks A. Reactive Oxygen Species Drive Proliferation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia via the Glycolytic Regulator PFKFB3. Cancer Res 2020; 80:937-949. [PMID: 31862780 PMCID: PMC7611211 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous clonal disorder with a poor clinical outcome. Previously, we showed that overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), arising from constitutive activation of NOX2 oxidase, occurs in >60% of patients with AML and that ROS production promotes proliferation of AML cells. We show here that the process most significantly affected by ROS overproduction is glycolysis. Whole metabolome analysis of 20 human primary AML showed that blasts generating high levels of ROS have increased glucose uptake and correspondingly increased glucose metabolism. In support of this, exogenous ROS increased glucose consumption while inhibition of NOX2 oxidase decreased glucose consumption. Mechanistically, ROS promoted uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) protein expression and phosphorylation of AMPK, upregulating the expression of a key regulatory glycolytic enzyme, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB3). Overexpression of PFKFB3 promoted glucose uptake and cell proliferation, whereas downregulation of PFKFB3 strongly suppressed leukemia growth both in vitro and in vivo in the NSG model. These experiments provide direct evidence that oxidase-derived ROS promotes the growth of leukemia cells via the glycolytic regulator PFKFB3. Targeting PFKFB3 may therefore present a new mode of therapy for this disease with a poor outcome. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that ROS generated by NOX2 in AML cells promotes glycolysis by activating PFKFB3 and suggest PFKFB3 as a novel therapeutic target in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Robinson
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Goitseone L Hopkins
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Namrata Rastogi
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Hodges
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
- Cardiff Experimental and Cancer Medicine Centre (ECMC), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Doyle
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
- Cardiff Experimental and Cancer Medicine Centre (ECMC), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Davies
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Hole
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Nader Omidvar
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L Darley
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Tonks
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom.
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157
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Lian Q, Yan S, Yin Q, Yan C, Zheng W, Gu W, Zhao X, Fan W, Li X, Ma L, Ling Z, Zhang Y, Liu J, Li J, Sun B. TRIM34 attenuates colon inflammation and tumorigenesis by sustaining barrier integrity. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:350-362. [PMID: 32094504 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the colonic inner mucus layer leads to spontaneously severe colitis and colorectal cancer. However, key host factors that may control the generation of the inner mucus layer are rarely reported. Here, we identify a novel function of TRIM34 in goblet cells (GCs) in controlling inner mucus layer generation. Upon DSS treatment, TRIM34 deficiency led to a reduction in Muc2 secretion by GCs and subsequent defects in the inner mucus layer. This outcome rendered TRIM34-deficient mice more susceptible to DSS-induced colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that TRIM34 controlled TLR signaling-induced Nox/Duox-dependent ROS synthesis, thereby promoting the compound exocytosis of Muc2 by colonic GCs that were exposed to bacterial TLR ligands. Clinical analysis revealed that TRIM34 levels in patient samples were correlated with the outcome of ulcerative colitis (UC) and the prognosis of rectal adenocarcinoma. This study indicates that TRIM34 expression in GCs plays an essential role in generating the inner mucus layer and preventing excessive colon inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoshi Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shanshan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chenghua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wanwei Zheng
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wangpeng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xinhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Weiguo Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xuezhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Liyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhiyang Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yaguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China. .,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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158
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Reis J, Massari M, Marchese S, Ceccon M, Aalbers FS, Corana F, Valente S, Mai A, Magnani F, Mattevi A. A closer look into NADPH oxidase inhibitors: Validation and insight into their mechanism of action. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101466. [PMID: 32105983 PMCID: PMC7042484 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH-oxidases (NOXs) purposefully produce reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) and are found in most kingdoms of life. The seven human NOXs are each characterized by a specific expression profile and a fine regulation to spatio-temporally tune ROS concentration in cells and tissues. One of the best known roles for NOXs is in host protection against pathogens but ROS themselves are important second messengers involved in tissue regeneration and the modulation of pathways that induce and sustain cell proliferation. As such, NOXs are attractive pharmacological targets in immunomodulation, fibrosis and cancer. We have studied an extensive number of available NOX inhibitors, with the specific aim to identify bona fide ligands versus ROS-scavenging molecules. Accordingly, we have established a comprehensive platform of biochemical and biophysical assays. Most of the investigated small molecules revealed ROS-scavenging and/or assay-interfering properties to various degrees. A few compounds, however, were also demonstrated to directly engage one or more NOX enzymes. Diphenylene iodonium was found to react with the NOXs' flavin and heme prosthetic groups to form stable adducts. We also discovered that two compounds, VAS2870 and VAS3947, inhibit NOXs through the covalent alkylation of a cysteine residue. Importantly, the amino acid involved in covalent binding was found to reside in the dehydrogenase domain, where the nicotinamide ring of NADPH is bound. This work can serve as a springboard to guide further development of bona fide ligands with either agonistic or antagonistic properties toward NOXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Reis
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Massari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Marchese
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Ceccon
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Friso S Aalbers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Corana
- Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Magnani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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159
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Renal Purge of Hemolymphatic Lipids Prevents the Accumulation of ROS-Induced Inflammatory Oxidized Lipids and Protects Drosophila from Tissue Damage. Immunity 2020; 52:374-387.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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160
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Ferreira F, Luxardi G, Reid B, Ma L, Raghunathan V, Zhao M. Real-time physiological measurements of oxygen using a non-invasive self-referencing optical fiber microsensor. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:207-235. [PMID: 31925402 PMCID: PMC7980673 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive molecular oxygen (O2) plays important roles in bioenergetics and metabolism and is implicated in biochemical pathways underlying angiogenesis, fertilization, wound healing and regeneration. Here we describe how to use the scanning micro-optrode technique (SMOT) to measure extracellular fluxes of dissolved O2. The self-referencing O2-specific micro-optrode (also termed micro-optode and optical fiber microsensor) is a tapered optical fiber with an O2-sensitive fluorophore coated onto the tip. The O2 concentration is quantified by fluorescence quenching of the fluorophore emission upon excitation with blue-green light. The micro-optrode presents high spatial and temporal resolutions with improved signal-to-noise ratio (in the picomole range). In this protocol, we provide step-by-step instructions for micro-optrode calibration, validation, example applications and data analysis. We describe how to use the technique for cells (Xenopus oocyte), tissues (Xenopus epithelium and rat cornea), organs (Xenopus gills and mouse skin) and appendages (Xenopus tail), and provide recommendations on how to adapt the approach to different model systems. The basic, user-friendly system presented here can be readily installed to reliably and accurately measure physiological O2 fluxes in a wide spectrum of biological models and physiological responses. The full protocol can be performed in ~4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ferreira
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental (CBMA), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Guillaume Luxardi
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian Reid
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Skin and Cosmetic Research Department, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - VijayKrishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Easwar Rao D, Viswanatha Chaitanya K. Changes in the antioxidant intensities of seven different soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars during drought. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13118. [PMID: 31845369 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drought stress-induced antioxidative defense responses were studied in seven soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) cultivars PUSA 9712, LSB 1, JS 335, ADB 22, NRC 37, DSB 20, and MAUS 61, respectively. Drought stress was imposed by withholding irrigation till the leaf water potentials reached -1.0, -1.5, and -2.0 MPa. Lipid peroxidation and superoxide, H2 O2 , • OH, DPPH radical scavenging assays were performed. Antioxidants during drought stress were studied by quantifying the ascorbic acid, glutathione, α-tocopherol, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Antioxidant levels were significantly high in soybean foliages exposed to drought with the increased concentrations of radicals and enhanced lipid peroxidation rates. Isoenzyme analysis of SOD has shown the upregulation of Cu/Zn and MnSODs. Our results demonstrate that cultivars PUSA 9712 and LSB1 have shown to possess a high rate of antioxidants and a very efficient antioxidative defense system when compared with other cultivars. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an economically important cash crop, cultivated globally for its rich protein, oil, nutraceutical, and antioxidant constituents. It is also cultivated for its rich enriched food, animal feed as well as several other commercial products. In India, most of the soybean cultivation is being done under rainfed conditions. Hence, identification of superior soybean cultivars rich in antioxidants is very important. The work presented here is the output of the investigation carried out on cramming the changes in antioxidative defense mechanisms of seven popular soybean cultivars that are regularly cultivated in India. A study was performed by quantifying the radicals, H2 O2 concentrations, lipid peroxidation, determination of enzymatic, and nonenzymatic antioxidants in all selected soybean cultivars exposed to control and increased the duration of drought stress, for the identification of superior cultivars with a rich avenue of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duvvarapu Easwar Rao
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
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Khan MF, Wang H. Environmental Exposures and Autoimmune Diseases: Contribution of Gut Microbiome. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3094. [PMID: 31998327 PMCID: PMC6970196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental agents have been gaining more attention in recent years for their role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (ADs). Increasing evidence has linked environmental exposures, including trichloroethene (TCE), silica, mercury, pristane, pesticides, and smoking to higher risk for ADs. However, potential mechanisms by which these environmental agents contribute to the disease pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is another important environmental factor that has been linked to the onset of different ADs. Altered microbiota composition is associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and dysregulation of mucosal immune system, but it is unclear if gut dysbiosis is a causal factor or an outcome of ADs. In this review article, we first describe the recent epidemiological and mechanistic evidences linking environmental/occupational exposures with various ADs (especially SLE). Secondly, we discuss how changes in the gut microbiome composition (dysbiosis) could contribute to the disease pathogenesis, especially in response to exposure to environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Firoze Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
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164
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Lee SR, An EJ, Kim J, Bae YS. Function of NADPH Oxidases in Diabetic Nephropathy and Development of Nox Inhibitors. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:25-33. [PMID: 31875663 PMCID: PMC6939690 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), play important roles in various cellular signaling networks. NADPH oxidase (Nox) isozymes have been shown to mediate receptor-mediated ROS generation for physiological signaling processes involved in cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Detectable intracellular levels of ROS can be induced by the electron leakage from mitochondrial respiratory chain as well as by activation of cytochrome p450, glucose oxidase and xanthine oxidase, leading to oxidative stress. The up-regulation and the hyper-activation of NADPH oxidases (Nox) also likely contribute to oxidative stress in pathophysiologic stages. Elevation of the renal ROS level through hyperglycemia-mediated Nox activation results in the oxidative stress which induces a damage to kidney tissues, causing to diabetic nephropathy (DN). Nox inhibitors are currently being developed as the therapeutics of DN. In this review, we summarize Nox-mediated ROS generation and development of Nox inhibitors for therapeutics of DN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Rom Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung An
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesang Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Soo Bae
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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Porter JJ, Jang HS, Haque MM, Stuehr DJ, Mehl RA. Tyrosine nitration on calmodulin enhances calcium-dependent association and activation of nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:2203-2211. [PMID: 31914408 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of reactive oxygen species caused by dysregulated endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) activity is linked to vascular dysfunction. eNOS is a major target protein of the primary calcium-sensing protein calmodulin. Calmodulin is often modified by the main biomarker of nitroxidative stress, 3-nitrotyrosine (nitroTyr). Despite nitroTyr being an abundant post-translational modification on calmodulin, the mechanistic role of this modification in altering calmodulin function and eNOS activation has not been investigated. Here, using genetic code expansion to site-specifically nitrate calmodulin at its two tyrosine residues, we assessed the effects of these alterations on calcium binding by calmodulin and on binding and activation of eNOS. We found that nitroTyr-calmodulin retains affinity for eNOS under resting physiological calcium concentrations. Results from in vitro eNOS assays with calmodulin nitrated at Tyr-99 revealed that this nitration reduces nitric-oxide production and increases eNOS decoupling compared with WT calmodulin. In contrast, calmodulin nitrated at Tyr-138 produced more nitric oxide and did so more efficiently than WT calmodulin. These results indicate that the nitroTyr post-translational modification, like tyrosine phosphorylation, can impact calmodulin sensitivity for calcium and reveal Tyr site-specific gain or loss of functions for calmodulin-induced eNOS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Porter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Hyo Sang Jang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Mohammad Mahfuzul Haque
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Dennis J Stuehr
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Ryan A Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331.
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-induced Expression of Leptin in the Intestine Orchestrates Epithelial Cell Proliferation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:627-639. [PMID: 31874255 PMCID: PMC7160578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Identifying the functional elements that mediate efficient gut epithelial growth and homeostasis is essential for understanding intestinal health and disease. Many of these processes involve the Lactobacillus-induced generation of reactive oxygen species by NADPH oxidase (Nox1). However, the downstream signaling pathways that respond to Nox1-generated reactive oxygen species and mediate these events have not been described. METHODS Wild-type and knockout mice were fed Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and the transcriptional and cell signaling pathway responses in the colon measured. Corroboration of data generated in mice was done using in organoid tissue culture and in vivo gut injury models. RESULTS Ingestion of L rhamnosus GG induces elevated levels of leptin in the gut epithelia, which as well as functioning in the context of metabolism, has pleiotropic activity as a chemokine that triggers cell proliferation. Consistently, using gut epithelial-specific knockout mice, we show that L rhamnosus GG-induced elevated levels of leptin is dependent on a functional Nox1 protein in the colonic epithelium, and that L rhamnosus GG-induced cell proliferation is dependent on Nox1, leptin, and leptin receptor. We also show that L rhamnosus GG induces the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in the gut in a Nox1, leptin, and leptin receptor-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a novel role for leptin in the response to colonization by lactobacilli, where leptin functions in the transduction of signals from symbiotic bacteria to subepithelial compartments, where it modulates intestinal growth and homeostasis.
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Analysis of free radical production capacity in mouse faeces and its possible application in evaluating the intestinal environment: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19533. [PMID: 31862981 PMCID: PMC6925209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex interplay between the intestinal environment and the host has attracted considerable attention and has been well studied with respect to the gut microbiome and metabolome. Oxygen free radicals such as superoxide and the hydroxyl radical (•OH) are generated during normal cellular metabolism. They are toxic to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and might thus affect intestinal homeostasis. However, the effect of oxygen free radicals on the intestinal environment has not been widely studied. Herein, we applied electron spin resonance spectroscopy with spin trapping reagents to evaluate oxygen free radical production capacity in the intestinal lumen and the faeces of mice. •OH was generated in faeces and lumens of the small and large intestines. There were no remarkable differences in •OH levels between faeces and the large intestine, suggesting that faeces can be used as alternative samples to estimate the •OH production capacity in the colonic contents. We then compared free radical levels in faecal samples among five different mouse strains (ddY, ICR, C57BL/6, C3H/HeJ, and BALB/c) and found that strain ddY had considerably higher levels than the other four strains. In addition, strain ddY was more susceptible to dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis. These differences were possibly related to the relative abundance of the gut bacterial group Candidatus Arthromitus, which is known to modulate the host immune response. From these results, we suggest that the production capacity of oxygen free radicals in mouse faeces is associated with intestinal homeostasis.
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Manganese Porphyrin-Based SOD Mimetics Produce Polysulfides from Hydrogen Sulfide. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120639. [PMID: 31842297 PMCID: PMC6943712 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese-centered porphyrins (MnPs), MnTE-2-PyP5+ (MnTE), MnTnHex-2-PyP5+ (MnTnHex), and MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (MnTnBuOE) have received considerable attention because of their ability to serve as superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics thereby producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and oxidants of ascorbate and simple aminothiols or protein thiols. MnTE-2-PyP5+ and MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ are now in five Phase II clinical trials warranting further exploration of their rich redox-based biology. Previously, we reported that SOD is also a sulfide oxidase catalyzing the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to hydrogen persulfide (H2S2) and longer-chain polysulfides (H2Sn, n = 3–7). We hypothesized that MnPs may have similar actions on sulfide metabolism. H2S and polysulfides were monitored in fluorimetric assays with 7-azido-4-methylcoumarin (AzMC) and 3′,6′-di(O-thiosalicyl)fluorescein (SSP4), respectively, and specific polysulfides were further identified by mass spectrometry. MnPs concentration-dependently consumed H2S and produced H2S2 and subsequently longer-chain polysulfides. This reaction appeared to be O2-dependent. MnP absorbance spectra exhibited wavelength shifts in the Soret and Q bands characteristic of sulfide-mediated reduction of Mn. Taken together, our results suggest that MnPs can become efficacious activators of a variety of cytoprotective processes by acting as sulfide oxidation catalysts generating per/polysulfides.
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Wu W, Jin Y, Teng L, Shao X, Wang Y, Feng S, Wang C, Jiang H, Wu J. Mitochondria-related reversal of early-stage diabetic nephropathy in donor kidney after transplantation in mice. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:801. [PMID: 32042817 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.12.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Renal diabetic changes are frequent in kidney transplantation (KTx) donors. Whether these diabetic changes are reversible remains a topic of debate. This study aimed to test the hypothesized reversibility of diabetic changes after KTx. Methods C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups: the control group, early-stage group (ESG), and advanced-stage group (ASG). Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 50 mg/kg body weight for five consecutive days. Blood glucose levels ≥16.7 mmol/L were indicative of diabetic mice. The kidneys from ESG and ASG were transplanted to control mice 12 or 32 weeks after STZ injection. Kidney tissue, blood, and 24-hour urine specimens of donor and recipient mice were collected before KTx and 28 days after KTx, respectively. We measured the body weight, blood glucose, histological changes, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis. Electron microscopy was also performed to evaluate the mitochondrial morphology. The expression of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) was assessed by qRT-PCR. Results Kidneys from early-stage diabetic mice showed evidence of lesion reversal four weeks after KTx, including decreased urinary albumin and reversal of histological changes. Besides, mitochondrial swelling, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and overexpression of NOXs in the kidneys were also suppressed. Conversely, no changes were observed in kidneys from advanced-stage diabetic mice after KTx. Conclusions We confirmed that early-stage but not advanced-stage diabetic nephropathy (DN) is reversible, which is related to reduced NOX expression and improvement in mitochondrial function. These results indicated that kidneys with early-stage DN could be used for KTx in clinical practice, as the disease may be reversed following KTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Wu
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yiming Jin
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Department of Nephropathy, Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Lisha Teng
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xue Shao
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shi Feng
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Cuili Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jianyong Wu
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Yoon SJ, Jo DH, Park SH, Park JY, Lee YK, Lee MS, Min JK, Jung H, Kim TD, Yoon SR, Chung SW, Kim JH, Choi I, Park YJ. Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein Promotes Phagosomal Acidification Upon Exposure to Escherichia coli Through Inflammasome-Mediated Caspase-1 Activation in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2636. [PMID: 31781121 PMCID: PMC6861186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In host defense, it is crucial to maintain the acidity of the macrophage phagosome for effective bacterial clearance. However, the mechanisms governing phagosomal acidification upon exposure to gram-negative bacteria have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that in macrophages exposed to Escherichia coli, the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)-associated inflammasome plays a role in pH modulation through the activated caspase-1-mediated inhibition of NADPH oxidase. While there was no difference in early-phase bacterial engulfment between Txnip knockout (KO) macrophages and wild-type (WT) macrophages, Txnip KO macrophages were less efficient at destroying intracellular bacteria in the late phase, and their phagosomes failed to undergo appropriate acidification. These phenomena were associated with reactive oxygen species production and were reversed by treatment with an NADPH oxidase inhibitor or a caspase inhibitor. In line with these results, Txnip KO mice were more susceptible to both intraperitoneally administered E. coli and sepsis induced by cecum ligation and puncture than WT mice. Taken together, this study suggests that the TXNIP-associated inflammasome-caspase-1 axis regulates NADPH oxidase to modulate the pH of the phagosome, controlling bacterial clearance by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Yoon
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Jo
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Park
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yoo-Kyung Lee
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Suk Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Su Wol Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Inpyo Choi
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea
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Sousa L, Oliveira MM, Pessôa MTC, Barbosa LA. Iron overload: Effects on cellular biochemistry. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 504:180-189. [PMID: 31790701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for human life. However, it is a pro-oxidant agent capable of reacting with hydrogen peroxide. An iron overload can cause cellular changes, such as damage to the plasma membrane leading to cell death. Effects of iron overload in cellular biochemical processes include modulating membrane enzymes, such as the Na, K-ATPase, impairing the ionic transport and inducing irreversible damage to cellular homeostasis. To avoid such damage, cells have an antioxidant system that acts in an integrated manner to prevent oxidative stress. In addition, the cells contain proteins responsible for iron transport and storage, preventing its reaction with other substances during absorption. Moreover, iron is associated with cellular events coordinated by iron-responsive proteins (IRPs) that regulate several cellular functions, including a process of cell death called ferroptosis. This review will address the biochemical aspects of iron overload at the cellular level and its effects on important cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilismara Sousa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio C Pessôa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro A Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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Stubelius A, Lee S, Almutairi A. The Chemistry of Boronic Acids in Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3108-3119. [PMID: 31599160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in increasing drug delivery efficiency has risen over the past decade both as a means to improve efficacy of already clinically available drugs and due to the increased difficulties of approving new drugs. As a functional group for targeted drug delivery, boronic acids (BAs) have been incorporated in polymeric particles both as a stimuli-responsive functional group and as a targeting ligand. Here, BA chemistry presents a wealth of opportunities for biological applications. It not only reacts with several chemical markers of disease such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glucose, and reduced pH, but it also acts as ligands for diols such as sialic acid. These stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems optimize delivery of therapeutics based on rational design and precise molecular engineering. When designing materials containing BA, the unique chemical properties are important to take into consideration such as its vacant p-orbital, its molecular geometry, and the designed acid's pKa. Instead of behaving as most carboxylic acids that donate protons, BAs instead primarily act as Lewis acids that accept electrons. In aqueous solution, most polymers containing BA exist in an equilibrium between their triangular hydrophobic form and a tetrahedral hydrophilic form. The most common pKa's are in the nonphysiological range of 8-10, and much ongoing research focuses on modifying BAs into materials sensitive to a more physiologically relevant pH range. So far, BA moieties have been incorporated into a stunning array of materials, ranging from small molecules that can self-assemble into higher order structures such as micelles and polymeric micelles, via larger polymeric assemblies, to large scale hydrogels. With the abundance of biological molecules containing diols and polyhydroxy motifs, BA-containing materials have proven valuable in several biomedical applications such as treatment of cancer, diabetes, obesity, and bacterial infections. Both materials functionalized with BA and boronic esters display good safety profiles in vitro and in vivo; thus, BA-containing materials represent promising carriers for responsive delivery systems with great potential for clinical translation. The intention of this Account is to showcase the versatility of BA for biomedical applications. We first discuss the chemistry of BA and what to consider when designing BA-containing materials. Further, we review how its chemistry recently has been applied to nanomaterials for enhanced delivery efficiency, both as a stimuli-responsive group and as a targeting ligand. Lastly, we discuss the current limitations and further perspectives of BA in biomaterials, based on the great benefits that can come from utilizing the unique BA chemistry to enhance drug delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stubelius
- UCSD Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sangeun Lee
- Department of NanoEngineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Adah Almutairi
- UCSD Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of NanoEngineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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173
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Colitis susceptibility in mice with reactive oxygen species deficiency is mediated by mucus barrier and immune defense defects. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1316-1326. [PMID: 31554901 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidases (NOX/DUOX) provide antimicrobial defense, redox signaling, and gut barrier maintenance. Inactivating NOX variants are associated with comorbid intestinal inflammation in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD; NOX2) and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; NOX1); however Nox-deficient mice do not reflect human disease susceptibility. Here we assessed if a hypomorphic patient-relevant CGD mutation will increase the risk for intestinal inflammation in mice. Cyba (p22phox) mutant mice generated low intestinal ROS, while maintaining Nox4 function. The Cyba variant caused profound mucus layer disruption with bacterial penetration into crypts, dysbiosis, and a compromised innate immune response to invading microbes, leading to mortality. Approaches used in treatment-resistant CGD or pediatric IBD such as bone marrow transplantation or oral antibiotic treatment ameliorated or prevented disease in mice. The Cyba mutant mouse phenotype implicates loss of both mucus barrier and efficient innate immune defense in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation due to ROS deficiency, supporting a combined-hit model where a single disease variant compromises different cellular functions in interdependent compartments.
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174
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Rocco-Machado N, Cosentino-Gomes D, Nascimento MT, Paes-Vieira L, Khan YA, Mittra B, Andrews NW, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Leishmania amazonensis ferric iron reductase (LFR1) is a bifunctional enzyme: Unveiling a NADPH oxidase activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:341-353. [PMID: 31446054 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis is one of leishmaniasis' causative agents, a disease that has no cure and leads to the appearance of cutaneous lesions. Recently, our group showed that heme activates a Na+/K+ ATPase in these parasites through a signaling cascade involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation. Heme has a pro-oxidant activity and signaling capacity, but the mechanism by which this molecule increases H2O2 levels in L. amazonensis has not been elucidated. Here we investigated the source of H2O2 stimulated by heme, ruling out the participation of mitochondria and raising the possibility of a role for a NADPH oxidase (Nox) activity. Despite the absence of a classical Nox sequence in trypanosomatid genomes, L. amazonensis expresses a surface ferric iron reductase (LFR1). Interestingly, Nox enzymes are thought to have evolved from ferric iron reductases because they share same core domain and are very similar in structure. The main difference is that Nox catalyses electron flow from NADPH to oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), while ferric iron reductase promotes electron flow to ferric iron, generating ferrous iron. Using L. amazonensis overexpressing or knockout for LFR1 and heterologous expression of LFR1 in mammalian embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells, we show that this enzyme is bifunctional, being able to generate both ferrous iron and H2O2. It was previously described that protozoans knockout for LFR1 have their differentiation to virulent forms (amastigote and metacyclic promastigote) impaired. In this work, we observed that LFR1 overexpression stimulates protozoan differentiation to amastigote forms, reinforcing the importance of this enzyme in L. amazonensis life cycle regulation. Thus, we not only identified a new source of ROS production in Leishmania, but also described, for the first time, an enzyme with both ferric iron reductase and Nox activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rocco-Machado
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - D Cosentino-Gomes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - M T Nascimento
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - L Paes-Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Y A Khan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 20742, College Park, MD, United States
| | - B Mittra
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 20742, College Park, MD, United States
| | - N W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 20742, College Park, MD, United States
| | - J R Meyer-Fernandes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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175
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Matthews JD, Owens JA, Naudin CR, Saeedi BJ, Alam A, Reedy AR, Hinrichs BH, Sumagin R, Neish AS, Jones RM. Neutrophil-Derived Reactive Oxygen Orchestrates Epithelial Cell Signaling Events during Intestinal Repair. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2221-2232. [PMID: 31472109 PMCID: PMC6892184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that reactive oxygen (eg, hydrogen peroxide) can activate host cell signaling pathways that function in repair. We show that mice deficient in their capacity to generate reactive oxygen by the NADPH oxidase 2 holoenzyme, an enzyme complex highly expressed in neutrophils and macrophages, have disrupted capacity to orchestrate signaling events that function in mucosal repair. Similar observations were made for mice after neutrophil depletion, pinpointing this cell type as the source of the reactive oxygen driving oxidation-reduction protein signaling in the epithelium. To simulate epithelial exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen produced by neutrophils and gain new insight into this oxidation-reduction signaling, epithelial cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide, biochemical experiments were conducted, and a proteome-wide screen was performed using isotope-coded affinity tags to detect proteins oxidized after exposure. This analysis implicated signaling pathways regulating focal adhesions, cell junctions, and maintenance of the cytoskeleton. These pathways are also known to act via coordinated phosphorylation events within proteins that constitute the focal adhesion complex, including focal adhesion kinase and Crk-associated substrate. We identified the Rho family small GTP-binding protein Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 and p21 activated kinases 2 as operational in these signaling and localization pathways. These data support the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species from neutrophils can orchestrate epithelial cell-signaling events functioning in intestinal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Matthews
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joshua A Owens
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Crystal R Naudin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bejan J Saeedi
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ashfaqul Alam
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - April R Reedy
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin H Hinrichs
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ronen Sumagin
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago Illinois
| | - Andrew S Neish
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rheinallt M Jones
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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176
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Proton channel blockers inhibit Duox activity independent of Hv1 effects. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101346. [PMID: 31678720 PMCID: PMC6920136 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase reaction produces protons. In the case of the NADPH oxidase, NOX2, activity depends on secretion of these protons and is inhibited by blockade of the voltage-gated proton channel (Hv1). Duox1 and Duox2 activities similarly produce intracellular protons but synthesize hydrogen peroxide directly instead of superoxide. Hv1 contributes to acid secretion in some epithelia that express Duox. To test the hypothesis that Duox activity is also sensitive to Hv1 channel blockers, Duox was assayed in the presence of either Zn2+ or 5-chloro-2-guanidinobenzimidazole (ClGBI). Both compounds inhibited Duox activity in normal human bronchial epithelial cells but with an IC50 over 10-fold higher than that reported for Hv1 (IC50 Zn2+ = 0.68 mM; IC50 ClGBI = 0.07–0.14 mM). Homogenized HEK293T cells expressing either Duox1 or Duox2 showed similar IC50 values for ClGBI suggesting these compounds inhibit the enzymes through alternate mechanisms independent of Hv1 proton secretion. Inclusion of superoxide dismutase did not restore Duox hydrogen peroxide synthesis. Addition of nigericin to eliminate any possible transmembrane pH gradients in intracellular membrane-localized Duox did not alter activity in HEK293T homogenates. Extracellular Zn2+ blocked intracellular Ca2+ increases needed for Duox activity. Together the data suggest that Duox enzyme activities in epithelia are inhibited by compounds that block Hv1 but inhibition occurs through Hv1-independent mechanisms and support the idea that Hv1 is not required for Duox activity. Hv1 proton channel inhibitors block Duox in differentiated bronchial epithelial cells. Zinc blocks Duox activity concurrently with reduction of calcium transients. ClGBI, an inhibitor of Hv1, blocks Duox activity in homogenates of cells lacking Hv1. In differentiated bronchial epithelia, Hv1 blockers did not alter intracellular pH. H+/K+ ATPase inhibition acidified cytoplasm but did not block Duox activity.
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177
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Wang F, Lv H, Zhao B, Zhou L, Wang S, Luo J, Liu J, Shang P. Iron and leukemia: new insights for future treatments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:406. [PMID: 31519186 PMCID: PMC6743129 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron, an indispensable element for life, is involved in all kinds of important physiological activities. Iron promotes cell growth and proliferation, but it also causes oxidative stress damage. The body has a strict regulation mechanism of iron metabolism due to its potential toxicity. As a cancer of the bone marrow and blood cells, leukemia threatens human health seriously. Current studies suggest that dysregulation of iron metabolism and subsequent accumulation of excess iron are closely associated with the occurrence and progress of leukemia. Specifically, excess iron promotes the development of leukemia due to the pro-oxidative nature of iron and its damaging effects on DNA. On the other hand, leukemia cells acquire large amounts of iron to maintain rapid growth and proliferation. Therefore, targeting iron metabolism may provide new insights for approaches to the treatment of leukemia. This review summarizes physiologic iron metabolism, alternations of iron metabolism in leukemia and therapeutic opportunities of targeting the altered iron metabolism in leukemia, with a focus on acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Huanhuan Lv
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.,Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Liangfu Zhou
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Shenghang Wang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China. .,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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178
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Ulrich K, Jakob U. The role of thiols in antioxidant systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 140:14-27. [PMID: 31201851 PMCID: PMC7041647 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur biochemistry of the thiol group endows cysteines with a number of highly specialized and unique features that enable them to serve a variety of different functions in the cell. Typically highly conserved in proteins, cysteines are predominantly found in functionally or structurally crucial regions, where they act as stabilizing, catalytic, metal-binding and/or redox-regulatory entities. As highly abundant low molecular weight thiols, cysteine thiols and their oxidized disulfide counterparts are carefully balanced to maintain redox homeostasis in various cellular compartments, protect organisms from oxidative and xenobiotic stressors and partake actively in redox-regulatory and signaling processes. In this review, we will discuss the role of protein thiols as scavengers of hydrogen peroxide in antioxidant enzymes, use thiol peroxidases to exemplify how protein thiols contribute to redox signaling, provide an overview over the diverse set of low molecular weight thiol-based redox systems found in biology, and illustrate how thiol-based redox systems have evolved not only to protect against but to take full advantage of a world full of molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Ulrich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michgan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ursula Jakob
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michgan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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179
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Olson KR. Hydrogen sulfide, reactive sulfur species and coping with reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 140:74-83. [PMID: 30703482 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Life began in a ferruginous (anoxic and Fe2+ dominated) world around 3.8 billion years ago (bya). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other sulfur molecules from hydrothermal vents and other fissures provided many key necessities for life's origin including catalytic platforms (primordial enzymes) that also served as primitive boundaries (cell walls), substrates for organic synthesis and a continuous source of energy in the form of reducing equivalents. Anoxigenic photosynthesis oxidizing H2S followed within a few hundred million years and laid the metabolic groundwork for oxidative photosynthesis some half-billion years later that slightly and episodically increased atmospheric oxygen around 2.3 bya. This oxidized terrestrial sulfur to sulfate which was washed to the sea where it was reduced creating vast euxinic (anoxic and sulfidic) areas. It was in this environment that eukaryotic cells appeared around 1.5 bya and where they evolved for nearly 1 billion additional years. Oxidative photosynthesis finally oxidized the oceans and around 0.6 bya oxygen levels in the atmosphere and oceans began to rise toward present day levels. This is purported to have been a life-threatening event due to the prevalence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus necessitated the elaboration of chemical and enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms. However, these antioxidants initially appeared around the time of anoxigenic photosynthesis suggesting a commitment to metabolism of reactive sulfur species (RSS). This review examines these events and suggests that many of the biological attributes assigned to ROS may, in fact, be due to RSS. This is underscored by observations that ROS and RSS are chemically similar, often indistinguishable by analytical methods and the fact that the bulk of biochemical and physiological experiments are performed in unphysiologically oxic environments where ROS are artifactually favored over RSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, Raclin Carmichael Hall, 1234 Notre Dame Ave, South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
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180
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Hydrogen peroxide release by bacteria suppresses inflammasome-dependent innate immunity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3493. [PMID: 31375698 PMCID: PMC6677825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has a major function in host-microbial interactions. Although most studies have focused on the endogenous H2O2 produced by immune cells to kill microbes, bacteria can also produce H2O2. How microbial H2O2 influences the dynamics of host-microbial interactions is unclear. Here we show that H2O2 released by Streptococcus pneumoniae inhibits inflammasomes, key components of the innate immune system, contributing to the pathogen colonization of the host. We also show that the oral commensal H2O2-producing bacteria Streptococcus oralis can block inflammasome activation. This study uncovers an unexpected role of H2O2 in immune suppression and demonstrates how, through this mechanism, bacteria might restrain the immune system to co-exist with the host. The functions of microbial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in host-pathogen interactions are unclear. Here, Erttmann and Gekara show that H2O2 released by Streptococcus pneumoniae inhibits inflammasomes, and thereby contributes to the pathogen’s ability to colonize the host.
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181
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Merla C, Liberti M, Consales C, Denzi A, Apollonio F, Marino C, Benassi B. Evidences of plasma membrane-mediated ROS generation upon ELF exposure in neuroblastoma cells supported by a computational multiscale approach. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1446-1457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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182
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Nauseef WM. The phagocyte NOX2 NADPH oxidase in microbial killing and cell signaling. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:130-140. [PMID: 31302569 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The phagocyte NADPH oxidase possesses a transmembrane electron transferase comprised of gp91phox (aka NOX2) and p22phox and two multicomponent cytosolic complexes, which in stimulated phagocytes translocate to assemble a functional enzyme complex at plasma or phagosomal membranes. The NOX2-centered NADPH oxidase shuttles electrons from cytoplasmic NADPH to molecular oxygen in phagosomes or the extracellular space to produce oxidants that support optimal antimicrobial activity by phagocytes. Additionally, NOX2-generated oxidants have been implicated in both autocrine and paracrine signaling in a variety of biological contexts. However, when interpreting experimental results, investigators must recognize the complexity inherent in the biochemistry of oxidant-mediated attack of microbial targets and the technical limitations of the probes currently used to detect intracellular oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 501 EMRB, 431 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1101, United States.
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183
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Ladak AA, Enam SA, Ibrahim MT. A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury. World Neurosurg 2019; 131:126-132. [PMID: 31301445 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to any insult to the brain resulting in primary (direct) and secondary (indirect) damage to the brain parenchyma. Secondary damage is often linked to the molecular mechanisms that occur post TBI and result in excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and cytokine damage, oxidative damage, and eventual cell death as prominent mechanisms of cell damage. We present a review highlighting the relation of each of these mechanisms with TBI, their mode of damaging brain tissue, and therapeutic correlation. We also mention the long-term sequelae and their pathophysiology in relation to TBI focusing on Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms is important in order to realize the secondary and long-term sequelae that follow primary TBI and to devise targeted therapy for quick recovery accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Akbar Ladak
- Medical College, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ather Enam
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
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184
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Shea BS, Opal SM. The Role of S1PR3 in Protection from Bacterial Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 196:1500-1502. [PMID: 28910137 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201708-1726ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Shea
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence, Rhode Island and
| | - Steven M Opal
- 2 Infectious Disease Division Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence, Rhode Island
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185
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H 2O 2 Metabolism in Normal Thyroid Cells and in Thyroid Tumorigenesis: Focus on NADPH Oxidases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8050126. [PMID: 31083324 PMCID: PMC6563055 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8050126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone synthesis requires adequate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production that is utilized as an oxidative agent during the synthesis of thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid H2O2 is generated by a member of the family of NADPH oxidase enzymes (NOX-es), termed dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2). NOX/DUOX enzymes produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as their unique enzymatic activity in a timely and spatially regulated manner and therefore, are important regulators of diverse physiological processes. By contrast, dysfunctional NOX/DUOX-derived ROS production is associated with pathological conditions. Inappropriate DUOX2-generated H2O2 production results in thyroid hypofunction in rodent models. Recent studies also indicate that ROS improperly released by NOX4, another member of the NOX family, are involved in thyroid carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the current knowledge concerning the redox regulation of thyroid hormonogenesis and cancer development with a specific emphasis on the NOX and DUOX enzymes in these processes.
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186
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Olson KR, Gao Y. Effects of inhibiting antioxidant pathways on cellular hydrogen sulfide and polysulfide metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 135:1-14. [PMID: 30790656 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elaborate antioxidant pathways have evolved to minimize the threat of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to regulate ROS as signaling entities. ROS are chemically and functionally similar to reactive sulfur species (RSS) and both ROS and RSS have been shown to be metabolized by the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Here we use fluorophores to examine the effects of a variety of inhibitors of antioxidant pathways on metabolism of two important RSS, hydrogen sulfide (H2S with AzMC) and polysulfides (H2Sn, where n = 2-7, with SSP4) in HEK293 cells. Cells were exposed to inhibitors for up to 5 days in normoxia (21% O2) and hypoxia (5% O2), conditions also known to affect ROS production. Decreasing intracellular glutathione (GSH) with l-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO) or diethyl maleate (DEM) decreased H2S production for 5 days but did not affect H2Sn. The glutathione reductase inhibitor, auranofin, initially decreased H2S and H2Sn but after two days H2Sn increased over controls. Inhibition of peroxiredoxins with conoidin A decreased H2S and increased H2Sn, whereas the glutathione peroxidase inhibitor, tiopronin, increased H2S. Aminoadipic acid, an inhibitor of cystine uptake did not affect either H2S or H2Sn. In buffer, the glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase inhibitor, 2-AAPA, the glutathione peroxidase mimetic, ebselen, and tiopronin variously reacted directly with AzMC and SSP4, reacted with H2S and H2S2, or optically interfered with AzMC or SSP4 fluorescence. Collectively these results show that antioxidant inhibitors, generally known for their ability to increase cellular ROS, have various effects on cellular RSS. These findings suggest that the inhibitors may affect cellular sulfur metabolism pathways that are not related to ROS production and in some instances they may directly affect RSS or the methods used to measure them. They also illustrate the importance of carefully evaluating RSS metabolism when biologically or pharmacologically attempting to manipulate ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine - South Bend, South Bend, IN, 46617, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Yan Gao
- Indiana University School of Medicine - South Bend, South Bend, IN, 46617, USA
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187
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Structure and mechanisms of ROS generation by NADPH oxidases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 59:91-97. [PMID: 31051297 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are integral membrane enzymes that produce reactive oxygen species. Humans have seven NOX enzymes that feature a very similar catalytic core but distinct regulatory mechanisms. The recent structural elucidation of the NOX catalytic domains has been a step forward in the field. NADPH, FAD, and two hemes form a linear array of redox cofactors that transfer electrons across to the two sides of the membrane. Oxygen is reduced through an unusual outer sphere mechanism that does not involve any covalent intermediate with the heme iron. Several recent studies have expanded the roles of NOXs in cell signaling, innate immune response, and cell proliferation including oncogenic transformation. This work reinforces NOX-generated ROS as powerful signaling molecules. A challenging question is to understand the specific mechanisms of enzyme regulation and to harness the growing insight on NOXs' structure and biochemistry to generate more powerful small-molecule modulators of NOX activities.
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188
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Bhatia S, Drake DM, Miller L, Wells PG. Oxidative stress and DNA damage in the mechanism of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:714-748. [PMID: 31033255 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review covers molecular mechanisms involving oxidative stress and DNA damage that may contribute to morphological and functional developmental disorders in animal models resulting from exposure to alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) in utero or in embryo culture. Components covered include: (a) a brief overview of EtOH metabolism and embryopathic mechanisms other than oxidative stress; (b) mechanisms within the embryo and fetal brain by which EtOH increases the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); (c) critical embryonic/fetal antioxidative enzymes and substrates that detoxify ROS; (d) mechanisms by which ROS can alter development, including ROS-mediated signal transduction and oxidative DNA damage, the latter of which leads to pathogenic genetic (mutations) and epigenetic changes; (e) pathways of DNA repair that mitigate the pathogenic effects of DNA damage; (f) related indirect mechanisms by which EtOH enhances risk, for example by enhancing the degradation of some DNA repair proteins; and, (g) embryonic/fetal pathways like NRF2 that regulate the levels of many of the above components. Particular attention is paid to studies in which chemical and/or genetic manipulation of the above mechanisms has been shown to alter the ability of EtOH to adversely affect development. Alterations in the above components are also discussed in terms of: (a) individual embryonic and fetal determinants of risk and (b) potential risk biomarkers and mitigating strategies. FASD risk is likely increased in progeny which/who are biochemically predisposed via genetic and/or environmental mechanisms, including enhanced pathways for ROS formation and/or deficient pathways for ROS detoxification or DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Bhatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle M Drake
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Peter G Wells
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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189
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Frings VG, Sennefelder H, Presser D, Goebeler M, Schmidt M. Altered NOX expression does not seem to account for epidermal NLRP3 inflammasome activation in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:391-392. [PMID: 30657189 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V G Frings
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97076, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Sennefelder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97076, Würzburg, Germany
| | - D Presser
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97076, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97076, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97076, Würzburg, Germany
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190
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Sbodio JI, Snyder SH, Paul BD. Redox Mechanisms in Neurodegeneration: From Disease Outcomes to Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1450-1499. [PMID: 29634350 PMCID: PMC6393771 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Once considered to be mere by-products of metabolism, reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species are now recognized to play important roles in diverse cellular processes such as response to pathogens and regulation of cellular differentiation. It is becoming increasingly evident that redox imbalance can impact several signaling pathways. For instance, disturbances of redox regulation in the brain mediate neurodegeneration and alter normal cytoprotective responses to stress. Very often small disturbances in redox signaling processes, which are reversible, precede damage in neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: The identification of redox-regulated processes, such as regulation of biochemical pathways involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis in the brain has provided deeper insights into mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Recent studies have also identified several post-translational modifications involving reactive cysteine residues, such as nitrosylation and sulfhydration, which fine-tune redox regulation. Thus, the study of mechanisms via which cell death occurs in several neurodegenerative disorders, reveal several similarities and dissimilarities. Here, we review redox regulated events that are disrupted in neurodegenerative disorders and whose modulation affords therapeutic opportunities. CRITICAL ISSUES Although accumulating evidence suggests that redox imbalance plays a significant role in progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, precise understanding of redox regulated events is lacking. Probes and methodologies that can precisely detect and quantify in vivo levels of reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species are not available. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Due to the importance of redox control in physiologic processes, organisms have evolved multiple pathways to counteract redox imbalance and maintain homeostasis. Cells and tissues address stress by harnessing an array of both endogenous and exogenous redox active substances. Targeting these pathways can help mitigate symptoms associated with neurodegeneration and may provide avenues for novel therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 30, 1450-1499.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I. Sbodio
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Solomon H. Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bindu D. Paul
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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191
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Wagner GP, Erkenbrack EM, Love AC. Stress-Induced Evolutionary Innovation: A Mechanism for the Origin of Cell Types. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1800188. [PMID: 30919472 PMCID: PMC7202399 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary role of environmentally induced phenotypic variation (i.e., plasticity) is an important issue in developmental evolution. A major physiological response to environmental change is cellular stress, which is counteracted by generic stress reactions detoxifying the cell. A model, stress-induced evolutionary innovation (SIEI), whereby ancestral stress reactions and their corresponding pathways can be transformed into novel structural components of body plans, such as new cell types, is described. Previous findings suggest that the cell differentiation cascade of a cell type critical to pregnancy in humans, the decidual stromal cell, evolved from a cellular stress reaction. It is hypothesized that the stress reaction in these cells was elicited ancestrally via inflammation caused by embryo attachment. The present study proposes that SIEI is a distinct form of plasticity-based evolutionary change leading to the origin of novel structures rather than adaptive transformation of pre-existing characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter P. Wagner
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06516
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT 06510
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Eric M. Erkenbrack
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06516
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Alan C. Love
- Department of Philosophy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,MN 55455
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192
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Tomar N, Sadri S, Cowley AW, Yang C, Quryshi N, Pannala VR, Audi SH, Dash RK. A thermodynamically-constrained mathematical model for the kinetics and regulation of NADPH oxidase 2 complex-mediated electron transfer and superoxide production. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:581-597. [PMID: 30769160 PMCID: PMC6588456 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in cell signaling, growth, and immunity. However, when produced in excess, they are toxic to the cell and lead to premature aging and a myriad of pathologies, including cardiovascular and renal diseases. A major source of ROS in many cells is the family of NADPH oxidase (NOX), comprising of membrane and cytosolic components. NOX2 is among the most widely expressed and well-studied NOX isoform. Although details on the NOX2 structure, its assembly and activation, and ROS production are well elucidated experimentally, there is a lack of a quantitative and integrative understanding of the kinetics of NOX2 complex, and the various factors such as pH, inhibitory drugs, and temperature that regulate the activity of this oxidase. To this end, we have developed here a thermodynamically-constrained mathematical model for the kinetics and regulation of NOX2 complex based on diverse published experimental data on the NOX2 complex function in cell-free and cell-based assay systems. The model incorporates (i) thermodynamics of electron transfer from NADPH to O2 through different redox centers of the NOX2 complex, (ii) dependence of the NOX2 complex activity upon pH and temperature variations, and (iii) distinct inhibitory effects of different drugs on the NOX2 complex activity. The model provides the first quantitative and integrated understanding of the kinetics and regulation of NOX2 complex, enabling simulation of diverse experimental data. The model also provides several novel insights into the NOX2 complex function, including alkaline pH-dependent inhibition of the NOX2 complex activity by its reaction product NADP+. The model provides a mechanistic framework for investigating the critical role of NOX2 complex in ROS production and its regulation of diverse cellular functions in health and disease. Specifically, the model enables examining the effects of specific targeting of various enzymatic sources of pathological ROS which could overcome the limitations of pharmacological efforts aimed at scavenging ROS which has resulted in poor outcomes of antioxidant therapies in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Tomar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Shima Sadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Nabeel Quryshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Venkat R Pannala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Said H Audi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53223, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Ranjan K Dash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53223, USA.
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193
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Abstract
Classically, canonical autophagy has been considered a survival mechanism initiated in response to nutrient insufficiency. We now understand that autophagy functions in multiple scenarios where it is necessary to maintain homeostasis. Recent evidence has established that a variety of non-canonical functions for autophagy proteins are mechanistically and functionally distinct from autophagy. LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is one such novel function for autophagy proteins and is a contributor to immune regulation and inflammatory responses across various cell and tissue types. Characterized by the conjugation of LC3 family proteins to phagosome membranes, LAP uses a portion of the canonical autophagy machinery, following ligation of surface receptors that recognize a variety of cargos including pathogens, dying cells, soluble ligands and protein aggregates. However, instead of affecting canonical autophagy, manipulation of the LAP pathway in vivo alters immune activation and inflammatory responses. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we detail the divergence of this distinctive mechanism from that of canonical autophagy by comparing and contrasting shared and unique components of each pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradlee L Heckmann
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, St. Jude Pediatric Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, St. Jude Pediatric Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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194
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Zeng MY, Miralda I, Armstrong CL, Uriarte SM, Bagaitkar J. The roles of NADPH oxidase in modulating neutrophil effector responses. Mol Oral Microbiol 2019; 34:27-38. [PMID: 30632295 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are phagocytic innate immune cells essential for killing bacteria via activation of a wide variety of effector responses and generation of large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Majority of the ROS in neutrophils is generated by activation of the superoxide-generating enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Independent of their anti-microbial function, NADPH oxidase-derived ROS have emerged as key regulators of host immune responses and neutrophilic inflammation. Data from patients with inherited defects in the NADPH oxidase subunit alleles that ablate its enzyme function as well as mouse models demonstrate profound dysregulation of host inflammatory responses, neutrophil hyper-activation and tissue damage in response to microbial ligands or tissue trauma. A large body of literature now demonstrates how oxidants function as essential signaling molecules that are essential for the regulation of neutrophil responses during priming, degranulation, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and apoptosis, independent of their role in microbial killing. In this review we summarize how NADPH oxidase-derived oxidants modulate neutrophil function in a cell intrinsic manner and regulate host inflammatory responses. In addition, we summarize studies that have elucidated possible roles of oxidants in neutrophilic responses within the oral mucosa and periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Y Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York
| | - Irina Miralda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Cortney L Armstrong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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195
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Abstract
Redox signalling in the gastrointestinal mucosa is held in an intricate balance. Potent microbicidal mechanisms can be used by infiltrating immune cells, such as neutrophils, to protect compromised mucosae from microbial infection through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Unchecked, collateral damage to the surrounding tissue from neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species can be detrimental; thus, maintenance and restitution of a breached intestinal mucosal barrier are paramount to host survival. Redox reactions and redox signalling have been studied for decades with a primary focus on contributions to disease processes. Within the past decade, an upsurge of exciting findings have implicated subtoxic levels of oxidative stress in processes such as maintenance of mucosal homeostasis, the control of protective inflammation and even regulation of tissue wound healing. Resident gut microbial communities have been shown to trigger redox signalling within the mucosa, which expresses similar but distinct enzymes to phagocytes. At the fulcrum of this delicate balance is the colonic mucosal epithelium, and emerging evidence suggests that precise control of redox signalling by these barrier-forming cells may dictate the outcome of an inflammatory event. This Review will address both the spectrum and intensity of redox activity pertaining to host-immune and host-microbiota crosstalk during homeostasis and disease processes in the gastrointestinal tract.
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196
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Park S, Lim JM, Park SH, Kim S, Heo S, Balla T, Jeong W, Rhee SG, Kang D. Inactivation of the PtdIns(4)P phosphatase Sac1 at the Golgi by H 2O 2 produced via Ca 2+-dependent Duox in EGF-stimulated cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:40-49. [PMID: 30476538 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to its cell surface receptor induces production of H2O2, which serves as an intracellular messenger. We have shown that exogenous H2O2 reversibly inactivates the phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PtdIns(4)P] phosphatase Sac1 (suppressor of actin 1) at the Golgi complex of mammalian cells by oxidizing its catalytic cysteine residue and thereby increases both the amount of Golgi PtdIns(4)P and the rate of protein secretion. Here we investigated the effects of EGF on Sac1 oxidation and PtdIns(4)P abundance at the Golgi in A431 cells. EGF induced a transient increase in Golgi PtdIns(4)P as well as a transient oxidation of Sac1 in a manner dependent on elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and on H2O2. Oxidation of Sac1 occurred at the Golgi, as revealed with the use of the Golgi-confined Sac1-K2A mutant. Knockdown of Duox enzymes implicated these Ca2+-dependent members of the NADPH oxidase family as the major source of H2O2 for Sac1 oxidation. Expression of a Golgi-targeted H2O2 probe revealed transient EGF-induced H2O2 production at this organelle. Our findings have thus uncovered a previously unrecognized EGF signaling pathway that links intracellular Ca2+ mobilization to events at the Golgi including Duox activation, H2O2 production, Sac1 oxidation, and PtdIns(4)P accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Park
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Mi Lim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Hwa Park
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Suree Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukyeong Heo
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Woojin Jeong
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sue Goo Rhee
- Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongmin Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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197
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Ceccon M, Millana Fananas E, Massari M, Mattevi A, Magnani F. Engineering stability in NADPH oxidases: A common strategy for enzyme production. Mol Membr Biol 2019; 34:67-76. [PMID: 30307338 DOI: 10.1080/09687688.2018.1535141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are membrane enzymes whose sole function is the generation of reactive oxygen species. Humans have seven NOX isoenzymes that feature distinct functions in immune response and cell signaling but share the same catalytic core comprising a FAD-binding dehydrogenase domain and a heme-binding transmembrane domain. We previously described a mutation that stabilizes the dehydrogenase domain of a prokaryotic homolog of human NOX5. The thermostable mutant exhibited a large 19 °C increase in the apparent melting temperature (app Tm) and a much tighter binding of the FAD cofactor, which allowed the crystallization and structure determination of the domain holo-form. Here, we analyze the transferability of this mutation onto prokaryotic and eukaryotic full-length NOX enzymes. We found that the mutation exerts a significative stabilizing effect on the full-length NOX5 from both Cylindrospermum stagnale (app Tm increase of 8 °C) and Homo sapiens (app ΔTm of 2 °C). Enhanced thermal stability resulted in more homogeneous preparations of the bacterial NOX5 with less aggregation problems. Moreover, we also found that the mutation increases the overall expression of recombinant human NOX4 and NOX5 in mammalian cells. Such a 2-5-fold increase is mainly due to the lowered cell toxicity, which leads to higher biomasses. Because of the high sequence identity of the catalytic core within this family of enzymes, this strategy can be a general tool to boost the production of all NOXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ceccon
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | | | - Marta Massari
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Francesca Magnani
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
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198
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), categorized as ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), or IBD-undetermined (IBDU), are increasing in incidence. IBD is understood to result from environmental factors interacting with a pre-existing genetic susceptibility. Approximately 1% of all patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are diagnosed before the age of 6 years, designated as very-early-onset IBD (VEOIBD). This cohort of patients is distinguished from other age groups by differences in disease phenotype and by a higher burden of genetic mutations. Recent studies have linked mutations in NADPH oxidase function to VEOIBD and even pediatric IBD. Loss-of-function NOX2 variants expressed in phagocytes and NOX1/DUOX2 variants expressed in intestinal epithelial cells have been associated with VEOIBD and pediatric and adult IBD in patients. Cell and animal studies suggest a protective role for these reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzymes in intestinal homeostasis-a paradigm that challenges the conventional concept that only increased ROS result in cell and tissue damage. Examining the role of NADPH oxidases in VEOIBD may improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease and will uncover new therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Stenke
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Billy Bourke
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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199
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Proteomic analysis of microbial induced redox-dependent intestinal signaling. Redox Biol 2018; 20:526-532. [PMID: 30508697 PMCID: PMC6275846 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis is regulated in-part by reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are generated in the colonic mucosa following contact with certain lactobacilli. Mechanistically, ROS can modulate protein function through the oxidation of cysteine residues within proteins. Recent advances in cysteine labeling by the Isotope Coded Affinity Tags (ICATs) technique has facilitated the identification of cysteine thiol modifications in response to stimuli. Here, we used ICATs to map the redox protein network oxidized upon initial contact of the colonic mucosa with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). We detected significant LGG-specific redox changes in over 450 proteins, many of which are implicated to function in cellular processes such as endosomal trafficking, epithelial cell junctions, barrier integrity, and cytoskeleton maintenance and formation. We particularly noted the LGG-specific oxidation of Rac1, which is a pleiotropic regulator of many cellular processes. Together, these data reveal new insights into lactobacilli-induced and redox-dependent networks involved in intestinal homeostasis.
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200
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Prolo C, Rios N, Piacenza L, Álvarez MN, Radi R. Fluorescence and chemiluminescence approaches for peroxynitrite detection. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:59-68. [PMID: 29454880 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been a significant advance in understanding the biochemistry of peroxynitrite, an endogenously-produced oxidant and nucleophile. Its relevance as a mediator in several pathologic states and the aging process together with its transient character and low steady-state concentration, motivated the development of a variety of techniques for its unambiguous detection and estimation. Among these, fluorescence and chemiluminescence approaches have represented important tools with enhanced sensitivity but usual limited specificity. In this review, we analyze selected examples of molecular probes that permit the detection of peroxynitrite by fluorescence and chemiluminescence, disclosing their mechanism of reaction with either peroxynitrite or peroxynitrite-derived radicals. Indeed, probes have been divided into 1) redox probes that yield products by a free radical mechanism, and 2) electrophilic probes that evolve to products secondary to the nucleophilic attack by peroxynitrite. Overall, boronate-based compounds are emerging as preferred probes for the sensitive and specific detection and quantitation. Moreover, novel strategies involving genetically-modified fluorescent proteins with the incorporation of unnatural amino acids have been recently described as peroxynitrite sensors. This review analyzes the most commonly used fluorescence and chemiluminescence approaches for peroxynitrite detection and provides some guidelines for appropriate experimental design and data interpretation, including how to estimate peroxynitrite formation rates in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Prolo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Rios
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucia Piacenza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Noel Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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