151
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Perreira KM, Wassink J, Harris KM. BEYOND RACE/ETHNICITY: SKIN COLOR, GENDER, AND THE HEALTH OF YOUNG ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2019; 38:271-299. [PMID: 31595099 PMCID: PMC6781627 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-018-9503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Researchers typically identify health disparities using self-reported race/ethnicity, a measure identifying individuals' social and cultural affiliations. In this study, we use data from Waves 1, 3, and 4 of Add Health to examine health disparities by interviewer-ascribed skin color, a measure capturing the perceptions of race/ethnicity ascribed to individuals by others. Individuals with darker skin tones may face greater exposure to serious stressors such as perceived discrimination, poverty, and economic hardship which can accumulate over the lifecourse and increase the likelihood of poor health. We found significant gradients in Body Mass Index (BMI), obesity, self-reported health, and depressive symptoms by interviewer-ascribed skin color but results differed by gender. Associations of BMI, obesity, and fair/poor health among women were only partially mediated by discrimination, self-reported stress, or low socio-economic status and persisted after controlling for race/ethnicity. Among men, initial associations between skin color and both fair/poor health and depressive symptoms did not persist after controlling for race/ethnicity. This study demonstrates the value of considering stratification by skin color and gender in conjunction with race/ethnicity.
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152
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The dynamics of the gradient between child's health and family income: Evidence from Canada. Soc Sci Med 2019; 226:182-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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153
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Cheval B, Chabert C, Sieber S, Orsholits D, Cooper R, Guessous I, Blane D, Kliegel M, Courvoisier D, Kelly-Irving M, Boisgontier M, Cullati S. Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Muscle Strength in Older Age. Gerontology 2019; 65:474-484. [DOI: 10.1159/000494972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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154
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Bryson HE, Goldfeld S, Price AMH, Mensah F. Hair cortisol as a measure of the stress response to social adversity in young children. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:525-542. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Bryson
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children’s Hospital Parkville VIC Australia
- Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Sharon Goldfeld
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children’s Hospital Parkville VIC Australia
- Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Anna M. H. Price
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children’s Hospital Parkville VIC Australia
- Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Fiona Mensah
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
- Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
- The Royal Children’s Hospital Parkville VIC Australia
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155
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Worthman CM, Dockray S, Marceau K. Puberty and the Evolution of Developmental Science. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2019; 29:9-31. [PMID: 30869841 PMCID: PMC6961839 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, theoretical and methodological advances have operated synergistically to advance understanding of puberty and prompt increasingly comprehensive models that engage with the temporal, psychosocial, and biological dimensions of this maturational milepost. This integrative overview discusses these theoretical and methodological advances and their implications for research and intervention to promote human development in the context of changing maturational schedules and massive ongoing social transformations.
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156
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McKinley Yoder CL, Cantrell MA. Childhood Disability and Educational Outcomes: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Nurs 2019; 45:37-50. [PMID: 30682721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Graduation from high school is an important milestone for all adolescents and affects future health in adulthood. Children with chronic illnesses have additional challenges that affect school attendance, grade retention and graduation. If children with chronic conditions are not able to participate fully in education, this may limit their opportunities for future health. The aim of this study was to integrate the evidence in the past 28 years about educational outcomes of children and adolescents with chronic conditions causing disability. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Quantitative studies reporting on a chronic condition and attendance, grade retention, or high school graduation, from a peer-reviewed journal in the English language, data collection since 1990, and research conducted with a population in the United States were eligible for review. SAMPLE Forty-three studies from a literature search of CINAHL, MEDLINE, ERIC, Teacher Reference Center, Psychology & Behavioral Science Collection, and Academic Search Elite databases, followed by ancestry searches, were included in this review. RESULTS In general, chronic conditions are significantly associated with increased absenteeism, grade repetition and not completing high school within four years, although hemophilia does not follow this pattern. Additionally, increased severity of the condition is associated with poorer educational outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Nurses and other healthcare providers should include an educational assessment as part of psychosocial assessment of children and adolescents to identify risk, intervene early and limit risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L McKinley Yoder
- OHSU School of Nursing, Portland, OR, United States of America; M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States of America.
| | - Mary Ann Cantrell
- M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States of America
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157
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'Like a life in a cage': Understanding child play and social interaction in Somali refugee families in the UK. Health Place 2019; 56:191-201. [PMID: 30825824 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Migration to a different culture may affect opportunities for play and social interaction, essential for children's developing cognitive and social skills. We asked Somali migrant women about experiences of childhood (both while growing up themselves, and subsequent observations) in Somalia and the UK. In Somalia, they described a supportive, connected community and safe environment enabling children to play and learn together. In the UK, by contrast, multiple local stressors constrained children's opportunities to play and interact. Understanding and improving neighbourhood geography, as experienced and shaped by parents and children, would seem important for promoting early child development in refugee families.
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158
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McDade TW, Ryan CP, Jones MJ, Hoke MK, Borja J, Miller GE, Kuzawa CW, Kobor MS. Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in relation to socioeconomic status during development and early adulthood. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:3-11. [PMID: 30771258 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Socioeconomic status (SES) is a powerful determinant of health, but the underlying biological mechanisms are poorly understood. This study investigates whether levels of DNA methylation at CpG sites across the genome are associated with SES in a cohort of young adults in the Philippines. METHODS DNA methylation was assayed with the Illumina HumanMethylation450 Bead Chip, in leukocytes from 489 participants in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (mean age = 20.9 years). SES was measured in infancy/childhood and adulthood, and was based on composite measures of income, assets, and education. Genome-wide analysis of variable probes identified CpG sites significantly associated with SES after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Functional enrichment analysis was used to identify biological pathways associated with these sites. RESULTS A total of 2,546 CpG sites, across 1,537 annotated genes, were differentially methylated in association with SES. In comparison with high SES, low SES was associated with increased methylation at 1,777 sites, and decreased methylation at 769 sites. Functional enrichment analysis identified over-representation of biological pathways related to immune function, skeletal development, and development of the nervous system. CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic status predicts DNA methylation at a large number of CpG sites across the genome. The scope of these associations is commensurate with the wide range of biological systems and health outcomes that are shaped by SES, and these findings suggest that DNA methylation may play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W McDade
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Calen P Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Meaghan J Jones
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba
| | - Morgan K Hoke
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith Borja
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Christopher W Kuzawa
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute
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159
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Alfano R, Guida F, Galobardes B, Chadeau-Hyam M, Delpierre C, Ghantous A, Henderson J, Herceg Z, Jain P, Nawrot TS, Relton C, Vineis P, Castagné R, Plusquin M. Socioeconomic position during pregnancy and DNA methylation signatures at three stages across early life: epigenome-wide association studies in the ALSPAC birth cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 48:30-44. [PMID: 30590607 PMCID: PMC6443021 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic experiences are recognized determinants of health, and recent work has shown that social disadvantages in early life may induce sustained biological changes at molecular level that are detectable later in life. However, the dynamics and persistence of biological embedding of socioeconomic position (SEP) remains vastly unexplored. METHODS Using the data from the ALSPAC birth cohort, we performed epigenome-wide association studies of DNA methylation changes at three life stages (birth, n = 914; childhood at mean age 7.5 years, n = 973; and adolescence at mean age 15.5 years, n = 974), measured using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 Beadchip, in relation to pregnancy SEP indicators (maternal and paternal education and occupation). RESULTS Across the four early life SEP metrics investigated, only maternal education was associated with methylation levels at birth, and four CpGs mapped to SULF1, GLB1L2 and RPUSD1 genes were identified [false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected P-value <0.05]. No epigenetic signature was found associated with maternal education in child samples, but methylation levels at 20 CpG loci were found significantly associated with maternal education in adolescence. Although no overlap was found between the differentially methylated CpG sites at different ages, we identified two CpG sites at birth and during adolescence which are 219 bp apart in the SULF1 gene that encodes an heparan sulphatase involved in modulation of signalling pathways. Using data from an independent birth cohort, the ENVIRONAGE cohort, we were not able to replicate these findings. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that parental SEP, and particularly maternal education, may influence the offspring's methylome at birth and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Alfano
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Florence Guida
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bruna Galobardes
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Delpierre
- INSERM, UMR1027, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Akram Ghantous
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - John Henderson
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR-Health Protection Research Unit, Respiratory Infections and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- IIGM, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Raphaële Castagné
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- INSERM, UMR1027, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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160
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Gordon-Nesbitt R, Howarth A. The arts and the social determinants of health: findings from an inquiry conducted by the United Kingdom All-Party Parliamentary Group on Arts, Health and Wellbeing. Arts Health 2019; 12:1-22. [PMID: 31038422 DOI: 10.1080/17533015.2019.1567563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: The United Kingdom All-Party Parliamentary Group on Arts, Health and Wellbeing was formed in 2014 and, the following year, initiated an Inquiry into the relationship between arts engagement, health and wellbeing. This led to a substantial report being launched in Parliament in July 2017.Methods: The Inquiry comprised 16 round-table discussions, a series of expert meetings and a lengthy period of desk-based research. The latter applied a realist method in seeking to reconcile policy, practice and evidence. Consideration of the social determinants of health formed the theoretical framework.Results: Evidence was found of a beneficial relationship between arts engagement, health and wellbeing across the life course.Conclusions: Arts engagement can mitigate the social determinants of health by influencing perinatal mental health and child cognitive development; shaping educational and employment opportunities and compensating for work-related stress; building individual resilience and enhancing communities. Further research is needed in this area.
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161
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Hogan V, Rowley DL, White SB, Faustin Y. Dimensionality and R4P: A Health Equity Framework for Research Planning and Evaluation in African American Populations. Matern Child Health J 2019; 22:147-153. [PMID: 29392541 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-017-2411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Existing health disparities frameworks do not adequately incorporate unique interacting contributing factors leading to health inequities among African Americans, resulting in public health stakeholders' inability to translate these frameworks into practice. Methods We developed dimensionality and R4P to integrate multiple theoretical perspectives into a framework of action to eliminate health inequities experienced by African Americans. Results The dimensional framework incorporates Critical Race Theory and intersectionality, and includes dimensions of time-past, present and future. Dimensionality captures the complex linear and non-linear array of influences that cause health inequities, but these pathways do not lend themselves to approaches to developing empirically derived programs, policies and interventions to promote health equity. R4P provides a framework for addressing the scope of actions needed. The five components of R4P are (1) Remove, (2) Repair, (3) Remediate, (4) Restructure and (5) Provide. Conclusion R4P is designed to translate complex causality into a public health equity planning, assessment, evaluation and research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Hogan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.,WK Kellogg Foundation, Battle Creek, MI, USA
| | - Diane L Rowley
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | | | - Yanica Faustin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
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162
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Pryor L, Strandberg-Larsen K, Nybo Andersen AM, Hulvej Rod N, Melchior M. Trajectories of family poverty and children's mental health: Results from the Danish National Birth Cohort. Soc Sci Med 2019; 220:371-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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163
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Davis L, Barnes AJ, Gross AC, Ryder JR, Shlafer RJ. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Weight Status among Adolescents. J Pediatr 2019; 204:71-76.e1. [PMID: 30287067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and weight status among adolescents. STUDY DESIGN Data were drawn from the Minnesota Student Survey, a large (n = 105 759), statewide, anonymous survey of public school students in eighth, ninth, and eleventh grades. Self-reported height and weight were used to calculate body mass index. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between self-reported ACEs and weight status, controlling for key sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS ACEs were positively associated with weight status; adolescents with more ACEs were more likely to have overweight, obesity, and severe obesity than adolescents with no ACEs. Adolescents who reported an ACE were 1.2, 1.4, and 1.5 times as likely to have overweight, obesity, and severe obesity, respectively, compared with their peers with no ACEs. There was no relationship between ACEs and underweight. CONCLUSIONS The results of this large sample of adolescents with anonymous data support the hypothesis that ACEs and obesity are strongly associated. The directionality of this relationship needs to be understood. Moreover, these findings suggest that child health professionals may need to screen for ACEs as an important aspect of clinical weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Davis
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Andrew J Barnes
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Amy C Gross
- Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN; Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Justin R Ryder
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN; Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rebecca J Shlafer
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
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164
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Duncan GJ, Kalil A, Ziol-Guest KM. Parental Income and Children's Life Course: Lessons from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. THE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE 2018; 680:82-96. [PMID: 33967279 PMCID: PMC8101953 DOI: 10.1177/0002716218801534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews how the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) has contributed to our understanding of the links between childhood economic conditions- in particular, the household incomes with very young children-and the economic attainment and health of those children when they reach adulthood. From its beginning, the PSID has provided data useful for addressing intergenerational questions. In the mid-1990s, PSID data supported a series of studies that link early childhood income to early adult attainments, particularly to completed schooling. At the same time, discoveries in neurobiology and epidemiology were beginning to provide details on the processes producing the observed correlations. These discoveries led to a more recent set of PSID-based studies that focus not only on labor market and behavioral outcomes, but also on links between income in the earliest stages of life (including the prenatal period) and adult health. Links between economic disadvantage in childhood and adult health, and the developmental neuroscience underlying those links, are promising areas for future research.
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165
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Bush NR, Edgar RD, Park M, MacIsaac JL, McEwen LM, Adler NE, Essex MJ, Kobor MS, Boyce WT. The biological embedding of early-life socioeconomic status and family adversity in children's genome-wide DNA methylation. Epigenomics 2018; 10:1445-1461. [PMID: 30351206 PMCID: PMC6462839 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To examine variation in child DNA methylation to assess its potential as a pathway for effects of childhood social adversity on health across the life course. Materials & methods: In a diverse, prospective community sample of 178 kindergarten children, associations between three types of social experience and DNA methylation within buccal epithelial cells later in childhood were examined. Results: Family income, parental education and family psychosocial adversity each associated with increased or decreased DNA methylation (488, 354 and 102 sites, respectively) within a unique set of genomic CpG sites. Gene ontology analyses pointed to genes serving immune and developmental regulation functions. Conclusion: Findings provided support for DNA methylation as a biomarker linking early-life social experiences with later life health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health & Community, Weill Neuroscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 465, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rachel D Edgar
- Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Mina Park
- School of Population & Public Health, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 4480 Oak St, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Julia L MacIsaac
- Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Lisa M McEwen
- Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Nancy E Adler
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health & Community, Weill Neuroscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 465, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Marilyn J Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison,16330 Ellendale Road, Dallas, OR 97338, USA
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - W Thomas Boyce
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health & Community, Weill Neuroscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 465, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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166
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Inglis G, Archibald D, Doi L, Laird Y, Malden S, Marryat L, McAteer J, Pringle J, Frank J. Credibility of subgroup analyses by socioeconomic status in public health intervention evaluations: An underappreciated problem? SSM Popul Health 2018; 6:245-251. [PMID: 30417067 PMCID: PMC6214868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest amongst researchers and policy makers in identifying the effect of public health interventions on health inequalities by socioeconomic status (SES). This issue is typically addressed in evaluation studies through subgroup analyses, where researchers test whether the effect of an intervention differs according to the socioeconomic status of participants. The credibility of such analyses is therefore crucial when making judgements about how an intervention is likely to affect health inequalities, although this issue appears to be rarely considered within public health. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the credibility of subgroup analyses in published evaluations of public health interventions. An established set of 10 credibility criteria for subgroup analyses was applied to a purposively sampled set of 21 evaluation studies, the majority of which focussed on healthy eating interventions, which reported differential intervention effects by SES. While the majority of these studies were found to be otherwise of relatively high quality methodologically, only 8 of the 21 studies met at least 6 of the 10 credibility criteria for subgroup analysis. These findings suggest that the credibility of subgroup analyses conducted within evaluations of public health interventions' impact on health inequalities may be an underappreciated problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greig Inglis
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 20 West Richmond Street, EH8 9DX, United Kingdom
| | - Daryll Archibald
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 20 West Richmond Street, EH8 9DX, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Doi
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 20 West Richmond Street, EH8 9DX, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Laird
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 20 West Richmond Street, EH8 9DX, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Malden
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 20 West Richmond Street, EH8 9DX, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Marryat
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 20 West Richmond Street, EH8 9DX, United Kingdom
| | - John McAteer
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 20 West Richmond Street, EH8 9DX, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Pringle
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 20 West Richmond Street, EH8 9DX, United Kingdom
| | - John Frank
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 20 West Richmond Street, EH8 9DX, United Kingdom
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167
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Blacksher E. Shrinking Poor White Life Spans: Class, Race, and Health Justice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2018; 18:3-14. [PMID: 30339069 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2018.1513585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An absolute decline in US life expectancy in low education whites has alarmed policy makers and attracted media attention. Depending on which studies are correct, low education white women have lost between 3 and 5 years of lifespan; men, between 6 months and 3 years. Although absolute declines in life expectancy are relatively rare, some commentators see the public alarm as reflecting a racist concern for white lives over black ones. How ought we ethically to evaluate this lifespan contraction in low education whites? Should we care, or is it racist to care? Does it constitute an injustice or reflect justice being done? I argue that the lifespan contraction in low education whites violates key normative criteria used to make determinations of health justice, and that these judgments do not vitiate concerns about racism. I conclude with reflections on US population health policy and building an inclusive health equity movement.
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168
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Siddiqi A, Rajaram A, Miller SP. Do cash transfer programmes yield better health in the first year of life? A systematic review linking low-income/middle-income and high-income contexts. Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:920-926. [PMID: 29705725 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-314301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decades of research unequivocally demonstrates that no matter the society, socioeconomic resources are perhaps the most fundamental determinants of health throughout the life course, including during its very earliest stages. As a result, societies have implemented 'cash transfer' programmes, whichprovide income supplementation to reduce socioeconomic disadvantage among the poorest families with young children. Despite this being a common approach of societies around the world, research on effects of these programmes in low-income/middle-income countries, and those in high-income countries has been conducted as if they are entirely distinct phenomena. In this paper, we systematically review the international literature on the association between cash transfer programmes and health outcomes during the first year of life. METHODS We conducted a systematic review based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol. Using a variety of relevant keywords, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Reviews, EconLit and Social Sciences Citations Index. RESULTS Our review yielded 14 relevant studies. These studies suggested cash transfer programmes that were not attached to conditions tended to yield positive effects on outcomes such as birth weight and infant mortality. Programmes that were conditional on use of health services also carried positive effects, while those that carried labour-force participation conditionalities tended to yield no positive effects. DISCUSSION Given several dynamics involved in determining whether children are healthy or not, which are common worldwide, viewing the literature from a global perspective produces novel insights regarding the tendency of policies and programmes to reduce or, to exacerbate, the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage on child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjumand Siddiqi
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Akshay Rajaram
- Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven P Miller
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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169
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Sealy-Jefferson S, Roseland ME, Cote ML, Lehman A, Whitsel EA, Mustafaa FN, Booza J, Simon MS. Rural-Urban Residence and Stage at Breast Cancer Diagnosis Among Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2018; 28:276-283. [PMID: 30230942 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2017.6884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although social exposures have complex and dynamic relationships and interactions, the existing literature on the impact of rural-urban residence on stage at breast cancer diagnosis does not examine heterogeneity of effect. We examined the joint effect of social support, social relationship strain, and rural-urban residence on stage at breast cancer diagnosis. METHODS Using data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) (n = 161,808), we describe the distribution of social, behavioral, and clinical factors by rural-urban residence among postmenopausal women with incident breast cancer (n = 7,120). We used rural-urban commuting area (RUCA) codes to categorize baseline residential addresses as urban, large rural city/town, or small rural town, and the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results staging system to categorize breast cancer stage at diagnosis (dichotomized as early or late). We then used univariable and multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the relationship between rural-urban residence and stage at breast cancer diagnosis. We included separate interaction terms between rural-urban residence and social strain and social support to test for statistical interaction. RESULTS Of the social, behavioral, and clinical factors we examined, only younger age at WHI enrollment screening was significantly associated with late stage at breast cancer diagnosis (p = 0.003). Contrary to our hypothesis, rural-urban residence was not significantly associated with stage at breast cancer diagnosis among postmenopausal women ([adjusted OR, 95% CI] for urban compared with small town: 1.08 [0.76-1.53]; large town compared with small town: 1.16 [0.74-1.84]; and urban compared with large town: 0.93 [0.68-1.26]).The associations did not vary by social support or social strain (p for interaction between RUCA and social strain and social support, respectively: 0.99 and 0.17). CONCLUSIONS Future studies should examine other potential effect modifiers to identify novel factors predictive or protective for late stage at breast cancer diagnosis associated with rural-urban residence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawnita Sealy-Jefferson
- 1 Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Michele L Cote
- 3 Department Oncology and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Amy Lehman
- 4 Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- 5 Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Global Public Health , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Faheemah N Mustafaa
- 6 Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California
| | - Jason Booza
- 7 Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Michael S Simon
- 3 Department Oncology and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan
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170
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Block EP, Zimmerman FJ, Aguilar E, Stanley L, Halfon N. Early Child Development, Residential Crowding, and Commute Time in 8 US States, 2010-2017. Am J Public Health 2018; 108:1550-1557. [PMID: 30252512 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine relationships of residential crowding and commute time with early child development. METHODS We used the Early Development Instrument (EDI), a teacher-reported, population-health measure of child development. The sample included child-level observations spanning 8 US states from 2010 to 2017 (n = 185 012), aggregated to the census tract (n= 2793), stratified by percentage of households in poverty. To test the association of commute times, crowding, and child development, we tested overall readiness and 5 EDI domains by using adjusted census tract-level multivariate regression with fixed effects. RESULTS In the full sample, a 1-standard-deviation increase in crowding was associated with 0.064- and 0.084-point decreases in mean score for cognitive development and communication skills, respectively. For the high-poverty subsample, a 1-standard deviation increase in commute time was associated with 0.081- and 0.066-point decreases in social competence and emotional maturity. CONCLUSIONS In neighborhoods with increased crowding or commute time, early child development suffers. POLICY IMPLICATIONS This study suggests a potential relationship between the changing urban landscape and child health. Children would benefit from more multisector collaboration between urban planning and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryn Piper Block
- Eryn Piper Block, Frederick J. Zimmerman, and Neal Halfon are with the Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Efren Aguilar, Lisa Stanley, and Neal Halfon are with the Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Frederick J Zimmerman
- Eryn Piper Block, Frederick J. Zimmerman, and Neal Halfon are with the Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Efren Aguilar, Lisa Stanley, and Neal Halfon are with the Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Efren Aguilar
- Eryn Piper Block, Frederick J. Zimmerman, and Neal Halfon are with the Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Efren Aguilar, Lisa Stanley, and Neal Halfon are with the Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Lisa Stanley
- Eryn Piper Block, Frederick J. Zimmerman, and Neal Halfon are with the Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Efren Aguilar, Lisa Stanley, and Neal Halfon are with the Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Neal Halfon
- Eryn Piper Block, Frederick J. Zimmerman, and Neal Halfon are with the Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Efren Aguilar, Lisa Stanley, and Neal Halfon are with the Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
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171
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Goodman SJ, Roubinov DS, Bush NR, Park M, Farré P, Emberly E, Hertzman C, Essex MJ, Kobor MS, Boyce WT. Children's biobehavioral reactivity to challenge predicts DNA methylation in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Dev Sci 2018; 22:e12739. [PMID: 30176105 PMCID: PMC6433477 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research has documented associations between adverse childhood environments and DNA methylation, highlighting epigenetic processes as potential mechanisms through which early external contexts influence health across the life course. The present study tested a complementary hypothesis: indicators of children's early internal, biological, and behavioral responses to stressful challenges may also be linked to stable patterns of DNA methylation later in life. Children's autonomic nervous system reactivity, temperament, and mental health symptoms were prospectively assessed from infancy through early childhood, and principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to derive composites of biological and behavioral reactivity. Buccal epithelial cells were collected from participants at 15 and 18 years of age. Findings revealed an association between early life biobehavioral inhibition/disinhibition and DNA methylation across many genes. Notably, reactive, inhibited children were found to have decreased DNA methylation of the DLX5 and IGF2 genes at both time points, as compared to non‐reactive, disinhibited children. Results of the present study are provisional but suggest that the gene's profile of DNA methylation may constitute a biomarker of normative or potentially pathological differences in reactivity. Overall, findings provide a foundation for future research to explore relations among epigenetic processes and differences in both individual‐level biobehavioral risk and qualities of the early, external childhood environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Goodman
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Nicole R Bush
- Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mina Park
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pau Farré
- Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Eldon Emberly
- Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Clyde Hertzman
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Human Early Learning Partnership, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marilyn J Essex
- Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Human Early Learning Partnership, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W Thomas Boyce
- Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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172
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McLaughlin KA, Lane RD, Bush NR. Introduction to the Special Issue of Psychosomatic Medicine: Mechanisms Linking Early-Life Adversity to Physical Health. Psychosom Med 2018; 78:976-978. [PMID: 27763992 PMCID: PMC5123679 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard D. Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, University of Arizona
| | - Nicole R. Bush
- Department of Psychiatry, Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Center for Health and Community, Division of Developmental Medicine, University of California San Francisco
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173
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Christensen DS, Flensborg-Madsen T, Garde E, Hansen ÅM, Masters Pedersen J, Mortensen EL. Early life predictors of midlife allostatic load: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202395. [PMID: 30114237 PMCID: PMC6095582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allostatic load has been suggested as a pathway through which experiences become biologically embedded to influence health. Research on childhood predictors of allostatic load has focused on socioeconomic and psychosocial exposures, while few studies include prospective measures of biomedical exposures. Further, findings on sex differences in the association of childhood predictors with various health outcomes related to allostatic load are ambiguous. AIMS To examine the influence of early life biomedical and social factors in the first year of life on midlife allostatic load, assessing potential sex differences. METHODS This prospective cohort study includes early life information collected at birth and a one year examination for 1,648 members of the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort who also participated in the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank study (aged 49-52 years, 56% women). Allostatic load based on 14 biomarkers was selected as a measure of midlife health status. Early life factors were categorized as predominantly biomedical or social, and their associations with midlife allostatic load were examined in domain-specific and combined sex-stratified multiple regression models. RESULTS The biomedical factors model explained 6.6% of the variance in midlife allostatic load in men and 6.7% in women, while the social model explained 4.1% of the variance in men and 7.3% in women. For both sexes, parental socioeconomic position at one year and maternal BMI significantly predicted midlife allostatic load in a model containing all early life factors. For women, additional significant predictors were complications at birth, birth weight and not living with parents at one year. CONCLUSION The results confirm an association of lower childhood socioeconomic position with higher adult allostatic load while demonstrating the importance of other prenatal and early life exposures and highlighting potential sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinne Skjærlund Christensen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Flensborg-Madsen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Garde
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Åse Marie Hansen
- Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jolene Masters Pedersen
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Lykke Mortensen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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174
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McIntyre L, Kwok C, Patten SB. The effect of child hunger on educational attainment and early childbearing outcomes in a longitudinal population sample of Canadian youth. Paediatr Child Health 2018; 23:e77-e84. [PMID: 30046272 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxx177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Early childhood experiences of poverty are associated with adverse developmental outcomes that have impli cations for individual and population health. Low educational attainment and early childbearing are two such important outcomes that can perpetuate childhood poverty into adulthood. Child hunger, or severe food insecurity, is an extreme manifestation of household food insecurity that is associated with the stressful experience of deep family poverty. Life-course theories suggest that childhood experiences of hunger could have adverse effects in the developmental pathway. The objective of this study was to examine the independent contribution of the child hunger experience to subsequent educational attainment and early childbearing in young adult men and women, in consideration of other latent, cumulative or shock effects associated with child poverty. Methods We analyzed National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth data using logistic regression based on 15,468 Canadian children followed over 16 years. Results The prevalence of the experience of child hunger was 5.0%. Child hunger was independently predictive of youth leaving high school, yet was not a factor in the achievement of higher educational attainment if youth were able to graduate from high school. Having always lived in rental accommodation and repeated reports of child hunger over time were predictive of early childbearing. Conclusions Interventions directed at children and youth who are at risk of poor developmental outcomes because of severe food insecurity should focus on steering families toward their income entitlements, and providing support for youth to complete high school and to avoid early fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn McIntyre
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Cynthia Kwok
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Scott B Patten
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
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175
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Condon EM, Sadler LS. Toxic Stress and Vulnerable Mothers: A Multilevel Framework of Stressors and Strengths. West J Nurs Res 2018; 41:872-900. [PMID: 30019624 DOI: 10.1177/0193945918788676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Toxic stress is associated with poor health outcomes that extend across the life span. Although caregivers can protect their children from toxic stress through supportive caregiving, this can be challenging for vulnerable mothers living in socioeconomically disadvantaged environments. We aim to advance the science of toxic stress prevention by exploring the stressors and strengths experienced by vulnerable mothers through application of a theoretical framework, Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model. Following Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage scoping study framework, 179 articles were included. Key information was abstracted and each article was reviewed for relevance to the bioecological model. Results revealed that the sources of stress and strength are multilayered, transactional, and have a complex influence on caregiving in families at risk of toxic stress. Future research should include empirical investigations of the complex relationships among these stressors and strengths, and the development of preventive interventions to support vulnerable families at risk of toxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lois S Sadler
- 1 Yale School of Nursing, Orange, CT, USA.,2 Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA
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176
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Reinhard E, Layte R, McCrory C, Panico L, Avendano M. The Great Recession and the Health of Young Children: A Fixed-Effects Analysis in Ireland. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1438-1448. [PMID: 29370331 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Economic recessions have been linked to adult health, but few studies have examined how recessions influence the health of young children. This study examined the impact of life transitions linked to the recent financial crisis on the health of young children in Ireland. Data came from the Growing Up in Ireland Infant Cohort Study (n = 11,134), which assessed children before (2008), during (2011), and after (2013) the Great Recession that followed the financial crisis of 2008 and incorporated questions on the impacts of the financial crisis on families. Using fixed-effects models to control for confounding, we found that a reduction in welfare benefits during the recession was associated with a significant increase in the risks of asthma (β = 0.014, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.004, 0.023) and atopy (β = 0.014, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.027). While parental job loss was not associated with child health, a reduction in working hours was associated with increased reports of child health problems (β = 0.024, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.043), as were difficulties affording basic necessities (β = 0.019, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.038). Results suggest that failing to protect vulnerable families and children during economic recessions may have long-lasting implications for child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Reinhard
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Layte
- Department of Sociology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cathal McCrory
- Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lidia Panico
- National Institute of Demographic Studies, Paris, France
| | - Mauricio Avendano
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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177
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Harris KM, Schorpp KM. Integrating Biomarkers in Social Stratification and Health Research. ANNUAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY 2018; 44:361-386. [PMID: 30918418 PMCID: PMC6433161 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the integration of biomarkers and biological mechanisms in social science models of stratification and health. The goal in reviewing this literature is to highlight research that identifies the social forces that drive inequalities over the life course and across generations. The article is structured in the following way. First, descriptive background information on biomarkers is presented, followed secondly by a review of the general theoretical paradigms that lend themselves to an integrative approach. Third, the biomarkers used to capture several biological systems that are most responsive to social conditions are described. Fourth, research that explicates how social exposures "get under the skin" to affect physiological functioning and downstream health is discussed, using socioeconomic disadvantage as an illustrative social exposure. The review ends with emerging directions in the use of biomarkers in social science research. This article endeavors to encourage sociologists to embrace biosocial approaches in order to elevate the importance of social factors in biomedical processes and to intervene on the social conditions that create inequities.
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178
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Condon EM. Chronic Stress in Children and Adolescents: A Review of Biomarkers for Use in Pediatric Research. Biol Res Nurs 2018; 20:473-496. [PMID: 29865855 DOI: 10.1177/1099800418779214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM Incorporating biomarkers of chronic stress into pediatric research studies may help to explicate the links between exposure to adversity and lifelong health, but there are currently very few parameters to guide nurse researchers in choosing appropriate biomarkers of chronic stress for use in research with children and adolescents. METHODS Biomarkers of chronic stress are described, including primary mediators (glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and cytokines) and secondary outcomes (neurologic, immune, metabolic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and anthropometric) of the chronic stress response. RESULTS Evidence of the use of each biomarker in pediatric research studies is reviewed. Recommendations for pediatric researchers, including selection of appropriate biomarkers, measurement considerations, potential moderators, and future directions for research, are presented. DISCUSSION A wide range of biomarkers is available for use in research studies with children. While primary mediators of chronic stress have been frequently measured in studies of children, measurement of secondary outcomes, particularly immune and metabolic biomarkers, has been limited. With thoughtful and theoretically based approaches to selection and measurement, these biomarkers present an important opportunity to further explore the physiologic pathways linking exposure to chronic stress with later health and disease. CONCLUSION The incorporation of chronic stress biomarkers into pediatric research studies may provide valuable insight into the mechanisms through which stressful environments "get under the skin" and ultimately inform efforts to promote health and reduce inequities among children exposed to adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Condon
- 1 Yale School of Nursing, West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, USA
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179
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Hodel AS. Rapid Infant Prefrontal Cortex Development and Sensitivity to Early Environmental Experience. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2018; 48:113-144. [PMID: 30270962 PMCID: PMC6157748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years, the emerging field of developmental cognitive neuroscience has described the relatively late development of prefrontal cortex in children and the relation between gradual structural changes and children's protracted development of prefrontal-dependent skills. Widespread recognition by the broader scientific community of the extended development of prefrontal cortex has led to the overwhelming perception of prefrontal cortex as a "late developing" region of the brain. However, despite its supposedly protracted development, multiple lines of research have converged to suggest that prefrontal cortex development may be particularly susceptible to individual differences in children's early environments. Recent studies demonstrate that the impacts of early adverse environments on prefrontal cortex are present very early in development: within the first year of life. This review provides a comprehensive overview of new neuroimaging evidence demonstrating that prefrontal cortex should be characterized as a "rapidly developing" region of the brain, discusses the converging impacts of early adversity on prefrontal circuits, and presents potential mechanisms via which adverse environments shape both concurrent and long-term measures of prefrontal cortex development. Given that environmentally-induced disparities are present in prefrontal cortex development within the first year of life, translational work in intervention and/or prevention science should focus on intervening early in development to take advantages of this early period of rapid prefrontal development and heightened plasticity.
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180
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Grey JM, Totsika V, Hastings RP. Living with family: perceptions of health and subjective well-being of adults with an intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2018; 62:474-485. [PMID: 29479860 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the role of living circumstances to the perception of subjective well-being (SWB) and health of adults with intellectual disability (ID). The aim of the present study was to examine whether living circumstances impact differently on the perception of health and SWB and whether potential differences persist after accounting for other variables (e.g. level of support needs and reporting method). METHODS Secondary data analysis was undertaken of a large national survey of adults with an ID in England, aged 16 years and over. Participants were identified as living with family (N = 1528) or living out of home (N = 874). RESULTS The results of t-test and chi-square revealed that levels of health and SWB were perceived as being higher for people living with family than those living in out-of-home settings. Multiple linear regression analyses fitted to explore factors associated with these reported differences revealed that, when controlling for other variables, living with family was highly associated with reports of better SWB. Multiple logistic regression revealed that whilst the health status of people living with families were perceived as better, this was only true when their support needs were low. Poorest health outcomes were found for people with highest support needs who lived with family. CONCLUSIONS On the whole, the health and well-being of adults living with family were perceived more positively than those living out of home. However, potential health disparities exist for those with high support needs who live with family. Further longitudinal research is needed to explore causes and potential solution to these inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Grey
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - V Totsika
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), Social Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - R P Hastings
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), Social Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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181
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Hackman DA, Kuan DCH, Manuck SB, Gianaros PJ. Socioeconomic Position and Age-Related Disparities in Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Within the Prefrontal Cortex. Psychosom Med 2018; 80:336-344. [PMID: 29406324 PMCID: PMC7104768 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with cerebrovascular health and brain function, particularly in prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe regions that exhibit plasticity across the life course. However, it is unknown whether SEP associates with resting cerebral blood flow (CBF), an indicator of baseline brain function, in these regions in midlife, and whether the association is (a) period specific, with independent associations for childhood and adulthood SEP, or driven by life course SEP, and (b) explained by a persistent disparity, widening disparity, or the leveling of disparities with age. METHODS To address these questions, we analyzed cerebral perfusion derived by magnetic resonance imaging in a cross-sectional study of healthy adults (N = 443) who reported on childhood and adult SEP. Main effects were examined as an index of persistent disparity and age by SEP interactions as reflecting widening or leveling disparities. RESULTS Stable high SEP across the lifespan was associated with higher global CBF and regional CBF (rCBF) in inferior frontal gyrus. However, childhood SEP was associated with rCBF in middle frontal gyrus, as moderated by age (β = 0.04, p = .035): rCBF was inversely associated with age only for those whose parents had a high school education or below. No associations were observed for the hippocampus or amygdala. CONCLUSIONS Life course SEP associations with rCBF in prefrontal cortex are suggestive of persistent disparities, whereas the age by childhood SEP interaction suggests that childhood disadvantage relates to a widening disparity, independent of global differences. These differential patterns in midlife may relate to disparities in later-life cerebrovascular and neurocognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hackman
- From the USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work (Hackman), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and Department of Psychology (Kuan, Manuck, Gianaros), Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition (Gianaros), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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182
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Intergenerational pathways linking maternal early life adversity to offspring birthweight. Soc Sci Med 2018; 207:89-96. [PMID: 29734059 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adverse birth outcomes can lead to problematic long-term outcomes for children, and are also known to transmit socioeconomic disadvantage across generations, thereby amplifying the importance of identifying their social determinants. However, the full set of factors causing adverse birth outcomes remains unknown. Drawing together theory describing intragenerational (life course) processes linking early life adversity to adult health, and intergenerational transmissions of inequality via birthweight, this study tests a chain of risk that originates within early adolescence, impacts young women's risky health behaviors in late adolescence/early adulthood and risky health behaviors during pregnancy, and ultimately decreases offspring's birthweight. We do so using structural equation models and prospective, population-level data on a racially and socioeconomically diverse cohort of young adults (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health). Results (a) reveal four pathways that fully mediate the association between a young woman's family-of-origin socioeconomic status in adolescence and her offspring's birthweight, and (b) identify a trigger effect-a place in the chain of risk where prevention efforts could be targeted, thereby breaking the chain of risk leading to poor offspring health at birth for vulnerable individuals.
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183
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Ribeiro FG, Braun G, Carraro A, Teixeira GDS, Gigante DP. An empirical assessment of the Healthy Early Childhood Program in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2018; 34:e00027917. [PMID: 29694541 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00027917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the effect of a family-based primary health care program (Healthly Early Childhood Program) on infant mortality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We estimate infant mortality's counterfactual trajectories using the differences-in-differences approach, combined with the use of longitudinal data for all municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Our main result is that the program reduced the number of deaths caused by external causes. The length of exposure to the program seems to potentiate the effects. For the number of deaths by general causes, there is no evidence of impact. Our findings are consistent with the nature of the program that aims to improve adults care with children. The Healthly Early Childhood Program is effective in reducing the number of avoidable deaths in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisele Braun
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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184
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Harris KM, McDade TW. The Biosocial Approach to Human Development, Behavior, and Health Across the Life Course. THE RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES : RSF 2018; 4:2-26. [PMID: 30923747 PMCID: PMC6434524 DOI: 10.7758/rsf.2018.4.4.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Social and biological phenomena are widely recognized as determinants of human development, health, and socioeconomic attainments across the life course, but our understanding of the underlying pathways and processes remains limited. To address this gap, we define the "biosocial approach" as one that conceptualizes the biological and social as mutually constituting, and that draws on models and methods from the biomedical and social/behavioral sciences. By bringing biology into the social sciences, we can illuminate mechanisms through which socioeconomic, psychosocial, and other contextual factors shape human development and health. Human biology is a social biology, and biological measures can therefore identify aspects of social contexts that are harmful, as well as beneficial, with respect to well-being. By bringing social science concepts and study designs to biology and biomedicine, we encourage an epistemological shift that foregrounds social/contextual factors as important determinants of human biology and health. The biosocial approach also underscores the importance of the life course, as assessments of both biological and social features throughout human development over time, and across generations, are needed to achieve a full understanding of social and physical well-being. We conclude with a brief review of the papers in the volume, which showcase the value of a biosocial approach to understanding the pathways linking social stratification, biology, and health across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas W McDade
- Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, /467-4304,
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185
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Chen M, Lacey RE. Adverse childhood experiences and adult inflammation: Findings from the 1958 British birth cohort. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:582-590. [PMID: 29458198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and poorer health across the life course is well established. Increased chronic inflammation might be one mechanism through which these associations operate. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between ACE and adult inflammation using a prospective longitudinal study. We also investigated whether associations were explained by life course socioeconomic, psychological and health behavioural factors, and whether associations differed by gender. METHODS Multiply imputed data on 7464 participants of the National Child Development Study (1958 British birth cohort) were used. Prospectively collected data on ACE included care placement, physical neglect, parental separation, family history of offences, mental illness, domestic conflict and alcohol misuse across childhood (0-16 years). Adult inflammation was indicated by C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and Von Willebrand factor (vWF) at age 44/45. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate associations between ACE and adult inflammation. RESULTS Graded associations for ACE with CRP and fibrinogen were observed (e.g. CRP: 1 ACE: 4.61% higher, 95% CI: -3.13, 12.97; 2+ ACE: 16.35% higher, 95% CI: 6.87, 26.66). Socioeconomic and health behavioral factors were found to particularly explain these associations. After inclusion of all covariates associations between ACE and mid-life inflammation were no longer significant. Associations did not differ for men and women. CONCLUSIONS ACE were associated in a graded manner with adult inflammation in a British birth cohort. The association was explained by life course socioeconomic and health behavioral factors, in particular. This study highlights the importance of protecting children from ACE and its negative health effects, and in supporting children through education and into skilled, secure work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Chen
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rebecca E Lacey
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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186
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Segal L, Guy S, Furber G. What is the current level of mental health service delivery and expenditure on infants, children, adolescents, and young people in Australia? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2018; 52:163-172. [PMID: 28709383 DOI: 10.1177/0004867417717796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aim was to estimate the current level of ambulatory mental health service delivery to young people aged 0-24 years in Australia and associated government expenditure. Recognising the importance of the early years for the development of mental illness and socioeconomic outcomes, we were particularly interested in service access by infants and young children. METHODS We extracted information from government administrative datasets on the number of people who received mental health services, number of services and expenditure through the health sector for 2014-2015. Results are primarily reported by age groups 0-4, 5-11, 12-17 and 18-24 years. RESULTS Less than 1% of 0- to 4-year-olds received a mental health service in any one service setting, whereas nearly 11% of 18- to 24-year-olds received a mental health service through the Medicare Benefits Schedule Better Access programme alone. Many more services were delivered to 12- to 24-year-olds (>4 million) than to 0- to 11-year-olds (552,000). Medicare Benefits Schedule Better Access delivers services to more children and youth than do state/territory community mental health services, although the latter provide more services per client. In 2013-2014, Australian Government expenditure on ambulatory mental health services for 0- to 24-year-olds was AUD428 million, similar to the AUD491 million spent by state/territory governments. CONCLUSION The study provides a benchmark for data-driven service planning to ensure that the mental health needs of infants, children and young people are met. Our results indicate that the youngest age group are underserviced relative to need, even noting infants and children may receive services for behavioural/mental health issues from providers not captured in our study (such as paediatricians). The developmental origins of mental illness underlies the urgency of adequate provision by governments of perinatal, infant and child mental health services to avoid loss of life potential and reduce the pressures on the justice, child protection and welfare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Segal
- Health Economics and Social Policy Group, Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sophie Guy
- Health Economics and Social Policy Group, Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gareth Furber
- Health Economics and Social Policy Group, Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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187
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Pakulak E, Stevens C, Neville H. Neuro-, Cardio-, and Immunoplasticity: Effects of Early Adversity. Annu Rev Psychol 2018; 69:131-156. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pakulak
- Brain Development Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403;,
| | - Courtney Stevens
- Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon 97301
| | - Helen Neville
- Brain Development Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403;,
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188
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Abstract
One of the primary goals of the Healthy Parks Healthy People (HPHP) program, located in the San Francisco Bay Area, is to offer group-based physical activities in natural settings. These activities arefor racially and ethnically diverse groups of individuals as an "upstream" strategy for improving health. This study investigated the health impact of selected two-hour HPHP Bay Area events that targeted low-income racial and ethnic minority groups using physiological and self-reported measures of stress and related variables. Study participants (N=52) in the selected HPHP Bay Area events donated saliva and filled out psychological measures of perceived stress (PSS-4; Cohen et al.) and mood state (I-PANAS-SF; Thompson, 2007) at the beginning and the end ofa two-hour guided walk in green spaces. Moreover, a measure of perceived restoration (SRRS; Han, 2007) was completed at the end ofthe walk. Study participants wore a physical activity self-monitoring device (Garmin Vivofit 2) to capture their step count and heart rate during the event. Stress, both measured by the analysis of salivary cortisol and self-reported perceived stress, significantly decreased over the course of the event (p<.0$) and there was a significant increase in positive mood (p<.05). The monitoring device also indicated that individuals were engaged in moderate levels of physical activity during the guided walks (<di>x</di> =8,990 steps, HR 95 bpm). The results encourage further development of nature-based health interventions to mitigate stress. Such interventions may be especially appropriate for low-income, urban, racial and ethnic minority groups that likely experience increased levels of stress due to social inequities and poor living conditions.
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189
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Young ME. State of Early Child Development Research, Practice, and Policy for Most Vulnerable Children: A Global Perspective. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2017; 2017:11-23. [PMID: 29243381 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Interventions to enhance development of children ages 0-6 have profound benefits for children, families, and societies. The benefits are well documented, recognized internationally, and supportive of policies and programs targeting early child development (ECD). Intervening in the early years is a critical first step toward alleviating poverty, reducing inequality, and ensuring a productive workforce for the global economy. The challenges presented by the almost 250 million at-risk children in low- and middle-income countries and the main obstacles to investing in ECD demand a paradigm shift in social policy and an action agenda integrated with the world's sustainable development goals for 2030. There are four main tasks and three essential building blocks for ECD action.
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190
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Bush NR, Jones-Mason K, Coccia M, Caron Z, Alkon A, Thomas M, Coleman-Phox K, Wadhwa PD, Laraia BA, Adler NE, Epel ES. Effects of pre- and postnatal maternal stress on infant temperament and autonomic nervous system reactivity and regulation in a diverse, low-income population. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 29:1553-1571. [PMID: 29162167 PMCID: PMC5726291 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined the prospective associations of objective and subjective measures of stress during pregnancy with infant stress reactivity and regulation, an early-life predictor of psychopathology. In a racially and ethnically diverse low-income sample of 151 mother-infant dyads, maternal reports of stressful life events (SLE) and perceived stress (PS) were collected serially over gestation and the early postpartum period. Infant reactivity and regulation at 6 months of age was assessed via maternal report of temperament (negativity, surgency, and regulation) and infant parasympathetic nervous system physiology (respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]) during the Still Face Paradigm. Regression models predicting infant temperament showed higher maternal prenatal PS predicted lower surgency and self-regulation but not negativity. Regression models predicting infant physiology showed higher numbers of SLE during gestation predicted greater RSA reactivity and weaker recovery. Tests of interactions revealed SLE predicted RSA reactivity only at moderate to high levels of PS. Thus, findings suggest objective and subjective measures of maternal prenatal stress uniquely predict infant behavior and physiology, adjusting for key pre- and postnatal covariates, and advance the limited evidence for such prenatal programming within high-risk populations. Assessing multiple levels of maternal stress and offspring stress reactivity and regulation provides a richer picture of intergenerational transmission of adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Bush
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health and Community, Weill Neurosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Karen Jones-Mason
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health and Community, Weill Neurosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Michael Coccia
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health and Community, Weill Neurosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Zoe Caron
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health and Community, Weill Neurosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Abbey Alkon
- Department of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Melanie Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kim Coleman-Phox
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health and Community, Weill Neurosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Pathik D. Wadhwa
- School of Medicine, Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Nancy E. Adler
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health and Community, Weill Neurosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Elissa S. Epel
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health and Community, Weill Neurosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco
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191
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Luby JL, Barch D, Whalen D, Tillman R, Belden A. Association Between Early Life Adversity and Risk for Poor Emotional and Physical Health in Adolescence: A Putative Mechanistic Neurodevelopmental Pathway. JAMA Pediatr 2017; 171:1168-1175. [PMID: 29084329 PMCID: PMC6583637 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes. However, the mechanism of this effect, critical to enhancing public health, remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the neurodevelopmental trajectory of the association between early ACEs and adolescent general and emotional health outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective longitudinal study that began when patients were aged 3 to 6 years who underwent neuroimaging later at ages 7 to 12 years and whose mental and physical health outcomes were observed at ages 9 to 15 years. Sequential mediation models were used to investigate associations between early ACEs and brain structure, emotion development, and health outcomes longitudinally. Children were recruited from an academic medical center research unit. EXPOSURE Early life adversity. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Early ACEs in children aged 3 to 7 years; volume of a subregion of the prefrontal cortex, the inferior frontal gyrus, in children aged 6 to 12 years; and emotional awareness, depression severity, and general health outcomes in children and adolescents aged 9 to 15 years. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of 119 patients was 9.65 (1.31) years at the time of scan. The mean (SD) ACE score was 5.44 (3.46). The mean (SD) depression severity scores were 2.61 (1.78) at preschool, 1.77 (1.58) at time 2, and 2.16 (1.64) at time 3. The mean (SD) global physical health scores at time 2 and time 3 were 0.30 (0.38) and 0.33 (0.42), respectively. Sequential mediation in the association between high early ACEs and emotional and physical health outcomes were found. Smaller inferior frontal gyrus volumes and poor emotional awareness sequentially mediated the association between early ACEs and poor general health (model parameter estimate = 0.002; 95% CI, 0.0002-0.056) and higher depression severity (model parameter estimate = 0.007; 95% CI, 0.001-0.021) in adolescence. An increase from 0 to 3 early ACEs was associated with 15% and 25% increases in depression severity and physical health problems, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Study findings highlight 1 putative neurodevelopmental mechanism by which the association between early ACEs and later poor mental and physical health outcomes may operate. This identified risk trajectory may be useful to target preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Deanna Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Diana Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Andy Belden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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192
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Cicchetti D, Handley ED. Methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (NR3C1), in maltreated and nonmaltreated children: Associations with behavioral undercontrol, emotional lability/negativity, and externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 29:1795-1806. [PMID: 29162187 PMCID: PMC5718163 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of various dimensions of child maltreatment (i.e., developmental timing of maltreatment, number of maltreatment subtypes, and chronicity of maltreatment) on methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (NR3C1), and investigated the associations between NR3C1 methylation and child outcomes. Participants included 534 children who attended a research summer camp program for school-aged maltreated (53.4%) and nonmaltreated (46.6%) children from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Results show that children with early onset maltreatment evidence significant hypermethylation compared to nonmaltreated children. Moreover, more maltreatment subtypes experienced and more chronic maltreatment are both related to greater NR3C1 hypermethylation. Findings also indicate that hypermethylation of NR3C1 is linked with a number of negative child outcomes including greater emotional lability-negativity, higher levels of ego undercontrol, more externalizing behavior, and greater depressive symptoms. Together, results highlight the role of methylation of NR3C1 in the effects of child maltreatment on the development of emotion dysregulation and psychopathology.
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193
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Reynolds SA, Andersen C, Behrman J, Singh A, Stein AD, Benny L, Crookston BT, Cueto S, Dearden K, Georgiadis A, Krutikova S, Fernald LC. Disparities in children's vocabulary and height in relation to household wealth and parental schooling: A longitudinal study in four low- and middle-income countries. SSM Popul Health 2017; 3:767-786. [PMID: 29302614 PMCID: PMC5742640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Children from low socio-economic status (SES) households often demonstrate worse growth and developmental outcomes than wealthier children, in part because poor children face a broader range of risk factors. It is difficult to characterize the trajectories of SES disparities in low- and middle-income countries because longitudinal data are infrequently available. We analyze measures of children's linear growth (height) at ages 1, 5, 8 and 12y and receptive language (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) at ages 5, 8 and 12y in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam in relation to household SES, measured by parental schooling or household assets. We calculate children's percentile ranks within the distributions of height-for-age z-scores and of age- and language-standardized receptive vocabulary scores. We find that children in the top quartile of household SES are taller and have better language performance than children in the bottom quartile; differences in vocabulary scores between children with high and low SES are larger than differences in the height measure. For height, disparities in SES are present by age 1y and persist as children age. For vocabulary, SES disparities also emerge early in life, but patterns are not consistent across age; for example, SES disparities are constant over time in India, widen between 5 and 12y in Ethiopia, and narrow in this age range in Vietnam and Peru. Household characteristics (such as mother's height, age, and ethnicity), and community fixed effects explain most of the disparities in height and around half of the disparities in vocabulary. We also find evidence that SES disparities in height and language development may not be fixed over time, suggesting opportunities for policy and programs to address these gaps early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Reynolds
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chris Andersen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jere Behrman
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Aryeh D. Stein
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Liza Benny
- Young Lives, Department of International Development, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Santiago Cueto
- Group for the Analysis of Development and Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Andreas Georgiadis
- Young Lives, Department of International Development, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Lia C.H. Fernald
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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194
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Kimla K, Nathanson D, Woolfenden S, Zwi K. Identification of vulnerability within a child and family health service. AUST HEALTH REV 2017; 43:171-177. [PMID: 29157354 DOI: 10.1071/ah17024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aims of the present study were to describe the prevalence of vulnerability in a cohort of newborns, identify the factors that increase the risk of vulnerability and examine whether those who are most vulnerable are receiving home visits. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was performed using data collected from questionnaires completed by child and family health nurses and obstetric discharge summaries for each mother-baby dyad. Descriptive frequencies and percentages are used to describe the proportions of children who were vulnerable, offered services and had risk factors for vulnerability. Categorical data were compared using Pearson's Chi-squared analysis. Results In all, 1517 newborns were included in the present study. Of these, 40.5% were identified as vulnerable and 13.9% had two or more risk factors for vulnerability (95% confidence interval (CI) 12-16%). The most common risk factors were biological. Across all newborns, 33.7% were visited at home, and 74.6% of vulnerable newborns were offered a home visit. Children identified as vulnerable were more likely to have a home visit than those who were not (z for 95% CI=1.96; P<0.1). Conclusions Although the high reported prevalence of identified risk needs to be confirmed in further studies, identifying vulnerability allowed the offer of home visiting to be directed towards those most likely to benefit. What is known about the topic? Of the Australian child population, 10-20% are vulnerable to adverse health, developmental and wellbeing outcomes. Vulnerable infants are at a greater risk of becoming vulnerable children, adolescents and adults over the life course. Biological and psychosocial risk factors for vulnerability are well described. Families with the greatest need are often the least likely to access or receive support, and have lower utilisation of preventative health services despite evidence that support in the first few years of life can significantly improve long-term outcomes. What does this paper add? This paper provides a detailed description of vulnerabilities in a cohort of newborns and demonstrates that it is possible to assign risk of vulnerability within existing child and family health services using tools that identify biological and psychosocial risk factors. Identification of vulnerability risk allows prioritisation of services to those with the greatest need. What are the implications for practitioners? It is possible to identify vulnerability risk within child and family health services. This allows those families at risk of future adverse health, developmental and wellbeing outcomes to be prioritised to receive health services and supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kimla
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, High Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Dania Nathanson
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, High Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Susan Woolfenden
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, High Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Karen Zwi
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, High Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
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195
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Why is parental lifespan linked to children's chances of reaching a high age? A transgenerational hypothesis. SSM Popul Health 2017; 4:45-54. [PMID: 29349272 PMCID: PMC5769101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transgenerational determinants of longevity are poorly understood. We used data from four linked generations (G0, G1, G2 and G3) of the Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigeneration Study to address this issue. Methods Mortality in G1 (N = 9565) was followed from 1961–2015 and analysed in relation to tertiles of their parents’ (G0) age-at-death using Cox regression. Parental social class and marital status were adjusted for in the analyses, as was G1’s birth order and adult social class. For an almost entirely deceased segment of G1 (n = 1149), born 1915–1917, we compared exact age-at-death with G0 parents’ age-at-death. Finally, we explored ‘resilience’ as a potentially important mechanism for intergenerational transmission of longevity, using conscript information from psychological interviews of G2 and G3 men. Results G0 men’s and women’s ages-at-death were independently associated with G1 midlife and old age mortality. This association was robust and minimally reduced when G0 and G1 social class were adjusted for. We observed an increased lifespan in all social groups. Median difference in age-at-death for sons compared to fathers was + 3.9 years, and + 6.9 years for daughters compared to mothers. Parents’ and maternal grandmother’s longevity were associated with resilience in subsequent generations. Resilience scores of G2 men were also associated with those of their G3 sons and with their own mortality in midlife. Conclusions The chance of reaching a high age is transmitted from parents to children in a modest, but robust way. Longevity inheritance is paralleled by the inheritance of individual resilience. Individual resilience, we propose, develops in the first part of life as a response to adversity and early experience in general. This gives rise to a transgenerational pathway, distinct from social class trajectories. A theory of longevity inheritance should bring together previous thinking around general susceptibility, frailty and resilience with new insights from epigenetics and social epidemiology. Parents’ ages-at-death predict children's midlife and old-age mortality. We speculate that these results reflect early programming of resilience. Male resilience, measured at age 18, predicts mortality between ages 50 and 65. Resilience is transmitted across generations, from fathers to sons. Male descendants to long-lived parents are somewhat more resilient than their peers.
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Christensen D, Fahey MT, Giallo R, Hancock KJ. Longitudinal trajectories of mental health in Australian children aged 4-5 to 14-15 years. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187974. [PMID: 29131873 PMCID: PMC5683648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental health can affect young people's sense of wellbeing and life satisfaction, their ability to participate in employment and education, and their onward opportunities in life. This paper offers a rare opportunity to longitudinally examine mental health in a population-representative study of children aged 4-5 years to 14-15 years. Using data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), this study examined maternally-reported child mental health over a 10 year period, in order to understand their initial mental health status early in life and its change over time, as measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Longitudinal models were fitted from ages 4-5 to 14-15 years. Results showed that child sex, maternal mental health, socio-economic status (family income, maternal education, neighbourhood disadvantage), maternal hostility, and child temperament (persistence, sociability, reactivity) are all independent contributors to child mental health at age 4. These effects largely persist over time, with the effects of maternal mental health increasing slightly over time. Persistence of these effects suggests the need for early intervention and supports. The independent contribution of these factors to child mental health suggests that multi-faceted approaches to child and maternal mental health are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael T. Fahey
- Department of Statistics, Epidemiology and Data Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Giallo
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Valentino K, De Alba A, Hibel LC, Fondren K, McDonnell CG. Adherence to Diurnal Cortisol Sampling Among Mother-Child Dyads From Maltreating and Nonmaltreating Families. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2017; 22:286-294. [PMID: 28819984 PMCID: PMC6836868 DOI: 10.1177/1077559517725208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in evaluating whether interventions for child maltreatment can improve and/or prevent child physiological dysregulation via measurement of diurnal cortisol. The assessment of diurnal cortisol typically involves the home-based collection of saliva multiple times per day, bringing forth important methodological considerations regarding adherence to collection instructions. To date, there has been no data regarding adherence to home collection of diurnal cortisol among maltreating families. The current study provides data on adherence to in-home sampling of salivary cortisol among 166 maltreating and demographically similar nonmaltreating mother-child dyads using electronic monitoring devices (Medication Event Monitoring System caps). Mothers collected saliva samples on themselves and their children 3 times per day (waking, midday, and evening) for 2 consecutive days. Analyses reveal that although maltreating families were more likely to be nonadherent to the collection protocol on their initial attempt, with additional support and resampling, maltreating and nonmaltreating families were comparable on most measures of adherence. Suggestions for best practices, including the use of electronic monitoring devices, for diurnal cortisol collection with maltreating families are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley De Alba
- 2 Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Leah C Hibel
- 2 Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlin Fondren
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Berg MT, Simons RL, Barr A, Beach SRH, Philibert RA. Childhood/Adolescent stressors and allostatic load in adulthood: Support for a calibration model. Soc Sci Med 2017; 193:130-139. [PMID: 28982528 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Past research has established an association between childhood and adolescent stressors and elevated inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers in adulthood, but questions remain about the theoretical model most suited to explain this association. OBJECTIVE This study examined alternative hypotheses from four theoretical models regarding the link between exposure to stressful early life circumstances and cumulative biological risk, or allostatic load, in adulthood. METHODS Multivariate regression models and data from a sample of 327 African American women from the Family and Community Health Study were used to test hypotheses. RESULTS Stressors measured during the phases of childhood and adolescence predicted increased allostatic load, irrespective of adult circumstances that might account for this effect. Also, these early stressors conditioned the health effects of adult positive and negative circumstances. Exposure to childhood and adolescent stressors amplified the effect of adult economic hardship on allostatic load and dulled the beneficial effects of positive events and high-quality relationships. CONCLUSION These findings support the perspective that childhood and adolescence are phases when exposure to adversities possibly enhances vulnerability to biological risk in adulthood irrespective of later life circumstances. Also, the findings are consistent with the perspective that childhood and adolescent adversities calibrate biological risk resulting from aversive and positive features of the adult social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Berg
- Department of Sociology and Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Ronald L Simons
- Department of Sociology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Ashley Barr
- Department of Sociology, SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 74011, USA
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Relationship between the neighbourhood built environment and early child development. Health Place 2017; 48:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Waddell C, Schwartz C, Andres C. Making Children’s Mental Health a Public Policy Priority: For the One and the Many. Public Health Ethics 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/phe/phx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Waddell
- Children’s Health Policy Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University
| | - Christine Schwartz
- Children’s Health Policy Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University
| | - Caitlyn Andres
- Children’s Health Policy Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University
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