151
|
Mishra A, Anand M, Umesh S. Neurobiology of eating disorders - an overview. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 25:91-100. [PMID: 28262179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Mishra
- Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Manu Anand
- Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Shreekantiah Umesh
- K.S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Differences in Photic Entrainment of Circadian Locomotor Activity Between Lean and Obese Volcano Mice ( Neotomodon alstoni). J Circadian Rhythms 2017; 15:1. [PMID: 30210555 PMCID: PMC5356206 DOI: 10.5334/jcr.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing problem worldwide with a clear impact on health status. It is also a condition that negatively affects circadian rhythms. When the mouse Neotomodon alstoni is fed a regular rodent chow, some individuals develop obesity, representing an opportunity to compare the effects of spontaneous obesity upon the circadian organization in this species with that observed in other rodents with induced obesity. We report differences in the free running circadian locomotor activity rhythm and in the effects of light pulses between lean and obese mice. Also, the photo-induced expression of the c-Fos protein and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were examined at circadian time (CT) 14 and 22. We show that obese mice have a larger dispersion of the period of circadian locomotor rhythm in constant darkness. Photic induced phase shifts are nearly 50% shorter at CT 14, and 50% larger at CT 22 than in lean mice. The photoinduction of VIP in the SCN at CT 22 was larger in obese mice, which may be related to the differences observed in photic phase shifting. Our work indicates that the obesity in Neotomodon has effects on the neural mechanisms that regulate the circadian system.
Collapse
|
153
|
Bentz M, Guldberg J, Vangkilde S, Pedersen T, Plessen KJ, Jepsen JRM. Heightened Olfactory Sensitivity in Young Females with Recent-Onset Anorexia Nervosa and Recovered Individuals. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169183. [PMID: 28060877 PMCID: PMC5218546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Olfaction may be related to food restriction and weight loss. However, reports regarding olfactory function in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) have been inconclusive. Objective Characterize olfactory sensitivity and identification in female adolescents and young adults with first-episode AN and young females recovered from AN. Methods We used the Sniffin’ Sticks Odor Threshold Test and Odor Identification Test to assess 43 participants with first-episode AN, 27 recovered participants, and 39 control participants. Participants completed the Importance of Olfaction questionnaire, the Beck Youth Inventory and the Eating Disorder Inventory. We also conducted a psychiatric diagnostic interview and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule with participants. Results Both clinical groups showed heightened olfactory sensitivity. After excluding participants with depression, participants with first-episode AN identified more odors than recovered participants. Conclusion Heightened olfactory sensitivity in AN may be independent of clinical status, whereas only individuals with current AN and without depression show more accurate odor identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Bentz
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Johanne Guldberg
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Vangkilde
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Pedersen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Jessica Plessen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Moellegaard Jepsen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Conde-Sieira M, Soengas JL. Nutrient Sensing Systems in Fish: Impact on Food Intake Regulation and Energy Homeostasis. Front Neurosci 2017; 10:603. [PMID: 28111540 PMCID: PMC5216673 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence obtained in recent years in a few species, especially rainbow trout, supports the presence in fish of nutrient sensing mechanisms. Glucosensing capacity is present in central (hypothalamus and hindbrain) and peripheral [liver, Brockmann bodies (BB, main accumulation of pancreatic endocrine cells in several fish species), and intestine] locations whereas fatty acid sensors seem to be present in hypothalamus, liver and BB. Glucose and fatty acid sensing capacities relate to food intake regulation and metabolism in fish. Hypothalamus is as a signaling integratory center in a way that detection of increased levels of nutrients result in food intake inhibition through changes in the expression of anorexigenic and orexigenic neuropeptides. Moreover, central nutrient sensing modulates functions in the periphery since they elicit changes in hepatic metabolism as well as in hormone secretion to counter-regulate changes in nutrient levels detected in the CNS. At peripheral level, the direct nutrient detection in liver has a crucial role in homeostatic control of glucose and fatty acid whereas in BB and intestine nutrient sensing is probably involved in regulation of hormone secretion from endocrine cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Conde-Sieira
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Lehner R, Balsters JH, Bürgler A, Hare TA, Wenderoth N. Food-Predicting Stimuli Differentially Influence Eye Movements and Goal-Directed Behavior in Normal-Weight, Overweight, and Obese Individuals. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:230. [PMID: 29180968 PMCID: PMC5693873 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese individuals have been shown to exhibit abnormal sensitivity to rewards and reward-predicting cues as for example food-associated cues frequently used in advertisements. It has also been shown that food-associated cues can increase goal-directed behavior but it is currently unknown, whether this effect differs between normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals. Here, we investigate this question by using a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) task in normal-weight (N = 20), overweight (N = 17), and obese (N = 17) individuals. Furthermore, we applied eye tracking during Pavlovian conditioning to measure the participants' conditioned response as a proxy of the incentive salience of the predicted reward. Our results show that the goal-directed behavior of overweight individuals was more strongly influenced by food-predicting cues (i.e., stronger PIT effect) than that of normal-weight and obese individuals (p < 0.001). The weight groups were matched for age, gender, education, and parental education. Eye movements during Pavlovian conditioning also differed between weight categories (p < 0.05) and were used to categorize individuals based on their fixation style into "high eye index" versus "low eye index" as well. Our main finding was that the fixation style exhibited a complex interaction with the weight category. Furthermore, we found that normal-weight individuals of the group "high eye index" had higher body mass index within the healthy range than individuals of the group "low eye index" (p < 0.001), but this relationship was not found within in the overweight or obese groups (p > 0.646). Our findings are largely consistent with the incentive sensitization theory predicting that overweight individuals are more susceptible to food-related cues than normal-weight controls. However, this hypersensitivity might be reduced in obese individuals, possibly due to habitual/compulsive overeating or differences in reward valuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rea Lehner
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, University and Balgrist Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joshua H Balsters
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Bürgler
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Todd A Hare
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, University and Balgrist Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, University and Balgrist Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Ioannou S, Williams AL. Preliminary fMRI findings concerning the influence of 5-HTP on food selection. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00594. [PMID: 28127513 PMCID: PMC5256178 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This functional magnetic resonance imaging study was designed to observe how physiological brain states can alter food preferences. A primary goal was to observe food-sensitive regions and moreover examine whether 5-HTP intake would activate areas which have been associated with appetite suppression, anorexia, satiety, and weight loss. METHODS AND PROCEDURE Fourteen healthy male and female participants took part in the study, of which half of them received the supplement 5-HTP and the rest vitamin C (control) on an empty stomach. During the scanning session, they passively observed food (high calories, proteins, carbohydrates) and nonfood movie stimuli. RESULTS Within the 5-HTP group, a comparison of food and nonfood stimuli showed significant responses that included the limbic system, the basal ganglia, and the prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortices. For the vitamin C group, activity was mainly located in temporal and occipital regions. Compared to the vitamin C group, the 5-HTP group in response to food showed increased activation on the VMPFC, the DLPFC, limbic, and temporal regions. For the 5-HTP group, activity in response to food high in protein content compared to food high in calories and carbohydrates was located in the limbic system and the right caudomedial OFC, whereas for the vitamin C group, activity was mainly located at the inferior parietal lobes, the anterior cingulate gyri, and the left ventrolateral OFC. Greater responses to carbohydrates and high calorie stimuli in the vitamin C group were located at the right temporal gyrus, the occipital gyrus, the right VLPFC, whereas for the 5-HTP group, activity was observed at the left VMPFC, the parahippocampal gyrus bilaterally, the occipital lobe, and middle temporal gyri. DISCUSSION In line with the hypotheses, 5-HTP triggered cortical responses associated with healthy body weight as well as cerebral preferences for protein-rich stimuli. The brain's activity is altered by macronutrients rich or deprived in the body. By reading the organisms physiological states and combining them with memory experiences, it constructs behavioral strategies steering an individual toward or in opposition to a particular food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanos Ioannou
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia; Department of Life Sciences & Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Brunel University London Uxbridge Middlesex UK
| | - Adrian L Williams
- Department of Life Sciences & Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Brunel University London Uxbridge Middlesex UK
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
von Düring ME, Jenssen T, Bollerslev J, Åsberg A, Godang K, Hartmann A. Visceral fat is strongly associated with post-transplant diabetes mellitus and glucose metabolism 1 year after kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marit Elizabeth von Düring
- Section of Nephrology; Department of Transplantation Medicine; Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet; Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Trond Jenssen
- Section of Nephrology; Department of Transplantation Medicine; Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet; Oslo Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group; UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology; Department of Endocrinology; Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet; Oslo Norway
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Section of Nephrology; Department of Transplantation Medicine; Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet; Oslo Norway
- Norwegian Renal Registry; Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet; Oslo Norway
- School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Kristin Godang
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology; Department of Endocrinology; Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet; Oslo Norway
| | - Anders Hartmann
- Section of Nephrology; Department of Transplantation Medicine; Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet; Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Kennedy JT, Collins PF, Luciana M. Higher Adolescent Body Mass Index Is Associated with Lower Regional Gray and White Matter Volumes and Lower Levels of Positive Emotionality. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:413. [PMID: 27660604 PMCID: PMC5015489 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent obesity is associated with an increased chance of developing serious health risks later in life. Identifying the neurobiological and personality factors related to increases in adiposity is important to understanding what drives maladaptive consummatory and exercise behaviors that result in obesity. Previous research has largely focused on adults with few findings published on interactions among adiposity, brain structure, and personality. In this study, Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM) was used to identify associations between gray and white matter volumes and increasing adiposity, as measured by Body Mass Index percentile (BMI%), in 137 adolescents (age range: 9–20 years, BMI% range: 5.16–99.56). Variations in gray and white matter volume and BMI% were then linked to individual differences in personality measures from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). After controlling for age and other covariates, BMI% correlated negatively with gray matter volume in the bilateral caudate (right: partial r = −0.338, left: r = −0.404), medial prefrontal cortex (partial r = −0.339), anterior cingulate (partial r = −0.312), bilateral frontal pole (right: partial r = −0.368, left: r = −0.316), and uncus (partial r = −0.475) as well as white matter volume bilaterally in the anterior limb of the internal capsule (right: partial r = −0.34, left: r = −0.386), extending to the left middle frontal subgyral white matter. Agentic Positive Emotionality (PEM-AG) was correlated negatively with BMI% (partial r = −0.384). PEM-AG was correlated positively with gray matter volume in the right uncus (partial r = 0.329). These results suggest that higher levels of adiposity in adolescents are associated with lower trait levels in reward-related personality domains, as well as structural variations in brain regions associated with reward processing, control, and sensory integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James T Kennedy
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul F Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Velasco C, Librán-Pérez M, Otero-Rodiño C, López-Patiño MA, Míguez JM, Soengas JL. Ceramides are involved in the regulation of food intake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R658-R668. [PMID: 27465737 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00201.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that ceramides are involved in the regulation of food intake in fish. Therefore, we assessed in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) the effects of intracerebroventricular treatment with C6:0 ceramide on food intake. In a second experiment, we assessed the effects in brain areas of ceramide treatment on neuropeptide expression, fatty acid-sensing systems, and cellular signaling pathways. Ceramide treatment induced a decrease in food intake, a response opposed to the orexigenic effect described in mammals, which can be related to enhanced mRNA abundance of cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript and proopiomelanocortin and decreased mRNA abundance of Agouti-related protein and neuropeptide Y. Fatty acid-sensing systems appear to be inactivated by ceramide treatment. The mRNA abundance of integrative sensors AMPK and sirtuin 1, and the phosphorylation status of cellular signaling pathways dependent on protein kinase B, AMPK, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) are generally activated by ceramide treatment. However, there are differences between hypothalamus and hindbrain in the phosphorylation status of AMPK (decreased in hypothalamus and increased in hindbrain), mTOR (decreased in hypothalamus and increased in hindbrain), and FoxO1 (increased in hypothalamus and decreased in hindbrain) to ceramide treatment. The results suggest that ceramides are involved in the regulation of food intake in rainbow trout through mechanisms comparable to those characterized previously in mammals in some cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Librán-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristina Otero-Rodiño
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marcos A López-Patiño
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Ulrich M, Endres F, Kölle M, Adolph O, Widenhorn-Müller K, Grön G. Glucose modulates food-related salience coding of midbrain neurons in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:4376-4384. [PMID: 27411574 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although early rat studies demonstrated that administration of glucose diminishes dopaminergic midbrain activity, evidence in humans has been lacking so far. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, glucose was intravenously infused in healthy human male participants while seeing images depicting low-caloric food (LC), high-caloric food (HC), and non-food (NF) during a food/NF discrimination task. Analysis of brain activation focused on the ventral tegmental area (VTA) as the origin of the mesolimbic system involved in salience coding. Under unmodulated fasting baseline conditions, VTA activation was greater during HC compared with LC food cues. Subsequent to infusion of glucose, this difference in VTA activation as a function of caloric load leveled off and even reversed. In a control group not receiving glucose, VTA activation during HC relative to LC cues remained stable throughout the course of the experiment. Similar treatment-specific patterns of brain activation were observed for the hypothalamus. The present findings show for the first time in humans that glucose infusion modulates salience coding mediated by the VTA. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4376-4384, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ulrich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Felix Endres
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Markus Kölle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Oliver Adolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | | | - Georg Grön
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Bonnema AL, Altschwager DK, Thomas W, Slavin JL. The effects of the combination of egg and fiber on appetite, glycemic response and food intake in normal weight adults - a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:723-31. [PMID: 27306734 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1196654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated appetite and glycemic effects of egg-based breakfasts, containing high and moderate protein (30 g protein and 20 g protein +7 g fiber, respectively) compared to a low-protein cereal breakfast (10 g protein) examined in healthy adults (N = 48; age 24 ± 1 yr; BMI 23 ± 1 kg/m(2); mean ± SE). Meals provided 390 kcal/serving and equal fat content. Food intake was measured at an ad libitum lunch meal and blood glucose response was measured. Visual analog scales (VAS) were used to assess hunger, satisfaction, fullness, and prospective food intake. The egg-based breakfast meal with high protein produced greater overall satiety (p < 0.0001), and both high protein and moderate protein with fiber egg-based breakfasts reduced postprandial glycemic response (p < 0.005) and food intake (p < 0.05) at subsequent meal (by 135 kcal and 69 kcal; effect sizes 0.44 and 0.23, respectively) compared to a cereal-based breakfast with low protein and fiber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Bonnema
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Minnesota , St Paul , MN , USA
| | - Deena K Altschwager
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Minnesota , St Paul , MN , USA
| | - William Thomas
- b Division of Biostatistics , School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Joanne L Slavin
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Minnesota , St Paul , MN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Abstract
The Bath Breakfast Project is a series of randomised controlled trials exploring the effects of extended morning fasting on energy balance and health. These trials were categorically not designed to answer whether or not breakfast is the most important meal of the day. However, this review will philosophise about the meaning of that question and about what questions we should be asking to better understand the effects of breakfast, before summarising how individual components of energy balance and health respond to breakfast v. fasting in lean and obese adults. Current evidence does not support a clear effect of regularly consuming or skipping breakfast on body mass/composition, metabolic rate or diet-induced thermogenesis. Findings regarding energy intake are variable, although the balance of evidence indicates some degree of compensatory feeding later in the day such that overall energy intake is either unaffected or slightly lower when breakfast is omitted from the diet. However, even if net energy intake is reduced, extended morning fasting may not result in expected weight loss due to compensatory adjustments in physical activity thermogenesis. Specifically, we report that both lean and obese adults expended less energy during the morning when remaining in the fasted state than when consuming a prescribed breakfast. Further research is required to examine whether particular health markers may be responsive to breakfast-induced responses of individual components of energy balance irrespective of their net effect on energy balance and therefore body mass.
Collapse
|
163
|
Riederer JW, Shott ME, Deguzman M, Pryor TL, Frank GKW. Understanding Neuronal Architecture in Obesity through Analysis of White Matter Connection Strength. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:271. [PMID: 27375463 PMCID: PMC4893484 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of obesity, our understanding of its neurobiological underpinnings is insufficient. Diffusion weighted imaging and calculation of white matter connection strength are methods to describe the architecture of anatomical white matter tracts. This study is aimed to characterize white matter architecture within taste-reward circuitry in a population of obese individuals. Obese (n = 18, age = 28.7 ± 8.3 years) and healthy control (n = 24, age = 27.4 ± 6.3 years) women underwent diffusion weighted imaging. Using probabilistic fiber tractography (FSL PROBTRACKX2 toolbox) we calculated connection strength within 138 anatomical white matter tracts. Obese women (OB) displayed lower and greater connectivity within taste-reward circuitry compared to controls (Wilks' λ < 0.001; p < 0.001). Connectivity was lower in white matter tracts connecting insula, amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and striatum. Connectivity was greater between the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). This study indicates that lower white matter connectivity within white matter tracts of insula-fronto-striatal taste-reward circuitry are associated with obesity as well as greater connectivity within white matter tracts connecting the amygdala and ACC. The specificity of regions suggests sensory integration and reward processing are key associations that are altered in and might contribute to obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Riederer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Megan E Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marisa Deguzman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Guido K W Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Chowdhury EA, Thompson D, Betts JA. Reply to SL Buckner et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:1556-7. [PMID: 27251187 PMCID: PMC4881003 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.133769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enhad A Chowdhury
- From the Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (EAC, DT; JAB, e-mail: )
| | - Dylan Thompson
- From the Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (EAC, DT; JAB, e-mail: )
| | - James A Betts
- From the Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (EAC, DT; JAB, e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Kim GW, Lin JE, Snook AE, Aing AS, Merlino DJ, Li P, Waldman SA. Calorie-induced ER stress suppresses uroguanylin satiety signaling in diet-induced obesity. Nutr Diabetes 2016; 6:e211. [PMID: 27214655 PMCID: PMC4895379 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The uroguanylin-GUCY2C gut-brain axis has emerged as one component regulating feeding, energy homeostasis, body mass and metabolism. Here, we explore a role for this axis in mechanisms underlying diet-induced obesity (DIO). SUBJECTS/METHODS Intestinal uroguanylin expression and secretion, and hypothalamic GUCY2C expression and anorexigenic signaling, were quantified in mice on high-calorie diets for 14 weeks. The role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in suppressing uroguanylin in DIO was explored using tunicamycin, an inducer of ER stress, and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a chemical chaperone that inhibits ER stress. The impact of consumed calories on uroguanylin expression was explored by dietary manipulation. The role of uroguanylin in mechanisms underlying obesity was examined using Camk2a-Cre-ER(T2)-Rosa-STOP(loxP/loxP)-Guca2b mice in which tamoxifen induces transgenic hormone expression in brain. RESULTS DIO suppressed intestinal uroguanylin expression and eliminated its postprandial secretion into the circulation. DIO suppressed uroguanylin through ER stress, an effect mimicked by tunicamycin and blocked by TUDCA. Hormone suppression by DIO reflected consumed calories, rather than the pathophysiological milieu of obesity, as a diet high in calories from carbohydrates suppressed uroguanylin in lean mice, whereas calorie restriction restored uroguanylin in obese mice. However, hypothalamic GUCY2C, enriched in the arcuate nucleus, produced anorexigenic signals mediating satiety upon exogenous agonist administration, and DIO did not impair these responses. Uroguanylin replacement by transgenic expression in brain repaired the hormone insufficiency and reconstituted satiety responses opposing DIO and its associated comorbidities, including visceral adiposity, glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal a novel pathophysiological mechanism contributing to obesity in which calorie-induced suppression of intestinal uroguanylin impairs hypothalamic mechanisms regulating food consumption through loss of anorexigenic endocrine signaling. The correlative therapeutic paradigm suggests that, in the context of hormone insufficiency with preservation of receptor sensitivity, obesity may be prevented or treated by GUCY2C hormone replacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G W Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J E Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A S Aing
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D J Merlino
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Chakraborty TR, Donthireddy L, Adhikary D, Chakraborty S. Long-Term High Fat Diet Has a Profound Effect on Body Weight, Hormone Levels, and Estrous Cycle in Mice. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1601-8. [PMID: 27171231 PMCID: PMC4917314 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity causes several health complications along with disruption of the reproductive system. The aim of the current study was to determine how long-term intake of very high fat diet (VHFD) changes the hormonal milieu, affecting the cellular morphology and reproductive cycle in female mice. Material/Methods Mice were fed on normal diet (ND) and VHFD for 2 weeks, 12 weeks, and 25–27 weeks. We assessed changes in body weight, food consumption, energy intake, cellular and tissue morphology, hormonal levels (leptin, insulin, and estradiol), and vaginal smears were performed at various time points to determine the length and cellularity at each stage of the estrous cycle. Results Mice fed on VHFD showed a significant increase in weight gain, reduction in food intake, and increase in energy intake compared to animals fed on ND, indicating that the caloric density of the diet is responsible for the differences in weight gain. Hormonal analysis showed hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, and increases in estrogen levels, along with increases in size of the islet of Langerhans and adipocytes. After 25–27 weeks, all animals fed on VHFD showed complete acyclicity; elongation of phases (e.g., diestrous), skipping of phases (e.g., metestrous), or a combination of both, indicating disruption in the reproductive cycle. Quantitative analysis showed that in the diestrous phase there was a 70% increase in cell count in VHFD compared to animals fed on ND. Conclusions The above results show that morphological and hormonal changes caused by VHFD probably act via negative feedback to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to shut down reproduction, which has a direct effect on the estrous cycle, causing acyclicity in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sanjoy Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology/CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Miranda-Anaya M, Carmona-Alcocer V, Carmona-Castro A. Effects of obesity on circadian photic entrainment of locomotor activity in wild miceNeotomodon alstoni. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1158906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
168
|
Alvarado-Bañuelos M, Barrios De Tomasi E, Juárez J. Changes in the incentive value of food after naltrexone treatment depend on a differential preference for a palatable food in male rats. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 20:416-423. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1162389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Alvarado-Bañuelos
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP 44130, México
| | - Eliana Barrios De Tomasi
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP 44130, México
| | - Jorge Juárez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP 44130, México
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Münzberg H, Qualls-Creekmore E, Yu S, Morrison CD, Berthoud HR. Hedonics Act in Unison with the Homeostatic System to Unconsciously Control Body Weight. Front Nutr 2016; 3:6. [PMID: 26913284 PMCID: PMC4753312 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge, LA , USA
| | - Emily Qualls-Creekmore
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge, LA , USA
| | - Sangho Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge, LA , USA
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge, LA , USA
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge, LA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Witham E, Comunian C, Ratanpal H, Skora S, Zimmer M, Srinivasan S. C. elegans Body Cavity Neurons Are Homeostatic Sensors that Integrate Fluctuations in Oxygen Availability and Internal Nutrient Reserves. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1641-1654. [PMID: 26876168 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that internal physiological state, or interoception, influences CNS function and behavior. However, the neurons and mechanisms that integrate sensory information with internal physiological state remain largely unknown. Here, we identify C. elegans body cavity neurons called URX(L/R) as central homeostatic sensors that integrate fluctuations in oxygen availability with internal metabolic state. We show that depletion of internal body fat reserves increases the tonic activity of URX neurons, which influences the magnitude of the evoked sensory response to oxygen. These responses are integrated via intracellular cGMP and Ca(2+). The extent of neuronal activity thus reflects the balance between the perception of oxygen and available fat reserves. The URX homeostatic sensor ensures that neural signals that stimulate fat loss are only deployed when there are sufficient fat reserves to do so. Our results uncover an interoceptive neuroendocrine axis that relays internal state information to the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Witham
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Claudio Comunian
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Harkaranveer Ratanpal
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Susanne Skora
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology IMP, Vienna Biocenter VBC, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Zimmer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology IMP, Vienna Biocenter VBC, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Supriya Srinivasan
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Fernández-Aranda F, Agüera Z, Fernández-García JC, Garrido-Sanchez L, Alcaide-Torres J, Tinahones FJ, Giner-Bartolomé C, Baños RM, Botella C, Cebolla A, de la Torre R, Fernández-Real JM, Ortega FJ, Frühbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Granero R, Islam MA, Jiménez-Murcia S, Tárrega S, Menchón JM, Fagundo AB, Sancho C, Estivill X, Treasure J, Casanueva FF. Smell-taste dysfunctions in extreme weight/eating conditions: analysis of hormonal and psychological interactions. Endocrine 2016. [PMID: 26198367 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
(1) The objective of this study is to analyze differences in smell-taste capacity between females in extreme weight/eating conditions (EWC) and (2) to explore the interaction between smell/taste capacity, gastric hormones, eating behavior and body mass index (BMI). The sample comprised 239 females in EWC [64 Anorexia nervosa (AN) and 80 age-matched healthy-weight controls, and 59 obese and 36 age-matched healthy-weight controls]. Smell and taste assessments were performed through "Sniffin' Sticks" and "Taste Strips," respectively. The assessment measures included the eating disorders inventory-2, the symptom check list 90-revised, and The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, as well as peptides from the gastrointestinal tract [Ghrelin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin]. Smell capacity was differentially associated across EWC groups. Smell was clearly impaired in obese participants and increased in AN (hyposmia in Obesity was 54.3 and 6.4 % in AN), but taste capacity did not vary across EWC. Ghrelin levels were significantly decreased in obese subjects and were related to smell impairment. EWC individuals showed a distinct smell profile and circulating ghrelin levels compared to controls. Smell capacity and ghrelin may act as moderators of emotional eating and BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose C Fernández-García
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sanchez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Alcaide-Torres
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Giner-Bartolomé
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Baños
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychological, Personality, Evaluation and Treatment of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ausias Cebolla
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Integrated Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Fernández-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ortega
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Departament of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed A Islam
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salomé Tárrega
- Departament of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Fagundo
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Sancho
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janet Treasure
- Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.
- Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario U. de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela University, Choupana Street sn, PO Box 563, 15780, Santiago, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Genetic and phenotypic variation in UGT2B17, a testosterone-metabolizing enzyme, is associated with BMI in males. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2015; 25:263-9. [PMID: 25794161 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A number of candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have identified significant associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms, particularly in FTO and MC4R, and body weight. However, the association between copy number variation and body weight is less understood. Anabolic androgenic steroids, such as testosterone, can regulate body weight. In humans, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 (UGT2B17) metabolizes testosterone to a metabolite, which is readily excreted in urine. We investigate the association between genetic and phenotypic variation in UGT2B17 and body weight. MATERIALS AND METHODS UGT2B17 deletion was genotyped and in-vivo UGT2B17 enzymatic activity (as measured by the 3-hydroxycotinine glucuronide to free 3-hydroxycotinine ratio) was measured in 400 Alaska Native individuals and 540 African Americans. RESULTS In Alaska Native people, UGT2B17 deletion was strongly associated with lower BMI in male individuals (P<0.001), but not in female individuals, consistent with testosterone being a male dominant steroid. The sex-specific association between UGT2B17 deletion and lower BMI was also observed in African Americans (P=0.01 in male individuals). In both populations, UGT2B17 deletion was significantly associated with lower measured in-vivo UGT2B17 activity. In male individuals, lower in-vivo UGT2B17 activity was associated with lower BMI, as observed in the sex-specific genotypic association. CONCLUSION These data suggest that UGT2B17 deletion leads to reduced UGT2B17 activity, and lower BMI in male individuals. This is consistent with the hypothesis that reduced UGT2B17-mediated testosterone excretion results in higher testosterone levels. Future studies could confirm this hypothesis by directly measuring serum testosterone levels.
Collapse
|
173
|
Banerjee S, Chaturvedi CM. Nesfatin-1: Localization and expression in avian gonads and its modulation by temporal phase relation of neural oscillations in female Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 224:205-15. [PMID: 26319133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In a search for new appetite-controlling signals, the peptide nesfatin-1, expressed in the brain and peripheral tissues of rodents and humans has been reported to regulate feeding by reducing food intake. Recently it has also been reported that nesfatin-1 might be involved in regulating the reproductive axis in fishes and mammals, but its expression and physiological role if any, is not yet known in birds. In the present study, localization and expression of nesfatin-1 was observed in the testis, ovary and shell gland of poultry species Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. Our earlier studies have reported that serotonin precursor 5-HTP and dopamine precursor l-DOPA given 8h apart induces gonadal suppression, when given 12h apart leads to gonadal stimulation while other relationships were found ineffective. In the present study intense ir-nesfatin-1 was observed in the regressed ovary (stromal cells) and shell gland (endometrium) of 8-h Japanese quail while in 12-h quail, weak and scarce immunostaining for nesfatin-1 was detected in the hyperactive ovary and shell gland compared to control. These findings led us to conclude that, an inverse relationship exists between ovarian activity (both in the control and simulated conditions) and nesfatin-1 expression. Present avian study, first of its kind, also suggests the role of nesfatin-1 in reproductive regulation possibly via appetite control and energy balance in female Japanese quail and needs to be investigated further in relation to food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somanshu Banerjee
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
174
|
|
175
|
The effect of metformin on neuronal activity in the appetite-regulating brain regions of mice fed a high-fat diet during an anorectic period. Physiol Behav 2015; 154:184-90. [PMID: 26631545 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metformin reduces body weight by decreasing food intake in humans and animals. However, the brain regions involved in metformin-induced anorexia remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated c-Fos expression (FOS), a marker of neuronal activity, in the appetite-regulating brain regions after oral administration of metformin (PO, 300mg/kg daily for 1 or 3days) or vehicle. The body weight and food intake decreased in mice treated with metformin for 3days (RM group) and mice that had the same amount of food as the RM group (Pair-fed group; PF) compared to the control group. FOS expression levels increased in the paraventricular nucleus, area postrema, and central amygdala of mice administered an acute single dose of metformin (SM group) compared to the control mice. In the nucleus tractus solitarius, the FOS expression levels increased in both the SM and RM groups compared to the control group. The FOS expression levels also increased in the nucleus accumbens of the RM group compared to other groups. The FOS expression levels decreased in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in the PF group, but not the RM group, compared to the control group, suggesting a potential hypothalamic area involvement for metformin-induced anorexia. These results suggest that both the hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic regions are associated with metformin-induced anorexia, which is dependent on metformin treatment duration.
Collapse
|
176
|
Milbank E, Martinez MC, Andriantsitohaina R. Extracellular vesicles: Pharmacological modulators of the peripheral and central signals governing obesity. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:65-83. [PMID: 26617220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its metabolic resultant dysfunctions such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension, grouped as the "metabolic syndrome", are chronic inflammatory disorders that represent one of the most severe epidemic health problems. The imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, leading to an excess of body fat and an increase of cardiovascular and diabetes risks, is regulated by the interaction between central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral signals in order to regulate behavior and finally, the metabolism of peripheral organs. At present, pharmacological treatment of obesity comprises actions in both CNS and peripheral organs. In the last decades, the extracellular vesicles have emerged as participants in many pathophysiological regulation processes. Whether used as biomarkers, targets or even tools, extracellular vesicles provided some promising effects in the treatment of a large variety of diseases. Extracellular vesicles are released by cells from the plasma membrane (microvesicles) or from multivesicular bodies (exosomes) and contain lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, such as DNA, protein coding, and non-coding RNAs. Owing to their composition, extracellular vesicles can (i) activate receptors at the target cell and then, the subsequent intracellular pathway associated to the specific receptor; (ii) transfer molecules to the target cells and thereby change their phenotype and (iii) be used as shuttle of drugs and, thus, to carry specific molecules towards specific cells. Herein, we review the impact of extracellular vesicles in modulating the central and peripheral signals governing obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Milbank
- INSERM UMR1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - M Carmen Martinez
- INSERM UMR1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
177
|
Troy AE, Simmonds SS, Stocker SD, Browning KN. High fat diet attenuates glucose-dependent facilitation of 5-HT3 -mediated responses in rat gastric vagal afferents. J Physiol 2015; 594:99-114. [PMID: 26456775 DOI: 10.1113/jp271558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Glucose regulates the density and function of 5-HT3 receptors on gastric vagal afferent neurones. Diet-induced obesity compromises the excitability and responsiveness of vagal afferents. In this study, we assessed whether exposure to a high fat diet (HFD) compromises the glucose-dependent modulation of 5-HT responses in gastric vagal afferents prior to the development of obesity. We show that HFD does not alter the response of gastric vagal afferent nerves and neurones to 5-HT but attenuates the ability of glucose to amplify 5-HT3-induced responses. These results suggest that glucose-dependent vagal afferent signalling is compromised by relatively short periods of exposure to HFD well in advance of the development of obesity or glycaemic dysregulation. Glucose regulates the density and function of 5-HT3 receptors on gastric vagal afferent neurones. Since diet-induced obesity attenuates the responsiveness of gastric vagal afferents to several neurohormones, the aim of the present study was to determine whether high fat diet (HFD) compromises the glucose-dependent modulation of 5-HT responses in gastric vagal afferents prior to the development of obesity. Rats were fed control or HFD (14% or 60% kilocalories from fat, respectively) for up to 8 weeks. Neurophysiological recordings assessed the ability of 5-HT to increase anterior gastric vagal afferent nerve (VAN) activity in vivo before and after acute hyperglycaemia, while electrophysiological recordings from gastric-projecting nodose neurones assessed the ability of glucose to modulate the 5-HT response in vitro. Immunocytochemical studies determined alterations in the neuronal distribution of 5-HT3 receptors. 5-HT and cholecystokinin (CCK) induced dose-dependent increases in VAN activity in all rats; HFD attenuated the response to CCK, but not 5-HT. The 5-HT-induced response was amplified by acute hyperglycaemia in control, but not HFD, rats. Similarly, although 5-HT induced an inward current in both control and HFD gastric nodose neurones in vitro, the 5-HT response and receptor distribution was amplified by acute hyperglycaemia only in control rats. These data suggest that, while HFD does not affect the response of gastric-projecting vagal afferents to 5-HT, it attenuates the ability of glucose to amplify 5-HT effects. This suggests that glucose-dependent vagal afferent signalling is compromised by short periods of exposure to HFD well in advance of obesity or glycaemic dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Troy
- Department of Neural and Behavioural Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Sarah S Simmonds
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Sean D Stocker
- Department of Neural and Behavioural Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Kirsteen N Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioural Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Anastasiou CA, Karfopoulou E, Yannakoulia M. Weight regaining: From statistics and behaviors to physiology and metabolism. Metabolism 2015; 64:1395-407. [PMID: 26362728 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Achieving maintenance of weight loss is crucial to combat obesity. However, most individuals tend to regain weight. Data from successful maintainers show that they remain vigilant and constantly apply techniques to oppose the course of regaining. On the other hand, current advances in obesity research show that the reduced obese state is a state of altered physiology in terms of energy balance. This review describes the physiological adaptations occurring after weight loss that predispose to regaining. Specifically, changes regarding body composition, hormonal background, energy expenditure and control of food intake are discussed. Moreover, metabolites that can act as regain predictors and dietary techniques to oppose regaining are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Costas A Anastasiou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eleni Karfopoulou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Xue J, Ideraabdullah FY. An assessment of molecular pathways of obesity susceptible to nutrient, toxicant and genetically induced epigenetic perturbation. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 30:1-13. [PMID: 27012616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the etiology of human disease has greatly improved with the inclusion of epigenetic mechanisms, in particular as a common link between environment and disease. However, for most diseases we lack a detailed interpretation of the epigenetic regulatory pathways perturbed by environment and causal mechanisms. Here, we focus on recent findings elucidating nutrient-related epigenetic changes linked to obesity. We highlight studies demonstrating that obesity is a complex disease linked to disruption of epigenetically regulated metabolic pathways in the brain, adipose tissue and liver. These pathways regulate (1) homeostatic and hedonic eating behaviors, (2) adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation, and (3) energy expenditure. By compiling these data, we illustrate that obesity-related phenotypes are repeatedly linked to disruption of critical epigenetic mechanisms that regulate key metabolic genes. These data are supported by genetic mutation of key epigenetic regulators, and many of the diet-induced epigenetic mechanisms of obesity are also perturbed by exposure to environmental toxicants. Identifying similarly perturbed epigenetic mechanisms in multiple experimental models of obesity strengthens the translational applications of these findings. We also discuss many of the ongoing challenges to understanding the role of environmentally induced epigenetic pathways in obesity and suggest future studies to elucidate these roles. This assessment illustrates our current understanding of molecular pathways of obesity that are susceptible to environmental perturbation via epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, it lays the groundwork for dissecting the complex interactions between diet, genes and toxicants that contribute to obesity and obesity-related phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Folami Y Ideraabdullah
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Nutrition, 120 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Losasso C, Cappa V, Neuhouser ML, Giaccone V, Andrighetto I, Ricci A. Students' Consumption of Beverages and Snacks at School and Away from School: A Case Study in the North East of Italy. Front Nutr 2015; 2:30. [PMID: 26501063 PMCID: PMC4595772 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In North-East Italy (the Veneto region), several public school nutrition policies have been developed to reduce the consumption of high-caloric snacks and beverages. However, little is known about whether the policies actually influence students’ dietary behaviors. In order to address this point, a multi-center cross-sectional survey of 691 Italian students was conducted. Students completed the Beverage and Snack Questionnaire, which assesses the consumption of beverages and snacks at school and out of school. Three-level Poisson Models with random intercept with students (level 1 units) nested into classroom (level 2 units), and nested into schools (level 3 units), were used to examine the influence of the school setting vs. the out of school environment (independent variable) on students’ consumption of sweet beverages, snacks, milk-based beverages, low-carbohydrate drinks, fruit, and vegetables (dependent variable) (p ≤ 0.05). The results showed a significantly higher consumption of sweet beverages, snacks, milk-based beverages, low-carbohydrate drinks, fruit, and vegetables out-of-the school, suggesting a school-protective association Thus, the policies aimed to limit or deny access to unhealthy foods in the school environment may play an important role in promoting more healthful dietary patterns for school children. Additional studies should be conducted to compare students’ dietary behaviors between schools with nutrition policies to those without nutrition policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Losasso
- Risk Analysis and Public Health Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Veronica Cappa
- Risk Analysis and Public Health Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Valerio Giaccone
- Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Igino Andrighetto
- Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Antonia Ricci
- Risk Analysis and Public Health Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie , Legnaro , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Boutelle KN, Bouton ME. Implications of learning theory for developing programs to decrease overeating. Appetite 2015; 93:62-74. [PMID: 25998235 PMCID: PMC4654402 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is associated with medical and psychological comorbidities, and interventions targeting overeating could be pragmatic and have a significant impact on weight. Calorically dense foods are easily available, variable, and tasty which allows for effective opportunities to learn to associate behaviors and cues in the environment with food through fundamental conditioning processes, resulting in measurable psychological and physiological food cue reactivity in vulnerable children. Basic research suggests that initial learning is difficult to erase, and that it is vulnerable to a number of phenomena that will allow the original learning to re-emerge after it is suppressed or replaced. These processes may help explain why it may be difficult to change food cue reactivity and overeating over the long term. Extinction theory may be used to develop effective cue-exposure treatments to decrease food cue reactivity through inhibitory learning, although these processes are complex and require an integral understanding of the theory and individual differences. Additionally, learning theory can be used to develop other interventions that may prove to be useful. Through an integration of learning theory, basic and translational research, it may be possible to develop interventions that can decrease the urges to overeat, and improve the weight status of children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri N Boutelle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mark E Bouton
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Spence C, Okajima K, Cheok AD, Petit O, Michel C. Eating with our eyes: From visual hunger to digital satiation. Brain Cogn 2015; 110:53-63. [PMID: 26432045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the brain's key roles is to facilitate foraging and feeding. It is presumably no coincidence, then, that the mouth is situated close to the brain in most animal species. However, the environments in which our brains evolved were far less plentiful in terms of the availability of food resources (i.e., nutriments) than is the case for those of us living in the Western world today. The growing obesity crisis is but one of the signs that humankind is not doing such a great job in terms of optimizing the contemporary food landscape. While the blame here is often put at the doors of the global food companies - offering addictive foods, designed to hit 'the bliss point' in terms of the pleasurable ingredients (sugar, salt, fat, etc.), and the ease of access to calorie-rich foods - we wonder whether there aren't other implicit cues in our environments that might be triggering hunger more often than is perhaps good for us. Here, we take a closer look at the potential role of vision; Specifically, we question the impact that our increasing exposure to images of desirable foods (what is often labelled 'food porn', or 'gastroporn') via digital interfaces might be having, and ask whether it might not inadvertently be exacerbating our desire for food (what we call 'visual hunger'). We review the growing body of cognitive neuroscience research demonstrating the profound effect that viewing such images can have on neural activity, physiological and psychological responses, and visual attention, especially in the 'hungry' brain.
Collapse
|
183
|
Boumans IJ, Bokkers EA, Hofstede GJ, de Boer IJ. Understanding feeding patterns in growing pigs by modelling growth and motivation. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
184
|
Heni M, Kullmann S, Gallwitz B, Häring HU, Preissl H, Fritsche A. Dissociation of GLP-1 and insulin association with food processing in the brain: GLP-1 sensitivity despite insulin resistance in obese humans. Mol Metab 2015; 4:971-6. [PMID: 26909313 PMCID: PMC4731733 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is released into the bloodstream after food intake. In addition to stimulating insulin release, it causes satiety and contributes to the termination of food intake. In this study, we investigated whether endogenous GLP-1 affects food-related brain activity and hunger. Methods Twenty-four volunteers (12 lean; 12 obese) underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test that promotes GLP-1 secretion. Food cue-induced brain activity was assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging and GLP-1 concentrations were measured before, 30, and 120 min after glucose intake. Results The significant increase in GLP-1 levels negatively correlated with a change in the food cue-induced brain activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, a major reward area. This association was independent of simultaneous alterations in insulin and glucose concentrations. The association was present in lean and overweight participants. By contrast, postprandial insulin changes were associated with orbitofrontal activations in lean individuals only. Conclusions The postprandial release of GLP-1 might alter reward processes in the orbitofrontal cortex and might thereby support the termination of food intake and reduce hunger. While obese persons showed brain insulin resistance, no GLP-1 resistance was observed. Our study provides novel insight into the central regulation of food intake by the incretin hormone GLP-1. GLP-1 levels associate with food cue-induced brain activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, a major reward area. While obese persons are brain insulin-resistant in the orbitofrontal cortex, they still respond to GLP-1. Postprandial GLP-1 release may alter reward processes in the orbitofrontal cortex to support the termination of food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Baptist Gallwitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Klimentidis YC, Arora A, Chougule A, Zhou J, Raichlen DA. FTO association and interaction with time spent sitting. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:411-6. [PMID: 26392018 PMCID: PMC4783205 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Multiple studies have revealed an interaction between a variant in the FTO gene and self-reported physical activity on body-mass index (BMI). Physical inactivity, such as time spent sitting (TSS) has recently gained attention as an important risk factor for obesity and related diseases. It is possible that FTO interacts with TSS to affect BMI, and/or that FTO's putative effect on BMI is mediated through TSS. Subjects/Methods We tested these hypotheses in two cohorts of the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) (Offspring: n=3,430, and 3rd Generation: n=3,888), and attempted to replicate our results in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) (n= 4,756). Specifically, we examined whether an association exists between FTO and self-reported TSS, and whether an interaction exists between FTO and TSS on BMI, while adjusting for several important covariates such as physical activity. Results In FHS, we find a significant positive association between the BMI-increasing FTO allele and TSS. We find a similar trend in WHI. Mediation analyses suggest that the effect of FTO on BMI is mediated through TSS. In FHS, we find a significant interaction of FTO and TSS on BMI, whereby the association of TSS with BMI is greatest among those with more FTO risk alleles. In WHI, we also find a significant interaction, although the direction is opposite to that in FHS. In a meta-analysis of the two datasets, there is no net interaction of FTO with TSS on BMI. Conclusions Our study suggests that FTO exerts its effect on BMI, at least partly, through energy expenditure mechanisms such as TSS. Further research into the intersection of genetics, sedentary behavior, and obesity-related outcomes is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y C Klimentidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A Arora
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A Chougule
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D A Raichlen
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Di Cairano ES, Moretti S, Marciani P, Sacchi VF, Castagna M, Davalli A, Folli F, Perego C. Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides: New Players in the Control of Islet of Langerhans' Cell Mass and Function. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:756-67. [PMID: 26332080 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans control whole body glucose homeostasis, as they respond, releasing hormones, to changes in nutrient concentrations in the blood stream. The regulation of hormone secretion has been the focus of attention for a long time because it is related to many metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus. Endocrine cells of the islet use a sophisticate system of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine signals to synchronize their activities. These signals provide a fast and accurate control not only for hormone release but also for cell differentiation and survival, key aspects in islet physiology and pathology. Among the different categories of paracrine/autocrine signals, this review highlights the role of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. In a manner similar to neurons, endocrine cells synthesize, accumulate, release neurotransmitters in the islet milieu, and possess receptors able to decode these signals. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of neurotransmitter/neuropetide signaling pathways present within the islet. Then, we focus on evidence supporting the concept that neurotransmitters/neuropeptides and their receptors are interesting new targets to preserve β-cell function and mass. A greater understanding of how this network of signals works in physiological and pathological conditions would advance our knowledge of islet biology and physiology and uncover potentially new areas of pharmacological intervention. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 756-767, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana S Di Cairano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Universit, à, degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Moretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Universit, à, degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Marciani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Universit, à, degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vellea Franca Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Universit, à, degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Castagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Universit, à, degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Davalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Folli
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Internal Medicine, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Carla Perego
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Universit, à, degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Emsley R, Asmal L, Chiliza B, du Plessis S, Carr J, Kidd M, Malhotra AK, Vink M, Kahn RS. Changes in brain regions associated with food-intake regulation, body mass and metabolic profiles during acute antipsychotic treatment in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015; 233:186-93. [PMID: 26184461 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether morphological brain changes occurred in brain regions associated with body-weight homeostasis during acute antipsychotic treatment, and if so, whether they were related to changes in body mass and metabolic profile. Twenty-two antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia received either risperidone long acting injection or flupenthixol decanoate over 13 weeks and were compared by structural MRI with 23 matched healthy volunteers at weeks 0, 4 and 13. Images were reconstructed using freesurfer fully-automated whole brain segmentation. The ventral diencephalon and prefrontal cortex were selected to represent the homeostatic and hedonic food intake regulatory systems respectively. Body mass was measured at weeks 0, 7 and 13 and fasting glucose and lipid profiles at weeks 0 and 13. Linear mixed effect models indicated significant group(⁎)time interactions for the ventral diencephalon volumes bilaterally. Ventral diencephalon volume reduction was strongly correlated bilaterally with body mass increase and HDL-cholesterol reductions, and unilaterally with blood glucose elevation. There were no significant changes in prefrontal cortical thickness. These findings implicate the ventral diencephalon, of which the hypothalamus is the main component, in the acute adipogenic and dyslipidaemic effects of antipsychotic medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laila Asmal
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bonginkosi Chiliza
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefan du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatric Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Matthijs Vink
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Sánchez-Hernández D, Poon AN, Kubant R, Kim H, Huot PSP, Cho CE, Pannia E, Reza-López SA, Pausova Z, Bazinet RP, Anderson GH. High vitamin A intake during pregnancy modifies dopaminergic reward system and decreases preference for sucrose in Wistar rat offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 27:104-11. [PMID: 26456562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High multivitamin (HV) content in gestational diets has long-term metabolic effects in rat offspring. These changes are associated with in utero modifications of gene expression in hypothalamic food intake regulation. However, the role of fat-soluble vitamins in mediating these effects has not been explored. Vitamin A is a plausible candidate due to its role in gene methylation. Vitamin A intake above requirements during pregnancy affects the development of neurocircuitries involved in food intake and reward regulation. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed AIN-93G diets with the following content: recommended multivitamins (1-fold multivitamins: RV), high vitamin A (10-fold vitamin A: HA) or HV with only recommended vitamin A (10-fold multivitamins, 1-fold vitamin A: HVRA). Body weight, food intake and preference, mRNA expression and DNA methylation of hippocampal dopamine-related genes were assessed in male offspring brains at different developmental windows: birth, weaning and 14weeks postweaning. HA offspring had changes in dopamine-related gene expression at all developmental windows and DNA hypermethylation in the dopamine receptor 2 promoter region compared to RV offspring. Furthermore, HA diet lowered sucrose preference but had no effect on body weight and expression of hypothalamic genes. In contrast, HVRA offspring showed only at adulthood changes in expression of hippocampal genes and a modest effect on hypothalamic genes. High vitamin A intake alone in gestational diets has long-lasting programming effects on the dopaminergic system that are further translated into decreased sucrose preference but not food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | - Abraham N Poon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | - Ruslan Kubant
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | - Hwanki Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | - Pedro S P Huot
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | - Clara E Cho
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | - Emanuela Pannia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | - Sandra A Reza-López
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2; Hospital for Sick Children, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | - G Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Calvez J, Lenglos C, de Ávila C, Guèvremont G, Timofeeva E. Differential effects of central administration of relaxin-3 on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptides in male and female rats. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:550-63. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Calvez
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec; Université Laval; Québec (QC) Canada
| | - C. Lenglos
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec; Université Laval; Québec (QC) Canada
| | - C. de Ávila
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec; Université Laval; Québec (QC) Canada
| | - G. Guèvremont
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec; Université Laval; Québec (QC) Canada
| | - E. Timofeeva
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec; Université Laval; Québec (QC) Canada
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Salem V, Dhillo WS. IMAGING IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The use of functional MRI to study the endocrinology of appetite. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:R59-68. [PMID: 25855629 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present review article, we summarise current thinking about the neuroendocrinology of appetite and feeding behaviour. We discuss how the homeostatic control of energy balance, wherein the hypothalamus orchestrates food intake and energy expenditure in response to peripheral signals about nutritional status, can be easily overridden by the powerful reward value of food. We focus on how functional magnetic resonance imaging has shed light on our understanding of the way hormones can interact with the brain to modulate appetite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Salem
- Section of Investigative MedicineImperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative MedicineImperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Eiler WJ, Džemidžić M, Case KR, Soeurt CM, Armstrong CL, Mattes RD, O'Connor SJ, Harezlak J, Acton AJ, Considine RV, Kareken DA. The apéritif effect: Alcohol's effects on the brain's response to food aromas in women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1386-93. [PMID: 26110891 PMCID: PMC4493764 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Consuming alcohol prior to a meal (an apéritif) increases food consumption. This greater food consumption may result from increased activity in brain regions that mediate reward and regulate feeding behavior. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we evaluated the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response to the food aromas of either roast beef or Italian meat sauce following pharmacokinetically controlled intravenous infusion of alcohol. METHODS BOLD activation to food aromas in non-obese women (n = 35) was evaluated once during intravenous infusion of 6% v/v EtOH, clamped at a steady-state breath alcohol concentration of 50 mg%, and once during infusion of saline using matching pump rates. Ad libitum intake of roast beef with noodles or Italian meat sauce with pasta following imaging was recorded. RESULTS BOLD activation to food relative to non-food odors in the hypothalamic area was increased during alcohol pre-load when compared to saline. Food consumption was significantly greater, and levels of ghrelin were reduced, following alcohol. CONCLUSIONS An alcohol pre-load increased food consumption and potentiated differences between food and non-food BOLD responses in the region of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus may mediate the interplay of alcohol and responses to food cues, thus playing a role in the apéritif phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J.A. Eiler
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mario Džemidžić
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - K. Rose Case
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Christina M. Soeurt
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Richard D. Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sean J. O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Harezlak
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Anthony J. Acton
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert V. Considine
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - David A. Kareken
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Corresponding Author: David A. Kareken, Ph.D. Neuropsychology Section (GH 4700) Department of Neurology Indiana University School of Medicine 355 West 16 Street Indianapolis, IN 46202 (317) 963-7212
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Abstract
Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is mediated by neuronal reward prediction error signals which implement basic constructs of reinforcement learning theory. These signals are found in dopamine neurons, which emit a global reward signal to striatum and frontal cortex, and in specific neurons in striatum, amygdala, and frontal cortex projecting to select neuronal populations. The approach and choice functions involve subjective value, which is objectively assessed by behavioral choices eliciting internal, subjective reward preferences. Utility is the formal mathematical characterization of subjective value and a prime decision variable in economic choice theory. It is coded as utility prediction error by phasic dopamine responses. Utility can incorporate various influences, including risk, delay, effort, and social interaction. Appropriate for formal decision mechanisms, rewards are coded as object value, action value, difference value, and chosen value by specific neurons. Although all reward, reinforcement, and decision variables are theoretical constructs, their neuronal signals constitute measurable physical implementations and as such confirm the validity of these concepts. The neuronal reward signals provide guidance for behavior while constraining the free will to act.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Schultz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Examination of the effects of varenicline, bupropion, lorcaserin, or naltrexone on responding for conditioned reinforcement in nicotine-exposed rats. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 25:775-83. [PMID: 25230208 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Smoking tobacco remains one of the leading causes of preventable deaths in North America. Nicotine reinforces smoking behavior, in part, by enhancing the reinforcing properties of reward-related stimuli, or conditioned stimuli (CSs), associated with tobacco intake. To investigate how pharmaceutical interventions may affect this property of nicotine, we examined the effect of four US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs on the ability of nicotine to enhance operant responding for a CS as a conditioned reinforcer. Thirsty rats were exposed to 13 Pavlovian sessions where a CS was paired with water delivery. Nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) injections were administered before each Pavlovian session. Then, in separate groups of rats, the effects of varenicline (1 mg/kg), bupropion (10 and 30 mg/kg), lorcaserin (0.6 mg/kg), and naltrexone (2 mg/kg), and their interaction with nicotine on responding for conditioned reinforcement were examined. Varenicline and lorcaserin each reduced nicotine-enhanced responding for conditioned reinforcement, whereas naltrexone had a modest effect of reducing response enhancements by nicotine. In contrast, bupropion enhanced the effect of nicotine on this measure. The results of these studies may inform how pharmaceutical interventions can affect smoking cessation attempts and relapse through diverse mechanisms, either substituting for, or interacting with, the reinforcement-enhancing properties of nicotine.
Collapse
|
194
|
Liu X. Enhanced motivation for food reward induced by stress and attenuation by corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor antagonism in rats: implications for overeating and obesity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2049-60. [PMID: 25510859 PMCID: PMC4433618 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Overeating beyond individuals' homeostatic needs critically contributes to obesity. The neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying the motivation to consume excessive foods with high calories are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE The present study examined whether a pharmacological stressor, yohimbine, enhances the motivation to procure food reward with an emphasis on comparisons between standard lab chow and high-fat foods. The effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor blockade by a CRF1-selective antagonist NBI on the stress-enhanced motivation for food reward were also assessed. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats with chow available ad libitum in their home cages were trained to press a lever under a progressive ratio schedule for deliveries of either standard or high-fat food pellets. For testing yohimbine stress effects, rats received an intraperitoneal administration of yohimbine 10 min before start of the test sessions. For testing effects of CRF1 receptor blockade on stress responses, NBI was administered 20 min prior to yohimbine challenge. RESULTS The rats emitted higher levels of lever responses to procure the high-fat food pellets compared with their counterparts on standard food pellets. Yohimbine challenge facilitated lever responses for the reward in all of the rats, whereas the effect was more robust in the rats on high-fat food pellets compared with their counterparts on standard food pellets. An inhibitory effect of pretreatment with NBI was observed on the enhancing effect of yohimbine challenge but not on the responses under baseline condition without yohimbine administration. CONCLUSIONS Stress challenge significantly enhanced the motivation of satiated rats to procure extra food reward, especially the high-fat food pellets. Activation of CRF1 receptors is required for the stress-enhanced motivation for food reward. These results may have implications for our better understanding of the biobehavioral mechanisms of overeating and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
|
196
|
Hayes DJ, Lipsman N, Chen DQ, Woodside DB, Davis KD, Lozano AM, Hodaie M. Subcallosal Cingulate Connectivity in Anorexia Nervosa Patients Differs From Healthy Controls: A Multi-tensor Tractography Study. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:758-68. [PMID: 26073966 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia nervosa is characterized by extreme low body weight and alterations in affective processing. The subcallosal cingulate regulates affect through wide-spread white matter connections and is implicated in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa. OBJECTIVES We examined whether those with treatment refractory anorexia nervosa undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subcallosal white matter (SCC) show: (1) altered anatomical SCC connectivity compared to healthy controls, (2) white matter microstructural changes, and (3) microstructural changes associated with clinically-measured affect. METHODS Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) and deterministic multi-tensor tractography were used to compare anatomical connectivity and microstructure in SCC-associated white matter tracts. Eight women with treatment-refractory anorexia nervosa were compared to 8 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Anorexia nervosa patients also completed affect-related clinical assessments presurgically and 12 months post-surgery. RESULTS (1) Higher (e.g., left parieto-occipital cortices) and lower (e.g., thalamus) connectivity in those with anorexia nervosa compared to controls. (2) Decreases in fractional anisotropy, and alterations in axial and radial diffusivities, in the left fornix crus, anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC), right anterior cingulum and left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. (3) Correlations between dMRI metrics and clinical assessments, such as low pre-surgical left fornix and right ALIC fractional anisotropy being related to post-DBS improvements in quality-of-life and depressive symptoms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We identified widely-distributed differences in SCC connectivity in anorexia nervosa patients consistent with heterogenous clinical disruptions, although these results should be considered with caution given the low number of subjects. Future studies should further explore the use of affect-related connectivity and behavioral assessments to assist with DBS target selection and treatment outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dave J Hayes
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Western Research Institute, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Nir Lipsman
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Western Research Institute, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - David Q Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Western Research Institute, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - D Blake Woodside
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Karen D Davis
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Western Research Institute, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Western Research Institute, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Western Research Institute, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Entchev EV, Patel DS, Zhan M, Steele AJ, Lu H, Ch'ng Q. A gene-expression-based neural code for food abundance that modulates lifespan. eLife 2015; 4:e06259. [PMID: 25962853 PMCID: PMC4417936 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How the nervous system internally represents environmental food availability is poorly understood. Here, we show that quantitative information about food abundance is encoded by combinatorial neuron-specific gene-expression of conserved TGFβ and serotonin pathway components in Caenorhabditis elegans. Crosstalk and auto-regulation between these pathways alters the shape, dynamic range, and population variance of the gene-expression responses of daf-7 (TGFβ) and tph-1 (tryptophan hydroxylase) to food availability. These intricate regulatory features provide distinct mechanisms for TGFβ and serotonin signaling to tune the accuracy of this multi-neuron code: daf-7 primarily regulates gene-expression variability, while tph-1 primarily regulates the dynamic range of gene-expression responses. This code is functional because daf-7 and tph-1 mutations bidirectionally attenuate food level-dependent changes in lifespan. Our results reveal a neural code for food abundance and demonstrate that gene expression serves as an additional layer of information processing in the nervous system to control long-term physiology. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06259.001 To maximize their chances of survival, animals need to be able to sense changes in the abundance of food in their environment and respond in an appropriate manner. The nervous system is able to sense cues from the environment and coordinate responses in the whole organism, but it is not clear how this leads to long-term changes in the organism's biology. In nematode worms, two genes called daf-7 and tph-1 appear to be involved in connecting the sensing of food availability with changes in the biology of the organism. The daf-7 gene encodes a hormone, while tph-1 encodes an enzyme that makes a neurochemical called serotonin. Here, Entchev, Patel, Zhan et al. found that daf-7 and tph-1 genes are active in three pairs of neurons in nematode worms. The experiments show that these neurons collectively form a circuit that carries information about the abundance of food, which leads to changes in how long the worms live. When this circuit was disrupted by removing these genes, the worms' ability to adjust their lifespan in response to changes in the availability of food was weakened, likely because they were unable to sense food. The experiments also show that the circuit regulates itself, largely because daf-7 and tph-1 are able to control each-other's activity. Together, these results suggest that changing the activity of certain genes in neurons enables nematode worms to alter their biology in response to changes in the availability of food. Neurons in the brain use electrical activity to communicate and process information and Entchev, Patel, Zhan et al.'s findings imply that gene activity can also perform a similar role. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06259.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugeni V Entchev
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dhaval S Patel
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Zhan
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | - Andrew J Steele
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hang Lu
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | - QueeLim Ch'ng
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Inhibitory control in otherwise healthy overweight 10-year-old children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1230-5. [PMID: 25869603 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventing obesity is a worldwide public health priority. In vulnerable children living in obesogenic environments, with easy access to high-caloric food, alterations in inhibitory control functions might favor excessive food intake and affect energy regulation. We hypothesized that overweight/obese children would present lower inhibitory control in comparison to normal weight children. METHODS We measured inhibitory control functions in 93 otherwise healthy overweight/obese and 92 normal weight 10-year-old children using the Stroop test and the Go/No-Go task. Event-related potentials were recorded during the Go/No-Go task. RESULTS Overweight/obese children showed slower reaction times (1248.6 ms (95% confidence interval (CI): 1182.9-1314.3) vs 1149.0 ms (95% CI: 1083.0-1215.1)) on the Stroop test, higher reaction time variability (0.25 (95% CI: 0.22-0.27) vs 0.21 (95% CI: 0.19-0.24)) on the Go/No-Go task and decreased P300 amplitude (4.1 μV (95% CI: 3.0-5.2) vs 6.4 μV (95% CI: 5.2-7.6)) on event-related potentials compared with normal weight children. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate altered inhibitory control functions in otherwise healthy overweight/obese children, which might contribute to their excessive food consumption.
Collapse
|
199
|
Green E, Jacobson A, Haase L, Murphy C. Neural correlates of taste and pleasantness evaluation in the metabolic syndrome. Brain Res 2015; 1620:57-71. [PMID: 25842372 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of cardiometabolic abnormalities that commonly occur together and increase risk for cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Having MetS, especially during middle-age, increases the risk for dementia in later life. Abdominal obesity is a central feature of MetS; therefore, increased efforts to prevent obesity and identify predictors of weight gain are of extreme importance. Altered processing of food reward in the brain of obese individuals has been suggested to be a possible mechanism related to overeating. We scanned fifteen healthy middle-aged controls (aged 44-54) and sixteen middle-aged adults with MetS after a fast (hungry) and after a preload (sated), while they rated the pleasantness of sucrose (sweet) and caffeine (bitter) solutions. Data were analyzed using voxelwise linear mixed-effects modeling, and a region of interest analysis to examine associations between hypothalamic activation to sweet taste and BMI during hunger and satiety. The results indicate that middle-aged individuals with MetS respond with significantly less brain activation than controls without MetS during pleasantness evaluation of sweet and bitter tastes in regions involved in sensory and higher-level taste processing. Participants with higher BMI had greater hypothalamic response during pleasantness evaluation of sucrose in the sated condition. Importantly, this study is the first to document differential brain circuitry in middle-aged adults with MetS, a population at risk for poor physical and cognitive outcomes. Future research aimed at better understanding relationships among MetS, obesity, and brain function is warranted to better conceptualize and develop interventions for overeating in these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Green
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lori Haase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Claire Murphy
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Weise CM, Thiyyagura P, Reiman EM, Chen K, Krakoff J. A potential role for the midbrain in integrating fat-free mass determined energy needs: An H2 (15) O PET study. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2406-15. [PMID: 25766283 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known on how sensing of energy needs is centrally represented, integrated, and translated into the behavioral aspects of energy homeostasis. Fat free mass (FFM) is the major determinant of energy expenditure. We investigated how interindividual variances in FFM relate to neuronal activity in humans. Healthy adults (n = 64, 21F/43M; age 31.3 ± 9.1y; percentage of body fat [PFAT] 25.6 ± 10.7%; BMI 30.4 ± 9) underwent a 36h fast and subsequent H(2) (15) O positron emission tomographic (PET) measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Multiple variable regression analysis revealed significant associations of FFM with rCBF within the midbrain [including parts of the periaqueductal gray (PAG), ventral tegmental area (VTA), thalamic and hypothalamic regions], the bilateral parahippocampal region, left anterior cingulate, left insular cortex, right cerebellum, and distinct regions within the temporal and occipital cortex. In contrast, no significant associations were found for fat mass (FM). We investigated the potential functional-anatomical link between FFM and central regulation of food intake by performing a conjunction analysis of FFM and the perceived hunger feelings. This showed a significant overlap within the midbrain PAG. Mediation analysis demonstrated a significant indirect effect of FFM on hunger with PAG rCBF as mediator. Most regions we found to be associated with FFM form part in ascending homeostatic pathways and cortical circuitries implicated in the regulation of basic bodily functions indicating a potential role of these central networks in the integration of FFM determined energy needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Weise
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, NIDDK-NIH, DHHS, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|